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The researchers conduct this study due to economics crisis nowadays. It aims to
create a product of chalk which is cheaper and could give the same quality which the commercial
one could give, through eggshells. This steps was made by the researcher to make a chalk out of
eggshells; First she clean the empty eggshell of the chicken through washing, then when the
eggshells is already dry, she pound the clean eggshells very well until it will become a powder,
then she get the residue and she separate it from the eggshell that is already in powder then she
pour a little amount of water, flour, and food coloring (optional) into the powdered eggshell and
put it on the paper to form a stick chalk and she let it dry for days.
This Shalk Sticks has three advantages than the commercial chalk sticks; it is eco-
friendly and it can also help preserve the nature, because rather than destroying limestone rocks
to produce chalks, why not use and recycle the shells of the egg you are consuming to lessen the
world’s pollution. Second, it will help you save up money since after you used the eggs in
making food, you can transform the eggshells into a writing material for you and your kids than
buying some chalk at the store, and you can also sell it for an income. Third, it can be a fun
bonding time with your kids or friends, you’ll enjoy making it knowing that you’ll benefit from
it.
Chapter I
1. Introduction
Chalk, as one of the most important school supplies, is a big demand in the
market industry nowadays. It is a writing implement that has different colors and is used
in school that uses blackboards, and for kids that plays in the grounds and pathways.
Chalk is a soft, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock, a form of limestone composed of the
mineral calcite. On the other hand, an eggshell is a thin and hard outer layer of an egg.
This is very fragile and can break easily, like chalk.
According to the research, the components of an eggshell is almost
entirely crystals made up of calcium (Ca), carbon (C) and oxygen (O) combined, making
a compound called calcium carbonate or CaCO3.
Chalks have the same compound used to make it. This is why the
researchers think it may be possible to make chalk using eggshells. The researchers want
to make chalk to help schools, particularly public schools, for they don’t have enough
funds or resources of money to buy chalks for the teachers to use.
Sticks of processed ‘chalk’ are produced especially for use with
blackboards in white and also in various colors. White chalk sticks are made mainly from
calcium carbonate derived from mineral chalk rock or limestone, while colored or pastel
chalks are made from calcium sulfate in its dihydrate form, CaSO4·2H2O, derived
from gypsum.
On the other hand, white and colored shalk sticks are both made from
calcium carbonate from the eggshells, the colored one just got its pigment when it is
mixed with food coloring.
The researchers proposed this product to decrease pollution, and make use
of the eggshells that is commonly thrown away. The beneficiaries of this research would
be the following:
The families in the world – they can now create their own chalk for their
kids to play with and can be used as a writing material, instead of buying a commercial
chalk that causes asthma. At the same time, the materials needed are cheaper or
sometimes it’s just around them for free because it is a left-over in making dishes.
Those who are in the food industry – this may lessen their garbage, use the
eggshells in a convenient way and they can use the chalk in writing their menus. They
can also partner up with other companies that makes chalk, or they can make their own
chalk and sell it in the market
The artist and crafters – this may lessen their expenses and they can now
innovate their own chalk that they can use in making art works and in drawing. They will
also have fun making this project so they might do it.
6. Related Literature
The two of the researchers found literature about their research for the
eggshalk and found four of these said literatures.
As scientist Joe Regenstein has studied, the cell of a chicken egg is made
up of about 94% calcium carbonate, 1% calcium phosphate, and about 4% organic
matter, mainly protein. The eggshell has pores through which air, moisture, and even
bacteria can pass. The shell represents about 11% of the weight of an egg. The shell is
made up of three parts – the mamillary or the inner layer is adjacent to the shell
membranes and has a “knob” like appearance. The middle layer, the bulk of the shell is
made up of small calcite crystals, mostly randomly arranged with the pores running
through it. The cuticle or top layer is thin film of protein that covers the egg when it is
laid, but which dries up and flakes over time.
7. Related Studies
Three researchers found articles from foreign and local scientists that may
help with the research, these are :
Very early in the study of the shell, chemical analyses showed that it is
composed of about 97% calcium carbonate (Burley and Vadehra, 1989).
The superficial structure of the shell has been known for over 100 years.
The shell consists of 97% calcium carbonate, and this is provided to the hen in the diet.
However, the chemical must be broken down in the digestive system and then re-
synthesized in the shell gland to form the shell. This results in a turnover of blood Ca of ~
100 times each 24 hours. (P. Hunton-2005)
8. Definition of Terms
The researchers defined the following terminology based on how it is used
Albumen – the part of the inside of an egg that is clear before it is cooked and
white after it is cooked; the white of an egg.
Alternative – one of two or more possibilities; something that can be chosen
instead of something else; a choice or an option.
Blackboard – a smooth, dark surface that is used for writing on with chalk in a
classroom.
Calcite – is a carbonate material and the most stable solid material to exist in
more than one form of calcium carbonate.
Calcium Carbonate – a chemical compound with the formula CaCO₃. It is a
common substance found in rocks and the main component of pearls and
shells.
Calcium Phosphate – a family of materials and minerals containing calcium
ions together with inorganic phosphate anions.
Carbonate Rocks – are a class of sedimentary rocks. The one major type is
limestone.
Consolidated – to join or combine together into one thing.
Decomposition – the state or process of rotting; the process to be slowly
destroyed and broken down by natural processes, chemicals, etc.
Deposition – geological process in which soil and rocks are added to land
mass.
Diagenesis - the physical and chemical changes occurring during the
conversion of sediment to sedimentary rock.
Embryology - the branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of
embryos and their development.
Fine – in very small pieces; very small particles.
Flourishing – developing rapidly and successfully; thriving.
Hemodialysis - also spelled haemodialysis, commonly called kidney dialysis
or simply dialysis, is a process of purifying the blood of a person whose
kidneys are not working normally.
Incubation – (incubation period) medical term for the time between being
exposed to infection and showing first symptoms
Limestone – is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of
marine organisms.
Literature – is writing considered to be an art form, or any single writing
deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, often due to deploying language
in ways that differ from ordinary usage
Mammillary – sites on the outer shell membrane
Membrane – a pliable sheetlike structure acting as a boundary, lining, or
partition in an organism.
Organism – an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form; any
individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.
Phosphate Buffer - is a buffer solution commonly used in biological research.
Precipitate – cause (a substance) to be deposited in solid form from a solution.
Resynthesized - to combine (constituent elements) into a single or unified
entity.
Sedimentary rock – type of rock formed by the deposition of that material at
the Earth’s surface and within bodies of water.
Methodology
9. Materials
The researchers used the materials listed below:
Ingredients (This ingredients are used to make 6-8 Shalk Sticks)
- 2 tsp of Flour
- Cup of Hot Water
- 10 Eggshells
- Food Color
Tools
- Bowls
- Spoons
- Paper Towels
- Glass
- Kettle
- Mortar and Pestle
- Strainer
10. Procedure
a.) Clean eggshells thoroughly making sure that you remove the membrane and
leave them to dry.
b.) Once the eggshells are completely dry, place the eggshells in a mortar and
pestle (or you could even use a rock on concrete for this part)
c.) Grind the eggshells until you have a fine, fine powder. (You could use a
strainer to be sure that is its fine enough)
d.) Place your eggshell powder into a bowl and add 2 teaspoons of flour and
enough hot water to make a stiff paste.
e.) Add some food coloring to your eggshell paste. (Optional)
f.) Place your eggshell paste on some thick paper towel.
g.) Roll the paper towel into a tube to help you mould your chalk into a long
tube shape. You could also use silicone ice cube tray moulds here to get a fun
shape for your chalk.
h.) When you have your desired shape, leave the chalk to dry for a few days.
i.) Once your chalk stick has completely dried, you can now draw your
masterpiece!
Chapter IV
11. Result
5
5
2
2 2
1
1
0
White Sticks Cost of Colored Sticks
This shows that Shalk Sticks costs only 1 or 2 pesos depending on what color,
while the commercial ones cost 2 or 5 pesos, proving that this product is cheaper than the
one that is commonly used.
Other Characteristics
12
10
10 10 10 10
8
8
6
6
0
Effectiveness Physical Appearance Environmental
12. Discussion
Egg shell chalks or Shalk are cheaper compared to our currently
worldwide used commercial chalk because you’ll only buy one ingredient that is needed,
flour, (but if you’re making colored ones, add food dye) not unlike the commercial chalk,
it will only cost approximately 1 or 2 pesos, while it costs 2 or 5 pesos for the
commercial chalk. The main ingredient of this product can be obtained in large amounts
on local eateries and kitchens, egg shells. It can be obtained for free, but if not, it will
only cost a small price.
Yet, these Shalk Sticks are below in comparison of physical appearance
and quality between designed and machine made chalk. Commercial Chalks are
thoroughly made and are same in sizes, unlike the Shalk Sticks that every piece is
handmade. Shalk Sticks and the commercial chalk are both effective and can show clear
marks when writing. But other than that, Shalk Sticks are above the commercial one
because it is cheaper, and is eco-friendly.
Chapter V
Conclusion and Recommendation
13. Summary
These Shalk Stick can be the perfect alternative for the chalks we use
today. Chalks are composed of a compound called calcium carbonate (CaCO3) that they
get from mining limestone or chalk rocks, it is the same compound that can be found in
eggshells. We can use these eggshells as a substitute of the compound found on those
rocks and produce chalks that are eco-friendly that can replace the commercial chalks we
are using today.
14. Conclusion
Therefore the researchers conclude that using wastes and recycling them
like eggshells can help a lot in being resourceful not just to any household but maybe in
cities, countries or even worldwide.
These eggshells have the potential to substitute commercial chalks in
completely, as they are also composed of calcium carbonate just like the chalks we
currently use. These house made chalks are literally recycled products made from wastes,
yet even though they are not the highest of quality than machine made commercial
chalks.
Companies may kick start selling this product that uses eggshell entirely
from local kitchens making them of a higher quality than ones made in household, thus
producing more jobs and a better and resourceful environment.
If we can combine all the eggshell waste in the world and produce this
instead of the current commercial chalk, we will be cleaning the environment off from
billions of egg wastes and make tools of learning that al the world's school can use. If
there are 50 billion eggs harvested in the United States alone, how about the whole
world? We are striving to find ways to limit our wastes in the striving innovative life of
ours and the researchers think this is one way how.
15. Recommendation
The researcher would highly recommended that we could use eggshell
chalk instead of busy commercial chalk in the market because its is cheaper and fits in
our budget. the researcher therefore concluded that eggshell chalk could be used as an
alternative source of commercial one.
Since buying eggs just for eggshells is not that good of a choice, the
researchers recommend making a deal with local eateries and canteen to give the
eggshells to you all who aspire to make this project, even if with a small price, instead of
disposing them. For housewives, or simply any relative in a house with a child, the
researchers also recommend using your leftover eggshells to make this, thus making your
child a chalk he/she can play with in the sidewalks.
Lastly, the researchers recommend removing the membrane from the shell
and throughly grinding it and for best results, filter it in a strainer and continue to grind
the leftover until it looks powder-like.