THE EFFICACY OF USING DALANDAN (Citrus aurantium)

PEEL AS AN ALTERNATIVE CHALK

Ma.Ecy Artiola, Mary Ann Majuca, Isaah Willem James Lumbang

A. INTRODUCTION

The first attested use of chalk on blackboard in the United States dates to September
21, 1801, in a lecture course in mathematics given by George Baron. James Pillans has been with
the invention of coloured chalk (1814): he had a recipe with ground chalk, dyes and porridge.

Chalk is a type of soft, light-colored rock and it is a substance that is made into
white or colored sticks and used for writing or drawing. Citrus aurantium any of various common
orange trees yielding sour or bitter fruit used as grafting stock.

In school, chalks are used to write on a black board. There are some cases that when
we erase the writings on the board, the chalk dust flies away towards our body or face and so there
are possibilities that we inhale the chalk dust. Chalk dusts are not good for our health as well as
when we inhale it. It can make us cough or trigger our allergies. A natural and organic chalk can
reduce harmful effects like the dalandan (Citrus aurantium) peel. If we use dried dalandan peel as
the main ingredient maybe we can make a chalk that is less dusty and it will be safe for us to use.
All the ingredients of this dalandan peel chalk are natural and organic because this is made for
those who have asthma or allergies with chalk dust. It can also reduce our garbage because of its
property of being dustless.

In a previous study, eggshell was used as the main component or ingredient in

making chalk. It is made up of calcium carbonate crystals which is good for making a chalk. Using
eggshell as an ingredient of chalk is good for the students and teacher who will availed it.

Based on the Philippine Medical Plants, Dalandan is a fruit that is described as a

small, erect tree with smooth, greenish white shoots with spine scent thorns. The fruit is nearly
spherical, 5 to 9 centimeters in diameter, with orange red and tight skin, partitioned inside with
yellowish juice sacks. The taste is usually sweet but it’s occasionally sour. The dalandan are known
to be found throughout the Philippines which is always nearly planted, warm in all countries and
it's native of the old world.

Our research about dalandan gave us an idea to use it to create a substitute chalk
for the usual dusty one. The dalandan peel gave us many medical benefits but who knows that it
can be used as a chalk? The Citrus aurantium artifial chalk are less dusty compared to the usual
chalks that we use in our school, and also the usual chalks causes some skin or eye irritation if you
contact with it directly with a period of time.
 We chose to conduct this study for us to reduce the amount of waste and to
save money especially to those people who can't afford to buy a chalk.
Sources:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackboard

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chalk

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/citrus%20aurantium

https://www.google.com/amp/s/group1sciencequeens.wordpress.com/2017/07/27/investigatory-
project-chapter-1-eggshalk-eggshells-to-chalk/amp/

www.stuartxchange.org/Dalandan
 B. MATERIALS AND METHODS

B.1 Materials needed :

Here are the materials for creating a Citrus aurantium (dalandan) Chalk.

 Dried Citrus aurantium (dalandan) peel

 Grater
 Bowl
 1 teaspoon of flour or plaster
 1 teaspoon of hot water
 Powdered Citrus aurantium (dalandan) peel
 1 teaspoon of food color or Acrylic paint
 Small tube
 Wax paper or Tissue paper

B.2 Procedures :

Here are the methods for creating a Citrus aurantium (dalandan) Chalk.

I. The first thing that the researchers conducted is to trim the Citrus aurantium (dalandan) and
let it dry for 2-3 days.

Figure 1. Trimmed Citrus aurantium (dalandan) peel Figure 2. Dried Citrus aurantium (dalandan) peel

II. The second method is to grate the dried Citrus aurantium (dalandan) peel.

Figure 3. Powdered Citrus aurantium (dalandan) peel

 III. The second procedure is followed by adding 1 teaspoon of flour, 1 teaspoon of hotwater and
add the powdered Citrus aurantium (dalandan) peel.

Figure 4. Flour and hot water

IV. Our next procedure is we mixed it well with the used of spoon and add 1 teaspoon of food
color to make it attractive then shape it in a form of chalk.

Figure 5. Mixing ingredients

V. For the fifth method the researchers put the ready made Citrus aurantium (dalandan) peel in
a tissue paper or wrapped in a wax paper and finally let it dry for 2-3 days to make it stiffed.

Figure 6. Wrapped with tissue

VI. And for the bottom most procedure removed the Citrus aurantium (dalandan) chalk from
being wrapped in a tissue paper or in a wax paper.

Figure 7. Citrus aurantium (dalandan) chalk

 C. DATA GATHERING
This Chart shows the result of the survey that we conducted to know if our study is effective or
not. It will reveal the efficacy or incompetent of Citrus Aurantium Chalk that we made.

Poor Fair Average Good Excellent

Dustiness √ √√√ √√
Clearness √√ √√√ √
Sturdiness √√√√√√
Usefulness √√√√√√

Based on the survey that the researchers conducted, here are the results:

Figure 8. Dustiness

For the dustiness of our product, our highest marked is 4 which is good followed by 3 (average)
and the lowest is 2 (fair).

Figure 9. Clearness

Next for the clearness of our product, our lowest score is 1 (poor) followed by 2 (fair) and our
highest score is 3 which is average.
Figure 10. Sturdiness

Now for the sturdiness of our product, all of them marked 2 which is fair.

Figure 11. Usefulness

And lastly the usefulness of our product, all of marked 3 which is considered as average.

Figure 12. overall breakdown

 D. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The study that the researchers conducted is to determine the effectiveness of using Citrus
aurantium (dalandan) peel as a Chalk. As the result of the first attempt, the researchers conclude
that the product is not that successful yet the quality of our product is graded average and nearly
satisfy our respondents.

In this study, we research about the importance of dalandan and its benefit. Also the
advantages and the harmful effects of using a usual chalk in different school activities that is why
we come up with an idea to make a new version of chalk that is not harmful. In addition, we also
learned how to make a chalk and create a unique version of it in the presence of using Citrus
aurantium (dalandan) peel.

The explanation why researchers came up with their own style of chalk for the reason
that it is organic, it reduce rotten fruit such as Citrus aurantium (dalandan) peel, it is also less
dusty, it produce a fragrance that makes it special and more safe to use than the usual chalk.

Floor

The Citrus aurantium (dalandan) chalk was clearly effective when the researchers attempt to
try it on a cement.

Chalkboard

The Citrus aurantium (dalandan) chalk was not that visible for the reason that we used
color green food coloring to the chalk.

Wall

The Citrus aurantium (dalandan) chalk was clearly visible when the researchers try to
write on a wall.

Road

The Citrus aurantium (dalandan) chalk was visible when the researchers attempt to write
it on a road.
 CONCLUSION

The researcher conclude that the product is not that successful yet the quality of our
product is graded average and nearly satisfy our respondents. It is not applicable in writing it on a
Chalkboard but if the researchers write it on a floor, wall, and road it is clear and visible.

The researchers suggest that the Citrus aurantium (dalandan) chalk needs an
improvement to make it more sturdy and clear especially in using it on a chalkboard. The reasons
why it is not that sturdy for the reason that the Citrus aurantium (dalandan) chalk lack out of
cornstarch and it is not that clear because it ccontains to much food color. For the dustiness of the
product it doesn’t need any improvements at all for the reasons that our respondents were
satisfied . And lastly the usefulness of the product is average for the respondents .

Therefore the Citrus aurantium (dalandan) chalk needs more cornstrach to make it
sturdy and to make it clearer the researchers need to lessen the food coloring. If these methods
are conducted well the Citrus aurantium (dalandan) chalk will have a good quality and can truly
satisfy the people who use chalk.
 ABSTRACT
The first attested use of chalk on blackboard in the United States dates to September
21, 1801, in a lecture course in mathematics given by George Baron. James Pillans has been with
the invention of coloured chalk (1814): he had a recipe with ground chalk, dyes and porridge.

Chalk is a type of soft, light-colored rock and it is a substance that is made into
white or colored sticks and used for writing or drawing. Citrus aurantium any of various common
orange trees yielding sour or bitter fruit used as grafting stock.

A natural and organic chalk can reduce harmful effects like the dalandan (Citrus
aurantium) peel. If we use dried dalandan peel as the main ingredient maybe we can make a chalk
that is less dusty and it will be safe for us to use. All the ingredients of this dalandan peel chalk are
natural and organic because this is made for those who have asthma or allergies with chalk dust.
It can also reduce our garbage because of its property of being dustless.

Our research about dalandan gave us an idea to use it to create a substitute chalk
for the usual dusty one. The dalandan peel gave us many medical benefits but who knows that it
can be used as a chalk? The Citrus aurantium artifial chalk are less dusty compared to the usual
chalks that we use in our school, and also the usual chalks causes some skin or eye irritation if you
contact with it directly with a period of time.

We chose to conduct this study for us to reduce the amount of waste and to
save money especially to those people who can't afford to buy a chalk.

The result of the study that the reaserchers conducted here are the results. For
the dustiness of our product, our highest marked is 4 which is good followed by 3 (average) and
the lowest is 2 (fair). Next for the clearness of our product, our lowest score is 1 (poor) followed
by 2 (fair) and our highest score is 3 which is average. Now for the sturdiness of our product, all
of them marked 2 which is fair. And lastly the usefulness of our product, all of marked 3 which
is considered as average.

In this study, we research about the importance of dalandan and its benefit. Also the
advantages and the harmful effects of using a usual chalk in different school activities that is why
we come up with an idea to make a new version of chalk that is not harmful. In addition, we also
learned how to make a chalk and create a unique version of it in the presence of using Citrus
aurantium (dalandan) peel.

The explanation why researchers came up with their own style of chalk for the reason
that it is organic, it reduce rotten fruit such as Citrus aurantium (dalandan) peel, it is also less
dusty, it produce a fragrance that makes it special and more safe to use than the usual chalk.

Therefore the Citrus aurantium (dalandan) chalk needs more cornstrach to make it
sturdy and to make it clearer the researchers need to lessen the food coloring. If these methods
are conducted well the Citrus aurantium (dalandan) chalk will have a good quality and can truly
satisfy the people who use chalk.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Allergy – A medical condition that causes someone to become sick after eating, touching , or
breathing something that is harmless to most people.

Asthma – A physical condition that makes it difficult for someone to breathe.

Citrus aurantium – The scientific name of dalandan

Chalk – A substance that is made into white or colored sticks and used for writing or drawing

Cornstarch – A fine powder made from corn that is used in cooking especially to make liquids
thiker.

Dye – a substance used for changing the color of something (such as hair or cloth) usually
permanently.

Eggshell – The hard outside part of an egg.

Flour – Powder made from a grain that is used in cooking for making bread, cakes, etc.

Irritation – A condition of irritability, soreness, roughness, or inflammation of a bodily part.

Natural – Existing by nature and not made or caused by people and not having any extra
substances or chemicals added and do not contain anything artificial.

Organic – Not using artificial chemicals.

Peel – To removve the skin from a fruit, vegetable, etc.

Plaster of Paris – A white powdery slightly hydrated calcium sulfate made by calcining gypsum
and used chiefly for casts and molds in the form of quick-setting paste with water.

Porridge – A soft wood made by boiling meal of grains legumes in milk or water until thick.

Water – The clear liquid that has no color, taste, or smell, etc.