SS symmetry
Article
Some Results on Submodules Using (µ, ν, ω)-Single-Valued
Neutrosophic Environment
Muhammad Shazib Hameed 1 , Esmail Hassan Abdullatif Al-Sabri 2,3, * , Zaheer Ahmad 1 , Shahbaz Ali 4
and Muhammad Usman Ghani 1, *
Citation: Hameed, M.S.; Al-Sabria,
E.H.A.; Ahmad, Z.; Ali, S.; Ghani,
M.U. Some Results on Submodules
Using (µ, ν, ω )-Single-Valued
Neutrosophic Environment.
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247. https://
doi.org/10.3390/sym15010247
Academic Editor: Jian-Qiang Wang
Received: 29 December 2022
Revised: 8 January 2023
Accepted: 12 January 2023
Published: 16 January 2023
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15010247
1 Institute of Mathematics, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology,
Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
2 Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
3 Department of Mathematics and Computer, Faculty of Science, IBB University, Ibb 70270, Yemen
4 Department of Mathematics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan Campus 64200, Pakistan
* Correspondence: esmailsabri2006@gmail.com (E.H.A.A.-S.); usmanghani85a@gmail.com (M.U.G.)
Abstract: The use of a single-valued neutrosophic set (svns) makes it much easier to manage situations
in which one must deal with incorrect, unexpected, susceptible, faulty, vulnerable, and complicated
information. This is a result of the fact that the specific forms of material being discussed here are
more likely to include errors. This new theory has directly contributed to the expansion of both
the concept of fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets, both of which have experienced additional
development as a direct consequence of the creation of this new theory. In svns, indeterminacy is
correctly assessed in a way that is both subtle and unambiguous. Furthermore, membership in the
truth, indeterminacy, and falsity are all completely independent of one another. In the context of
algebraic analysis, certain binary operations may be regarded as interacting with algebraic modules.
These modules have pervasive and complicated designs. Modules may be put to use in a wide variety
of different applications. Modules have applications in a diverse range of industries and market
subsets due to their adaptability and versatility. Under the umbrella of the triplet (µ, ν, ω ) structure,
we investigate the concept of svns and establish a relationship between it and the single-valued
neutrosophic module and the single-valued neutrosophic submodule, respectively. The purpose
of this study is to gain an understanding of the algebraic structures of single-valued neutrosophic
submodules under the triplet structure of a classical module and to improve the validity of this
method by analyzing a variety of important facets. In this article, numerous symmetrical features of
modules are also investigated, which demonstrates the usefulness and practicality of these qualities.
The results of this research will allow for the successful completion of both of these objectives. The
tactics that we have devised for use in this article are more applicable to a wide variety of situations
than those that have been used in the past. Fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, and neutrosophic sets
are some of the tactics that fall under this category.
Keywords: (µ, ν, ω )-single-valued neutrosophic set; (µ, ν, ω )-single-valued neutrosophic module;
(µ, ν, ω )-single-valued neutrosophic submodule; risk analysis; modeling; sensitivity analysis;
efficiency analysis
1. Introduction
The application of a newly suggested fuzzy algebraic structure has the effect of elim-
inating the limits that were previously imposed on previously developed fuzzy algebra
structures. Due to the abundance of ambiguity and uncertainty in many parts of day-to-day
life, the application of regular mathematics is not always practicable and may not even
be possible at all in certain situations. In the process of resolving issues of this nature,
the application of a wide range of fuzzy algebraic structures, such as fuzzy subgroups,
fuzzy rings, fuzzy sub-fields, and fuzzy submodules, amongst others, has the potential to
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/symmetry
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 2 of 20

be of tremendous guidance. This is because these fuzzy algebraic structures are capable of
representing a number of different types of information. The use of svns, which is a robust
and all-encompassing formal framework, leads to the extension of both the fuzzy set and
the intuitionistic fuzzy set, which are both categories of fuzzy sets.
1980 is the year in which Smarandache is credited with establishing neutrosophy as a
distinct topic within the study of philosophy. It serves as the foundation upon which other
academic disciplines such as philosophical logic, probability, set theory, and statistical anal-
ysis are constructed. As a consequence of this, he came up with the theory of neutrosophic
logic and set, which provides an approximation of every statement of neutrosophic logic
with the benefits of truth in the subcategory T, indeterminacy value in the subcategory I,
and falsehood in the subcategory F. In light of the fact that the fuzzy set theory can only be
used to depict situations in which there is uncertainty, the neutrosophic theory is the only
viable option for describing scenarios in which there is indeterminacy. In [1], Smarandache
provided an explanation of the neutrosophic idea, and in [2] Wang provided additional
information on single-valued neutrosophic sets.
Researchers have already done extensive research on fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy
sets [3–6], fuzzy logics [7–9], paraconsistent sets [10,11], fuzzy groups [12–15], com-
plex fuzzy sets [16–18], fuzzy subrings and ideals [19–25], single-valued neutrosophic
graphs and lattices [26–28], single-valued neutrosophic algebras [29,30] and many more
interesting fields.
The neutrosophic theory ultimately led to the development of the algebraic neutro-
sophic structural principle. Kandasamy and Smarandache described shifts in the paradigm
of algebraic structure theory in their paper, which may be found in [1,2]. The term “svns”
is used to characterize them in addition to the terms “algebraic structures” and “topo-
logical structures” [31–33]. This concept was utilized by Çetkin, Aygün, and Çetkin in
the context of neutrosophic subgroups [34], neutrosophic subrings [35], and neutrosophic
submodules [36,37] of a certain classical group, ring, and module. Several recent research
works on the process of group decision making with a variety of different characteristics
are described in [38–41].
The motivation of the proposed concept is explained as follows: To present a more
generalized concept, i.e., (1) (µ, ν, ω )-single-valued neutrosophic set; (2) (µ, ν, ω )-single-
valued neutrosophic submodules; (3) Under triplet structure, the intersection of a finite
number of svnsm is also (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm, but union may not be; (4) Several fundamental
examples are provided for the superiority of this article.
˜
Note that, clearly, P X̃ = P̃, P∅ = ∅,
˜ which shows that our proposed definition can be
converted into a single-valued neutrosophic set. The purpose of this paper is to present the
study of single-valued neutrosophic submodules under triplet structure as a generalization
of submodules, as a powerful extension of single-valued neutrosophic sets, as we know that
modules are among the most basic and extensive algebraic structures that are researched in
terms of a number of different binary operations.
Within the scope of this study, we analyze the idea of single-valued neutrosophic sub-
modules under a triplet structure, as well as the noteworthy notions and characterizations
offered in relation to this issue. In addition, we investigate the fundamental aspects of the
ideas that are being presented.
We also demonstrate that svnsm must be (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of module M, but (µ, ν, ω )-
svnsm may not be a svnsm of module M. The article is organized as follows: in Section 2,
we explain several basic ideas for svns. Section 3 explains the concept of (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm
and some idealistic findings.

2. Preliminaries
This section covers basic definitions related to svns. In this section, we also present
fundamental properties and relationships between svnss.
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 3 of 20

Definition 1 ([1]). On the universe set X a svns P is defined as:

P = {hm, TP (m), IP (m), FP (m)i, m ∈ X },

where T, I, F : X → [0, 1], and 0 ≤ TP (m) + IP (m) + FP (m) ≤ 3, ∀ m ∈ X, TP (m), IP (m),
FP (m) ∈ [0, 1].
TP , IP and FP represent the functions of truth, indeterminacy, and falsity-membership, respectively.

Definition 2 ([34]). Let P be a svns on X and α ∈ [0, 1]. The α-level sets on P can be determined:

( TP )α = {m ∈ X | TP (m) ≥ α},
( IP ) α = {m ∈ X | IP (m) ≥ α}, and
( FP )α = {m ∈ X | FP (m) ≤ α}.

Definition 3 ([2]). Let P and Q be two single-valued neutrosophic sets (svnss) on X. Then
1. P ⊆ Q, if and only if P(m) ≤ Q(m).
That is,

TP (m) ≤ TQ (m), IP (m) ≤ IQ (m), and FP (m) ≥ FQ (m).

Also P = Q if and only if P ⊆ Q and Q ⊆ P.

2. P ∪ Q = {hmax{ TP (m), TQ (m)}, max{ IP (m), IQ (m)}, min{ FP (m), FQ (m)}i,
∀ m ∈ X }.
3. P ∩ Q = {hmin{ TP (m), TQ (m)}, min{ IP (m), IQ (m)}, max{ FP (m), FQ (m)}i,
∀ m ∈ X }.
4. ( P\ Q) = {hmin{ TP (m), TQ (m)}, min{ IP (m), IQ (m)}, max{ FP (m), FQ (m)i, ∀ m ∈ X }.
5. c( P) = {h FP (m), 1 − IP (m), TP (m), ∀ m ∈ X i}. Here c(c( P)) = P.

Definition 4 ([34]). Let us define a function g : X1 −→ X2 and let P, Q be the svnss of X1 and
X2 , respectively. Then, the image of a svns P is also a svns of X2 and as described below:

g( P)(n) = ( Tg( P) (n), Ig( P) (n), Fg( P) (n)

= ( g( TP )(n), g( IP )(n), g( FP )(n)), ∀ n ∈ X2 .

where
if m ∈ g−1 (n),
 W
TP (m),
g( TP )(n) =
0, otherwise.

if m ∈ g−1 (n),
 W
IP ( m ),
g( IP )(n) =
0, otherwise.

if m ∈ g−1 (n),
 V
FP (m),
g( FP )(n) =
1, otherwise.
The preimage of a svns Q is a svns of X1 and defined as:

g−1 ( Q)(m) = ( Tg−1 (Q) (m), Ig−1 (Q) (m), Fg−1 (Q) (m)
= ( TQ ( g(m)), IQ ( g(m)), FQ ( g(m)))
= B( g(m)), ∀ m ∈ X1 .

3. Single-Valued Neutrosophic Submodules under Triplet Structure

We define and investigate the basic properties and characterizations of a (µ, ν, ω )-svnm
and (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of a given classical module over a ring in this section. We typically
start with some introductory (µ, ν, ω )-svns, the α-level set on (µ, ν, ω )-svns, operations
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 4 of 20

and properties of (µ, ν, ω )-svns, and then study crucial results, propositions, theorems and
several examples related to (µ, ν, ω )-svnm and (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of a given classical module
over a ring R. In addition, we present various homomorphism theorems for the validity of
(µ, ν, ω )-svnsm.

Definition 5. If P is a single-valued neutrosophic subset of X then (µ, ν, ω )-single-valued neutro-

sophic subset P of X is categorize as:
n o
P(µ,ν,ω ) = hm, TP (m), IPν (m), FPω (m)i | m ∈ X ,
µ

where
µ
TP (m) = ∨{ TP (m), µ},
IPν (m) = ∨{ IP (m), ν},
FPω (m) = ∧{ FP (m), ω },

such that
µ
0 ≤ TP (m) + IPν (m) + FPω (m) ≤ 3.
µ
where µ, ν, ω ∈ [0, 1], also T, I, F : X → [0, 1], such that TP , IPν and FPω represent the functions of
truth, indeterminacy, and falsity-membership, respectively.

Definition 6. Let X be a space of objects, with m denoting a generic entity belong to X. A (µ, ν, ω )-
µ µ
svns P on X is symbolized by truth TP , indeterminacy TP and falsity-membership function FPω ,
µ
respectively. For every m in X, TP (m), IPν (m), FPω (m) ∈ [0, 1], write a (µ, ν, ω )-svns P accord-
ingly as:
n
P(µ,ν,ω ) = ∑hT µ (mi ), I ν (mi ), Fω (mi )i/mi , mi ∈ X.
i

Definition 7. Let P and Q be two (µ, ν, ω )-svnss on X. Then

1. P(µ,ν,ω ) ⊆ Q(µ,ν,ω ) ⇔ P(µ,ν,ω ) (m) ≤ Q(µ,ν,ω ) (m).
That is,
µ µ
TP (m) ≤ TQ (m),
IPν (m) ≤ ν
IQ ( m ),
FPω (m) ≥ FQω (m),

and

P(µ,ν,ω ) = Q(µ,ν,ω ) ⇔ P(µ,ν,ω ) ⊆ Q(µ,ν,ω ) and Q(µ,ν,ω ) ⊆ P(µ,ν,ω ) .

2. The union of P(µ,ν,ω ) and Q(µ,ν,ω ) is denoted by

S(µ,ν,ω ) = P(µ,ν,ω ) ∪ Q(µ,ν,ω ) ,

and defined as
S(µ,ν,ω ) (m) = P(µ,ν,ω ) (m) ∨ Q(µ,ν,ω ) (m),
where

P(µ,ν,ω ) (m) ∨ Q(µ,ν,ω ) (m) = {h TP (m) ∨ TQ (m), IPν (m) ∨ IQ

µ µ ν
(m), FPω (m) ∧ FQω (m)i, ∀ m ∈ X }.
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 5 of 20

That is,
µ µ µ
TS (m) = max{ TP (m), TQ (m)},
= max{ IPν (m), IQ
ISν (m) ν
(m)},
FS (m) = min{ FP (m), FQ (m)}.
ω ω ω

3. The intersection of P(µ,ν,ω ) and Q(µ,ν,ω ) is denoted by

S(µ,ν,ω ) = P(µ,ν,ω ) ∩ Q(µ,ν,ω ) ,

and defined as
S(µ,ν,ω ) (m) = P(µ,ν,ω ) (m) ∧ Q(µ,ν,ω ) (m),
where

P(µ,ν,ω ) (m) ∧ Q(µ,ν,ω ) (m) = {h TP (m) ∧ TQ (m), IPν (m) ∧ IQ

µ µ ν
(m), FPω (m) ∨ FQω (m)i, ∀ m ∈ X }.

That is,
µ µ µ
TS (m) = min{ TP (m), TQ (m)},
= min{ IPν (m), IQ
ISν (m) ν
(m)},
FS (m) = max{ FP (m), FQω (m)}.
ω ω

µ µ
4. ( P(µ,ν,ω ) \ Q(µ,ν,ω ) ) = {hmin{ TP (m), TQ (m)}, min{ IPν (m), IQ
ν ( m )}, max{ F ω ( m ),
P
FQω (m)i, ∀ m ∈ X }.
µ
5. c( P(µ,ν,ω ) ) = {h( FPω (m), 1 − IPν (m), TP (m)), i, ∀ m ∈ X }. Here, c(c( P(µ,ν,ω ) ) = P(µ,ν,ω ) .

Definition 8. Let P be a (µ, ν, ω )-svns on X and α ∈ [0, 1]. The α-level sets on P can be
determined as:
µ µ
( TP )α = {m ∈ X | TP (m) ≥ α},
( IPν )α = {m ∈ X | IPν (m) ≥ α},
( FPω )α = {m ∈ X | FPω (m) ≤ α}.

Definition 9. Suppose a function g : X1 −→ X2 and P, Q are the two (µ, ν, ω )-svnss of X1 and
X2 , respectively. Then, the image of a (µ, ν, ω )-svns P(µ,ν,ω ) is a (µ, ν, ω )-svns of X2 and it is
defined as follows:

g( P(µ,ν,ω ) )(n)
µ
= ( Tg( P) (n), Igν( P) (n), Fgω( P) (n))
µ
= ( g( TP )(n), g( IPν )(n), g( FPω )(n)), ∀ n ∈ X2 .

where
if m ∈ g−1 (n),
 W µ
µ TP (m),
g( TP )(n) =
0, otherwise.

if m ∈ g−1 (n),
 W
IPν (m),
g( IPν )(n) =
0, otherwise.

if m ∈ g−1 (n),
 V
FPω (m),
g( FPω )(n) =
1, otherwise.
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 6 of 20

The preimage of a (µ, ν, ω )-svns Q is a (µ, ν, ω )-svns of X1 and defined as follows:

g−1 ( Q(µ,ν,ω ) )(m)

µ
= ( Tg−1 (Q) (m), Igν−1 (Q) (m), Fgω−1 (Q) (m))
µ ν
= ( TQ ( g(m)), IQ ( g(m)), FQω ( g(m)))
= Q(µ,ν,ω ) ( g(m)), ∀ m ∈ X1 .

Note: We define and explore the notion of a (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of a given classical module
M over a ring R. R is used throughout this article to represent a commutative ring with
unity 1.

Definition 10. Let M be a module over a ring R. A (µ, ν, ω )-svns P on M is called a (µ, ν, ω )-
svnsm of M if the following conditions are satisfied:
M1: P(µ,ν,ω ) (0) = X̃. That is
µ
TP (0) = 1, IPν (0) = 1, FPω (0) = 0.

M2:
P(µ,ν,ω ) (m + n) ≥ P(µ,ν,ω ) (m) ∧ P(µ,ν,ω ) (n), ∀ m, n ∈ M.
That is,
µ µ µ
TP (m + n) ≥ TP (m) ∧ TP (n),
IP (m + n) ≥ IPν (m) ∧ IPν (n),
ν

FPω (m + n) ≤ FPω (m) ∨ FPω (n).

M3:
P(µ,ν,ω ) (rm) ≥ P(µ,ν,ω ) (m), ∀ m ∈ M, r ∈ R.
That is,
µ µ
TP (rm) ≥ TP (m),
IP (rm) ≥ IPν (m),
ν

FPω (rm) ≤ FPω (m).

(µ, ν, ω )-svnsm(M) denotes the set of all (µ, ν, ω )-single-valued neutrosophic submodules of M.

Definition 11. Let P be a (µ, ν, ω )-svns on M, then − P(µ,ν,ω ) is a (µ, ν, ω )-svns on M, defined
as follows:
µ µ
T− P (m) = TP (−m),
I− P (m) = IPν (−m),
ν

P ( m ) = FP (− m ), ∀ m ∈ M.
ω ω
F−

Proposition 1. If P is a (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of an R-module M, then (−1) P(µ,ν,ω ) = − P(µ,ν,ω ) .

Example 1. Take, for example, classical ring R = Z4 = {0̄, 1̄, 2̄, 3̄}. Since each ring is a module in
itself, we consider M = Z4 as a classical module. Define svns P as follows:

P = {h1, 1, 0i /0̄ + h0.3, 0.2, 0.8i /1̄ + h0.8, 0.5, 0.4i /2̄ + h0.2, 0.1, 0.7i /3̄}.

It is clear that the svns P is a not a svnsm of the module M.

Let µ = 0.6, ν = 0.3 and ω = 0.6, So (µ, ν, ω )-svns become

P = {h1, 1, 0i /0̄ + h0.6, 0.3, 0.6i /1̄ + h0.8, 0.5, 0.4i /2̄ + h0.6, 0.3, 0.6i /3̄}.
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 7 of 20

It is clear that the (µ, ν, ω )-svns P is a (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of the module M = Z4 .

Proof. Let m ∈ M be an arbitrary element

µ _ µ
T(−1) P (m) = TP (n)
m=(−1)n
_ µ µ
= TP (m) = TP (−m)
n=−m
µ
= T− P (m).

_
ν
I(− 1) P ( m ) = IPν (n)
m=(−1)n
_
= IPν (m) = IPν (−m)
n=−m
ν
= I− P (m)

^
ω
F(− 1) P ( m ) = FPω (n)
m=(−1)n
^
= FPω (m) = FPω (−m)
n=−m
ω
= F− P ( m ).

µ µν ω µ
This shows that T(−1) P (m) = T− P (m), I(− 1) P
(m) = I− P (m) and F(− 1) P
(m) = F−ωP (m).
Thus, this holds true for each m ∈ M,

(−1) P(µ,ν,ω ) = ( T(−1) P , I(− (µ,ν,ω )

µ µ
1) P , F(−1) P ) = ( T− P , I− P , F− P ) = − P
ν ω ν ω
.

Definition 12. Let P be a (µ, ν, ω )-svns on an R-module M with r ∈ R. Set rP as a neutrosophic

set to M, define as:

µ µ
TrP (m) = ∨{ TP (n) | n ∈ M, m = rn},
IrP (m) = ∨{ IPν (n) | n ∈ M, m = rn},
ν

ω
FrP (m) = ∧{ FPω (n) | n ∈ M, m = rn}.

Definition 13. Let P, Q be (µ, ν, ω )-svnss on M. Then, their sum

P(µ,ν,ω ) + Q(µ,ν,ω ) is a (µ, ν, ω )-svns on M, defined as follows:
µ µ µ
TP+Q (m) = ∨{ TP (n) ∧ TQ (o ) | m = n + o, n, o ∈ M},
= ∨{ IPν (n) ∧ IQ
IPν +Q (m) ν
(o ) | m = n + o, n, o ∈ M},
FP+Q (m) = ∧{ FP (n) ∨ FQ (o ) | m = n + o, n, o ∈ M }.
ω ω ω

Proposition 2. If P and Q are (µ, ν, ω )-svnss on M with P(µ,ν,ω ) ⊆ Q(µ,ν,ω ) , then rP(µ,ν,ω ) ⊆
rQ(µ,ν,ω ) for each r ∈ R.

Proof. By definition, it is obvious.

Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 8 of 20

µ µ
Proposition 3. If P is (µ, ν, ω )-svns on M, then TrP (rm) ≥ TP (m), IrP
ν (rm ) ≥ I ν ( m ) and
P
FrP (rm) ≤ FP (m).
ω ω

Proof. By definition, it is obvious.

Proposition 4. If P is a (µ, ν, ω )-svns on M, then r (sP(µ,ν,ω ) ) = (rs) P(µ,ν,ω ) , ∀ r, s ∈ R.

Proof. Consider r, s ∈ R to be arbitrary, whereas m ∈ M.

µ _ µ
Tr(sP) (m) = TsP (n)
m=rn
_ _ µ _ µ
= TP (t) = TP (t)
m=rn n=st m=r (st)
µ
= T(rs) P (m).

_
Irν(sP) (m) = ν
IsP (n)
m=rn
_ _ _
= IPν (t) = IPν (t)
m=rn n=st m=r (st)
= I(νrs) P (m).

^
Frω(sP) (m) = ω
FsP (n)
m=rn
^ ^ ^
= FPω (t) = FPω (t)
m=rn n=st m=r (st)
= F(ωrs) P (m).

Therefore, we have the following equalities

µ µ
Tr(sP) (m) = T(rs) P (m),
Irν(sP) (m) = I(νrs) P (m),
Frω(sP) (m) = F(ωrs) P (m).

Therefore,

r (sP(µ,ν,ω ) ) = ( Tr(sP) , Irν(sP) , Frω(sP) ),

µ

µ
⇒ r (sP(µ,ν,ω ) ) = ( T(rs) P , I(νrs) P , F(ωrs) P ) = (rs) P(µ,ν,ω ) .

Proposition 5. If P and Q are (µ, ν, ω )-svnss on M, then

µ µ µ µ
1. TQ (rm) ≥ TP (m), for each m ∈ M, if and only if TrP ≤ TQ .
2. ν (rm ) ≥ I ν ( m ), for each m ∈ M, if and only if I ν ≤ I ν .
IQ P rP Q
3. FQω (rm) ≤ FPω (m), for each m ∈ M, if and only if FrP ω ≥ Fω .
Q

µ µ
Proof. (1) Suppose TQ (rm) ≥ TP (m), for each m ∈ M, then

µ _ µ
TrP (m) = TP (n).
m=rn,n∈ M
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 9 of 20

Therefore,
µ µ
TrP ≤ TQ .
µ µ µ µ
Conversely, suppose TrP ≤ TQ . Then, TrP (m) = TQ (m), for each m ∈ M.
Hence,
µ µ µ
TQ (rm) ≥ TrP (rm) ≥ TP (m), ∀ m ∈ M (from Proposition 3).

ν (rm ) ≥ I ν ( m ), for each m ∈ M, then

(2) Suppose IQ P

_
ν
IrP (m) = IPν (n).
m=rn,n∈ M

Therefore,
ν
IrP ≤ IQ
ν
.
ν ≤ I ν . Then, I ν ( m ) = I ν ( m ), for each m ∈ M.
Conversely, suppose IrP Q rP Q
Hence,
ν
IQ (rm) ≥ IrP
ν
(rm) ≥ IPν (m), ∀ m ∈ M (from Proposition 3).

(3) Suppose FQω (rm) ≤ IPω (m), for each m ∈ M, then

^
ω
FrP (m) = FPω (n).
m=rn,n∈ M

Therefore,
ω
FrP ≥ FQω .
Conversely, suppose FrPω ≥ F ω . Then F ω ( m ) = F ω ( m ), for each m ∈ M.
Q rP Q
Hence,
FQω (rm) ≤ FrP
ω
(rm) ≤ FPω (m), ∀ m ∈ M (using Proposition 3).

Proposition 6. If P and Q are (µ, ν, ω )-svnss on M, then r ( P(µ,ν,ω ) + Q(µ,ν,ω ) ) = rP(µ,ν,ω ) +

rQ(µ,ν,ω ) , ∀ r ∈ R.

Proof. Let P and Q be (µ, ν, ω )-svnss on M, m ∈ M and r ∈ R.

µ _ µ
Tr( P+Q) (m) = T( P+Q) (n)
m=rn
_ _ µ µ
= ( TP (t1 ) ∧ TQ (t2 ))
m=rn n=t1 +t2
_ µ µ
= ( TP (t1 ) ∧ TQ (t2 ))
m=rt1 +rt2
_ _ µ _ µ
= ( ( TP (t1 ) ∧ TQ (t2 )))
m=m1 +m2 m1 =rt1 m2 =rt2
_ µ µ
= ( TrP (m1 ) ∧ TrQ (m2 ))
m = m1 + m2
µ
= TrP+rQ (m).
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 10 of 20

_
Irν( P+Q) (m) = I(νP+Q) (n)
m=rn
_ _
= ( IPν (t1 ) ∧ IQ
ν
(t2 ))
m=rn n=t1 +t2
_
= ( IPν (t1 ) ∧ IQ
ν
(t2 ))
m=rt1 +rt2
_ _ _
= ( ( IPν (t1 ) ∧ ν
IQ (t2 )))
m=m1 +m2 m1 =rt1 m2 =rt2
_
= ν
( IrP (m1 ) ∧ IrQ
ν
(m2 ))
m = m1 + m2
ν
= IrP +rQ ( m ).

^
Frω( P+Q) (m) = F(ωP+Q) (n)
m=rn
^ ^
= ( FPω (t1 ) ∨ FQω (t2 ))
m=rn n=t1 +t2
^
= ( FPω (t1 ) ∨ FQω (t2 ))
m=rt1 +rt2
^ ^ ^
= ( ( FPω (t1 ) ∨ FQω (t2 )))
m=m1 +m2 m1 =rt1 m2 =rt2
^
= ω
( FrP (m1 ) ∨ FrQ
ω
(m2 ))
m = m1 + m2
ω
= FrP +rQ ( m ).

Therefore, we have the equalities

µ µ
Tr( P+Q) (m) = TrP+rQ (m),
Irν( P+Q) (m) = ν
IrP +rQ ( m ),
Frω( P+Q) (m) = ω
FrP +rQ ( m ).

Hence,

r ( P(µ,ν,ω ) + Q(µ,ν,ω ) )
µ
= ( Tr( P+Q) , Irν( P+Q) , Frω( P+Q) )
µ ν ω
= ( TrP+rQ , IrP +rQ , FrP+rQ )

= rP(µ,ν,ω ) + rQ(µ,ν,ω ) .

Proposition 7. If P and Q are (µ, ν, ω )-svnss on M, then

µ µ µ
1. TrP+sQ (rm + sn) ≥ TP (m) ∧ TQ (n),
+sQ (rm + sn ) ≥ IP ( m ) ∧ IQ ( n ),
2. ν
IrP ν ν

+sQ (rm + sn ) ≤ FP ( m ) ∨ FQ ( n ), for each m, n ∈ M, r, s ∈ R.

3. ω
FrP ω ω

Proof. It is easy to prove with the help of Definitions 12 and 13 and Proposition 3.
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 11 of 20

Proposition 8. If P, Q, S are (µ, ν, ω )-svnss on M, then, for each r, s ∈ R, the following are satisfied;
µ µ µ µ µ
1. TS (rm + sn) ≥ TP (m) ∧ TQ (n), for all m, n ∈ M if and only if TrP+sQ ≤ TS .
2. ISν (rm + sn) ≥ IPν (m) ∧ IQ
ν ( n ), for all m, n ∈ M if and only if I ν
rP+sQ ≤ IS .
ν

3. FSω (rm + sn) ≤ FPω (m) ∨ FQω (n), for all m, n ∈ M if and only if FrP ω
+sQ ≥ FS .
ω

Proof. It is easy to prove with the help of Proposition 7.

Example 2. Take an example for the above Proposition 7, classical ring R = Z2 = {0̄, 1̄}. Since
each ring is a module in itself, we consider M = Z2 as a classical module. Define svnss P and Q
as follows:

P = {h1, 1, 0i /0̄ + h0.6, 0.3, 0.6i /1̄ and Q = {h1, 1, 0i /0̄ + h0.8, 0.1, 0.4i /1̄}.

Let µ = 0.6, ν = 0.3 and ω = 0.6, So (µ, ν, ω )-svnss P and Q becomes

P = {h1, 1, 0i /0̄ + h0.6, 0.3, 0.6i /1̄ and Q = {h1, 1, 0i /0̄ + h0.8, 0.3, 0.4i /1̄}.

We can examine that for truth-membership

µ µ µ µ
TP (0) = 1, TP (1) = 0.6, TQ (0) = 1, TQ (1) = 0.8 and
µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ
TP (0) ∧ TQ (0) = 1, TP (0) ∧ TQ (1) = 0.8, TP (1) ∧ TQ (0) = 0.6, and TP (1) ∧ TQ (1) = 0.6.
Additionally, we can see that
µ µ µ µ µ µ
TrP (0) = 1, TrP (1) = 0.6, TsQ (0) = 1, TsQ (1) = 0.8 and TrP+sQ (0) = 1, TrP+sQ (1) = 0.8.
µ
Case 1: Let m = 0, n = 0 and r, s ∈ R = Z2 , clearly TrP+sQ (r0 + s0) = 1 ≥
µ µ
TP (0) ∧ TQ (0) = 1.
µ
Case 2: Let m = 0, n = 1 and r, s ∈ R = Z2 , clearly TrP+sQ (r0 + s1) = 1 or 0.8 ≥
µ µ
TP (0) ∧ TQ (1) = 0.8.
µ
Case 3: Let m = 1, n = 0 and r, s ∈ R = Z2 , clearly TrP+sQ (r1 + s0) = 1 or 0.8 ≥
µ µ
TP (1) ∧ TQ (0)
= 0.6.
µ
Case 4: Let m = 1, n = 1 and r, s ∈ R = Z2 , clearly TrP+sQ (r1 + s1) = 1 or 0.8 ≥
µ µ
TP (1) ∧ TQ (0) = 0.6.
⇒ (µ, ν, ω )-svnss P and Q satisfy the condition
µ µ µ
(1) TrP+sQ (rm + sn) ≥ TP (m) ∧ TQ (n),
Similarly, we can show that for indeterminacy membership

+sQ (rm + sn ) ≥ IP ( m ) ∧ IQ ( n ),
ν
(2) IrP ν ν

Now, we prove for the falsity membership

µ µ µ µ
FP (0) = 0, FP (1) = 0.6, FQ (0) = 0, FQ (1) = 0.4 and
µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ
FP (0) ∨ FQ (0) = 0, FP (0) ∨ FQ (1) = 0.4, FP (1) ∨ FQ (0) = 0.6, and FP (1) ∨ FQ (1) = 0.6.
Additionally, we can see that
µ µ µ µ µ µ
FrP (0) = 0, FrP (1) = 0.6, FsQ (0) = 0, FsQ (1) = 0.4 and FrP+sQ (0) = 0, FrP+sQ (1) = 0.
µ
Case 1: Let m = 0, n = 0 and r, s ∈ R = Z2 , clearly FrP+sQ (r0 + s0) = 0 ≤
µ µ
FP (0) ∨ FQ (0) = 0.
µ
Case 2: Let m = 0, n = 1 and r, s ∈ R = Z2 , clearly FrP+sQ (r0 + s1) = 0 ≤
µ µ
FP (0) ∨ FQ (1)
= 0.4.
µ
Case 3: Let m = 1, n = 0 and r, s ∈ R = Z2 , clearly FrP+sQ (r1 + s0) = 0 ≤
µ µ
FP (1) ∨ FQ (0) = 0.6.
µ
Case 4: Let m = 1, n = 1 and r, s ∈ R = Z2 , clearly FrP+sQ (r1 + s1) = 0 ≤
µ µ
FP (1) ∨ FQ (0) = 0.6.
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 12 of 20

⇒ (µ, ν, ω )-svnss P and Q satisfy the condition

+sQ (rm + sn ) ≤ FP ( m ) ∨ FQ ( n ), for each m, n ∈ M, r, s ∈ R.
ω
(3) FrP ω ω

Example 3. Take an example for the above Proposition 8. Let us take the classical ring R = Z2 =
{0̄, 1̄}. Since each ring is a module in itself, we consider M = Z2 as a classical module. Define
svnss P, Q and S as follows:

P = {h1, 1, 0i /0̄ + h0.3, 0.2, 0.8i /1̄, Q = {h1, 1, 0i /0̄ + h0.4, 0.5, 0.4i /1̄} and S = {h1, 1, 0i /0̄ + h0.2, 0.1, 0.7i /1̄}.

Let µ = 0.6, ν = 0.3 and ω = 0.6. Therefore, (µ, ν, ω )-svnss P, Q and S become

P = {h1, 1, 0i /0̄ + h0.6, 0.3, 0.6i /1̄, Q = {h1, 1, 0i /0̄ + h0.6, 0.5, 0.4i /1̄} and S = {h1, 1, 0i /0̄ + h0.6, 0.3, 0.6i /1̄}.

We can see that for truth-membership

µ µ µ µ µ µ
TP (0) = 1, TP (1) = 0.6, TQ (0) = 1, TQ (1) = 0.8, TS (0) = 1, TS (1) = 0.6 and
µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ
TP (0) ∧ TQ (0) = 1, TP (0) ∧ TQ (1) = 0.6, TP (1) ∧ TQ (0) = 0.6, and TP (1) ∧ TQ (1) = 0.6.
Additionally, we can see that
µ µ µ µ µ µ
TrP (0) = 1, TrP (1) = 0.6, TsQ (0) = 1, TsQ (1) = 0.6 and TrP+sQ (0) = 1, TrP+sQ (1) = 0.6.
µ µ µ
Case 1: Let m = 0, n = 0 and r, s ∈ R = Z2 , clearly TS (r0 + s0) = 1 ≥ TP (0) ∧ TQ (0) = 1.
µ
Case 2: Let m = 0, n = 1 and r, s ∈ R = Z2 , clearly TS (r0 + s1) = 1 or 0.6 ≥
µ µ
TP (0) ∧ TQ (1) = 0.6.
µ
Case 3: Let m = 1, n = 0 and r, s ∈ R = Z2 , clearly TS (r1 + s0) = 1 or 0.6 ≥
µ µ
TP (1) ∧ TQ (0) = 0.6.
µ
Case 4: Let m = 1, n = 1 and r, s ∈ R = Z2 , clearly TS (r1 + s1) = 1 or 0.6 ≥
µ µ
TP (1) ∧ TQ (0) = 0.6.
µ µ µ
In all cases, we can see that TS (rm + sn) ≥ TP (m) ∧ TQ (n), ∀ m, n ∈ M
µ µ µ µ
⇔ TrP+sQ (0) = 1 ≤ TS (0) = 1, and TrP+sQ (1) = 0.6 ≤ TS (1) = 0.6.
⇒ (µ, ν, ω )-svnss P, Q and S satisfy the condition
µ µ µ µ µ
(1) TS (rm + sn) ≥ TP (m) ∧ TQ (n), for all m, n ∈ M if and only if TrP+sQ ≤ TS .
Similarly, we can show for the other clauses, i.e., indeterminacy membership as well as falsity membership.

Theorem 1. Let P be a (µ, ν, ω )-svns on M and r, s ∈ R. Then, the following conditions must hold;
µ µ µ µ
1. TrP ≤ TP ⇔ TP (rm) ≥ TP (m),
ν ≤ I ν ⇔ I ν (rm ) ≥ I ν ( m ) and
IrP P P P
ω ≥ F ω ⇔ F ω (rm ) ≤ F ω ( m ), for each m ∈ M.
FrP
µ P µ P µ P µ µ
2. TrP+sP ≤ TP ⇔ TP (rm + sn) ≥ TP (m) ∧ TP (n),
+sP ≤ IP ⇔ IP (rm + sn ) ≥ IP ( m ) ∧ IP ( n ),
ν
IrP ν ν ν ν

FrP+sP ≥ FP ⇔ FP (rm + sn) ≤ FP (m) ∨ FPω (n).

ω ω ω ω

Proof. It is easy to prove with the help of Propositions 5 and 8.

Theorem 2. Let P be a (µ, ν, ω )-svns on M. Then, P is a svnsm of M ⇔ P is a single-valued

neutrosophic subgroup of the additive group M, in the notion of [34], and meets the requirements
µ µ
TrP ≤ TP , IrP
ν ≤ I ν and F ω ≥ F ω for every r ∈ R.
P rP P

Proof. From the description of a single-valued neutrosophic subgroup in [34], also using
Theorem 1, it is easy to prove.

Theorem 3. Assume that P is a (µ, ν, ω )-svns on M. Then, P ∈ svnsm( M ) ⇔ the characteristics

below hold:
1. P(µ,ν,ω ) (0) = X̃.
2. P(µ,ν,ω ) (rm + sn) ≥ P(µ,ν,ω ) (m) ∧ P(µ,ν,ω ) (n), for every m, n ∈ M, r, s ∈ R.
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 13 of 20

Proof. Assume that P is a (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of M and e, f ∈ M. It is clearly shown that

P(µ,ν,ω ) (0) = X̃ by using the condition (M1) of Definition 10. The foregoing statements are
also correct based on (M2) and (M3).
µ µ µ µ µ
TP (rm + sn) ≥ TP (rm) ∧ TP (sn) ≥ TP (m) ∧ TP (n),
IP (rm + sn) ≥ IPν (rm) ∧ IPν (sn) ≥ IPν (m) ∧ IPν (n),
ν
µ
FPω (rm + sn) ≤ TP (rm) ∨ FPω (sn) ≤ FPω (m) ∨ FPω (n), ∀ m, n ∈ M, r, s ∈ R.

Hence,

P(µ,ν,ω ) (rm + sn)

µ
= ( TP (rm + sn), IPν (rm + sn), FPω (rm + sn))
µ µ
≥ ( TP (m) ∧ TP (n), IPν (m) ∧ I A (n), FPω (m) ∨ FPω (n))
µ µ
= ( TP (m), IPν (m), FPω (m)) ∧ ( TP (n), IPν (n), FPω (n))
= P(µ,ν,ω ) (m) ∧ P(µ,ν,ω ) (n).

⇒ P(µ,ν,ω ) (rm + sn) ≥ P(µ,ν,ω ) (m) ∧ P(µ,ν,ω ) (n).

Conversely, assume P(µ,ν,ω ) meets the conditions (i) and (ii). Therefore, the assumption
is evident that P(µ,ν,ω ) (0) = X̃.
µ µ µ µ
TP (m + n) = TP (1.m + 1.n) ≥ TP (m) ∧ TP (n),
IP (m + n) = IPν (1.m + 1.n) ≥ IPν (m) ∧ IPν (n),
ν

FPω (m + n) = FPω (1.m + 1.m) ≤ FPω (m) ∨ FPω (n).

Therefore, P(µ,ν,ω ) (m + n) ≥ P(µ,ν,ω ) (m) ∧ P(µ,ν,ω ) (n).

Furthermore, the requirement (M2) of Definition 10 is fulfilled. Let us now demonstrate
the condition’s legitimacy (M3). According to the hypothesis,
µ µ µ µ µ
TP (rm) = TP (rm + r0) ≥ TP (m) ∧ TP (0) = TP (m),
IP (rm) = IPν (rm + r0) ≥ IPν (m) ∧ IPν (0) = IPν (m),
ν

FPω (rm) = FPω (rm + r0) ≤ FPω (m) ∨ FPω (0) = FPω (m), ∀ m, n ∈ M, r ∈ R.

As a result, (M3) of Definition 10 is achieved.

Theorem 4. Assume P and Q are (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of a classical module M, then P ∩ Q is also a
(µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of M.
Proof. Since P, Q ∈ (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm(M), we have P(µ,ν,ω ) (0) = X̃, and Q(µ,ν,ω ) (0) = X̃.
µ µ µ
TP ∩ Q (0) = TP (0) ∧ TQ (0) = 1,
IPν ∩ Q (0)= IPν (0) ∧ IQ
ν
(0) = 1,
ω
FP ∩ Q (0) = FPω (0) ∨ FQω (0) = 0.

Hence, ( P(µ,ν,ω ) ∩ Q(µ,ν,ω ) )(0) = X̃ and we find that the condition (M1) of Definition 10 is
met. Let m, n ∈ M, r, s ∈ R. According to Theorem 3, it is sufficient to demonstrate that

( P(µ,ν,ω ) ∩ Q(µ,ν,ω ) )(rm + sn) ≥ ( P(µ,ν,ω ) ∩ Q(µ,ν,ω ) )(m) ∧ ( P(µ,ν,ω ) ∩ Q(µ,ν,ω ) )(n).

That is,
µ µ µ
TP ∩ Q (rm + sn) ≥ TP ∩ Q (m) ∧ TP ∩ Q (n),
IPν ∩ Q (rm + sn)≥ IPν ∩ Q (m) ∧ IPν ∩ Q (n),
FP ∩ Q (rm + sn) ≤
ω
FPω ∩ Q (m) ∨ FPω ∩ Q (n).
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 14 of 20

Now, consider the truth, indeterminacy and falsity membership degree of the intersection,
µ µ µ
TP ∩ Q (rm + sn) = TP (rm + sn) ∧ TQ (rm + sn)
µ µ µ µ
≥ ( TP (m) ∧ TP (n)) ∧ ( TQ (m) ∧ TQ (n))
µ µ µ µ
= ( TP (m) ∧ TQ (m)) ∧ ( TP (n) ∧ TQ (n))
µ µ
= TP ∩ Q (m) ∧ TP ∩ Q (n).
µ µ µ
⇒ TP ∩ Q (rm + sn) ≥ TP ∩ Q (m) ∧ TP ∩ Q (n)
µ
IPν ∩ Q (rm + sn) = IP (rm + sn) ∧ TQν (rm + sn)
≥ ( IPν (m) ∧ IPν (n)) ∧ ( TQν (m) ∧ IQ
ν
(n))
µ µ µ
= ( IP (m) ∧ TQν (m)) ∧ ( IP (n) ∧ IQ (n))
µ
= IPν ∩ Q (m) ∧ TP ∩ Q (n).
⇒ IPν ∩ Q (rm + sn) ≥ IPν ∩ Q (m) ∧ IPν ∩ Q (n)
FPω ∩ Q (rm + sn) = FPω (rm + sn) ∨ IQ ω
(rm + sn)
≤ ( FP (m) ∨ FP (n)) ∨ ( FQω (m) ∨ FQω (n))
ω ω

= ( FPω (m) ∨ FQω (m)) ∨ ( FPω (n) ∨ FQω (n))

= FPω ∩ Q (m) ∨ FPω ∩ Q (n).
⇒ FPω ∩ Q (rm + sn) ≤ FPω ∩ Q (m) ∨ FPω ∩ Q (n).

Hence, P ∩ Q ∈ (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm( M ).

Note: Let N be a nonempty subset of M, which is a submodule of M ⇔ rm + sn ∈

N, ∀ m, n ∈ M, r, s ∈ R.

Proposition 9. Suppose M is a module over R. P ∈ (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm(M) ⇔ ∀ α ∈ [0, 1], α-level

µ
sets of P(µ,ν,ω ) , ( TP )α , ( IPν )α and ( FPω )α are classical submodules of M where P(µ,ν,ω ) (0) = X̃.
µ
Proof. Let P ∈ (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm(M), α ∈ [0, 1], m, n ∈ ( TP )α and r, s ∈ R can represent a
certain element. Then,
µ µ µ µ
TP (m) ≥ α, TP (n) ≥ α and TP (m) ∧ TP (n) ≥ α.

By using Theorem 3, we have

µ µ µ
TP (rm + sn) ≥ TP (m) ∧ TP (n) ≥ α.

Hence,
µ
rm + sn ∈ ( TP )α .
µ
As a result, with each α ∈ [0, 1], ( TP )α is a classical submodule of M. Similarly, for m, n ∈
( IPν )α , ( FPω )α , we obtain rm + sn ∈ ( IPν )α , ( FPω )α for each α ∈ [0, 1]. Consequently, ( IPν )α , ( FPω )α
with each α ∈ [0, 1] are classical submodules of M.
µ
Conversely, let ( TP )α with each α ∈ [0, 1] be a classical submodule of M.
µ µ µ µ
Let m, n ∈ M, α = TP (m) ∧ TP (n). Then, TP (m) = α and TP (n) = α. Thus, m,
µ
n ∈ ( TP )α .
µ µ
Since ( TP )α is a classical submodule of M, we have rm + sn ∈ ( TP )α for all r, s ∈ R.
µ µ µ
⇒ ( TP )(rm + sn) ≥ α = TP (m) ∧ TP (n).

Similarly, ( IPν )α with each α ∈ [0, 1] is a classical submodule of M.

Let m, n ∈ M, α = IPν (m) ∧ IPν (n). Then, IPν (m) = α and IPν (n) = α. Thus, m, n ∈ ( IPν )α .
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 15 of 20

Since ( IPν )α is a classical submodule of M, we have rm + sn ∈ ( IPν )α for all r, s ∈ R.

⇒ ( IPν )(rm + sn) ≥ α = IPν (m) ∧ IPν (n).

Now, we consider ( FPω )α . Let m, n ∈ M, α = FPω (m) ∨ FPω (n). Then, FPω (m) = α, FPω (n) = α.
Thus, m, n ∈ ( FPω )α . Since ( FPω )α is a submodule of M, we have rm + sn ∈ ( FPω )α for
all r, s ∈ R.
Thus, ( FPω )(rm + sn) ≤ α = FPω (m) ∨ FPω (n). It is also obvious that P(µ,ν,ω ) (0) = X̃.
As a result, the conditions of Theorem 3 are fulfilled.

Proposition 10. Assume that P and Q are two (µ, ν, ω )-svnss on X and Y, respectively. Then,
for the α- levels, the following equalities hold.
µ µ µ
( TP×Q )α = ( TP )α × ( TQ )α ,
( IPν ×Q )α = ( IPν )α × ( IQ
ν
)α ,
( FPω×Q )α = ( FP ) × ( FQ ) .
ω α ω α

µ
Proof. Let (m, n) ∈ ( TP×Q )α be arbitrary.
Therefore,
µ µ µ
TP×Q (m, n) ≥ α ⇔ TP (m) ∧ TQ (n) ≥ α,
µ µ µ µ
⇔ TP (m) ≥ α, TP (n) ≥ α ⇔ (m, n) ∈ ( TP )α × ( TQ )α .

Now, let (m, n) ∈ ( IPν ×Q )α be arbitrary.

Therefore,

IPν ×Q (m, n) ≥ α ⇔ IPν (m) ∧ IQ

ν
(n) ≥ α,
⇔ IPν (m) ≥ α, IPν (n) ≥ α, ⇔ (m, n) ∈ ( IPν )α × ( TQν )α .

Similarly, let (m, n) ∈ ( FPω×Q )α be arbitrary.

Therefore,

FPω×Q (m, n) ≤ α ⇔ FPω (m) ∨ FQω (n) ≤ α,

⇔ FPω (m) ≤ α, FPω (n) ≤ α ⇔ (m, n) ∈ ( FPω )α × ( FQω )α .

Proposition 11. Let P and Q be two (µ, ν, ω )-svnss on X and Y, respectively, and let g : X → Y
be a mapping. Therefore, the preceding must be applicable:
1.
µ µ
g(( TP ))α ⊆ ( Tg( P) )α ,

g(( IPν )α ) ⊆ ( Igν( P) )α ,

g(( FPω )α ) ⊇ ( Fgω( P) )α .

2.
g−1 (( TQ )α ) = ( Tg−1 (Q) )α ,
µ µ

g−1 (( IQ
ν
)α ) = ( Igν−1 (Q) )α ,

g−1 (( FQω )α ) = ( Fgω−1 (Q) )α .

µ µ µ
Proof. (1) Let n ∈ g(( TP )α ). Then, ∃ m ∈ ( TP )α such that g(m) = n. Hence, TP (m) ≥ α.
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 16 of 20

µ µ µ
TP (m) ≥ α. That is, Tg( P) (n) ≥ α and n ∈ ( Tg( P) )α . Hence,
W
Therefore,
m ∈ g −1 ( n )
µ µ
g(( TP )α ) ⊆ ( Tg( P) )α .
Similarly, n ∈ g(( IPν )α ). Then, ∃ m ∈ ( IPν )α such that g(m) = n. Thus, IPν (m) ≥ α.
IPν (m) ≥ α. That is, Igν( P) (n) ≥ α and n ∈ ( Igν( P) )α . Therefore,
W
Therefore,
m ∈ g −1 ( n )
g(( IPν )α ) ⊆ ( Igν( P) )α .
Additionally, n ∈ g(( FPω )α ). Then, ∃ m ∈ ( FPω )α such that g(m) = n. This implies
FP (m) ≤ α.
ω

FPω (m) ≤ α. That is, Fgω( P) (n) ≤ α and n ∈ ( Fgω( P) )α . Hence,

V
Therefore,
m ∈ g −1 ( n )
g(( FPω )α ) ⊇ ( Fgω( P) )α .
(2)
µ µ
( Tg−1 (Q) )α = {m ∈ X : Tg−1 (Q) (m) ≥ α}
µ
= {m ∈ X : TQ ( g(m)) ≥ α}
µ
= {m ∈ X : g(m) ∈ ( TQ )α }
= {m ∈ X : m ∈ g−1 (( TQ )α )}
µ

g−1 (( TQ )α ).
µ
=

Similarly,

( Igν−1 (Q) )α = {m ∈ X : Igν−1 (Q) (m) ≥ α}

= { m ∈ X : IQ
ν
( g(m)) ≥ α}
= { m ∈ X : g ( m ) ∈ ( IQ
ν
)α }
= {m ∈ X : m ∈ g−1 (( IQ
ν
)α )}
= g−1 (( IQ
ν
) α ).

Additionally,

( Fgω−1 (Q) )α = {m ∈ X : Fgω−1 (Q) (m) ≤ α}

= {m ∈ X : FQω ( g(m)) ≤ α}
= {m ∈ X : g(m) ∈ ( FQω )α }
= {m ∈ X : m ∈ g−1 (( FQω )α )}
= g−1 (( FQω )α ).

Theorem 5. Assume g : M → N to be a homomorphism of modules, whereas M, N are the

classical modules. If P is a (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of M, then the image g( P) is a (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of N.

Proof. It is sufficient to prove by Proposition 9 that

µ
( Tg( P) )α , ( Igν( P) )α , ( Fgω( P) )α

are (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of N, ∀ α ∈ [0, 1].

µ µ µ
Let n1 , n2 ∈ ( Tg( P) )α . Then, Tg( P) (n1 ) ≥ α and Tg( P) (n2 ) ≥ α. There exist m1 , m2 ∈ M
such that
µ µ µ µ
TP (m1 ) ≥ Tg( P) (n1 ) ≥ α and TP (m2 ) ≥ Tg( P) (n2 ) ≥ α.
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 17 of 20

Therefore,
µ µ µ µ
TP (m1 ) ≥ α, TP (m2 ) ≥ α and TP (m1 ) ∧ TP (m2 ) ≥ α.
Since P is a (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of M, for any r, s ∈ R we have
µ µ µ
TP (rm1 + sm2 ) ≥ TP (m1 ) ∧ TP (m2 ) ≥ α.

Hence,
µ
rm1 + sm2 ∈ ( TP )α .

µ
⇒ g(rm1 + sm2 ) ∈ g(( TP )α ) ⊆ ( Tg( P) )α
⇒ rg(m1 ) + sg(m2 ) ∈ ( Tg( P) )α
µ
⇒ rn1 + sn2 ∈ ( Tg( P) )α .

µ
Therefore, ( Tg( P) )α is a submodule of N.
Similarly, ∀ α ∈ [0, 1], consider n1 , n2 ∈ ( Igν( P) )α . Then, Igν( P) (n1 ) ≥ α and Igν( P) (n2 ) ≥ α.
There exist m1 , m2 ∈ M, such that

IPν (m1 ) ≥ Igν( P) (n1 ) ≥ α and IPν (m2 ) ≥ Igν( P) (n2 ) ≥ α.

Therefore,
IPν (m1 ) ≥ α, IPν (m2 ) ≥ α and IPν (m1 ) ∧ IPν (m2 ) ≥ α.
Since P is a (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of M, for any r, s ∈ R we have

IPν (rm1 + sm2 ) ≥ IPν (m1 ) ∧ IPν (m2 ) ≥ α.

Hence,
rm1 + sm2 ∈ ( IPν )α ).

⇒ g(rm1 + sm2 ) ∈ g(( IPν )α ) ⊆ ( Ig( P) )α

⇒ rg(m1 ) + sg(m2 ) ∈ ( Ig( P) )α
⇒ rn1 + sn2 ∈ ( Igν( P) )α .

Therefore, ( Igν( P) )α is a submodule of N.

Similarly, for all α ∈ [0, 1], consider n1 , n2 ∈ (nω
g( P)
)α . Then, nω (n ) ≤ α and
g( P) 1
n g( P) (n2 ) ≤ α. There exist m1 , m2 ∈ M, such that
ω

FPω (m1 ) ≤ Fgω( P) (n1 ) ≤ α

and
FPω (m2 ) ≤ Fgω( P) (n2 ) ≤ α.

Therefore, FPω (m1 ) ≤ α, FPω (m2 ) ≤ α and FPω (m1 ) ∨ FPω (m2 ) ≤ α. Since P is a (µ, ν, ω )-
svnsm of M, for any r, s ∈ R we have FPω (rm1 + sm2 ) ≤ FPω (m1 ) ∨ FPω (m2 ) ≤ α.
Hence,
rm1 + sm2 ∈ ( FPω )α ).

⇒ g(rm1 + sm2 ) ∈ g(( FPω )α ) ⊇ ( Fg( P) )α

⇒ rg(m1 ) + sg(m2 ) ∈ ( Fg( P) )α
⇒ rn1 + sn2 ∈ ( Fgω( P) )α .
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 18 of 20

µ
Therefore, ( Fgω( P) )α is a submodule of N. Consequently, for every α ∈ [0, 1], ( Tg( P) )α ( Igν( P) )α ,
( Fgω( P) )α are classical submodules of N. Thus, g( P) is a (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of N via the use of
Proposition 9.

Theorem 6. Assume g : M → N to be a homomorphism of modules, whereas M, N are the

classical modules. If Q is a (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of N, then the preimage g−1 ( Q) is a (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm
of M.

Proof. Using Proposition 11 (2), we have

g−1 (( TQ )α )
µ µ
= ( Tg−1 (Q) )α ,
g−1 (( IQ
ν
)α ) = ( Igν−1 (Q) )α ,
g−1 (( FQω )α ) = ( Fgω−1 (Q) )α .

Since preimage of a (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm is a (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm, by Proposition 9 we arrive at

a conclusion.

Corollary 1. If g : M → N is a surjective module homomorphism and { Pi : i ∈ I } is a family of

(µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of M, then g(∩ Pi ) is a (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of N.

Corollary 2. If g : M → N is a homomorphism of modules and { Q j : j ∈ I } is a family of

(µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of N, then g−1 ( ∩ Q j ) is a (µ, ν, ω )-svnsm of M.

4. Conclusions
A svns under triplet structure is a type of svns that can be employed to identify signif-
icant problems in the fields of research, engineering, denoising, clustering, segmentation,
and a variety of medical image-processing applications. Therefore, the study of svns under
triplet structure and their characteristics has a massive impact, both in terms of attaining
a knowledge of the basic principles of vulnerability and the applications that can benefit
from this knowledge. This is because the study focuses on the characteristics of the svns
under triplet structure rather than the structure of the svns. In this article, we defined svns
and svnsm in terms of triplet structure and provided a number of essential conclusions
related to these concepts. As a result, the objective of this work is to use a number of
various ideas in order to produce some major findings on svnsm under the triplet structure.
Since the study analyzes a wide range of symmetrical aspects of modules, it provides a
compelling illustration of the importance of the work being carried out. In the field of
algebraic structure theory, it contains an innovative concept with the potential to be used in
the future to solve a range of algebraic problems.
• This approach is frequently extended to the generators of arbitrary nonempty families
of neutrosophic submodules, as well as structure maintaining features such as the
isomorphism of neutrosophic submodules. Neutrosophic submodules give a solid
mathematical framework for clarifying related scientific issues in image processing,
control theory, and economics.
• This notion can be expanded to soft neutrosophic modules, weak soft neutrosophic
modules, strong soft neutrosophic modules, soft neutrosophic module homomor-
phism, and soft neutrosophic module isomorphism. Furthermore, scholars might
explore the homological properties of these modules.
• This study can be broadened to include the cyclic fuzzy neutrosophic normal soft
group, neutrosophic rings, and ideals.
• In the future, researchers may extend this concept to topological spaces, fields, and
vector spaces.
Symmetry 2023, 15, 247 19 of 20

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.S.H. and Z.A.; methodology, S.A.; validation, M.S.H.,
S.A. and E.H.A.A.-S.; formal analysis, E.H.A.A.-S.; investigation, S.A.; resources, M.S.H.; data
curation, M.S.H.; writing—original draft preparation, M.S.H.; writing—review and editing, M.U.G.;
visualization, Z.A.; supervision, Z.A.; project administration, M.S.H.; funding acquisition, E.H.A.A.-S.
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University: R.G.P.1/383/43.
Data Availability Statement: No data were used to support this study.
Acknowledgments: The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research
at King Khalid University for funding this work through the General Research Project under grant
number (R.G.P.1/383/43).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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