POMELO (CITRUS MAXIMA) FRUIT AND LEAVES EXTRACT AS AN

ALTERNATIVE SOAP

A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of Turac National High School

in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Subject Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion

Researcher:
Alyssa Joice A. Bulatao

Research Adviser:
Mr. Cristopher Pagdanganan
 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

In this chapter, the background of the study, conceptual framework, statement of the problem,

hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and delimitation and definition of terms are explicitly stated.

Rationale

In this study Citrus maxima (pomelo), also known as Chinese grapefruit, belongs to the rue family

(Rutaceae) and is the largest citrus fruit. It is native to the Southeast Asia and Indo-China regions and is

one of the most important horticultural crops growing extensively in tropical and subtropical southern

regions of Asia [ CITATION Ann \l 1033 ].

However, Citrus fruits are one of the most important fruit crops, with a global production of over 120

million tons per year (FAO, 2016). “Citrus” is a general term referring to fruits of the Citrus genus, which

includes varieties such as sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), sour/bitter oranges (Citrus aurantium), tangerine

or mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata), lemon (Citrus limon), and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi). Among

these citrus varieties, orange, mandarins, and lemons have the highest global production estimated at 54,

32, and 8.4 million tons, respectively (USDA‐FAS, 2019). In Asia and some parts of Africa and

Australia, a citrus variety commonly known as “pomelo” (also spelled as “pummelo”) or “shaddock” is a

popular fruit widely grown and consumed fresh or processed into juice. Pomelo has a history of

cultivation and consumption dating back 4,000 years ago (Puglisi et al., 2017). Due to hybridization with

other citrus species, there have been numerous pomelo cultivars being cultivated in many countries. In

Southeast Asia and other parts of the world, pomelo has been growing in popularity and is now one of the

five most widely cultivated and consumed citrus fruits, along with orange, mandarin, lemon, and

grapefruit [ CITATION Res201 \l 1033 ].

 Malaysia is popular for growth of pomelo while grapefruit usually grows in China.6 Pomelo is

responsible in boosting our immune system, preventing weight gain and as an anti-aging agent while

grapefruit aims in controlling the blood sugar level in diabetic patients and helps patient’s relief from

insomnia.7–10 Each part of pomelo exhibits various benefits like hot leaf decoction can be applied on

swellings.[ CITATION Nae18 \l 1033 ]

The skin harbors diverse communities of microorganisms, and alterations to these communities can

impact the effectiveness of the skin as a barrier to infectious organisms or injury. As the global

availability and adoption of antibacterial products increases, it is important to understand how these

products affect skin microbial communities of people living in rural areas of developing countries, where

risks of infection and injury often differ from urban populations in developed countries. We investigated

the effect of antibacterial soap on skin microbial communities in a rural Malagasy population that

practices subsistence agriculture in the absence of electricity and running water. We quantified the

amount of soap used by each participant and obtained skin swab samples at three time points: prior to

soap use, immediately after one week of soap use, and two weeks after soap use was discontinued. Soap

use did not significantly impact ecological measures of diversity and richness (alpha diversity). However,

the amount of soap used was a predictor of community-level change (beta diversity), with changes

persisting for at least two weeks after subjects stopped using soap. Our results indicate that the overall

species richness of skin microbial communities may be resistant to short-term use of antibacterial soap in

settings characterized by regular contact with the natural environment, yet these communities may

undergo shifts in microbial composition. Lifestyle changes associated with the use of antibacterial soap

may therefore cause rapid alterations in skin microbial communities, with the potential for effects on skin

health.[ CITATION Jam18 \l 1033 ]

Skin diseases are caused by viruses, rickettsia, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. This chapter focuses on

the common bacterial diseases of skin. Viral infections are also described, but of the cutaneous fungal

diseases, only nail infections are included. The other fungal diseases are described in the Mycology
section. Cleansing and degerming the skin with a soap or detergent containing an antimicrobial agent may

be useful. Drying agents, such as aluminum chloride, and keratinolytic agents, such as topical salicylate,

are also helpful. Topical antimicrobial agents can be used for some infections, but systemic therapy may

be necessary for patients with extensive disease. Pomelo contains several essential amino acids that help

to build healthy skin cells and suppress any redness and swelling that tends to develop on skin exposed to

harsh environmental states. Its high flavonoid content provides antioxidants traits to assist in combating

free radical damage, diminish acne, scars and dark spots and lessen skin irritation.[ CITATION Raz \l 1033 ]

Antibacterial soaps have added ingredients like triclosan or triclocarban, which are hydrophobic

molecules that can penetrate bacterial cell membranes and kill the bacteria. Sounds impressive, but

studies have shown that antibacterial soaps are no more effective than regular soaps at removing bacteria.

In 2016, the FDA issued a rule that antibacterial soaps were no longer allowed to be marketed to the

public. "Consumers may think antibacterial washes are more effective at preventing the spread of germs,

but we have no scientific evidence that they are any better than plain soap and water," Dr. Janet

Woodcock, the director of the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), said in a

statement. "In fact, some data suggests that antibacterial ingredients may do more harm than good over

the long term."[ CITATION Kim \l 1033 ]

In linking with these, the researcher came up with an idea of making soap out of Pomelo (Citrus

Maxima) fruit and leaves extract as an alternative soap, in order to make a product out of it.
Conceptual Framework

In this study, the researchers will make use of pomelo fruit and leaves as a component of soap.

The paradigm below shows the variables and process to be undergone in this study.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Internet Research
Gathering of materials POMELO (CITRUS
needed
Pomelo (Citrus MAXIMA) FRUIT
Maxima) fruit and Production of Pomelo
(Citrus Maxima) fruit AND LEAVES
leaves extract
and leaves extract as EXTRACT AS AN
an alternative soap
ALTERNATIVE
Collection and
Tabulation of Data SOAP

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the capability of pomelo (Citrus Maxima) fruit and leaves extract as an

alternative soap.

Specifically, the study sought to answer the following sub-problems:

1. What is the level of acceptability of Pomelo fruit and leaves extract as an alternative soap? In terms

of:

a) Texture

b) Smell

c) Appearance

2. Is there a significant difference between the experimental product and the commercially prepared

product? In terms of:

a) Texture

b) Smell

c) Appearance

Hypothesis

In connection with this study, the researchers tested the null hypothesis at 0.01 level of significance.

Ho: There is no significant difference between the experimental product and the commercially

prepared product.

Significance of the Study

Result of this study could help benefit the following entities:

People. With this, people will get rid of diseases causing germs.

Community. The product of this study is cheaper, easy to do as compared to the commercially

prepared soap. The community will be benefited because the soap has been used for many purposes in

daily lives.
 Environment. This study lessens the problem of chemical usage of the community since it is natural

than the soap that we usually bought in the market.

Future Researchers. This could be their guide if they are interested in this study and can make

further researcher about the acceptability of Pomelo (Citrus Maxima) fruit and leaves extract as an

alternative soap.

Scope and Delimitation

In this part of the study, the researchers emphasize the scope and delimitations to set justification of

the study in order to provide legal basis on defining its parameters.

This study is only focused on making a soap using pomelo fruit and leaves extract as its main

component. The results to be obtained from testing the acceptability of the experimental soap and its

significant difference between and among the concentrations in terms of texture, smell, and appearance

can be used as basis for similar studies that may be conducted in the future using different materials and

set of criteria.

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are used. They are defined as

conceptually and operationally according to how they are used in this study.

Pomelo- Is the largest citrus fruit from the family Rutaceae and the principal ancestor of the

grapefruit. The researchers will use this as the main components in making alternative soap.

Extract- An extract is substance may by extracting a part of a raw materials,

Soap- a substance used with water for washing and cleaning, made of a compound of natural oils or

fats with sodium hydroxide.

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literature and various studies pertaining to the pomelo

(Citrus Maxima) fruit and leaves extract as an alternative soap. As a result of some findings, some related

literature and studies which are relevant to the problem include some materials written and published by

authorities as well as report of some researchers and from the internet.

Related Literature

Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) is one of the natural staple foods of man, containing essential

nutrients in adequate proportion. The nutritional and medicinal values of the fruit juice have made it

essential and important part of human diet for ages. Generally, citrus are excellent sources of minerals,

vitamins and enzymes. They have been reported to be free from fat and cholesterol, but contain important

mineral elements such as potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and silicon. They are easily

digested and bring about a cleansing effect on the blood and the digestive tract. Orange fruits have been

discovered to have anti-scurvy property. Furthermore, they are rich in vitamin C, folic acid and fiber;

these contribute to the prevention of degenerative processes, particularly reducing the incidence and

mortality rate of cancer as well as cardio- and cerebro-vascular diseases. C. sinensis belongs to the race

var. sinensis, of the family Rutaceae. It is an hybrid between Pomelo (C.maxima) and Mandarin (C.
reticulata) originating from Southeast Asia. The fruit size varies with cultivar and crop load, but most

often measures between 2.5 to 4 .0 inches in diameter. The shape of the fruit is spherical to oblong, with a

peel thickness between that of grape fruit and tangerine, and is either smooth or roughly pebbly. It is

usually very closely adhered to the flesh of the fruit. Its color tints from green to light orange, depending

on the cultivar. The presence and number of seed depends also on cultivar, starting from 15 to 25 seeds

per fruit. Of all the citrus fruits, C. sinensis is the commonest in the forest zone of Western Nigeria,

Middle Belt, Eastern and some part of South-south Nigeria. The yield of orange juice is about half of the

fruit weight thereby generating a very high amount of waste annually. Citrus waste as huge as 36 metric

tons are produced annually with Florida citrus industry generating 3.5 to 5 tons, used and sold as feed

stock for cattle, and Nigeria generating about 0.3 million tons with potential to generate more annually.

These agro wastes are common in Nigeria along major roads where retailers peel and sell to motorists and

others. The wastes in market places constitute menace, causing environmental pollution. Citrus fruit peels

are also known to have flavonoids, an anti-oxidant. Essential oil had been generated in sweet orange and

grape fruit (C. paradisi) peels and the antimicrobial activities of grape peel oil had been documented.

Essential oils in plant products have tremendous applications in food, cosmetic and aromatherapy.

Research in medicinal chemistry have also shown that screening plant products for antimicrobial

activities have led to detection and development of new potential anti-infective agents. The peel of citrus

fruits is a rich source of flavones and many polymethoxylated flavones which are very rare in other

plants. The antimicrobial abilities of essential oils from citrus plants have shown to be of particular

interest for applications within the food industries. In this study, the physicochemical properties and fatty

acid compositions of the fixed oil from the seeds and peels of sweet orange were determined. Alkali

generated from the peel and seed oil were used to prepare soaps. The antimicrobial properties of these oils

and the soap were also determined with a view to investigate their suitability as possible alternative to the

orthodox antibacterial soap[CITATION Ola \l 1033 ].

Related Studies
 Pomelo (Citrus grandis L.), which belongs to the family Rutaceae, is one of the most widely

cultivated crops in Southeast Asia. In the past, the pulp of pomelo has been used as an appetizer,

antitoxic, cardiac stimulant, and stomach tonic. The major flavonoids of pomelo are neohesperidin,

hesperidin, naringenin, and naringin, which are present in high amounts in fruit juice. Recently, a number

of studies on pomelo extract have reported the favorable antioxidant properties through free radical-

scavenging effects in vitro. In addition, the pomelo extract reduces the reactive oxygen species in

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated HepG2 cells. However, to date, no study has reported the ant glycation

activity of pomelo. In the present study, we clarified the effect of the pomelo extract against fructose-

mediated non-enzymatic glycation. In addition, we examined the inhibitory effect of pomelo extract on

oxidation-dependent damages induced by fructose to bovine serum albumin (BSA). This study will

underline the importance of pomelo extract in prevention of hyperglycemia-mediated protein

modification[CITATION Junht \l 1033 ].

Pomelo (Citrus maxima) is one of the large fruits of citrus family with a common name of pomelo or

shaddock that belongs to the family of Rutaceae. Pomelo peels are rich source of antioxidant as compared

to its pulp.

Use of waste as a source of antioxidants and polyphenols may have considerable economic benefit to

food processors. The efficiency of many species like bergamot and pomelo nevertheless, has not been

investigated yet. Therefore, an efficient, environmentally and cheap utilization of these wastes is needed.

Usually, organic solvents are used for the extraction of valuable natural materials. However, some of

them are toxic for this reason; a food grade ethanol is widely used instead of methanol for the extraction

of phenolic compounds from various citrus peels [ CITATION San19 \l 1033 ].

Synthesis of the Study

 The research had come up with an idea that the "Pomelo (Citrus Maxima) leaves and fruit extract

as an alternative soap” could be very helpful and may also benefit people especially in this pandemic.

From the given information on the related studies and literature that pomelo as an alternative soap work.

This study could be useful for future researcher.

Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This portion of the study presents the methods and procedures with the materials and equipment

used. It also includes the research design, research duration and locale, research subject, data-gathering

procedures, and statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

In this study, an experimental research was employed. According to Baht (2020), experimental

method of research is any research conducted with a scientific approach, where a set of variables are kept

constant while the other set of variables are being measured as the subject of experiment. In this study, it

is used to compare two variables – the control group (commercially-available) and the experimental

product (Pomelo (Citrus Maxima) fruit and leaves extract as an alternative soap).

Research Duration and Locale

 This study was conducted in Barangay Turac, San Carlos City, Pangasinan. The materials used

were collected in the locality for 1 day and comprised another day for experimentation, 9 days testing,

and 3 days for calculations, analysis, and interpretation of data including the drawing of conclusions.

Research Subjects

The researchers used Simple Random Sampling on the faculty members of Turac National High

School constituting a total of 10 Science Teachers from Junior High School Department who evaluated

the experimental product. According to Ochoa (2017), Simple Random Sampling is a sampling method in

which all of the elements in the population—and, consequently, all of the units in the sampling frame—

have the same probability of being selected for the sample.

Research Materials

1/2-pound clear melt and pour soap, cut into cubes

2 tablespoons dried pomelo leaves, a great way to use up leftover scraps!

6 dried pomelo slices, or dry your own pomelo slices like here

10-20 drops of pomelo extract

Round silicone mold

Spray bottle of rubbing alcohol, also a great reuse opportunity here.

1 plastic measuring cup

Whisk

Equipment and Utensils

 Equipment and Utensils used in the Preparation of pomelo (Citrus Maxima) fruit and leaves

extract as an alternative soap.

Step 1: Add clear soap to your measuring cup. Melt the soap in the microwave at 30-second bursts until

soap is completely melted.

Steps 2-4: Add pomelo extract to measuring cup. Whisk together.

Steps 5-6: Add dried pomelo leaves to the measuring cup. Whisk ingredients together.

Steps 7-9: Spray your soap mold with the rubbing alcohol. This prevents bubbles from forming. Pour the

soap mixture into the mold until it just covers the bottom of each cavity. Spray top of the mixture with

rubbing alcohol to prevent bubbles.

Steps 10-12: Allow to harden for about 15 minutes. Place one pomelo slice in each cavity and add the

soap mixture to the top of each cavity. I would stir the mixture in the measuring cup each time you pour,

or they will clump at the bottom. Spray top of the mixture with rubbing alcohol to prevent bubbles.

Step 13: Dry for at least 3-4 hours or until hardened completely. To release, pop gently from the mold.

Store in an airtight container or Ziploc bag until ready to use.

Statistical Treatment

The researchers used Chi-square for independent samples to compare the quality of the pomelo

(Citrus Maxima) fruit and leaves extract as an alternative soap and the commercially available soap as to

texture, smell, appearance. This test measures how a model compares to actual observed data. Chi-square

tests are often used in hypothesis testing. The chi-square statistic compares the size any discrepancies

between the expected results and the actual results, given the size of the sample and the number of

variables in the relationship[ CITATION Hay20 \l 1033 ]

Chi-Square is the statistical tool that was used, with the formula given below.
 2 (O−E)2
X =
E

Where:

= Chi-Square

= observed frequency

= expected frequency

Range= (Highest score- Lowest score)/ Highest score

Chapter IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered from the experimentation conducted by the researchers.

The gathered information was presented, analyzed and interpreted scientifically and objectively in

consonance with the statement of the problem.

RANK RATE DESCRIPTION

The texture of the soap is very smooth, and it is properly

5 Excellent mixed, it does not have small pieces of an unmixed

ingredients.

4 Very Good The texture of the soap is smooth and properly mixed.

3 Good The texture of the soap is not so smooth, and it still has
 small pieces of the unmixed ingredients

The texture of the soap is not smooth, and it is not properly

2 Slightly Good
mixed.

The texture of the soap is not smooth and full of unmixed

1 Poor
ingredient.
Table 1A. Scale of measuring the acceptability of Pomelo fruit and leaves extract as an alternative

soap as to texture.

Table 1B. Scale of measuring acceptability of Pomelo fruit and leaves extract as an alternative soap as

to smell.

RANK RATE DESCRIPTION

Excellent The soap has the right scent, it does not have a monotonous
5
smell and it smells very good.

Very Good The soap has the right scent, it does not have a monotonous
4
smell and it smells good.

Good The soap has the right scent, a little bit monotonous, it
3
smells not so good.

Slightly Good The soap does not have the right scent and it has
2
monotonous smell.

1 Poor The soap is smells less.

 Table 1C. Scale of measuring acceptability of Pomelo fruit and leaves extract as an alternative

soap as to appearance.

RANK RATE DESCRIPTION

5 Excellent The soap has very good eye-catching color and appearance

4 Very Good The soap has good eye-catching color and appearance

3 Good The soap has pleasing color and appearance.

2 Slightly Good The soap is thin liquid and slightly good appeal.

1 Poor The soap does not have eye catching color and appearance

Table 2A. Level of acceptability of Pomelo fruit and leaves extract as an alternative soap and

garlic soap

Ratings Garlic Pomelo

Texture Smell Appearance Texture Smell Appearance

5 2 0 2 2 3 2

4 2 2 1 1 1 1

3 1 1 2 1 1 1

2 0 2 0 1 0 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Average
Weighted 3.8 4.4 3.8
Mean
 Based on the data gathered the researchers obtained an average weighted mean of 3.8 in terms of

texture which is “good”, for the smell an average weighted mean of 4.4 was obtained which is “very

good” and for the appearance the average weighted mean of 3.8 was obtained which is “good”. This

means that the pomelo soap is acceptable in terms of texture, smell, and appearance.

Table 3A. The significant difference of Pomelo fruit and leaves extract as an alternative

soap and Garlic Soap as to texture

Observed Expected O- E (O – E)2 (O-E)2

Respondents

Frequency Frequency E Both

A B Both A B Both A B A B A B

5 2 2 4 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 2 1 3 1.5 1.5 3 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.17 0.17 0.34

3 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2
0 1 1 0.5 0.5 1 -0.5 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.5 0.5 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 5 10 5 5 10 0.5 0.5 0.67 0.67 1.34

Total

The table above shows the significant difference between pomelo fruit and leaves extract as an

alternative soap and Garlic Soap as to texture. The chi-computed value obtained is “0.34” at 0.01 level of
 significance having 4 degrees of freedom, the chi computed value is less than the tabular value which is

13.277. This means that pomelo fruit and leaves extract as an alternative soap is similar with the Garlic

Soap as to texture.

Table 3B. The significant difference of Pomelo fruit and leaves extract as an alternative

soap and Garlic Soap as to smell

Observed Expected O- E (O – E)2 (O-E)2

Respondents

Frequency Frequency E Both

A B Both A B Both A B A B A B

5 0 3 3 1.5 1.5 3 -1.5 1.5 2.25 2.25 1.5 1.5 3

4 2 1 3 1.5 1.5 3 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.17 0.17 0.34

3 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2
2 0 2 1 1 2 1 -1 1 1 1 1 2

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 5 10 5 5 10 3.5 3.5 2.67 0.67 5.34

Total

The table above shows the significant difference between pomelo fruit and leaves extract as an

alternative soap and Garlic Soap as to smell. The chi-computed value obtained is “5.34” at 0.01 level of

significance having 4 degrees of freedom, the chi computed value is less than the tabular value which is
 13.277. This means that the pomelo fruit and leaves extract as an alternative soap is similar with the

Garlic Soap as to smell.

Table 3C. The significant difference Pomelo fruit and leaves extract as an alternative soap

and Garlic Soap as to appearance

Observed Expected O- E (O – E)2 (O-E)2

Respondents

Frequency Frequency E Both

A B Both A B Both A B A B A B

5 2 2 4 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 2 1 3 1.5 1.5 3 0.5 -0.5 0.25 0.25 0.17 0.17 0.34

2
0 1 1 0.5 0.5 1 -0.5 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.5 0.5 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 5 10 5 5 10 0.5 0.5 0.67 0.67 1.34

Total

The table above shows the significant difference between Pomelo fruit and leaves extract as an

alternative soap and Garlic Soap as to appearance. The chi-computed value obtained is “1.34” at 0.01

level of significance having 4 degrees of freedom, the chi computed value is less than the tabular value
which is 13.277. This means that the pomelo fruit and leaves extract as an alternative soap is similar with

the Garlic Soap as to appearance.

 Chapter V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary or the research work undertaken, the conclusions drawn and the

recommendations made as an outgrowth of this study.

Summary of Findings

Based on the analysis of the data presented in the table on the research are as follows.

1. The researcher obtained an average weighted mean of 3.8 in terms of texture which is “good”, for

the smell obtained an average weighted mean of 4.4 which is “very good” and for the appearance

the average weighted mean was 3.8 which is “very good”.

2. A. In terms of texture, the researchers obtain a chi-computed value of “0.34” at 0.01 level of

significance having 4 degrees of freedom, the chi computed value is less than the tabular value

which is 13.277.

B. In terms of smell, the researchers obtain a chi-computed value of “5.34” at 0.01 level of

significance having 4 degrees of freedom, the chi computed value is less than the tabular value

which is 13.277.

C. In terms of appearance, the researchers obtain a chi-computed value of “1.34” at 0.01 level of

significance having 4 degrees of freedom, the chi computed value is less than the tabular value

which is 13.277.

Conclusions

Based on the results, analysis and findings of the study, the researchers have drawn the following

conclusions:

1. It was concluded that the Pomelo Fruit and leaves extract (Citrus Maxima) as an alternative soap

is acceptable in terms of texture, smell, and appearance.

 2. For the Pomelo Fruit and leaves extract (Citrus Maxima) as an alternative soap and Garlic Soap

in terms of texture, smell, appearance the chi-computed value is less than the tabular value which

means that there is no significant difference between the Pomelo Fruit and leaves extract ( Citrus

Maxima) as an alternative soap and the commercially prepared product. Therefore, the null

hypothesis H0 was accepted. This means that the Pomelo Soap is similar with the Garlic Soap in

terms of texture, smell, appearance.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions presented, the following recommendations are suggested:

1. Similar studies should be conducted by future researchers and test it several times.

2.This study can be a basis for parallel studies that are highly recommended to be conducted by the

future researchers where they can look for other fruits that can be used as an alternative soap.

3. The researchers recommend this study for future researchers by assessing the samples for a

longer time interval for more accurate results to determine the acceptability in terms of texture,

smell, and appearance.

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SUPPLEMENTARY ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIALS