CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the

thorough and in-depth search done by the researchers to shed light on the topic

under study. This will also present the theoretical and conceptual framework

to fully understand the research to be done.

Related Theory

Theory of friction claims that when a body makes an attempt to slide

over another body, an opposing force called the force of friction arises as a

reaction to the applied force, and acts in the opposite direction P., Raman R.

& McGregor M. (2013, October).[1]

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Related Literature

Floor wax is a wax-based preparation used to finish and polish floors.

It is meant to increase hardness and glossiness in flooring and create resistance

against slips and scuff marks. The benefits that waxing can provide is that it

helps floors last longer by protecting them from materials that scratches,

marks, nicks and spill stains. Waxing also adds shine to floors which can

brighten and give off a squeaky clean appearance. It can also diminish the

appearance of grooves and faults especially in wooden floors. In a

professional environment such as offices, restaurants, hospitals or any medical

centre that undergoes a lot of foot traffic (Jan-Pro, 2016). [2]

Traditional synthetic waxes contain substances that can either cause

severe damage to humans and animal life if came in contact such as: cresol,

which the inhalation of the substance causes liver and kidney damage.

Formaldehyde, which has been linked to numerous medical conditions

including asthma and reproductive dysfunctions. They also contain volatile

elements that can block plants from doing photosynthesis (Petsas & Vagi,

2017).[3]

Commercial floor wax also contains chemicals like nitro benzene,

petroleum, perchloroethylene, phenol, toluene, xylene which is commonly

used in commercial wax cleaners because it creates a shine and protects

surfaces from attracting dirt, but it is known to cause neurological damage

when inhaled specially to humans and animals (TCSFloors, 2015).[4]

Used cooking oil or known also as waste cooking oil, results from

cooking of foods by food cookers, food manufacturers and catering

establishments such as fast food chains, restaurants and industrial kitchens.

As large amounts of used cooking oil are illegally disposed into rivers and

landfills, causing environmental pollution. Thus, putting them into productive

use offers significant advantages not only towards waste minimization or

reduction in environmental pollution but also extending in the finite natural

resources through waste cooking oil recycling (Namoco, 2017). [5]

The growing concerns for environmental sustainability, economic and

energy security had made it obligatory to source energy alternatives that

harmonize environmental friendliness with biodegradability, renewability,

and less reliance of petroleum products dependence. The potentiality of the

waste cooking oil for this purpose among other applications qualified it as a

resourceful waste in view of the fact that no concrete waste definitions limit

it to only a squandered material (Deba et. al., 2015). [6]

 Cocos nucifera is commonly known as coconut palm which is a

member of the palm tree family (Arecaceae) and literally has many uses but

is most well- known for the products of its fruit, such as coconut milk, coconut

water and coconut oil. Coconut milk is generally extracted from grated

coconut meat after pressing or squeezing with or without the addition of water

(Patil & Benjakul, 2018). [7]

Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) is an economic plant cultivated in

tropical countries, mainly in the Asian region. According to the National

Boards of Investments, [8] the Philippines is the world’s second largest

producer of coconut products, Forty eight percent (1,595,120 hectares) of all

coconut is planted to Mindanao but it produces sixty-five percent (56%) of

the total production. Coconut fruit generally consists of 51.7% kernel, 9.8%

water, and 38.5% shell. Coconut milk is commonly manufactured from grated

coconut meat (kernel). Basically, coconut milk is an oil‐in‐water emulsion,

stabilized by some proteins existing in the aqueous phase. To obtain the edible

portion, coconut is subjected to removal of the shell, followed by paring and

draining of water. Subsequently, coconut meat can be collected manually and

grated with the aid of rotary wedge cutter machine (Senphan & Benjakul,

2015). [9]
 According to the National Candle Association (2019) [10], over the

centuries, candle waxes have been developed from a variety of fats, oils and

waxy-like substances derived from animals, insects, plants and rocks.

Scientists consider “wax” to be a generic term for classifying materials that

are liquid at higher temperature, water repellent, smooth texture, low odor and

low toxicity. All waxes are primarily hydrocarbons, whether the wax is of

animal, vegetable, or petroleum origin. The chemical composition of all

waxes used for candle-making is similar, and all candle waxes burn in the

same manner.

According to The Candlewic Company (2019), the most commonly

used and least expensive wax for the making of candles such as pillars,

containers, votives, tealights, tapers and tarts is paraffin wax or also called as

straight wax. By which it does not contain any additives in it. The Editors of

Encyclopaedia Britannica (2018) stated that paraffin wax is a colorless or

white, somewhat translucent, hard wax consisting of a mixture of solid

straight-chain hydrocarbons ranging in melting point from about 48° to 66° C

(120° to 150° F). Paraffin wax is obtained from petroleum by dewaxing light

lubricating oil stocks. It is used in candles, wax paper, polishes, cosmetics,

and electrical insulators. It assists in extracting perfumes from flowers, forms

a base for medical ointments, and supplies a waterproof coating. These wax
dispersions serve as heavy-duty floor wax, as waterproofing for textiles and

paper, as tanning agents for leather, as metal-drawing lubricants, as rust

preventives, and for masonry and concrete treatment.

Related Studies

A research paper was presented to the science faculty in Leyte Normal

University that states Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) leaves can be an

alternative source of floor wax. They concluded that it is acceptable and can

be an effective alternative to commercial floor wax for concrete cemented

smooth pavement. The results further verify that the Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena

leucocephala) floor wax is comparable with the commercial floor wax and can

be a potential alternative in terms of acceptability and effectiveness of its use

in a concrete smooth cemented pavement (Carreon et al. 2011) [11].

Conceptual Framework

THEORY OF
FRICTION

Data Analysis

Conclusion

Recommenda
tion

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of Conceptual Framework

 (one page for the conceptual framework description)

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References

1. Nedungadi P., Raman R. & McGregor M. (2013, October). Enhanced

STEM learning with Online Labs: Empirical study comparing physical
labs, tablets and desktops. In Frontiers in Education Conference, 2013
IEEE (pp. 1585-1590). IEEE.
https://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?brch=5&cnt=1&sim=191&sub=1
2. Jan-Pro. (2016). 4 Benefits of Regularly Waxing Your floors.
https://jan-pro.com.au/blog/4-benefits-of-regularly-waxing-your-
floors/
3. https://www.intechopen.com/books/chlorophyll/effects-on-the-photosynthetic-activity-
of-algae-after-exposure-to-various-organic-and-inorganic-poll

4. http://www.tcsfloors.com/an-introduction-to-floor-wax/.

5. Namoco et al. (2017). Utilization of used cooking oil as an alternative

cooking fuel resource. ARPN Journal of Applied Sciences, 12(2), 435.
http://rboi.armm.gov.ph/uploads/DOC_FILES/CoconutIndustry.pdf

6. Deba, Abdulkarim & Tijani, Hamzat & Galadima, Ibrahim & Mienda,
Bashir & Deba, Fatima & Zargoun, Laila. (2014). Waste Cooking oil: A
Resourceful Waste for Lipase Catalysed Biodiesel Production. International
Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 4. 1-12.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315628473_Waste_Cooking_oil_A_Resourceful_Waste
_for_Lipase_Catalysed_Biodiesel_Production/citation/download

7. Umesh Patil , Soottawat Benja .( 2018). Coconut Milk and Coconut Oil:
Their Manufacture Associated with Protein Functionality.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1750-3841.14223

8. http://www.rboi.armm.gov.ph/programs/industries/coconutindustry
9.Patil, U., Benjakul, S., Prodpran, T., Senphan, T., & Cheetangdee, N.
(2017). A comparative study of the physicochemical properties and emulsion
stability of coconut milk at different maturity stages. Italian Journal of Food
Science, 29(1), 145–57.s
https://web.a.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scop
e=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=11201770&AN=121093066&h=vbO2xV%2
f4Sy2hXwuXJ7snHnbcFAZAaRooDgEWQMUrw9N9i0dtWGK3%2bYPs8
n7zHaBai1ZOcAqxgolGMsPHdzTM5A%3d%3d&crl=c&resultNs=Admin
WebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3
dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jr
nl%3d11201770%26AN%3d121093066
10,National Candle Association (2019). Candle Science.
https://candles.org/elements-of-a-candle/wax/

11. https://www.scribd.com/doc/80516514/Ipil-Ipil-as-an-Alternative-
Source-of-Floorwax-Lazaro-Et-al

12 https://www.candlewic.com/education/how-to-make-candles/choosing-the-right-
candle-wax-for-making-candles

13. the editors of encyclopaedia Britannica. (2018).

Paraffin wax. Retrieve from https://www.britannica.com/science/paraffin-
wax