Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education

Region IV-A CALABARZON

Division of Laguna

Municipality of Luisiana

San Buenaventura Integrated National High School-Annex

EGGSHELL CHALK

Submitted to Mrs. Herciel R. Ebarvia

Master Teacher II of the English Faculty

Of San Buenaventura Integrated National High School-Annex

As Fulfillment of the First Semester Requirement

for the Subject Practical Research II

By

Oblepias, Rica Mae S.

CHAPTER 1

This chapter consists of the introduction, background of the study,

statement of the problem, significance of the study, scope and delimitation,

research hypothesis, conceptual framework and definition of terms.

INTRODUCTION

The calcareous egg is produced by all birds and most reptiles. Current

understanding of eggshell formation and mineralization is mainly based on

intensive studies of one species - the domesticated chicken Gallus gallus.

The bird egg is a fertilized gamete (or, in the case of some birds, such

as chickens, possibly unfertilized) located on the yolk surface and

surrounded by albumen, or egg white. The albumen in turn is surrounded

by two shell membranes (inner and outer membranes) and then the

eggshell. The chicken eggshell is 95-97% calcium carbonate crystals,

which are stabilized by a protein matrix. Without the protein, the crystal

structure would be too brittle to keep its form and the organic matrix is

thought to have a role in deposition of calcium during the mineralization

process. The structure and composition of the avian eggshell serves to

protect the egg against damage and

microbial contamination, prevention of desiccation, regulation of gas and

water exchange for the growing embryo, and provides calcium for

embryogenesis . Eggshell formation requires gram amounts of calcium

being deposited within hours, which must be supplied the hens diet.
 Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock , a form of

limestone composed of the mineral calcite. Calcite is an ionic salt called

calcium carbonate or CaCO3. It forms under reasonably deep marine

conditions from the gradual accumulation of minute calcite shells

(coccoliths) shed from micro-organisms called coccolithophores. Flint (a

type of chert unique to chalk) is very common as bands parallel to the

bedding or as nodules embedded in chalk. It is probably derived from

sponge spicules or other siliceous organisms as water is expelled upwards

during compaction. Flint is often deposited around larger fossils such as

Echinoidea which may be silicified (i.e. Replaced molecule by molecule by

flint).

Blackboard chalk is a substance used for drawing on rough surfaces,

as it readily crumbles leaving particles that stick loosely to these surfaces.

Although traditionally composed of natural chalk, modern blackboard chalk

is generally made from the mineral gypsum ( calcium sulfate ), often

supplied in sticks of compressed powder about 10 cm (4 in) long.

The researcher find out that eggshell is rich in calcium carbonate that

is one of the minerals in making chalk. And after getting the yolk we just

throw the eggshell and instead of throwing the eggshell the researcher

think on how eggshell can be reuse and it is by making chalk out of

eggshell.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The food industry generates 150,000 tons of shell waste a year. The

disposal methods for waste eggshells are 26.6% as fertilizer, 21.1% as

animal feed ingredients, 26.3% discarded in municipal dumps, and 15.8%

used in other ways. Many landfills are unwilling to take the waste because

the shells and the attached membrane attract vermin (Wikipedia).

As of now, our country is in the midst of a great crisis in our economy.

Our environment nowadays is also being destroyed due to improper

garbage disposal. The researchers noticed that at school, teachers

requires commercial chalk used in boards. Chalk is a soft, white, porous

sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite..It

forms under relatively deep marine conditions. Chalk can also refer to

compounds including magnesium silicate and calcium sulfate..There is no

assurance that we can have continuous supply of commercial chalk. So,

the researchers decided to make a chalk which is very affordable and can

give an equal quality as the commercial one.

The researcher conducted the study to prove that chicken eggshell

can be use in making chalk. This study is beneficial for the teachers

especially for the indigent and mountain people because once they ran out
of chalk they can apply their knowledge in making eggshell chalk.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Mechanical properties of chalk have received considerable attention

during the last decades. Several of the North Sea chalk reservoirs have

experienced well instability problems, compaction and subsidence. The

most important examples are the Ekofisk field (Phillips) and the Valhall

field (Amoco). Pure chalks are mainly built up of whole and fragmentary

skeletons produced by planktonic algae known as coccolithophorids. The

building blocks of the skeletons are calcite tablets or platelets of typical

dimension 1µm. These calcite grains are arranged in rings or rosettes

known as coccoliths, typically 10 µm in diameter. Pure high porosity chalks

consist of a mixture of intact coccolith rings and greater andsmaller

fragments. This gives the chalk material a rather open structure, where the

dimensions of the pore space may be considerably greater than the

dimensions of the individual grains. On the other hand, the smallness of

the grains make the pore throats rather narrow, and the permeability of

even high porosity chalks is typically only a few mD. ( R. Risnes and O.

Flaageng)

The last major conference on Chalk was held almost 30 years ago in
1989 in Brighton. Since that time, considerable work has been undertaken

internationally through research and in many major projects in Chalk,

advancing our understanding of its origin, nature and engineering

behavior. The 2018 conference therefore seeks to bring together the

knowledge and experience gained in the last three decades by presenting

research and case histories to provide a definitive up to date perspective

on a wide range of Technical Themes relating to engineering in Chalk.

(https://www.chalk2018.org/)

The traditional uses of chalk have in some cases been replaced by

other substances, although the word "chalk" is often still applied to the

usual replacements. Blackboard chalk is a substance used for drawing on

rough surfaces, as it readily crumbles leaving particles that stick loosely to

these surfaces. Although traditionally composed of natural chalk, modern

blackboard chalk is generally made from the mineral gypsum (calcium

sulfate), often supplied in sticks of compressed powder about 10 cm (4 in)

long. Sidewalk chalk is similar to blackboard chalk, but it is shaped into

larger sticks and often colored. It is used to draw on sidewalks, streets,

and driveways. Tailor's chalk is traditionally a hard chalk used to make

temporary markings on cloth, mainly by tailors. However, it is now usually

made from talc (magnesium silicate).

Chalk was also traditionally used in recreation. In field sports, such as

tennis played on grass, powdered chalk was used to mark the boundary

lines of the playing field or court. If a ball hits the line, a cloud of chalk or

pigment dust will be visible. In recent years, powdered chalk has been

replaced with titanium dioxide. In gymnastics, rock-climbing, weight-lifting

and tug of war, chalk — now usually magnesium carbonate — is applied to

the hands and feet to remove perspiration and reduce slipping.

Chalk may also be used as a house construction material instead of brick

or wattle and daub: quarried chalk was cut into blocks and used as ashlar,

or loose chalk was rammed into blocks and laid in mortar. There are still

houses standing which have been constructed using chalk as the main

building material. Most are pre-Victorian though a few are more recent.

( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk)

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework is depicted on the paradigm below.

RESEARCH PARADIGM

Figure 1: Frame 1 consist if the Independent Variable which include the

Methods in Making Eggshell Chalk.

Figure 2: Frame 2 consist of Dependent Variables which includes the

acceptability of the Eggshell Chalk in terms of its texture, color,

functionality and affectivity.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The main problem of the study is focused on the effectiveness of

chicken eggshell as chalk.

The study aims to answer the following questions;

1. What is the method in making the eggshell chalk?

2. What is the level of acceptability of eggshell as chalk in terms of:

2.1.texture

2.2.color

2.3.functionality

2.4. effectivity

3. Are there any similarities between the composition of an eggshell chalk

to a commercial chalk?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The importance of this study is, it can give benefits, especially to the

poor ones or those who can’t afford to manufacture chalk. The poor ones

could also have their own business by simply following the instructions in

making “eggshell chalk” and to save money.

 The purpose of this study can be great value to the following:

TEACHERS

Teachers use chalk to write on the board for their lectures but now they

can try and discover other method on how to make and provide cheaper

chalk.

INDIGENT PEOPLE/MOUTAIN PEOPLE

When they ran out of chalk, they can apply their knowledge in making

chalk by using the easy-to-find, cheap, and recyclable which is the

eggshell.

ENVIRONMENT

This research is beneficial to the environment because eggshell that is

dump in the landfilled can be lessen and it can also help to reduce vermin

come from eggshell.

FUTURE RESEARCHER

This study will benefit the future researcher, it will help them to gain

additional information and it will serves as guide to their future research

related to chalk.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

 The study is limited on finding the effectiveness of chicken eggshell

mixed with either flour or starch as a substitute for commercial chalk.The

researcher chose this study for further investigation if the eggshells can be

an effective source for chalk.

The acceptability of the study depend upon the teacher and students of

San Buenaventura Integrated National High School- Annex, evaluated by

10 teachers and 10 students.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

There is no significant difference on level of acceptability between the

commercial chalk and the eggshell chalk.

DEFENITION OF TERMS

1. Chalk - a soft, white, and fine-grained eggshell.

2. Eggshell - the brittle protective covering of the egg of chicken, and is the

main substance use in making chalk.

3. Calcium Carbonate - a white crystalline solid that is one of the common

natural substances found in chalk as well as in eggshell.

4. Pulverize - to crush or grind something.

5. Eggshell Chalk – a chalk made up of powdered eggshell mixed8with

either flour or starch.