Sequence Strat I Graphy P 1

Estratigrafía de Secuencias
(Sequence Stratigraphy)
Compendio:
Juan Soto O., 142706
Facultad de Ciencias
Dpto. de Geociencias
Febrero/2011 Estratigrafía
Prof. Javier Guerrero
Depto. Geociencias
Contenido
1. Estratigrafía
2. Estratigrafía de Secuencias
3. Acerca de “A Proposal on the Classification of
Systems Tracts: Application to the
Allostratigraphy and Sequence Stratigraphy
of the Cretaceous Colombian Basin. Part 1:
Berriasian to Hauterivian” Javier Guerrero.
Geología Colombiana-2002
4. Conclusiones
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Depto. Geociencias
1. Estratigrafía (1)
• Estratigrafía: Rama de la geología que trata con la

formación, composición, secuencia y correlación de rocas
estratificadas. (Enciclopedia de Geología- Elsevier. 2005)
• Estratigrafía: Rama de la Geología que trata del estudio e
interpretación de las rocas sedimentarias estratificadas, y
de la identificación, descripción, secuencia, tanto vertical
como horizontal; cartografía y correlación de las unidades
estratificadas de rocas. (es.wikipedia.org. 2010)
• Estratigrafía: Ciencia que trata de todos los caracteres y
propiedades de las rocas consideradas como estratos.,
buscando inferir sus ambientes de formación y su historia
geológica. Dentro de las propiedades a revisar esta su
forma, distribución, composición, contenido fosilífero,
propiedades geofísicas y geoquímicas.
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Depto. Geociencias
Relación entre la estratigrafía y otras ciencias

Ecología Biología Química
Paleo ecología Paleontología Geoquímica
Paleogeografía Litoestratigrafía
Paleoclimatología Geología histórica Bioestratigrafía
Cronoestratigrafía
Geología aplicada Estratigrafía Magnetoestratigrafía

Quimioestratigrafía
Estratigrafía de
Petrología Sedimentología secuencias
Mineralogía Análisis de cuencas
Geodinámica interna Geodinámica externa Geofísica

Climatología Edafología Física
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Depto. Geociencias
Principios que rigen la estratigrafía
Nicolas Steno (Niels Stensen)(1638-1686), James Hutton (1726-1797)

Superposición original: los niveles superiores serán más recientes que los
inferiores.
Horizontalidad original: los estratos se forman originalmente de forma
horizontal.
Continuidad Lateral original: cada deposito es originalmente un conjunto
informe sin aristas.
James Hutton (1726-1797)
Uniformismo y actualismo. “El presenta es la llave del pasado”
Relaciones de corte oblicuo. Lo que corta es posterior.
Relaciones de Inclusión: Cualquier canto o fragmento de roca incluido (a)
en otra, es anterior a ella.
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1. Estratigrafía
(4)
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William Smith (1769-1839)

Sucesión faunística: Evolución regular de los fósiles gracias a la Selección
Natural. Permite la correlación faunística de estratos.
Johannes Walther (1860-1937)

Correlación de facies: Las facies contiguas pueden aparecer superpuestas, en
función de la cantidad de aportes y condiciones tectónicas.
Geology of carbonate reservoirs, Wayne M. Ahr (2008)
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Depto. Geociencias
Objetivos de la estratigrafía
• Identificación de los estratos y establecimiento de la serie

local.
• Establecimiento de la serie general y de la correlación
• Análisis paleoambiental
• Análisis de cuencas
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Depto. Geociencias
Tipos de estratigrafía (definidos con base en la propiedad que se analiza)
Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006) Estratigrafía de Secuencias

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Depto. Geociencias
Tectonic and climatic factors causing sea-level change
Sedimentology and stratigraphy, Gary Nichols (2009)
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1. Estratigrafía(9)
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1. Estratigrafía(10)
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Factors causing sea-level change

Milankovitch’s cycles -Milutin Milankovitch-(1879-1958)
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Depto. Geociencias
Factors causing sea-level change

Milankovitch’s cycles -Milutin Milankovitch-(1879-1958)
Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006)

A review of Milankovitch climatic beat, Brad Pillans (1997)
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Depto. Geociencias
Stratigraphic cycles (Hierarchies)
The Geology of stratigraphic sequence. Andrew Miall (1997) and

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigraphic_cycles
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http://www.speleogenesis.info/archive/publication.php?PubID=3253
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Duración acorde a diferentes autores, la primera mención en la parte superior. Tomado de Fractal nature of
sequence stratigraphic sequences, Wolfang Schlager (2004) en geology.gsapubs.org
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Depto. Geociencias
Stratigraphic cycles (Hierarchies) – Global cycles of sea-level changes

Soto 2011 Seismic stratigraphy – Application to hydrocarbon exploration - Edited by Estratigrafía de Secuencias
Charles Payton (1977) AAPG Memoir 26
Depto. Geociencias
http://www.answers.com/topic/sequence-stratigraphy
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Depositional environments
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Geología de Costas Colombianas. Notas de Clase (2010)
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1. Estratigrafía
(21)
Depositional environments- Equilibrium profile
Geología. Bermudo Meléndez (1980/2003)
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Sequence Stratigraphy, edited by D. Emery and Myers. (1996) Estratigrafía de Secuencias

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2. Estratigrafía de Secuencias (1)
Sequence stratigraphy is the third of a series of major revolutions in sedimentary

geology (Miall, 1995)

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Sequence stratigraphy. Some dates
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Joseph Barrell stated the most fundamental events in

geologic history--the time-space distribution of
deposition and non-deposition: the alternating rise and
fall of Base-level (sea-level).
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The concept of unconformity-bounded sequence of

Lawrence Sloss et al. (1949). As many unconformities
are potentially restricted to the basin margins, the
number of sequences mapped in the basin centre is often
lower than the number of sequences present in an age-
equivalent succession along the rim of the basin.
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Continental sequence stratigraphy and continental carbonates (Development in sedimentology 62)

edited by A.M. Alonso-Zarza & H. Tanner (2010)
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The correlative conformities allow tracing sequences across an entery

basin.
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Sequence stratigraphy vs. Chronostratigraphics units

Rock layers deposited during a specific amount of geological time are time-
rocks units according to the North American Code of Stratigraphic
Nomenclature. Sequence stratigraphy incorporates time-rock units in a
system of stratal architectural.
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Sequence stratigraphy vs. Litotratigraphics units

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Sequence stratigraphy in the context of interdisciplinary research—main

controls, integrated data sets and subject areas, and applications

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Soto 2011 Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006)Estratigrafía de Secuencias

Depto. Geociencias
Sequence stratigraphy deals with the sedimentary

response to base-level changes, which can be analyzed
from the scale of individual depositional systems to the
scale of entire basins.
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Soto 2011 Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006)
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Sequence stratigraphy and its overlap with the conventional

disciplines of sedimentology and stratigraphy
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Main building blocks of the sedimentary record from a

sequence stratigraphic perspective.
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Systems tract includes a sum of laterally correlative depositional systems

(hence, the use of plural: systems). The boundaries of a systems tract are
depositional boundaries of onlap, downlap, etc.
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A sequence includes two or more systems tracts, depending on the model of

choice.
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Sequences, systems tracts and depositional systems

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Sequences, systems tracts and depositional systems

• Sequences correspond to full stratigaphic cycles of changing
depositional trends.
• A sequence includes two or more sytems tracts, depending on
the model of choice
• A systems tracts includes at least one depositional system
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Surfaces of sequence stratigraphy
Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006)(112) Estratigrafía de Secuencias

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Base-Level Fall Base-Level Rise

1,2. Subaerial unconformity and its 5. Maximum regressive surface
correlative conformity*
3. Basal surface of forced regression ** 6. Maximum flooding surface
4. Regressive surface of erosion 7. Ravinement surfaces (transgressive)
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Surfaces of sequence stratigraphy (sequences boundaries)

Sequences are enveloped by sequence boundaries (SB) that are
identified as significant erosional unconformities and their
correlative conformities. These boundaries are the product of a
fall in sea level that erodes the subaerially exposed sediment
surface of the earlier sequence or sequences.
http://www.sepmstrata.org/terminology/seq-bound.html
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Depto. Geociencias

Sequences boundaries:
A type 1 unconformíty develops where sea-level fall is rapid, more rapid that
tectonic subsidence. The coastline may move out to near the shelf edge and
extensive subaerial erosión takes place, with the development of incised fluvial
valleys on the shelf, and the deepening of submarine canyons on the
continental slope.
A type 2 unconformity develops when relative sea level fails slowly, resulting
in a gradual seaward shift of facies tracts, bul only minor subaerial exposure
and erosion, According to Vail et al. (1987, 1991) a shelf-margin systems tract
is formed under these conditions. http://www.sepmstrata.org/terminology/seq-bound.html
The type-1/type-2 terminology has been abandoned in recent years

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Supercycles – cycles and paracycles
Seismic stratigraphy – Application to hydrocarbon exploration - Edited by Charles Payton (1977) AAPG Memoir 26
Sequence Stratigraphy of Foreland Basin Deposits: Outcrop & Subsurface Examples from the Cretaceous of North America
Edited by J. C. Van Wagoner & G. T. Bertran (1995). (AAPG Memoir Serives No. 64) (Memoir Serives Vol 64)
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Depto. Geociencias
Supercycles – cycles and paracycles

A cycle is a period of time during wich sea level falls, rises and falls again. The
stratal product for this sea level change is a sequence.
A paracycle is a period of time during wich sea level rises at rapid rate,
decelerates, reach a stillstand, and then rises radiply again, with not
intervening fall. The stratal expression for the paracycle is the parasequence.
Supercycle  Cycle
Cycle  Sequence
Paracycle  Parasequence
Seismic stratigraphy – Application to hydrocarbon exploration - Edited by Charles Payton (1977) AAPG Memoir 26
Sequence Stratigraphy of Foreland Basin Deposits: Outcrop & Subsurface Examples from the Cretaceous of North America
Edited by J. C. Van Wagoner & G. T. Bertran (1995). (AAPG Memoir Serives No. 64) (Memoir Serives Vol 64)
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Depto. Geociencias
Parasequences and parasequences sets

Parasequences are defined as a relatively conformable succession of
genetically related beds or bedsets bounded by marine flooding surfaces (MFS)
and their correlative surfaces. (Van Wagoner, at SEPM's 1985 Midyear
Meeting).
Parasequence sets are defined a succession of genetically related

parasequences that form a distinctive stacking pattern that in many cases is
bounded by major marine-flooding surfaces and their correlative surfaces
(AAPG Methods in Exploration 7, 1990.) These include aggrading, prograding,
and retrogradational parasequence sets.
Patterns of the stacking of parasequence sets are used in conjunction with

bounding surfaces and their position within a sequence to define systems tracts
(Van Wagoner et al., 1988).
http://www.uga.edu/strata/sequence/parasets.html (2008) Estratigrafía de Secuencias
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http://www.uga.edu/strata/sequence/parasequences.html (2008)
Depto. Geociencias
Parasequences and parasequences sets
http://www.uga.edu/strata/sequence/parasets.html (2008) Estratigrafía de Secuencias

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http://www.uga.edu/strata/sequence/parasequences.html (2008)
Depto. Geociencias
Sequence
stratigraphy,
Example (1)
http://sepmstrata.org/BoocliffsIlustExercise/BCExercise1Prob.htm
http://sepmstrata.org/terminology/parasence-shoreline.htm Estratigrafía de Secuencias
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Depto. Geociencias
Sequence stratigraphy, example (2)
Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006)(14)
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Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006)(14)
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Code Name Code Name

Facies codes:
A Meandering system E Delta plain
B Braided system F Upper delta front
C Estuary-mouth complex G Lower delta front
D Central estuary Estratigrafía de Secuencias
Soto 2011 Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006)(14)
Depto. Geociencias
Sea- level change and sedimentation –

Transgression, Regression and Forced Regression

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Transgression, regression and forced regression
Sedimentology and stratigraphy, Gary Nichols (2009) Estratigrafía de Secuencias

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Stratal stacking patterns (stratal termination)

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Towards standardization of Sequence Stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu et al.(2008)
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Sequence stratigraphy models

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Sequence stratigraphy models and systems tracts

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Systems tracts – Exxon - HST/TST/LST
A Proposal on the Classification of Systems Tracts:…, Javier Guerrero(2002)
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Depto. Geociencias
Systems tracts – Exxon - HST/TST/LST

Systems Tract Sequence boundary
Pattern
Name Previous Above Below
Highstand HST TST Sequence boundary Maximum flooding Aggradation
(SB) surface (MFS)
Transgressive TST LST Maximum flooding Transgressive surface Retrogradation
surface (MFS) (TS)
Lowstand LST HST Transgressive Sequence boundary (SB) Aggradation
surface (TS)
A Proposal on the Classification of Systems Tracts:…Part 1…, Javier Guerrero(2002)
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Depto. Geociencias
Systems tracts – Galloway (1989) and Hunt & Tucker(1992)
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Depto. Geociencias
Systems tracts – Hunt & Tucker(1992)

Pattern
Lowstand LPWST/ Sequence
FRWST Retrogadation
Prograding Wedge LST boundary (SB)
Transgressive TST LPWST Retrogadation
Maximum flooding
Highstand HST TST Retrogadation
surface (MFS)
Forced Regressive Maximum
FRWST/ Sequence
Wedge o Falling HST flooding Progradation
FSST boundary (SB)
Stage surface (MFS)
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Depto. Geociencias
Accommodation space
The Sedimentary Record of Sea-Level Change – Angela Coe (2003)
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Depto. Geociencias
Accommodation space
Factor Value > 0 Value < 0

T Tectonic Subsidence Tectonic subsidence Tectonic uplift
E Rate Eustatic sea level rise Sea-level rise Sea-level fall
S Sedimentation rate Accumulation Erosion
W Water depth Water depth increase Shallowing of water depth
http://www.uga.edu/strata/sequence/accommodation.html
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Accommodation space – Relative sea-level rise
Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006) (86) Estratigrafía de Secuencias

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Accommodation space – Relative sea-level fall.

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Accommodation space – Relative sea-level.

Relative Tectonic (T) Eustatic level ( E) Comments
sea-level
Rise Subsidence Rise
Rise Subsidence Fall (T>E)
Rise None Rise
Rise Subsidence None
Rise Uplift Rise (E>T)
Fall Uplift Fall
Fall Uplift Rise (T>E)
Fall None Fall
Fall Uplift None
Fall Subsidence Fall (E>T)
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Depto. Geociencias
Accommodation space (T+E=S+W)

Example (1):
If the sea-level falls (E) at rate of 5 m/ 1000 years but the subsidence (T)
rate is 9 m / 1000 years, the relative sea-level (R ) will be
R = subsidence – sea-level fall

R = 9 m / 1000 years – 5 m/1000 years
R = 4 m / 1000 years
Accommodation (S+W) will be 4 m / 1000 years.
If sedimentation supply (S) rate is 3 m / 1000 years, then water is deepeing

1 m / 1000 years
T E W S R=T+E
Summary of data: 9 5 1 3 4
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Depto. Geociencias
Accommodation space (T+E=S+W)

Example (2)
Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006) (294)
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Depto. Geociencias
Accommodation space (T+E=S+W) Example (2)

Location A Location B Location C
ma E T R=T+E R(acum) E T R=T+E R(acum) E T R=T+E R(acum)
0,1 30 0 30 35 30 -5 35 35 30 -10 40 35
0,2 20 0 20 55 20 -5 25 60 20 -10 30 65
0,3 10 0 10 65 10 -5 15 75 10 -10 20 85
0,4 00 0 65 0 -5 5 80 0 -10 10 95
0,5 -20 0 -20 45 -20 -5 -15 65 -20 -10 -10 85
0,6 -30 0 -30 15 -30 -5 -25 40 -30 -10 -20 65
0,7 -20 0 -20 -5 -20 -5 -15 25 -20 -10 -10 55
0,8 00 0 -5 0 -5 5 30 0 -10 10 65
0,9 10 0 10 5 10 -5 15 45 10 -10 20 85
1,0 20 0 20 25 20 -5 25 70 20 -10 30 115
1,1 30 0 30 55 30 -5 35 105 30 -10 40 155
1,2 20 0 20 75 20 -5 25 130 20 -10 30 185
1,3 10 0 10 85 10 -5 15 145 10 -10 20 205
1,4 00 0 85 0 -5 5 150 0 -10 10 215
1,5 -5 0 -5 80 -5 -5 0 150 -5 -10 5 220
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Depto. Geociencias
Accommodation space (T+E=S+W) Example (2)

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Accommodation space (T+E=S+W) Example (2) Location B

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Accommodation space (T+E=S+W) Example (2) Location B

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Possible patterns of sedimentation

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Possible patterns of sedimentation (summary)
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Allogenic control on sedimentation
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3. “A Proposal on the Classification
Depto. Geociencias
of Systems Tracts:…Part 1… (1)
Systems tracts – Guerrero (2002)
Soto 2011 A Proposal on the Classification of Systems Tracts:…Part 1…, Javier Guerrero(2002)Estratigrafía de Secuencias
Depto. Geociencias

Pattern
Maximum flooding
Transgressive TST LST Transgressive surface (TS) Retrogradation
surface (MFS)
Sequence boundary
Maximum flooding surface
Highstand HST TST (SB) / Regressive Aggradation
(MFS)
surface (RS)
Lowstand Surface Sequence boundary (SB) /
Regressive RST HST Progradation
(LS) Regressive surface (RS)
Transgressive
Lowstand LST RST Lowstand Surface (LS) Aggradation
surface (TS)
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Depto. Geociencias

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Sequence stratigraphy, evolution since 1970, Christian Ravenne (2002)

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Cretaceous Colombian Basin

• ”Back-arc basin” bounded on the W by an uplifted continental
volcanic arc (Early Central Cordillera) and on the E by the Guyana
Shield.
• Normal faults that controlled sedimentation on both sides of the
basin were reversed during Miocene uplift of the Eastern Cordillera
so that high-angle reverse faults in the eastern and western sides of
the Cordillera Oriental dip in opposite directions, toward the
previous axis of the basin.
• The Cretaceous Colombian Basin had its axis along a line that
coincides today with the western flank of the Cordillera Oriental, at
the latitude of the Villeta town
(*) Back-arc basins are typically very long (several hundreds to thousands of
kilometers) and relatively narrow (a few hundred kilometers)
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Depto. Geociencias

• The basin opened N to the proto - caribbean, and connected S wilh
other back-arc and foreland basins, along Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia,
Chile, and Argentina.
• Maximum thickness is 4 to 5 km near the axis.
• Maximum width is 400 to 500 km reach during deposition of the
Chipaque (Turonian to Santonian) and Middle Guadalupe (Late
Campanian) alloformations.
• Sea floor topograhy composed of ramps inclined about 0,06º
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Cretaceous Colombian Basin –
E side of the eastern cordillera. Bogota-Villavicencio
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W side of the eastern cordillera. Arcabuco- Villa de Leyva
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W side of the eastern cordillera. Bucaramanga
A Proposal on the Classification of Systems Tracts:…Part 1…, Javier Guerrero(2002) Estratigrafía de Secuencias
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Depto. Geociencias
La Guajira
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Villeta & Apulo
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Depto. Geociencias
100
175
250
340
200-250
200
120-190,218,287
400-500
157
500-600
389
50-60
169
400-500
284
168
300-400
110-170
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4. Conclusiones (1)
•Sequence stratigraphy “ is an unparalleled exploration tool for

oil, gas, and coal as well as a production tool for reservoir
development, It works for both clastic and carbonate systems”
•The subdivisión of strata deposited during a sea level cycle in
four systems tracts allows a more precise communication in
terms of what can be observed and documented in the rock
record, including outcrops. cores, well logs, and seismic lines.
•The accommodation space equation represents a simple volume
balance. The equation is an approximation. In reality, sediment
thickness and water depth must be corrected for compaction of
sediments and for the effects of newly deposited sediment.
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Bibliografía (1)
•Ahr, Wayne M. Geology of carbonate reservoirs. John Wiley and Sons. USA.
2008
•Alonso-Zarza, A.M. & Tanner H. (Editores). Continental sequence
stratigraphy and continental carbonates (Development in sedimentology 62).
Elsevier. USA.2010
•Catuneanu, Octavianun et al.Towards standardization of Sequence
Stratigraphy. Earth Science review. Elsevier.USA.2008
•Catuneanu, Octavianun. Principles of sequence stratigraphy. 1st Edition.
Elsevier. USA. 2006
•Coe, Angela. The Sedimentary Record of Sea-Level Change. Open
University. Cambridge University Press. UK.2003
•Emery, D and Myers (Editores). Sequence Stratigraphy. Blackwell Science.
USA. 1996)
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Bibliografía (2)
•Guerrero, Javier. A Proposal on the Classification of Systems Tracts:

Application to the Allostratigraphy and Sequence Stratigraphy of the
Cretaceous Colombian Basin. Part 1: Berriasian to Hauterivian. Geología
Colombiana. Bogota. Colombia.2002
•Melendez, Bermudo, et al. Geología. Thomson Editores. Spain. 1980/2003
•Miall, Andrew D. The Geology of stratigraphic sequence. Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heilderberg. New York. USA 1997
•Nichols, Gary. Sedimentology and stratigraphy. 2nd Edition. Wiley-
Blackwell. USA. 2009
•Payton, Charles. Seismic stratigraphy – Application to hydrocarbon
exploration . AAPG Memoir 26 . USA. 1977
•Pillans, Brad et al. A review of Milankovitch climatic beat: Template for Plio -
Pleistocene sea-level change and sequence stratigraphy. Sedimentary geology
122. Elsevier. USA. 1997
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Bibliografía (3)
•Ravenne, Christian. Sequence stratigraphy, evolution since 1970. Academie

des ciences. Elsevier. France. 2002
•Van Wagoner, J. C. & Bertran, G. T. (Editores). Sequence Stratigraphy of
Foreland Basin Deposits: Outcrop & Subsurface Examples from the
Cretaceous of North America . (AAPG Memoir Serives No. 64) (Memoir
Serives Vol 64) . USA. 1995
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Bibliografía (1)
• http://geoweb.gg.uwyo.edu/geol2100/11_20_08_Sequence%20Stratigraphy.pdf
11_20_08_Sequence Stratigraphy.pdf
• http://www.its-
salt.com/HTML/Kate_Giles_page/carbonates_532_Giles/Introduction%20to%20Carbona
te%20Sequence%20Stratigraphy%20[Compatibility%20Mode].pdf Introduction to
Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy [Compatibility Mode] (1).pdf
• http://opencourseware.kfupm.edu.sa/colleges/cs/es/geol464/files/5-
_Handouts_Lec15.pdf files-5-_Handouts_Lec15.pdf
• http://cygnus.ocean.dal.ca/public/klouden/Ocean5110/Sequence_stratigraphy.pdf
• http://www.geologie.uni-stuttgart.de/online_kurse/Online-
Course/PDF_Files/Lecture3.pdf
• http://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/ors93/0193/p51_62.ashx
• http://cuencas.fcien.edu.uy/cursos/materiales/Estratig.pdf
• http://www.speleogenesis.info/archive/publication.php?PubID=3253
• http://homepage.ufp.pt/biblioteca/Seismic/Index.htm
• http://www.answers.com/topic/sequence-stratigraphy
• http://www.searchanddiscovery.net/documents/edwards02/index.htm (The Case for
the Regressive Systems Tract with Examples …)
Soto 2011
Gracias!

Sequence Strat I Graphy P 1

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Estratigrafía de Secuencias

• Estratigrafía: Rama de la geología que trata con la

Relación entre la estratigrafía y otras ciencias

Geología aplicada Estratigrafía Magnetoestratigrafía

Geodinámica interna Geodinámica externa Geofísica

Principios que rigen la estratigrafía

Nicolas Steno (Niels Stensen)(1638-1686), James Hutton (1726-1797)

William Smith (1769-1839)

Johannes Walther (1860-1937)

Geology of carbonate reservoirs, Wayne M. Ahr (2008)

• Identificación de los estratos y establecimiento de la serie

Tipos de estratigrafía (definidos con base en la propiedad que se analiza)

Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006) Estratigrafía de Secuencias

Tectonic and climatic factors causing sea-level change

Sedimentology and stratigraphy, Gary Nichols (2009)

Sedimentology and stratigraphy, Gary Nichols (2009)

Sedimentology and stratigraphy, Gary Nichols (2009)

Factors causing sea-level change

Sedimentology and stratigraphy, Gary Nichols (2009)

Factors causing sea-level change

Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006)

Stratigraphic cycles (Hierarchies)

The Geology of stratigraphic sequence. Andrew Miall (1997) and

Stratigraphic cycles (Hierarchies)

Stratigraphic cycles (Hierarchies)

Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006)

Stratigraphic cycles (Hierarchies)

Stratigraphic cycles (Hierarchies) – Global cycles of sea-level changes

Sedimentology and stratigraphy, Gary Nichols (2009)

Stratigraphic cycles (Hierarchies)

Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006)

Geología de Costas Colombianas. Notas de Clase (2010)

Depositional environments- Equilibrium profile

Geología. Bermudo Meléndez (1980/2003)

Sequence Stratigraphy, edited by D. Emery and Myers. (1996) Estratigrafía de Secuencias

Sequence stratigraphy is the third of a series of major revolutions in sedimentary

Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006) Estratigrafía de Secuencias

Sequence stratigraphy. Some dates

Joseph Barrell stated the most fundamental events in

The concept of unconformity-bounded sequence of

Continental sequence stratigraphy and continental carbonates (Development in sedimentology 62)

The correlative conformities allow tracing sequences across an entery

Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006)

Sequence stratigraphy vs. Chronostratigraphics units

Geology of carbonate reservoirs, Wayne M. Ahr (2008)

Sequence stratigraphy vs. Litotratigraphics units

Geology of carbonate reservoirs, Wayne M. Ahr (2008)

Sequence stratigraphy in the context of interdisciplinary research—main

Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006) Estratigrafía de Secuencias

Soto 2011 Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006)Estratigrafía de Secuencias

Sequence stratigraphy deals with the sedimentary

Sequence stratigraphy and its overlap with the conventional

Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006)

Main building blocks of the sedimentary record from a

Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006)

Main building blocks of the sedimentary record from a

Systems tract includes a sum of laterally correlative depositional systems

Main building blocks of the sedimentary record from a

A sequence includes two or more systems tracts, depending on the model of

Sequences, systems tracts and depositional systems

Principles of sequence stratigraphy, Octavianun Catuneanu (2006) Estratigrafía de Secuencias

Sequences, systems tracts and depositional systems

Surfaces of sequence stratigraphy