Research Capstone (Roman, Marc Gabriel R.)

The possible utilization of Ipomoea batatas as an additive in making a natural organic soap 1
Spoap: The possible utilization of Ipomoea batatas as an additive in making a

natural organic soap
A Research Proposal
Presented to the STEM Research Panel
Paombong High School Inc.
Poblacion, Paombong, Bulacan
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Subject of
Research/Capstone Project
By:
Roman, Marc Gabriel R. Roman
12- Matatag
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
1.0 Introduction
1.1Problem Rationale 3
1.2Significance of the Study 5
1.3 Statement of the Problem
1.4 Scope and Delimitation 6
1.5 Research Impediments
1.6 Hypothesis
2.0 Literature Review
2.1Synopsis of the Literature 7
2.1.1 Related Literature
1.1.2 Related Studies 9
2.2 Discussion of the Relevance 11
2.3 Conceptual Framework 11
3.0 Research Methods
3.1Design 13
3.2 Selection of Respondents

3.4Instrumentation 14
3.5Ethical Consideration
3.6 Data Gathering Procedure
3.5.1 Experimentation 15
3.5.2 Survey 16
3.5.3 Schematic Diagram
3.7 Mode of Analysis
ABSTRACT
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) or commonly known as Camote is one
of the only orange-fleshed vegetables that is considered as nature’s
unsurpassed source of beta-carotene. The purpose of this study is to utilize
Ipomoea batatas as an additive in making a natural organic soap to test out its
antibacterial and antimicrobial properties. The design for the study is a
quantitative research, more specifically an experimental research. Quantitative
design will be used in presenting numerical data of the variables with its
parameters while experimental observation and application would be
conducted in order to see the possible effects of Ipomoea batatas organic soap
to the skin. Survey will be used to eliminate the bias of the research findings
and to determine the feedback of the respondents about the effectiveness of
the organic soap. The data collected from the respondents showed positive
results as each respondent’s wounds or skin condition healed in the ten (10) day
observation. The respondent also commended the product as its characteristics
are greatly well put based on the given feedback questionnaire. The study
concluded that the product has a potential to heal certain skin conditions due to
its chemical components such as Anthocyanin and β-carotene present in the
sweet potato. The researcher highly recommends to test the product for rotary
evaporation and phytochemical screening in order to look further into the
product’s true chemical components to be compared to the study. The
researcher also suggests for future researchers to conduct further study
exploring the feasibility of the different kinds of Ipomoea Batatas aside for
being an additive in a natural organic soap.
Keywords: Anthocyanin, Beta Carotene, Rotary Evaporation, Pythochemical

Screening
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Rationale
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) or commonly known as Camote is
a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning
glory family, Convolvulaceae. It is one of the only orange-fleshed vegetables that
is considered as nature’s unsurpassed source of beta-carotene. Beta-carotene is
the orange pigment found in vegetables that is used in the production of vitamin
A, an essential vitamin required for the proper development and functioning of
our eyes, skin, immune system, and many other parts of our bodies. It is a type
of carotenoid and anti-oxidant which is responsible for neutralizing and
removing free-radicals from our body. The most important characteristic a sweet
potato has is its antimicrobial activity against microbes such as Escherichia
coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, it isn’t just acquired through its
flesh or body, but can be obtained through its leaves. Based on the study about
the Evaluation of Phytochemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Sweet
Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Leaf (Emejulu & Nwaoha, 2013), the water extract of
the leaves showed the best antimicrobial activity by inhibiting the growth of all
the organisms except E. coli and Penicillium spp at different concentrations of
the extract.
According to earlier studies, it is suggested that the antioxidants in the
peel of sweet potatoes in particular, and especially purple sweet potato, may
help reduce oxidation process, thereby reducing the risk of cancer. It is
recommended to not peel a sweet potato to get most of the nutrition out of it.
A study in Asia also found that diets high in vitamin-A rich vegetable, including
sweet potato leaves, may provide potential protection from lung cancer
(Shubrook, n.d.).
Meanwhile, soap making originated way back from the ancient Babylon
(2800 B.C.) where they would make soap from boiled fats and ashes. Back then,
soap was only used in cleaning wool, cotton used in textile manufacturing, and
for medical purposes for at least 5000 years (SoapHistory, 2019). Soap making
has many different benefits to our skin and even in business. As it turns out, the
“soap” that is sold in stores isn't really soap. It is a detergent. Companies can't
refer to their products as soap unless it is a natural soap. Natural soap is the
result of a chemical reaction between water, lye (sodium hydroxide), fats and
oils. This process (saponification) creates soap and glycerin. Glycerin is excellent
for the skin. Glycerin attracts moisture to the skin and leaves the skin soft and
moisturized (Liston, n.d.). Simple as it may be, the process of saponification is
also used for the production of kitchen fire extinguishers and can be observed in
older oil paintings that can be saponified. For the study, the researcher will apply
traditional soap making where sodium hydroxide will be applied as main catalyst
for faster cooling time and solid soap, but the researcher will also use potash
(potassium carbonate) in order to create a more semi-liquid soap.
Furthermore, there are certain innovations towards soap making where
for example, soaps are turned into a rock glycerin soap, which is a bar of soap
formed in the likeliness of a certain stone or gemstone. Since their physical
structure is so realistic and aesthetically pleasing, sometimes it is used as a
decoration or display. Though soap rocks typically have longer shelf life than
average soaps, it is extremely limited and generally handmade. Unlike real
gemstones, as it is a glycerin soap, it will diminish once made in contact with
water. If used for art purposes, the soaps are securely kept dry to avoid
deformity.
Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of utilizing
Ipomoea batatas as an additive for natural organic bathing soaps. The study
would determine if natural organic soaps with addition of Ipomoea batatas can
be used to cleanse or even heal the skin.
1.2 Significance of the Study

The study had multiple significance in terms of root crops and
dermatology. The following are the significance of the study for every aspect of
beneficiaries:
The individuals and the community will be helped in making organic
natural soap made from Ipomoea batatas at their home. They are also given an
opportunity to use sweet potato as an additive in making natural organic that
may become a new source of income to residents.
The farmworkers especially those who cultivate Ipomoea batatas can
acquire new use to sweet potatoes that may widen and raise demands on the
said vegetable.
The Department of Health is responsible for ensuring access to basic
public health services to all Filipinos through the provision of quality health care
and regulation of providers of health goods and services. The study would help
the DOH in creating a more improved version of the product and may widen the
variety in using vegetable as a natural glycerin soap.
And lastly, the future researchers may use this study to be used as
reference for any valuable research with proper credentials to the researcher/s.
1.3 Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this experimental study is to create an anti-microbial and

soothing soap out of Ipomoea batatas L. More specifically, the study would
evaluate various effects of the product to the skin. The study had specific
questions to answer:
1. What are the chemical components of Ipomoea batatas that makes the
vegetable applicable for soap making?
2. How does the use of Ipomoea batatas as the main ingredient of the soap
effective in making the product?
3. What are the effects of Ipomoea batatas to the skin?
1.4 Scope and Delimitation

The study is focused on the possible usage of Ipomoea batatas as a
natural organic soap for the period covering October 2019 to March 2020. This
study discovers the results of the application of Ipomoea batatas as the main
ingredient in making a natural organic soap. Two (2) respondents will be needed
in which have minor wounds for the product’s rate of regeneration. The study
also included questions in relation to the positive and negative effects of
Ipomoea batatas for the utilization of the natural organic soap.
The study however is limited on the number of respondents and the
quantity of product that the researcher can produce.
1.5 Research Impediments

The study may encounter difficulties in making precise measurement due
to lack of sophisticated measuring apparatus. This include precision weighing
scales and chemical composition analyzer. The other hindrances would be the
availability and collection of original soap making materials because for the
product to be completely effective, a legitimate traditional soap making
material/s is needed but it may be completely difficult to acquire.
1.6 Hypothesis
This study hypothesizes that Ipomoea batatas can be utilized as an
additive to form a natural organic soap.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1Synopsis of the Literature
First section of related literature would focus on the curing/healing
agents of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) for the body. The second section
highlights any possible side effects of sweet potato to the body. The last section
stresses the use of other ingredients that can be utilized in the application of
soap making.
2.1.1Related Literature
Healing Properties of Sweet Potato
According to Ketler (2018), the term Medical Medium was originated
from a man named Anthony William where he is believed to channel a being
known as Spirit, but commonly, people started calling it the ‘Medical Medium’.
In the article, it explains the causes of many so-called mystery illnesses that
plagues humanity today.
It also shows on how these illnesses can be avoided or treated without
the use of any prescription medicine.
The Medical Medium answers the fact that foods plant-based diet is one
of the secrets in treating major illnesses that people are suffering till this day. It
states that by eliminating certain items from people’s diet and adding essential
fruits, vegetables, and herbs.
In his book entitled Medical Medium – Life Changing Foods: Save Yourself
and the Ones You Love with the Hidden Healing Powers of Fruits & Vegetables
(n.d.), it states that sweet potatoes tend to help prevent a condition called
‘megacolon’ or the expansion of the colon due to production of C. difficile,
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, E. coli, H. pylori, Chlamydia, and other bacteria.
Lycopene is essential to our skin regeneration and cell replacement. They can
also stimulate hair growth for it corrects where needed hair growth must the
observed, conditions li006Be this is called hirsutism. For insomnia, it builds a
critical form of glucose that stimulates the development of neurotransmitters
such as glycine, dopamine, GABA, and serotonin, all of which aid in the ability to
sleep soundly.
This supports that sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) can be utilized as an

anti-microbial soap for the required components present for the creation of the
product.
Possible Drawbacks of Sweet Potato

Recently, an article by Gord Kerr (2019) showcased the possibility of
sweet potatoes having any side effects. Since sweet potatoes contain many
beneficial nutrients such as vitamin A, fibers, and antioxidants, it is mainly
normal to hypothesize if such components can lead to any possible drawbacks.
According to the article, there is some speculation whether the oxalates
in sweet potatoes can lead to any harmful effects especially if one has a history
on kidney stones. This idea was formulated due to its high quantity of dietary
oxalate which may contribute to the development of calcium-oxalate kidney
stones, a common type of kidney stone. This oxalates mostly bind to calcium
during digestion and excreted along with stool. If some of them doesn’t bind to
calcium within our stomach, they can travel as waste to the kidney where they
can leave our body with urine. On the other hand, if there are more oxalate and
less liquid in urine, this leads to the production of calcium-oxalate fragments.
The National Kidney Foundation (NKF) recommends that people can
lessen the risk of developing kidney stones by drinking adequate amount of
fluids that the body needs. It also states that oxalates in sweet potatoes doesn’t
necessarily mean that it can lead to such consequences as long as adequate
consumption is followed.
This serves as the foundation for the idea that sweet potatoes (Ipomoea
batatas) can lead to some properties that can affect the body greatly but its
advantages still outweigh the effects as long as adequate consumption is
followed.
2.1.2Related Studies
Vegetable Soaps
In 2013, Panlilio, M. et. al. conducted a research pertaining to turning
malunggay (Moringa oleifera) leaves into a glycerin whitening soap using the
traditional cold process in soap making, which use natural essential oils and lye
(sodium hydroxide) as hardening catalyst. The process is derived from its ability
to generate the soap in generally low temperatures that is used to mill the soap.
This shows that vegetable leaves extracts used as an ingredient for traditional
soap making is useful as their other vegetable counterparts as well.
Moreover, another research conducted by Sweeny in 2009 showcased
the use of Guava leaves (Psidium guajava) extract as main ingredient in making
herbal soap for washing the wounds. This was because it contains major
antioxidant pigments, carotene, and poly phenols that gives them high dietary
antioxidant value. The process in which the product was applied is the same as
the research by Panlilio (2013) which is the application of traditional cold process
in soap making. In its conclusion, the product was then tested by eight (8)
respondents who have different kinds of skin wounds which lead to faster
regeneration of their wounds.
This study helps in proving that as the Psidium guajava and Ipomoea
batatas have some common chemical components such as carotene and their
anti-microbial properties, it may possibly cause the same effects.
Soap Project
A research conducted in 2013 focuses on creating soaps using different
varieties of essential vegetable oils for it lessens its cost production and can be
used on both hard and soft water. Each soap materials were taken from various
Markets in Zaria where the research was conducted. The processes used for this
study ranges from Cold process soap making to Handmilled Soap Making
Method. The aim for this study was to create a production line of different soaps
made out of many essential vegetable oils such as Palm Kernel Oil (PKO), Neem
Oil (NO) and Castor Oil (CO). This study concluded the effectiveness of using
varieties of essential oils in soap production which lead to a far cheaper soaps
with wider production line.
This study proves that hand-made natural or essential soaps can be
utilized as a new source of income even if the finite amount of ingredients may
hinder its production.
Other natural soap products

A research conducted by the University of Portsmouth in 2019 highlights
the utilization of rice straw in developing an eco-friendly soap made from
agricultural waste. The study aims to find an alternative substitute for chemical
surfactants which is a main active ingredient in the production of cleaning

products, medicine, suncream, make-up and insecticides.
In relation to the study, Dr. Pattanathu Rahman, a microbial
biotechnologist from the University of Portsmouth and Director of TeeGene,
worked with academics and PhD Scholar Mr. Sam Joy from 2015 to create a
biosurfacant by brewing rice straw enzymes. Scientists concluded that the
environmental friendly method results in a high quality ingredient that most
manufacturing industries are aiming for.
Furthermore, the product was created by not removing bacteria but
utilizing bacteria to create the product. This was due to the present anti-
microbial properties suitable for cosmetic products and bio-therapeutics.
This study helps in understanding the reach and limits of soap making as
of now in terms of finding new ingredients and varieties in the field of soap
making.
2.2 Discussion of the Relevance

In 2013, Panlilio, M. et. al. showcased the use of Malunggay leaves
(Moringa oleifera) as the main ingredient in developing a glycerin whitening
soap, this supports the study by showing the possibility of using vegetable as an
ingredient in the application of soap making. This was supported by another
research by Sweeny (2009) in which the use of Guava leaves (Psidium guajava)
was observed that aids in the rapidity of wound regeneration. Since there are
specific chemical components that Psidium guajava and Ipomoea batatas have
in common, it is still essential in determining the possible effects of the soap by
anticipating the outcome produced by Sweeny. Since the production of these
products are limited, a research conducted by Olatuja Gabriel Selfstrong Group
of Companies (2013) devised a plan where the production of soaps is reinforced
by the utilization of different blends of essential oils. With that, the abundancy of
the ingredients was crucial to the outcome which lead to mass production on the
developed product.
2.3 Conceptual Framework
Process Output
Input of Ipom oea Form ulation of Ipom oea batatas -
batatas natural organic based natural
soap organic soap
Figure 1
The first frame indicates the utilization of Ipomoea batatas as the
input of the study. Specifically, Hannah Yam Ipomoea batatas will be used as the
primary input of the study. The second frame would be the process of the study;
the formulation of natural soap involves multi preparation stages which is stated
in the data gathering procedure of the study. Lastly, the third frame presents the
Ipomoea batatas natural soap as the output of the study.
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Design
The research design of the study is a quantitative research, more

specifically an experimental research. Quantitative design will be used in
presenting numerical data of the variables with its parameters gathered from the
conducted survey, observation, and experiment. Experimental observation and
application would be conducted in order to see the possible effects of Ipomoea
batatas organic soap to the skin whether it may or may not improve any skin
condition. Survey will be used to eliminate the bias of the research findings and to
determine the feedback of the respondents about the effectiveness of the organic
soap to their skin and whether it can smoothen or moisturize the skin or not.
More specifically, quantitative research design would be involved in the
experimental stage of the study which comprises the measurement of various
experimental parameters to be explained in mode of analysis. The survey
questionnaire would also implicate statistical analysis by using percentage and
tables. This design will be appropriate for this study in order to get substantial
results and to clearly present the results and findings of the study for better
comprehension as this study needs to explore the possibility of using Ipomoea

batatas as an organic soap.
3.2 Selection of Respondents
The study would select three (3) respondents to participate in this study.
The target would be randomly selected regardless of gender and age; this is due
to the profound skin conditions each gender has. The respondents will be
instructed to test the Ipomoea batatas -based organic bathing soap that will be
provided by the researcher together with the survey questionnaire. After using
the study’s product, the respondents would answer the feedback questionnaire.
The respondents will be limited to individuals living near the researcher’s
premises.
3.3 Instrumentation
The instrument to be applied by the study is observational form and self-
constructed survey questionnaire. Observational form will be used in the
recording of the data collected from the experiment. Data to be obtained from
the controlled and experimental group of the experiment would be the changes
or effects on the skin to the respondents. On the other hand, self-constructed
survey questionnaire would be employed in order to gather feedback and
evaluation from the respondents upon using Ipomoea batatas organic soap. The
data collected from the interview will be analyzed and compared to determine
its theme and relationship to the study.
3.4 Ethical Considerations

Any harmful chemical and materials that will be utilized for this study will
be handled accordingly to the safety procedures that comes with the process of
making the product. For the benefit of the research, the use of lye (sodium
hydroxide) or potash (potassium carbonate) will be limited and be used only
when needed. The experiment will be conducted in an isolated secured place
where in no residents will be affected. In addition, no other chemical substance
other than what is being used will be utilized for this study. All excess products
from the experiment will be disposed or stored properly if the remaining
ingredient/s can still be used in the future.
3.5 Data Gathering Procedures

The following are the data gathering methods to be utilized by the study:
3.5.1 Experimentation
For the formulation of the study’s Ipomoea batatas soap, the study will
need the following materials, this includes lye, fragrance oil, sweet potato
(Hannah Yam or Jewel Yam), olive oil, coconut oil, water, whisk, face mask,
plastic gloves, pot, measuring spoon, measuring cup and grater. Ipomoea batatas
will be freshly picked out from the market for better effects and preservation.
The fresh Ipomoea batatas will be grated into small pieces and extracted as part
of the soap itself. The process to be applied is the cold process which is the most
common method for soap making where everything will be made from scratch.
For this process, all essential oils were boiled until the pot is approximately 100
degrees. After the oils are completely melted, the lye and water were mixed
within the oils along with the grated sweet potato bits. Each ingredient is
measured precisely on what is needed to avoid triggering possible allergic
reactions to the skin especially with the use if lye (sodium hydroxide). The table
below shows the precise measurement of the ingredients.
Table 1. Ingredients and Measurements
Ingredient/s Measurement
Lye (sodium hydroxide 20%) 4.6 oz / 130.40 g
Virgin olive oil 15. 5 oz / 382. 71 g
Virgin coconut oil 9 oz / 255.14 g
Distilled Water 10.9 oz / 309 g
Fragrance oil 2 oz / 56.69 g
Sweet Potato 9 oz / 255.14 g
(Ipomoea batatas )
Note: the use of lye (sodium hydroxide) can be substituted to potash
(potassium carbonate) if the availability of lye is compromised and must be half
the amount of olive oil.
After making the essential steps of the soap itself, the product will then
be stored for curing and hardening within approximately twenty-four (24) hours
and be extracted manually out of the container.
3.5.2 Survey
Survey Questionnaire will be used in determining the feedback of the
respondents upon using the antiseptic bathing soap made from Ipomoea
batatas. Survey questionnaire is answered every two (2) days of the observation.
The analysis of data gathered from the survey would eliminate the bias of the
study involving the usage and the efficacy of the given antiseptic bathing soap.
Observation will be used in measuring the given parameters to be
examined by the study.
3.5.3 Schematic Diagram
Fresh Ipomoea batatas

Buying of fresh Cleansing of Ipomoea
were sliced into tiny
Ipomoea batatas batatas
cubes and extracted
were mixed and Curing of soap within 1
hardening within 24
molded into a mixing hours
hours
bowl
3.6 Mode of Analysis

This mode of analysis of the study would be quantitative research and
experimental. Specifically, the study used descriptive statistics in analyzing the
results of the study. The following are the parameters to be measured by the
study:
In the experimental aspect of the study, the variables to be analyzed are
the following; the skin’s reaction to the organic soap, the impact if the soap in
terms of smell, and the overall physical feature of the product. The researcher
would measure the given time period that the soap will form and analyze the
given physical feature of the product according to the other commercially made
organic soaps.
The feedback of the respondents upon using the study’s formulated
Ipomoea batatas –based natural organic soap will be examined. Specifically, the
study would focus on gaining feedback about the efficacy of the soap, odor of
the soap, health impact, and the possibility of the research’s product on
replacing commerce natural organic soaps. The stated data would be collected
from three (3) selected respondents of the study.
CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH FINDINGS
3.1 Process of Making the Product
This section tackles the step-by-step process on how the product was
made and what precise and accurate measurement must be observed in using
the ingredients stated in the data gathering procedure. Each step must be
followed in order for the products effectiveness will be consistent.
Table 1: Formulation of the Soap
Step 1
Prepare all of the ingredients in
separate containers. This include
the Sodium Hydroxide to be
already mixed with water and the
Sweet Potato already peeled.
Step 2
Cut the Sweet Potato diagonally
into fair thin strips then
horizontally to turn into cubes.
Step 4
Put the sweet potato in a pot and
let it boil for approximately five
(5) to six (6) minutes till the water
turns yellow
Step 5
Collect the Sweet Potato extract
by straining it and letting it cool
down for at least one (1) minute.
Grind a single piece of sweet
potato as part of ingredient if
wanted.
Step 6
Add an adequate amount of olive
oil in a container where your soap
will form
Step 7
Slowly pour a small amount of
Sodium Hydroxide in the
container along with the sweet
potato extract
Step 9
Add all the remaining
ingredients in the container
and mix thoroughly for
approximately ten (10) to
fifteen (15) minutes.
Step 11
After mixing, carefully boil the
product in a pot at low heat for
approximately 4-5 minutes. Mix
throughly until it turns yellow
white in color then put it in a
container
Step 12
Let the product to cool down in
a secure dry location for
approximately twenty-four (24)
hours.
Step 13
Once cooled down, cut the
product in any shape it is
desired
After the last step is executed, the soap’s texture is fine along with the scent
but the shape was poor since the researcher lacks the equipment to have a Soap
Molder that would have boosts the products presentation.
3.2 Weekly Observation
This section tackles the observational part of the study whereas illustrations
and pictures are given within the given ten (10) day period of the study along
with specific description/s pertaining to the respondent’s case towards their skin
condition
Table 4.2.1: Respondent one (1) with Back Acne (Cutibacterium acne)
Respondent 1 (Acne)
Day/s Picture/s Description
On the first three (3) days of

the observation, the acne
was still reddish and the
One to Three days (1-3) humps in the skin was very
noticeable on both sides of
the back. The number of
acne was also still greatly
observed on each side of the
back.
From the fourth (4th) to the

sixth (6th) day of the
Four to six days (4-6) observation, the acne is
somewhat drying up but the
red blemishes are still
present on both sides of the
shoulder.
From the seventh (7th) to the

ninth (9th) day of the
observation, the acnes are
Seven to nine days (7-9) starting to slowly disappear
and inhibit scars but the red
blemishes are starting to
vanish on both sides of the
back
On the last day of the

observation, the acne is gone
along with red humps shown
The tenth (10) and final in the first day. But, scars
day from the acne is still visible
but minimized
Table 4.2.2: Respondent two (2) with minor acne infection (Bacterial Folliculitis)
Respondent 2 (Bacterial Folliculitis)

the observation, the wounds
One to three days (1-3) are still present and some of
the wounds tends to secrete
pus when scratched
intensely.
From the fourth(4th) to the

observation, the pus from the
Four to six days (4-6) acne starts to disappear at a
fast rate compared to the first
three days of the observation

Seven to nine days (7-9) observation, the wounds and
the humps from the acne are
greatly reduced. No pus or
irritations are recorded
during observation.

observation, the wounds and
infection from the Bacterial
Folliculitis are inhibited and
The tenth (10) and final day its irritation was lessen
greatly along with some
scars.
Table 4.2.3: Respondent three (3) with Allergic Wound

Respondent 3 (Allergic Wound)

the observation, the wound
One to Three days (1-3) was still reddish and the skin
is thin which causes a
contusion when scratched that
sometimes trigger abrasion
From the fourth (4th) to the

Four to six days (4-6) observation, the wound is all
dry up but it still causes minor
contusions but no abrasion

Seven to nine days (7-9) observation, the wound is
almost unnoticeable but the
scar is still there but dried up.
No contusion and abrasion
was recorded during
observation.

observation, the wound is
unnoticeable and the scar is
The tenth (10) and final day starting to disappear along
with it. No contusions and
abrasions was recorded during
the last observation.
Table 4.2.1: Feedback Questionnaire

This section tackles the data and interpretation gathered from the
respondents within the one (1) week time period of the observation. The data
was statistically analyzed and was graphically represented into the following:
Table 4.2.1: “The soap was able to cleanse my hands properly”

Day/s Yes No
# % # %
The soap was 1-2 3 20 0 -
able to cleanse 3-4 3 20 0 -
my hands 5-6 3 20 0 -
properly
7-8 3 20 0 -
9-10 3 20 0 -
Total 15 100% 0
Table 4.2.1 shows that within the ten (10) period, all of the respondents
stated that the soap was able to do its job in cleaning external residue or dirt
present in their hands by the time the product is used. This shows that the
soap’s consistency in being an organic soap is proven as the feedback of the
respondent goes.
Table 4.2.2: “The soap irritates my skin a lot”

Day/s Yes No
# % # %
1-2 0 - 3
The soap 3-4 0 - 3
irritates my 5-6 0 - 3
skin a lot
7-8 0 - 3
9-10 0 - 3
Total 0 15 100%
Table 4.2.2 shows that the soap does not affect any skin irritation even
within the ten (10) day period of the observation. This is due to the used
ingredients in the study such as the essential oils and sweet potato extract. Even
if sodium hydroxide was used, the given amount was only under twenty percent
(20%) along with the quantity used which is only under a few grams.
Table 4.2.3: “The soap was able to heal my wounds”

Day/s Yes No
# % # %
1-2 0 - 3 20
The soap was 3-4 0 - 3 20
able to heal 5-6 2 13.33 1 6.67
my wounds
7-8 3 20 0 -
9-10 3 20 0 -
Total 8 53.33% 7 46.67%
Table 4.2.3 states that in the first four (4) days of the observation, the
soap was not able to heal the respondents’ wounds as it is still starting to take
effect. Starting from day five (5) to ten (10), the wounds slowly but surely healed
as it is for the antimicrobial and antibacterial components of the soap.
Table 4.2.4: “The soap triggered my skin allergies”

Day/s Yes No
# % # %
1-2 0 - 3 20
The soap 3-4 0 - 3 20
triggered my 5-6 0 - 3 20
skin allergies
7-8 0 - 3 20
9-10 0 - 3 20
Total 0 15 100%
Table 4.2.4 shows that along with the second table about the soap’s skin
irritability, the soap was not able to trigger any skin allergies that the soap may
possibly generate. As stated earlier, the essential oils and sweet potato extract
does not contain any high valued component that may produce or initiate such
effect.
Table 4.2.5: “The soap scent was appealing to my scent”

Day/s Yes No
# % # %
1-2 1 6.67 2 13.33
The soaps scent 3-4 1 6.67 2 13.33
was appealing 5-6 1 6.67 2 13.33
to my taste
7-8 1 6.67 2 13.33
9-10 1 6.67 2 13.33
Total 5 33.35% 10 66.65%
Table 4.2.5 show that one (1) or six point sixty-seven percent (6.67%) of
the respondent does not adore the soaps scent as it is only given a few drops of
fragrance oil due to the lack of ingredients that the study has. On the other
hand, two (2) or thirteen point thirty-three percent (13.33%) of the respondents
are fond of the soaps scent given it is provided with a few drop of Rose scented
Fragrance Oil along with the ingredients.
Table 4.2.6: “What are your comments/recommendation after using the

product?”
Comment/s
“The idea of a natural soap is very neat and it is very
Respondent 1 smooth and silky to the skin. The scent is fine and it
feels like a branded product”
“It was my first time to use an organic soap but when
Respondent 2 I tried it, it felt the same as a normal soap that I
regularly use. The scent and texture is good but I think
it may improve more in terms of scent and
bubbliness”
“The soap is good and it heals really fast while it does
Respondent 3 not irritate the wound. The scent is just fine and with
just a few adjustments, it might even sell if possible”
Table 4.2.6 presents that most of the respondents pointed out that the
soaps texture is considered to be good while the scent is to be argue about on
both sides; its shape is less likely to be noticed but it is to be notified for future
improvements. The soap was also likely to be compared to branded soap
products that the respondents are using as its physical characteristics resembles
it.
Table 4.3: Chemical Components of Ingredient/s

This section exhibits the given chemical components of every single
ingredient used in the study for product production. Similarities and special
compounds that affects the soaps antimicrobial and antibacterial properties will
be analyzed and explored as to identify each relationship or connection to the

soap’s effectiveness and consistency.
Table 4.3.1: Sweet potato contents

Sweet Potato (Ipomoea Batatas)
Chemical/s Description
Beta carotene is an antioxidant that converts to vitamin A and plays a very
β-carotene important role in health. It's responsible for the red, yellow, and orange
coloration of some fruits and veggies.
Anthocyanins are a type of flavonoid, a class of compounds with
Anthocyanin antioxidant effects. Found naturally in a number of foods, anthocyanins are
the pigments that give red, purple, and blue plants their rich coloring.
Flavonoids are used to protect plants, and, at the cellular level, to serve as
Flavonoids cell cycle regulators. Supplied with food for the human body, the flavonoids
exhibit high biological activity and display antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
and antiallergic properties.
Terpenoids are naturally occurring hydrocarbons produced by a wide variety
Terpenoids of plants and animals. They are reported to have therapeutic uses such as
antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory,
antioxidants, and as skin permeation enhancer.
The table exhibits four (4) main chemical components that may affect the
soap’s antimicrobial and antibacterial properties: β-carotene, Anthocyanin,
Flavonoids, and Terpenoids. Research in 2016 by Rath et. al. studied about the
Antibacterial activity of leaf and tuber extract of orange, purple flesh
antioxidants rich sweet potato in which states that the antimicrobial properties
found for these extracts could be due to the presence of polyphenols like β-
carotene and anthocyanin in the extracts at different levels. Further antioxidant
activity of β-carotene and anthocyanin of these improved varieties can have
several implications in delaying the process of ageing along with its antimicrobial
and bacterial properties.
In terms of the Flavonoid and Terpenoid component, most of the family
of Iponoea Batatas contain such chemicals along with some major
phytochemicals such as tannins, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, steroids and
phenolic acids. These constituents may vary with varieties depending on flesh
and skin colours. Since Flavonoids are well known antioxidants, skin care
products that include flavonoids are capable of contributing towards maintaining
the skin’s overall quality and appearance (L’Oreal, n.d.). Terpenoids on the other
hand, has many uses which includes antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-
inflammatory, antioxidants, antiparasitic, and also as a skin permeation
enhancer.
Table 4.3.2: Virgin Coconut Oil content

Virgin Coconut Oil (Cocos nucifera oil)
Tannins are an excellent antioxidant that helps in giving the structure,
Tannins texture, and flavor to wines. Tannins are the phenolic compounds that
precipitate proteins. They are composed of a very diverse group of oligomers
and polymers
Saponins are chemical compounds that occur in a wide range of herbs, seeds
and vegetables. They can also be found in starfish and sea cucumbers. In
Saponins medicine, they're used in vaccine formulations to regulate immune function.
Due to their antibacterial and foaming properties, these compounds are
added to shampoos, soap, household cleaners and makeup products.
The terpenoids, sometimes called isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class
Terpenoids of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from terpenes.
The table shows three (3) main chemical components that may affect the
soap’s antimicrobial and antibacterial properties: Tannins, Saponins, Terpenoids.
Tannins are a yellowish or brownish bitter-tasting organic substance present in
some galls, barks, and other plant tissues, consisting of derivatives of gallic acid
(antioxidant), used in leather production and ink manufacture. Not only that but
according to Chung et. al. (1998), tannic acid and propyl gallate, but not gallic
acid, were inhibitory to foodborne bacteria, aquatic bacteria, and off-flavor-
producing microorganisms. Saponin on the other hand is a common component
in shampoos, facial cleansers and cosmetic creams due to its detergent
properties `that it contains. Futhermore, saponins are also able to inhibit the
growth of S. aureus according to a research done by Soetan et. al. in the year
2006.
Lastly, terpenoids sometimes called isoprenoids, are a large and diverse
class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from terpenes. As the
same component with the sweet potato, terpenoids are found to exhibit
antimicrobial activity against P.aeruginosa, E.coli, S.aureus and C.albicans. In the
present study GRAS (generally recognized as safe) terpenoids are grouped
according to the structure and their MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration),
studied to specify the activity of terpenes against P.aeruginosa, E.coli, S.aureus
and C.albicans pathogens. It is concluded that the terpenoid from natural
resources could combat the resistant pathogens and make environmentally
benign antimicrobial agents (Gupta, 2011).
Table 4.3.3: Virgin Olive Oil components

Virgin Olive Oil (Olea europaea oil)
Hydroxytyrosol is found in olive fruit and oil as a major phenolic
Hydroxytyrosol compound of olive oil. Due to its strong antioxidant effects, it has been
studied in the fields of medicine, pharmaceuticals, and food.
Oleuropein belongs to a group of coumarin derivative, secoiridoids. It was
Oleuropein found to be effective against various strains of bacteria, viruses, fungi and
also molds or even parasites.
The table presents two (2) chemical components that may affect the
soaps antimicrobial and antibacterial properties: Hydroxytyrosol and Oleuropein.
Hydroxytyrosol is a phenylethanoid, a type of phenolic phytochemical with
antioxidant properties in vitro. It is also known that hydroxytyrosol is a powerful
scavenger of free radicals which allows for the reduction in oxidation of low-
density-lipoproteins (LDL), potentially reducing the risk of atherosclerosis. More
importantly, a study conducted by Jeon & Choi (2018) states that hydroxytyrosol
has effects on anti-inflammatory and anti-aging in HDFs (human dermal
fibroblasts) damaged by UVA. It also suggests that hydroxytyrosol is fully worthy

of using as a cosmetic material effective to anti-inflammatory and to delay
cellular senescence on HDFs.
Meanwhile, oleuropein and its metabolite, hydroxytyrosol, have powerful
antioxidant activity, which might be responsible for some of olive oil's
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and disease-fighting activities. A great example
for this is a study done by Mehraein et. al (2014) in which they focused on the
effects of Oleuropein on skin wound healing in aged male Balb/c mice. In the
study, Oleuropein not only reduced cell infiltration in the wound site on days
three (3) and seven (7) post incision, but also a significant increase in collagen
fiber deposition of the subject.
Table 4.3.4: Sodium Hydroxide properties and uses

Sodium Hydorixde (NaOH)
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, is an essential ingredient in the soap making
process. It is generally used as a solid or a 50% solution. Other common names include caustic
soda and lye. Sodium hydroxide is used to manufacture soaps, rayon, paper, explosives,
dyestuffs, and petroleum products.
The table shows the chemical properties and uses of Sodium Hydroxide in
producing the soap for the study. Based on ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances
and Disease registry in 2002), at room temperature, sodium hydroxide is a white
crystalline odorless solid that absorbs moisture from the air. It is a manufactured
substance. When dissolved in water or neutralized with acid it liberates
substantial heat, which may be sufficient to ignite combustible materials. It is
generally used as a solid or a 50% solution. Generally, sodium hydroxide is used
to manufacture soaps and a variety of detergents used in homes and commercial
applications. Drain cleaners that contain sodium hydroxide convert fats and
grease that can clog pipes into soap, which dissolves in water (ChemicalFacts,
n.d.).
Sodium hydroxide is also used to help manufacture a variety of medicines
and pharmaceutical products, from common pain relievers like aspirin, to
anticoagulants that can help to prevent blood clots, to cholesterol-reducing
medications. But one dangerous characteristic it contains is that it is a skin
sensitizer, meaning it is a chemical that will lead to an allergic response following
skin contact. In contrast to skin irritation, skin sensitization is an immunological
response to previous exposure to a substance which results in an inflammatory
skin reaction.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
With the study made on the subject, the following were found significant
in the completion of the research:
5.1.1 The study found out that the use of Ipomoea Batatas as an
additive is effective in making a natural organic soap based on the
final outcome from the observation and respondent’s feedback. The
possibility was tested based on the rate of reaction towards the
respondent’s wound and their given feedbacks and comments
towards the product.
5.1.2 The study also found that the natural organic soap has a potential
to heal specific skin conditions and may contain antibacterial and
antimicrobial properties as stated by the chemical reviews based on
related studies pertaining to each ingredient used in making the
product.
5.1.3 The chemical components present in the product is more likely to
be mainly built on antioxidants granted that nearly all of the
ingredients contains Flavonoids, Tannin, and Terpenoids. As for the
antimicrobial and antibacterial properties, polyphenols like
Anthocyanin and β-carotene found on the sweet potato are deemed
to be responsible as it is stated and based on the past research
conducted by Rath et.al. in 2016.
5.1.4 Hydroxytyrosol and Oleuropein may also be found in the product
as it originated from the Virgin Olive oil used in making the product
that also contain antioxidant, antiviral, and antibacterial properties
shown from given studies.
5.1.5 The study was successful in fully healing the respondents which
consist of three (3) different bacterial wounds and skin diseases that
can help in proving the products capabilities in terms of its
antimicrobial and antibacterial properties. Along with that is the

positive feedback garnered from the survey conducted in the study.
5.2 Recommendations
In accordance with the study’s conclusions and findings, the researcher
has the following recommendations:
5.2.1 The researcher highly recommends to test the product for rotary
evaporation and phytochemical screening in order to look further
into the product’s true chemical components to be compared what
is given in the study.
5.2.2 The researcher also recommends to have more respondents for
the study in order to fully analyze the product’s effects to different
people. Respondents with various bacterial wounds or condition
must be focused in order to see its antibacterial and antimicrobial
properties on a different scale to be compared for the study.
5.2.3 The researcher recommends to look into the possibility of the
product to be put on the market along with its effects and reaction
from the respondents focusing on the product’s use and
convenience.
5.2.4 The researcher also recommends to add more potential
ingredient/s to the product that may be able to boost its scent,
bubbliness, and capabilities for the product’s further improvement
and application in different criteria such as medicine, household,
and in the market.
5.2.5 The researcher recommends to create even a mini plantation of
various kinds of Ipomoea Batatas to individual yards as the plant
are edible and very much nutritious and beneficial based on
proven studies.
5.2.6 The researcher lastly recommends for future researchers to

conduct further study exploring the feasibility of the different kinds
of Ipomoea Batatas aside for being an additive in a natural organic
soap.
REFERENCE
Henshaw, A. (2016). Health benefits of Sweet Potatoes. Retrieved from

https://www.symptomfind.com/nutrition-supplements/health-benefits-of-
sweet-potatoes/
Nwaoha, M. & emejulu V.N. (2013). Evaluation of Phytochemical Composition and

Antimicrobial Activity of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Leaf. Pakistan Journal
of Nutrition, Vol 12 (Issue 6), pp 575-586
Shubrook, N. (n.d.). The health benefits of sweet potato. Retrieved from

https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/health-benefits-sweet-potato
(2013). Proposal on Soap research Project. Retrieved from

https://olatgabrielselfstrong-eduresources.blogspot.com/2013/04/proposal-on-
soap-research-project.html
Sweeny (2009). Guava leaves extract as main ingredient in making Herbal Soap for
washing. Retrieved from https://olatgabrielselfstrong-
eduresources.blogspot.com/2013/04/proposal-on-soap-research-project.html
Helmentsine, A.M. (2018). How Saponification Makes Soup. Retrieved from

https://www.thoughtco.com/how-saponification-makes-soap-606153
Alfajora, J. et. al. (2013). Ampalunggay Soap. Retrieved from

https://ampalunggaysoap.blogspot.com/2013/10/presenting-ampalunggay-
soap.html
Ketler, A. (2018). The Healing Powers of Sweet Potatoes. Retrieved from

https://ampalunggaysoap.blogspot.com/2013/10/presenting-ampalunggay-
soap.html
Kerr, G. (2019). Sweet Potatoes Have Almost No Drawbacks. Retrieved from

https://www.livestrong.com/article/538082-the-disadvantages-of-sweet-
potatoes/
Rath, D. et. al. (2016). Antibacterial activity of leaf and tuber extract of orange,
purple flesh antioxidants rich sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.)). Merit
Research Journal, Vol 4(Issue 4), pp 67-71
Przychodzen, P. et. al. (2018). Potential Health Beneﬁts of Olive Oil and Plant
Polyphenols. International Journal of Molecular Science, Vol 19, pp 4-5
Obidoa, O. et. al. (2010). Pytochemical Analysis of Cocos nufera L. Journal of

Pharmacy research, Vol 3(Issue 2), pp 280-286
Cisowska A. et.al. (2011). Anthocyanins as Antimicrobial Agents of Natural Plant

Origin. Natural Product Communications, Vol 6 (Issue 1), pp 149-156
Yoshimoto M. et.al. (2011). Antibacterial Activity of Fiber on Food Hygienic Bacteria

(5-17). Miyakonojo City, Japan: Department of Domestic Science.
Ayeloso, T. et.al. (2016). A review of therapeutic potentials of sweet potato:

Pharmacological activities and influence of the cultivar. Tropical Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 15 (Issue 12), pp 2751-2761
(n.d.). Sodium hydroxide. Retrieved from https:// www. chemicalsafetyfacts.

org/sodium-hydroxide/
Mehraein, F. et.al. (2014). Evaluation of Effect of Oleuropein on Skin Wound

Healing in Aged Male Balb/c Mice. Cell Journal, Vol 16 (Issue 1), pp 25-30
Soetan, K. et.al. (2006). Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of saponins extract

of Sorghum Bicolor L. Moench. African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol 5(Issue
23), pp 2405-2407
Chung, K. et.al. (1998). Tannins and human health: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nut,
Vol 38 (Issue 6), pp 421-464
Jeon, S. & Choi, M. (2018). Anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects of

hydroxytyrosol on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Retrieved from
https://biomeddermatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41702-018-
0031-x
APPENDICES
Ingredients used in the formulation of Ipomoea batatas natural organic soap:

Virgin Olive Oil

Virgin Coconut Oil
Lavender
Fragrance
Oil 20%
Sodium Hydroxide
Sweet Potato (Hannah

Yam)
Appendix A: Respondent 1 using the product
Day 1-3 Day 5-7 Day 8-10
Appendix B: Respondent 2 using the product
Day 1-3 Day 5-7 Day 8-10
Appendix C: Respondent 3 using the product
Day 1-3 Day 5-7 Day 8-10

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The possible utilization of Ipomoea batatas as an additive in making a natural organic soap 1

Spoap: The possible utilization of Ipomoea batatas as an additive in making a

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

3.2 Selection of Respondents

Keywords: Anthocyanin, Beta Carotene, Rotary Evaporation, Pythochemical

1.2 Significance of the Study

1.3 Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this experimental study is to create an anti-microbial and

1.4 Scope and Delimitation

1.5 Research Impediments

This supports that sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) can be utilized as an

Possible Drawbacks of Sweet Potato

Other natural soap products

surfactants which is a main active ingredient in the production of cleaning

2.2 Discussion of the Relevance

2.3 Conceptual Framework

The research design of the study is a quantitative research, more

comprehension as this study needs to explore the possibility of using Ipomoea

3.2 Selection of Respondents

3.4 Ethical Considerations

3.5 Data Gathering Procedures

3.5.3 Schematic Diagram

Fresh Ipomoea batatas

3.6 Mode of Analysis

3.2 Weekly Observation

On the first three (3) days of

From the fourth (4th) to the

From the seventh (7th) to the

On the last day of the

On the first three (3) days of

From the fourth(4th) to the

From the seventh (7th) to the

On the last day of the

Table 4.2.3: Respondent three (3) with Allergic Wound

On the first three (3) days of

From the fourth (4th) to the

From the seventh (7th) to the

On the last day of the

Table 4.2.1: Feedback Questionnaire

Table 4.2.1: “The soap was able to cleanse my hands properly”

Table 4.2.2: “The soap irritates my skin a lot”

Table 4.2.3: “The soap was able to heal my wounds”

Table 4.2.4: “The soap triggered my skin allergies”

Table 4.2.5: “The soap scent was appealing to my scent”

Table 4.2.6: “What are your comments/recommendation after using the

Table 4.3: Chemical Components of Ingredient/s

be analyzed and explored as to identify each relationship or connection to the

Table 4.3.1: Sweet potato contents

Table 4.3.2: Virgin Coconut Oil content

Table 4.3.3: Virgin Olive Oil components

fibroblasts) damaged by UVA. It also suggests that hydroxytyrosol is fully worthy

Table 4.3.4: Sodium Hydroxide properties and uses

antimicrobial and antibacterial properties. Along with that is the

5.2.6 The researcher lastly recommends for future researchers to

Henshaw, A. (2016). Health benefits of Sweet Potatoes. Retrieved from

Nwaoha, M. & emejulu V.N. (2013). Evaluation of Phytochemical Composition and

Shubrook, N. (n.d.). The health benefits of sweet potato. Retrieved from

(2013). Proposal on Soap research Project. Retrieved from

Helmentsine, A.M. (2018). How Saponification Makes Soup. Retrieved from

Alfajora, J. et. al. (2013). Ampalunggay Soap. Retrieved from

Ketler, A. (2018). The Healing Powers of Sweet Potatoes. Retrieved from

Kerr, G. (2019). Sweet Potatoes Have Almost No Drawbacks. Retrieved from

Obidoa, O. et. al. (2010). Pytochemical Analysis of Cocos nufera L. Journal of

Cisowska A. et.al. (2011). Anthocyanins as Antimicrobial Agents of Natural Plant