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    Markscheme - QB - Geography Ib - Leisure+tourism - Yr2013-2018

    Uploaded by

    Aryan Shah
    fgjhg

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 53
    Option E — Lei 10. ure, sport and tourism (a) (i) Define the term tourism. 2 (i) State two possible reasons why not all intemational arrivals can be classified as tourists, (+4 (b) Explain two strategies designed to manage the environmental damage caused by tourism in one named large town or city, 1343] (c}__ Discuss the view that the economic benefits of tourism in one country you have studied outweigh its negative social and environmental impacts, {19} I you choose to answer this question refer to the photograph on page 4 in the resources booklet. ‘The photograph shows tourists at a popular site in Tokyo, Japan. (a) With reference to the photograph, dently (i) one primary tourist attraction: i (i) one secondary tourist attraction, t (©) Using photographic evidence, suggest why the perceptual carrying capacity ofthis site might have been reached, PR) (c)_ For one named international sporting event, expiain how one physical factor and two human factors influenced the choice of venues) [24242] (d) Examine the extent to which the aims of sustainable tourism might be achieved in two different environments. [0 Option E — Leisure, sport and tourism 10. The photograph shows tourists at a popular site in Tokyo, Japan. Option E — Leisure, Sport and Tourism @) 0) (Define the term tourism. ro) Tourism involves travel away from home for atleast one night [4] for the purpose of leisure [1] (i) State two possible reacons why not all international arrivals can be classified as tourist. [+4] Award [1] for any of the following, up to [2} ‘= transt/shor-term passengers, not siaying at east one nignt + retugees /sylum seekers + business people ‘+ longeiorm voluntary migrants (pining familywork reasons) + research scenist ‘+ returing residents. Explain two strategies designed to manage the environmental damage caused by tourism in one named large town or city. [3*9] ‘Award [1] for each strategy/problem/solution. and [2] for development of how it reduces/manages environmental damage. Posse stategies include: ‘= reduced vehicle emissions + reduced noise pollution ‘= waste management ‘© control of effluent disposal into the sea. For example: Limiting the number of tourists is one way to reduce liter problems In Venice [1]. This has been done by limitng the number of hotel beds available [i] and restricting the numbericapacty of visitng cruise ships [4]. ‘Award @ maximum of [3] ifthere is no named town or city, orf the example is ‘nappropriete, eg a rural location. © ~ee- MIGISISEUGRIBEZIENE! | LUAAIM Discuss the view thai the econorric benefits of tourism in one country you have studied outweigh its negative socal and environmental impacts [19] Answers should consider a variety of economic benefits and saciaV/environmental impacts of touriem in a specific country. Economic benefits might include improved employment opportunties, growth of local industy, improvements in infrastructure, increased GDP and incomes, Increased standards of Iving. "Nogative social and environmental impacts might include increases in crime rates, increasing social inequaity, increases in pclluton and land degradation. excessive use of groundwater supplies, ‘Good answers may provide a structured discussion of the different kinds of ‘economie benefits and socia/environmental costs of touriom in a particular ‘country, and some evaluation of thei relative importance. ‘Award a maximum of band C i the answer refers to a city (eg Venice) rather than county. Atband D, expect seme description of the economic benefis and ‘social/environmental costs in @ particular country. AtbandE, expect either a more detailed explanation ofthe benefits and costs of tourism ar some alscussion of their relatve overall importance in a particular ‘country. Atband F, expect both. ‘Marks should be allocated accorcing to the marktands. 40. (a) () C) -2- M18/3/GEOGRIBP2IENGITZO/XXIM Wit reference to the photograph, identify (one primary tourist attraction; ‘Award [1] for any ofthe folowing: + distincive architecturelexotic buildings + temples. ‘Accept other valid responses. (i) one secondary tourist attraction. Shops seling gits/souvenirsfood stalls [1] Accept other vad resporses. Using photographie evidence, suggest why the perceptual carrying capacity of this site might have been reached ‘Aware [1] for photographic evience that perceptual carving cepecity has been reached, and {1] for further development For example: There is such a large number of visitors shown [4] that some may bbe experiencing stress due lo excessive congestion and noise [1]. For one named international sporting event, explain how one physical factor land two human factors infuenced the choice of venwe(s). ‘Award [1] forthe identification of a suitable factor that might infuence the choice of venue, and a further [1] for development. For example: Sochi Winter Olympics in Russia, which has a very cold cimate [1], was chosen because of its normally abundant snowfall needed for winter sports [1]. ther possibilities might inclide: reliaf ‘coastal location attractive landscape {good international transport inks, such as arports, Increasing accessbilty ‘goad accommodation for athletes and supporters ‘goad laeal transport and infrastructure pre-enisting venues. reducing construction costs ‘government support and public opinion. ‘Award @ maximum of (5 fro intemavioral sporting evert Is named, 1 1 [2v202] @ Examine the extent to which the aims of sustainable tourism might be achieved in two diferent environments. (10) ‘The aims of sustainable tourism, involve the protection and conservation of primary tourist resources and support the Iivelitoods and cuitures of local peoples. Possible strategies to achieve the aims might include: ‘© protection of he natural environment, egby establishing National Parks ‘= managing the exphitation of local resources, such as waler, fuelwood ‘= protection of ecosystems and respecting local wildlife ‘+ educstion of tourists in the need for environmental protection and respecting the way of le of local communties ‘+ managing visitor numbers ‘= involvement of local people in tourst activities, so that they benefit ‘economically and socally ‘= reducing economic leakage ‘= supporting the culture and way of Ife of local people, without explotation reducing the environmental impact of tourist accommodation. “Environments” could be interpreted in various ways; for example, different rural areas, utban areas, and ecosystems. Good answers may provide a structured examination of the environmental, ‘econemie and social aims of sustainable tourism and the exten to which these aims have been met in dffereni areas, Another approach might be to provide @ structured examination of diferent approaches to managing tourism in a sustanable manner in diferent areas, Fer band D, expect some description of the management of sustainable tourism in one or two diferent areas. For band E, expect ether a more detailed examination of the effectiveness of ‘sustainable tourism management in two different erees, or an examination ofthe extent fo wrich the aims of sustainable tourism can be achieved in diferent For band F, expect both. ‘Marks should be allocated according to the markbands. Option E—Leisure, sport and touriem @) ) © Using a located example, outline two ways in which sustainable tourism supports, the culture of local people. (2+) Expiain two impacts of tourism cn the natural environment of rural areas. (343) Examine how the benefits of hosting one oF more major Intemational sporting ‘events have been unevenly diatrbuted. rn, (Option E continues on the following page) (Option E continued) 40. The diagram shows the relationship betwoen catchment arose of eports facilities and the population of settlements, 1000 100 Catchment areas (km) 10 7 10 7007000 Population Key: (thousands) '¢ Setloment {Sowce: © ntomations! Baccalaureate Organization 2017] (@) © Describe the general relationship shown by the diagram, () Suggest one reason wity settiement A does not f the general relationship, (b) Suggest three possible reasons why the ephere of influence of supporters of a sports team could change over tme. (©) Examine the contribution that ecotourism can make to a country’s tourist industry. 2 @ as242) (10) Option E— Leisure, sport and tourism ) (b) Using 2 located example, outline two ways in which sustainable toutism supports the culture of local people. Possibiities include: ‘+ respactng|supparting cultures of local communities + conserving cutural heritage ‘reduces out-migration therefore retaining dstinctve practices + employment of local guides can lead to environmental preservation (nature can be part of cutural heritage) ‘Award [1] for each way and [1] for exemplification/ecation. if only ane location is Used, the second point must be developed in order for full marks to be awarded. For example: Ecotouriem in Uluru, Australia [1], helps aboriginal custome survive due to educating visitors [1]. Explain two impacts of tourism on the natural environment of rural areas. ‘Some possible impacts include: natural resources, pollution, conservation ane: protaction, for examnle: ‘+ ‘conservation and protection. including the establishment of National Parks and ther protected areas ‘provision end construction of tourist faclities may increase pressure on forests, wetlands, widlte and other ecosystems; eg deforestation by wood fuel collection in Nepal + tourism may cause various forms of local pollution, such as ncise pollution {rom recreational vehicles (eg et skis): transportation increases alr pollution, especially in urban areas; Ittering, sewage and waste dsposal ‘Award [1] for tne identication of an environmental impact, and [2] for further evelopment and/or exemplifcation. For example: There may be a depletion of local water resources due to increased demand from hotels and golf courses [1], which may lead to a lowering of local Water tables [1] with consequent changes to local habitats [1], faa [3+3] © -2- N{7/3IGEOGRIBP2/ENGITZOIKXM Examine how the benefits of hosting one or more major international sporting events hhave been unevenly distributed, (10) ‘The benefits may be economic, social, short term, long term, etc. Benefts could be distributed between neighbourhoods, businesses, national government, etc. “The focus should be a major event, such as Olympics, football World Cup, of Formula One (F1) race. Benefits may include ‘= rasing the profile of « city, may lead to increased tourism and economic investment ‘+ legacy of improved sporting venues, public transport and infrastructure + creation of new jobs and reducing unemployment ‘= urban regeneration, including new housing anc cleaning up polluted landscapes and the uneven spatial pattem of gentrification ‘= short-term boost tothe local economy ‘+ the value ofthe sporting legacy at different spatial scales. Benefits are not shared equally between groups of people. Groups who have not shared benefits may be identified; however, de net credit an extended account of costs for margnalized groups as this is not asked for Good answers should examine both the short-erm and long-term benefits of hosting major sporting events. They will examine a range of benefits on both local and national scales, with reference to sulable examples. They may go on to.arive ata reasoned judgement of who/where benefits most, For band D, expect answers that describe the uneven distribution of some ‘benefits of hosting an international sporting event. For band E, expect sither greater depth of explanation of a range of benefits and their uneven dtrbuton, or some structured examination ofthe statement. For band F, expect both of these elements. ‘Marks snould be allocated accoraing to ne marktands. (a) (o) (Describe the general relaionship shown by the diagram. 2 There is a positive correlation/relatonship between catchment area and settlement size / small setlements have facies with srr catchment ‘areacilarger settlements have fecltios wth largo catchment areas [4]. ‘Award [1] for seme quantification. (ll) Suggest one reason why seitlement A doesnot fit the general relationship. 2 ‘Award [1] for understanding that it has a larger catchment area then facilities in other settlements with small population and [1] for further development of the reascn or a vaid example of a high catchment facility, for example, ski centre; mountain bike course tal ‘Suggest three possible reasons why the sphere of in luence of supporters of a sports team could change overtime. [21242] Possible reasons include: ‘= changes in tanspatt, meaning hat itis easierfharder for supporters to travel longer distances to watch their teams ‘+ improvements in communications technology. meaning that supporters from ‘around the world can waich their teams on television or through the intemet ‘© merelless money and capita investment ralsesiweakens the international profie of major teams, so Supporters come from many different counties/change allegiance + increased wealth and affluence means that supporters can afferd to travel further to watch ther teams. ‘Award [1] for each reason, and a turther [1] for development andlor exempitication. For example: Due to improvements in technology such as television and internet [4], Manchester United's sphere of inflience has grown to include people all around the: world [1] © Examine the contibution that ecotourism can make to a county's tourist industry (19) ‘The question can be answered using one country only or mutile exameles. Ecotourism can be defined as responsitie travel to remote, ragle and often Protected areas that strive © be low mpact and of small scale, Such activites might include bled watching, studying local ecosystems, walking and cycing Ecotourism occurs in many countries at different levels of development. [Unique species and landscapes can be a major selling point for a country of local Place’s tourist industry. Affuent toursts may travel long distances to see certain Speciesin ther natural habitats. Sustainable ecotouriem provides local people with much-needed employment in some development contexts; in time, some ‘may develop thei: own tourst-orientated businesses, helping to deveop the tourist industry further. Howover, careful managoment is roquired to avoid excooding carrying capacity and risking the sustainabiliy of ecotcurism vertures. Strategies might include: resticting visitor numbers, which places a lim on the contribution that can be ‘made to a natonal industry. In contrast, mass tourism ventures may make a larger economic contribution, Good answers may examine the varied contexts for ecotourism (the contrbuticn ‘made to the tourist industry in very isolated counties, or these lacking other types of tourism, eg mass tourism, may be greater than for some high-income couriries with well-established mass tourism Industries). Anotner approach might be to exammne the concept of eustainabilty recognizing that there are limite to the expansion of an industry that aims to be sustainable) Another approach might be to examine how the contribution may change over time (some ventures gin and later lose popularity inthe Butler mode!) For band D, expect some description of ecotourisavthe tourist industry in one ‘country For band E, expect either a more detailed explanation of ecotourism's Contribution tothe rational tourist industry or a structured examination of the Statement. For band F. expect both of these elements. ‘Marks should be allocated accorting to the markbands. ‘The table shows the world's fiteen mast visited cities in 2013. cy | qnitorsy | ©” | mitra) |__| mins Bangiok | 1598 | mtanbul 1037 | Seoul 219 Londen | 1596 | Dubai 89 [tian 688 Pare 1202 [Kuala lump | 020 [Rome a7 Singapore | 1178 | HongKong | 872 | Shanghai | 650 NewYork | 1152 _ | Barelona 241 [Amsteriam | _ 635 [Source: Adopt rom Dorot Thampaon, The New #1 Touret Destin athe Weld? te Banga, May 28,2072. ‘ites theatante confousnessarchve/20'4/0Sthe naw. tows destination nhs worse bangkok 27621 Republisted wih permission of The Atlan; permission conveyed frough Copynigit Clearance Cane, Ic] (2) () Describe the global pattern of the most visted cities. a (i) State the median value of visitor numbers in 2013, fo} a (0) (Outline what is meant by the term “ecotourism (W) Explain one strength and one weakness of ecotourism for local communities. [2#2} (©) For one named national sports league, examine the relationship between the location ofits teams and the places where their supporters live. no, 10. (a) Outine two types of carrying capacity that apply to rural areas, 4 (©) Explain how land values and accessibility can atfec the distrbution of sports facilties within urban areas Beg (©) Evaluate the role of tourism as a development strategy in low-income countries. 10) Option E — Leisure, sport and tourism @) ©) © w © w Deseribe the global pattem of the most visited cies. ‘Award [1] mark for each of the following. up to [3 + concentrated in Asia and Europe ‘only one in North America + none in Afica/Soutn America/Australia + other valid statements, inducing MEDCs. State the median value of visitor numbers in 2013. 9.20 (milion) Outline whatis meant by the term “ecctouriam". ‘Award a maximum of [2] marks for any two of the following: Ecotourism is defined as responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment [1}, sustains the well-being of the local people |is sustainable [1], and involves interpretation and education [1], Explain one strength and one weakness of ecotourism for local communites, ‘The strategies should focus on the need to protect ine natural environment, ang the economic and social development of local communities. ‘Award [1] for each strength/weekness, and [1] for further develop- ‘ment/exempliication in each case. For example: ‘Strength: Retponsible ecotourism provides jobs for local people [1], © auides in Kenya [1] Weakness: Limited potential for growth [1] because of likely commercialization of the traditional cukure [1] m1 io} ro) ey © -24- M17/3/GEOGRIBPZIENGITZODXUM, For one named national sports league. examine the relationship between the location ofits teams and the places where their supporters lve. (10) National Leagues that could be discussed incluée NFL (North America), Barclays Premier League (UK), ANL (Australia), ICL (India) ‘Goad responses may examine what is meant by the relationship in terms of ‘concepts, such as hierarcay and range, and may provide llustrtive support ‘Another approach might be to examine temporal changes in the reationship linked to changing technoiogy. globalization of sport, and so on. ‘Responses at band D will describe the location and residence of supporters of teams in tne namec sports league. For band E. expect either mare detailed explanation of where supporters of team reside, ora structured examination ofthe relationship using geogrephical ‘concepts or eddressing temporel/spatial changes. Forband F, expect both of these elements Marks should be allocated according tothe markbands. 10. (@) ) =28- NI7I/GEOGRIBPZIENGITZ0XXIM. uitine two types of carrying capacity that apply to rural areas, ro} ‘Award [4] for eech outiine of each type of carrying capaciy, anda further [1] for ‘some development of each. Reference should be made to both environmental carrying capacity and percep- ‘ual carryng capacty. For examale Environmental carrying capacity is the maximum number of visitors before the local environment becomes damaged [1]. A large number of wakers in an upland area may cause extensive damage dus to footpath ercsion [1] Perceptual carrying capacity is the maximum number before a specific group of vistors cansiders the level of impact, such as noise, to be excessive [1] Excessive numbers of people on a beach may cause stress due to overcrowding and noise [1] Donot award marks for reference (o urban areas Explain how land values and accessibility can affect the cistrbution of sports facities within urban areas. [3] Responses must address both land values and accessibilty: award [1] for each valid point, up to @ maximum of [3] in each cace. For examole: Sports facilties requiting a large area, such as cricket grounds, may not te able to afford to locate in central areas due to high land values [4]; they may locate on cheaper ground inthe suburbs [1]. Gymnas are less speve-demanding and can locate in central areas (1 Stadiums and arenas need to be accessible 1 @ large number of Participants/spectators [1] and therefore locate near good communication links. [1]; golf courses have fewer paricipants and can locate in rural areas on the edge of an urban area [1} -20- MITISIGEOGRIBPZIENGITZOXXM (©) Evaluate the role of tourism as a development strategy in lowincome countries. (10) In recent years there has been a rapid growth of international tourism, anc this has been viewed as a stimulus to evonamic development in developing countries. However, the effectivences of using tourism ae a development strategy has been questioned, Good answers will put forward both sides of the argument, evaluating the ‘advantages and disadvantages of toursm as a development strategy. On the postive side, it could be argued that tourism leads to the development of such things a8 infrastructure and communications, the multiplier effect, foreign ‘currency, employment, and a greater integration into the world economy. On the ‘other hand, it could be argued that the impacts of tourism are limited and spatially concentrated, including factors such as tourist enclaves, mainly low-paid and ‘unstiled labour, “leakage” of revenues, dominaton by TNCs, and uncertainty regarding tourist numbers due to natural hazard events or poitical problems. Inappropriate examples, eg MEDCs or cities, cannot progress beyond Band D For band D, expect some description ofthe importance of tourism as a development strategy in one or more low-ncome countries, Forband E, expect either a more detailed explanation ofthe advantages and ‘disadvantages of tourism as a development strategy, or an evaluation of the ‘spatial and temporal role tour'sm can play in development. Forband F, expect both ‘Marks should be allocated according to the markbands. -10- N163;GEOGRIHP2/ENGITZOXXIO Option E — Leisure, sport and tourism 9. (a) Describe two characteristics of the lesure hierarcy. [22 (©) Explain three geographic factors that might influence decision-makers in choosing a host ciy for an international sports event. (2r292) (c) Using one or more examples, evaluate the strategies designed to manage tourism in ural areas. 10) (Option E continu: Cn the following page) -1- N18/3/GEOGRIMPZ/IENGITZOOX/O (Option E continued) Iyou choose to answer this question refer to the map on page 4 in the resources booklet and its, key and the photograph on page 5. ‘The map shows the area around the valley of the River Tarn and the town of Sainte-Enimie in ‘Souther France. The scale is 1:100000 and the contour interval is 40 metres. Photograph A shows the town of Sairte-Enimie. @ ) © ® Using map evidence, identty and locate two cecondary touriet resources. Describe how one characteristic of the vallay of the River Tarn limits its environmental carrying capacity. (State the direction in which the camera was peinting when photograph A was taken, (i) Referring to photograph A, suggest the evidence that the perceptual carying capacity of Sainte-Enimie may alreacy have been exceeded. Using examples, evaluate the use of tourism as a developmert strategy in some low-income countries. End of Option E i212 2 a 3 10) ~4- NI63/GEOGRIBPZENG/TZ0XX/RE Option E — Leisure, sport and tourism 410. The mao shows the area around the valley ofthe River Tam and the town of Sainte-Enimie in ‘Souther France. The scale is 1:100000 and the contour interval is 40 metres. Photograph A ‘shows the town of Sainte-Enimie. ‘Scale 1:100000 +0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7km Ko) tons Pek eraoncene ————— @_‘inoren: ete owe en 7 en —— oo _— eae hme (te beee ptt) — Lucawanng or stngpot———— Ronen ‘wre. chowh capt atey BB conte nou rr Conn cao tie wm Teeter vatmeeeioatiee en = oem ne Ta merpmecperenrt era mans Nomaonae manent —— 2 meena a oormn me, 71 Nomen mga comeroaive ney ~ Sy Ls Ste mt AOL venting ‘ne rman est a os gut eis unguadacreine sete. Or pan fnmaonel dead ation. Sa pes oa [Souce: produced and cite by the French Nasional Gsograptical Insts in colaboration ‘wth he Natond Park OF Cevernes], Photograph A IBource:copytight lnteritona Bacaleureate Organization, 2016) N163/GEOGRIBPZENGITZOXXIM Option E — Leisure, sport and tourism @ ) Describe two characteristics of the leisure hierarchy. [a2 ‘Responses may refer to number, frequency, sizes, spacing, range, catchment areas or cost of installation facilives. In each case, award [1] for a vali characteristic and [1] for development or exempliication. For example: One characteristic ofthe leisure hierarchy is thet there wil be many ‘more sports fields [4] for junior/stident teams for a particular sport in a city than there are sports felds for professional teams [1] n the same city. In acditon, while student team fields wll have only a relatively small catchment area [1], the catchment area of the professional fields will be much larger [1]. Explain three geographic factors that might influence decision-makers in choosing a host city for an international sports event. [24242] ‘Award [1] for the identification of each suitable factor, and an additional [1] for ‘urther developmentexemplcation. For example: Pre-existing venues, reducing construction costs [1] - eg io de Janeiro hosting the 2016 Olympics using venues devetoped for ihe World Cup [1], Othe: factors might include: + geod international traneport lirke, euch a8 airports, increasing aczessibility good local transport infrastructure, increasing accessbilty available accommodation. tor participants and supporters, suitable climate, such as snow for winter sports ccorruption/money/poitics. ) -21- N16<3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZOXX™M Using one or more exemples, evaluate the strategies designed to manage tourism in ruralareas (10) Strategies might include: designation of areas as National Parks or simiar protected zones ‘estictions on use of cars in sensitive areas ‘encouragement of cycling by provision of bike hire and cycleways Improvement of local public transport limproved education and signage; education and information centres increased focus on ecotourism limiting tourist numbers redistnbuting tourists from honeypot sites ‘Good answers may carsfuly structure management to encompass minimizing environmental damage, reducing conflict batween local residents and visitors anc ‘meeting economic needs, maximising carrying capacity, etc. Good answers might also evaluate the strategies from different perspectives of diferent user groups, or may evaluate the success of strateges in tie short and long term, of for different places within the rural area. Responses that do not name a rural area are unlkely to be awarded above band C. To access band D, atleast one example of a rural environment should be considered and candidates may describe some relevant management strategies. At band E. expect ether a wider varety of strategies discussed in more depth. or ‘some evaluation of ther success. At band F, expect both. Marks should be allocated according to the markbards. ® ) © Using map evidence, idenity and locate two sevondary tourist resources, [a2] ‘In each case, award [1] forthe tourst resources and [1] for correct locaton. For example: Campsite [1] in the gorge at Sante-Enime [1], Other poseibittios include: campsites equestrian (riding) cente hostel/efuge/shelter Viewpoints tourist information cent. Descrite how one characteristic of the valley of the River Tam limits its ervironmental carrying capacity, 2 Award [1] for identifying the characteristic and [1] for development. For example: The valleyigorge is very narrow and sieep-sided [1] and therefore socessitransporti dificult [1] () State the drection in which the camera was pointing when photograph A. was taken, m NE: accept N. NNE or NE [1] (i) Referring to photograph A, suggest the evidence thatthe perceptual carying ‘capacity of Sante-Enimie may already have been exceeded. 131 Shows some understanding of perceptual canying capacity [1] Allow [1] for each of two pieces of evidence, such as: + crowded car park beside river [4] ‘+ congestion in narrow streets of the town [1] '* noise pollution from vehicles and people [1] '* intense developmenticramped cafes along road [1] * large number of day-rippers (carsfcanoes) [1 @ -2- N163/GEOGRIBP2IENG/TZOXXM Using examples, evaluate the use of tourism as a development strategy in some low-income countries, [10] The aavantages and dsadvantages of using tourism as a development strategy should be examined. Tourism is a rapid growth industy and many low:income countries see its promotion as a development strategy. ‘The benefits might include: the creation of jobs inthe tertiary sector (such as in hotels and as tour guides) and stimulates the multipier effect, generating income for the county through tourist expenditure and taxes; improvements in infrastructure; developing new skils and technology. ‘The disacvantages include: creating dependency on one industry — which might be 4 probiem if iourists stop visitng because of a natural cisaster oF poitical unrest; ‘unequal development and the growth of tourist enclaves; economic leakage 25 profits go overseas: worker exploitation — much employment is unskiled and Jow-paid, while better-paid, more skilled jobs goto foreign workers; ncreased rural-urban migration and developmert of shanty towns and the informal sector. ‘At band D, there should be an understanding of how tourism might be used as a ‘evelopment strategy in low income countries. ‘At band E, there should be ether more details or explanation of tourism as a ‘development strategy or an evaiuaton of ts effectivenessiusefuiness. At band F, expect both. ‘Marks should be allocated according to the markbands. 8 {@) (Describe what is meant by the term “heritage tourism locations” 2 (@) State examples of two diferent kinds of heritage tourism. 2 (b) (Suggest what is meant by the term “temote tourist destination’ 2 (W) Suggest two reasons for the growth of tourism in one named remote tourist destination. [212] (©) Evaluate strategies that have been designed to make tourism more sustainable in different environments. [10] 410, The map shows the distribution of Formula One motor racing tracks in 2015. ‘Formula One mator racing tracks [Scurce: napsiven wikped orginkV/LUst_of Fomida_ Oe drutsmesiare:Formule_1_al_ove_te_vorie:20"6-12m:¥9] (a) Deserite the gecgraphical distritution of Formula One motor racing tracks shawn on the map, 4) (b) Explain two reasons for increased global partcipation in sport. (343) (©) For one national sports league you have studied, examine the relationship between the location ofthe teams and the residence ofits supporter. [10] Option £ — Leisure, sport and tourism @ () 0 w ® i) Describe whats meant by the term “heritage tourism locations”. @ Heritage tourism is tourism based on 2 historical legacy [1]. Award [4] for additional development eg historic bulding. historic event, landscape feature, or cultural significance. Do not accept a named example. State examples of twe diferent kinds of heritage tourism. a ‘Award [1] for each vaid example. For example Great Wall of Chine [4] Somme battisfelds [1] Yosemite National Park (1) To achieve [2] at leas! one ofthe examples must be named. Each kind of heritage tourism should be @ distinctive type, eg, an historic building, or a landscape feature. ‘Suggest what is meant by the term ‘remete tourist destination’ 2 Reiatively inaccessible locaton [1] and ether “that atvacis visitors (17 or identifies a valid example [4]. ‘Suggest two reasons for the growth of tourism in one named remote tourist destination. [242] Award [1] for each vaid reason, Possible reasons include: developments in transport; rising incomes; mare leisure time; marketing; raised awereness through the media (including the internet): a desire to escepe from mass tourism, In each case award a further [1] for further development. For example: More tourists are traveling to Uluru, central Australia, due to cheaper and improved transport [1] which makes it more accessibie [1]. Developments in me media [1] generate interestawareness in remote toursst cestnatons a If aremote tourist locetion is not nemed, award a maximum of [3). If the example is inappropriate regarding ‘remoteness’ award a maximum of 2. © Evaluate strategies that have been designed to make tourism more susiainable in different environments. ‘Sustainable tourism aims to protect the natural environment and also local culture/society/economy. Expect good candidates to distinguish between these different aspects of sustainablity. ‘There should be recognition cf the negative impacts of tourism in diferent environments, and a discussion of strategies for sustainable tourism, together with examples from at least two afferent environments, \Nogative impacts might include: depletion of local water resources; disruption of the natural environment; destruction of coral reefs; pollution from tourist resorts impacts on local cultures. ‘Strategies might inctude: protection of te natural environment; reducing the ‘ecological foctprint; managing touriet numbore;involvemrt of local communites: Describe the geographical dstritution of Formula One motor racing tracks shown (on the map. ro} Award [4] each for any ofthe folowing: the majority are in the Northem Hemisphere three in the Southem Hemisphere the majority are in North West Europe tmere are none in Africa or incia four are in Southeast Asia ‘other valid statements, eg HICs, MEDCs, core-periphery. Award maximum [2] for a sirole listing of countries. Explain two reasons for increased global partcipation in sport. [3+3] Paricipation may refer to professionals or individuals playing sport in their leisure time. Credit explanations related to supperting spot in a pubic place. ‘A range of possible factors could be cited, for example: * ising incomes and affivence have made participation in sport mere affordable + increased leicure time + increased provision of sporting fecilties ‘+ meda coverage increases awareness of sporting events eg Paralympics. Award [1] for the reascn and award [2] for further development andior exempitication. For example: ‘A major sporting event, such as the Tour de France watched by milions on the television [1], has simulated interest in cycling and resulted in increased. participation in cycing activities [2]. ‘Also, increased provision of soot facile [1], such as swimming pools and gyms, together with more disposable incomes and leisure time, has resulted in the growth ofthese sports [2], © -23- N16I3/GEOGRIBP2ENGITZOXXM For one national sports league you have studied, examine the relationship between the location ofthe teams and the residence ofits supporters. An example of a national sports league should be clearly identified, together with the location ofthe teams and resklence of Its suppartes. Teams atthe top of a hierarchy. such as in the Engish Premier Football League, are located in major urban areas and have a wie sphere of influence. They have supporters from around the world, as well as many loca supporters. Teams that ae lower in the Nerarchy, incuding many small local Cubs, are located in meny towns and vilages, and their supporters are mainly drawn from the local area. These may also be supporters of much more important teams that are higher in the hierarchy. Good answers may show a recognition ofa sports hierarchy and the sphere of influence ofits supporters, supported ty examples. Mention could also be made of cther factors, sich 2s the role of the media, sponsorship and advertising, in influencing the sohere of influence. Another apcroach would be to question how the relationship changes overtime or to query what ‘national’ means, Responses that achieve band D are likely o be descriptive accounts of @ sports league and its supporters. The response should refer io a national sports league, 9 the Bundesliga (German soccer), or Indian Cricket League. At band E. responses either provide greater explanation and detail ofthe ‘elationsrip or begin to examine the diferent scales or timescales of the relationship. At band F; expect both Marks should be allocated according to the markbands. Option E — Leisure, sport and tourism 9. The graph shows people's paticipation in sport in Canada in relation to their household income between 1992 and 2005, ” Key: oo iz Bi 1998 50 0 2005 8 5 40+ zg 2 a zg ® 2 10 ° Lessthan C$20000t0 $5000 csz0000 csa9999 ‘or more Household income (Source: adapts tram wwwstacan gc) (2) Refering to the graph, describe the relationship between household income and participation in sportin Canada, a (0) Using examples, explain how levels of participation in international sport are affected by (one economic factor 81 (one political factor. 8) (©) “Land value is the most important factor infuencing the location of recreation and spor facities in urban areas” Discuss ths statement with reference to specfic urban areas. 10) (Option E continued) 10. N15/S1GEOGRIMPZ/IENGITZONXIQ you choese to answer thie question refer to the diagram on page S inthe resources booklet ‘The diagram shows information about international tourist arrivals in 2012, @ ) © Briefly describe: (the pattern shown on the bar graph; (i) the trend shown on the map Using examples of countries. suggest three reasons wy rumbers of intemational tourist arivals have sometimes decreased. “The economic gains from tourism always exceed its negative social impacts.” Discuss this statement with reference to one or more case studies. End of Option E 2 2 [2+202) 10) Option E — Leisure, sport and tourism 10. The diagram shows information about international tourist arrivals in 2012. International tourist arrivals, 2012 535 500 400. 300 233 200 482 100. 5352 & Y % SD Percentage change in international tourist arrivals, 2011-2012 Tourist artvals in 2012 / mil ° in tourist arvals {Souree: World Term Orga up 4% nthe fet four months of 2015, Dubshed 8 July 2015, pea, acsessed 3 Jenuary 2016 Word Taursm Organization a + ee (cole), evabhe a hit nturar Reiter. jh 2015.90, Option E — Letsure, sport and tourism (a) © Referting to the graph, descibe the relationship between household income and paaticipation in sport in Canada, ‘Award [1] for each vad point, up 10 a maximum of [3], with an adtdtonal [1] for ‘some quentification. Possibilities could include ‘+ households with less than C§20000 show the least participation in sport ‘© households with C$50000 or more show the greatest patticpation in sport ‘+ patticipaton in sport has decreased in allincome groups between 1992 and 2005, ‘© there is less participaton in sport in 2005 than in 1992 for al income groups ‘+ the decrease in participation has been greatest in ncome groups C$20 000 10 19000, the decrease has been leastin income group C$50 000 or more ‘+ there is a positive relaionship between increases in household income and Patticipaton in sport. ‘Using examples, explain how leve's of participation in international sport are affected by: (one economic factor: Economic factors could include: + Income levels ina country *+ funding for sports facilities ‘+ recession means that fewer people can atford to participate in sports. ‘Award [1] forthe identification of a factor and an additonal [2] for the development ofthe factor. Ironly a generic response is given, and no sports event or sport is named, ‘award up to a maxenum of [2]. For example: Many low income countries cannet invest in building and maintaining expensive sporting facilities [1] consequently participation in international sports ike swimming that requite Olympic-Szed pools [1] wil be limited as najiorals wil have nowhere to train [1]. w N15/31GEOGRIBP2/ENGITZOXXM ‘one paitical factor. a Poltical factors could include: ‘poli’ intiatves to promate sport ‘© government investment in sport ‘+ hosing ofa major intemational sporting evert, such as the Olympics or football Worle Cup ‘+ international prestige ‘+ in some Islamic countres, religion, with political backing, may require {female athletes to remain fully clothed, inhibiting them from competing, Award [1] forthe identification of @ factor and an additonal [2] forthe development ofthe factor. {only a generic response is given, and no sports event or sport is named, ‘award up to @ maximum of [2]. For example: Inthe UK, the governenent won the hosting ofthe London ‘Olympics [1]. and this resulted in an increase in sport participation in the UK, due to people wanting to emulate the suczess of athletes [1], and also increased media coverage of sport [1], © “Land value is the most important factor influencing the lecation of recreation and sports facilites in urban areas,” Dsscuss this statement with reference to specific uroan areas. (19) Reference should be made to the location of recreation and sports facilities in specific urban areas. The choice of examples may affect the validity of the statement. ‘nile it could be argued that iand value is an important factor, other factors such as accessibility, physical factors, end the socio-economic characteristics of cifferent turban zones are also important. For example, in some counties gotf courses are often located on the rursurban. fringe because of the need for large areas of open space and low land values, but also because the wealthier people tend to lve n the oute" suburbs and nave easier access. Also, football stadia are olten located close to the central areas of cies, where land values are higher, because of historical factors and ease of access 10 large numbers of supporters due to good transport facilities. Gymnasia and ‘swimming pools require relatively litte land and can locate closer to the centre, and have easier access to a laroe population. Sometimes, physical factors are Important, such as floodplains near a city centre, which can be the location of football pitches, cricket grounds and playing fiets. ‘Good answers may discuss how land values may be of greater importance for ‘understanding the location of some activites than they are for cthers (recreational ‘Spaces such as public parks may have along and complex history which explains \where they are foundiprotectec, wiereas the locaton of sports facies may be ‘more easily explained using land values). Another approach might be to hhow the statement may be tuer for seme places thanit is for others. ‘At band D, expect responses that describe how land values or other factor(s) heve intuenced where facilties are in a recognizable urban area. Atband , expect either more detailed explanation of how land values and other factors have influenced facilties, ar some crtical discussion of the staterment Atband F, expect both, ‘Marks should be allocated according fo the markbands. @ ) 24 NIS/A/GEOGRIBP2/ENG/TZOXXM Brietly deserve: (the pattern shown on the bar graph: ic) ‘Award [1] for @ valid regional comparison with an additional [4] for ‘quantification. A simple ist wih numbers should receive no more than [1]. For example: Europe has rrore than twice as mary tourist arivals as any ‘ther region [{], and ten times as many as Africa [1] (#) the trend shown on the map, ic) Award [1] for each valid statement: ‘© most regions show an increase '* anomaly (Middle East) or quantification Using examples ot countries, suggest three reasons wy rumbers ot international tourist erivals have sometimes decreased. [2r2+2] Possible reasons include: war or civil unrest reduces numbers of tourists to a country ‘Some regions or countries decine due to lack of investment or association with hgh crime rates ‘changing fashions in tourism result in the daciine of some areas ‘saturation of market (Butler mode!) hazard events other places become more popular ‘seasonality ~ eg tourist numbers may decline in some countries in a hot. wet ‘monsoon season, ‘Award [1] for a valid idea, and [1] for extension, or applied use of an example. For example: ‘+ there has been a decrease in tourism in Egypt [1] because of recent civ Unrestiterrorism and fears for tourist safety [1] ‘+ there has been a decline in tourist numbers to some areas of coastal Spain [1] cue tots poor image for rowdy behavicur and high crime rates [1] ‘© there has been a decline in tourist numbers to some UK resorts [1] cue toa lack ‘of investment in tourst facities and/or poor weather conditions [1]. © -25- N15(3/GEOGRIBP2/ENG/TZOXXM “The economic gains from touriem alwaye exceed ite negative social impacts.” Discuss this statement with reference to one or more case studies 110) Responses should consider a variety of both postive and negative economic and Social impacis of tourism wtn reference to a case study (or case studies). Economic impacts migh! include improved employment opportunties, growth of local industry and increased farm output, improvements to infrastuciure, increased GDP and incomes, but also revenue leakage to high-income countries and TNCs, and uneven economic development with tourist ghettos, Negative social impacts ‘could include increases in prostituion, cme, social inequality forced migrations, Conflicts over land and rescurces, and loss of cultural identty. Good answers may discuss the timescale over which impacts are experienced. ‘Another approach might be to discuss varying perspectives and reasons why views ‘may differ (social impacts could be hard to quantily, for instance). Another approach might be to discuss how the validiy of the statement may depend on the place contexts used for exemplfcation: ftoursm is more carefuly managed ni some places than in others. ths could affect the balance of gains and negative impacts. Do not credit environmental impacts unless there is some ink to people's quality of ite or wean Atband D, expect responses that describe some relevant positive and negative impacts of tourism for a recognizable place(s). Alband E, expect either greater expianation (range or depth) of economic gains and ‘Social impacts of some critical discussion of the staternent. At band F. expect both. ‘Marks should be allocated accorcing to the markbands. -w- NH SERINE EI LOA Option E— Leisure, sport and tourism 10. @ ©) © Outline what i meant by the terms: (primary tourist resources; 2 i) secondary tourist resources 2 ‘Using examples, explain three reasons for the growih of tourism in more remote loeations. pav2zeay To what extent do the advantages of ecotourism outweigh any disadvantages? oy {Ifyou choose to answer this question reer to the map on page 4 in the Resources Booklet “The map shows the area around Locarno in southern Switzerland, ‘The scale of the map is 1:50000 ‘and the contour interval is 25 mewes. @ ©) © Using map evidence, name and locate two different leisure activities or facilities shovin in the area north of grdline 16. 23 Referring to the map, explain three factors that may influence the shape of the catchment area forthe sports stadium (24282) Examine the use of sport and recreation as a regeneration strategy in one or ‘more urban areas. poy End of Option E Option E — Leisure, sport and to 9, @ © ‘Outline what is meant by the terms: @ (i primary tourist resources: PI Primary resources are pre-existing attractions /1 mark] ‘Award the final 1 mark/ for identifying a possible pre-existing attraction: features of the natural environment (climate, landscape, ankd ecosystems), ingigenous poople, cultural resources and heritage sites, ete. secondary tourist resources. PI Secondary resources are purpose-built [1 mark] Award the final [1 mark] for identifying a possible purpose-built attraction: accommodation (hotels, campsites, and guesthouses), catering, entertainment, transportation, and information, ete Using examples, explain three reasons for the growth of tourism in more remote locations. (2242) Award /I mark] for cach basic reason that is identified/stated, and a further [1 mark] for explanation of how this leads to growth of tourism in remote locations. (The ‘concept of “remote” may depend on where the tourist's home s. The same example ‘can be used more than once) For example internet tourist websites have raised awareness /J. mark] of remote locations where visitors can now go, such as Antarctica /I mark mproved accessibility to remote Pacific islands /1 mark] has been helped by improvements in cuise ship designs (1 mark rising incomes in developed countries /1 mark] means people have the funds for “the trip of a lifetime”, such as Europeans travelling to see South America [mark] rising incomes in emerging economies /1 mark] means more people have the funds for “the tip ofa lifetime”, such as Chinese overdevelopment of some tourist areas [Emark] has led to a deste to vist less ‘erowded, more remote, areas such as The Maldives (1 mark] tors to Europe [1 mark}. © ‘To what extent do the advantages of ecotourism outweigh any disadvantages? Credit all conient in line with the markhands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. Good answers should sow a sound understanding of the concept of ecotourism (responsibly supporting the environmental and local communities). Accept suitable references (o sustainable tourism, Likely socio-evonomie themes include: positive impacts such as employment Gniormal and formal), infrastructure, developing, facilities, redueed out-migration, reducing stereotypes. Environmental themes include maintaining biodiversity / local ecosystems, maintenance of genetic materials, climate regulation and flood control. Negative impacts might include loss of culture, clash of cultures and disrespect of local customs; also trampling and habitat loss if not done properly. ‘The evaluation of the statement might include muluiple perspectives. (external companies may benefit more from tour packages than locals do) oF a temporal perspective pethaps applying a model (such as Butler or carrying capacity) ie advaniages/éisodvantages become more evident over time az tourist incomes or visitor pressures grow. For band D, candidates must describe one or more ecotourism/sustainable tourism ‘schemes and some effects on communities and/or the environment, Band E should either provide greater detail about both community and environmental advantages and disadvantages (these need not be perfecily balanced) or offer some ‘more sophisticated evaluation of the statement (eg perspectives or timescales) Atband F, expect both elements. ny 10. @ o Using map evidence, name and locate two different leisure activities or facilities shown in the area north of gridline 16, 22 Possibilities include: ‘© chairlifts /1 mark] eg “square 031 ‘© camping /1 mark] eg “square 9917" [I mark] ‘© viewpoint /1 marh] eg “square 0317")"squae 0216" [1 mark] ‘= restaurant /I marAy eg “square 0917" [1 mark * [L mark] Award [J mark] for each activity and [1 mark] for specific location on the map (whether by grid references or place names or relation to other places) If the activity is correct but the grid reference the wrong way round, award only [ mark], I the activity is comect but itis located south of gridiine 16, award only [1 mark}, Referring to the map, explain rhree factors that may influence the shape of the catchment area for the sports stadium. [e202] ible factors for / mark] exch include: += roliefvalleys ‘= lakelshore ‘© transport links (including roads and ferries) ‘© population distribution and settlements ‘© there may be oiher valid factors. In each, case award a further /1 mark] for a statement linking the factor to the ‘catchment shape. For example: “Transport lines run along valleys (1 mark/ allowing people trom further away to travel to the stadium more easily [1 markj.” © Examine the use of sport and recreation as a regeneration strategy in one or ‘more urban areas. Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant Regeneration can involve provision of new employment or renovated/new facilities / housing / infiastructure, "It may be a shoriterm or long-ierm strategy and the durability of the strategy can be commented on (eg whether mulkipliers are created, ee), Responses could also consider both the positive and the negative roleimpacts of sport and recreation in the regeneration of urban area(s), and could evaluate its relative success of failure, including aspects of sustainability, according to different Viewpoints or perspectives (eg a new sporting stadium ‘and/or accompanying ieighbourhood gentrification could lead to displacements). For hand D, candidates must describe a sporting/resreation strategy in at lesst one ‘named urban area that needed regeneration Band E should either provide greater detail about the strategy(s) and the wider role played in regeneration (may make links with housing, services, infrastructure, employment, ef) or offer some more sophisticated evaluation of the usefulness of the strategy(s) (eg different perspectives or timescales), At band F, expect both elements fo} -9- MI4/3/GEOGR/HP2ENG/TZ0XX'Q Option E — Leisure, sport and tourism 9. (0) (Define the term environmemal carrying capacity (i) Define the term perceptual carrying capacity (b) Referring to specific activities, analyse why the leisure facilities in a central business district (CBD) differ from those inthe rural-urban fringe (©) “Sport and recreation are an effective means of regeneration for urban areas.” Discuss this statement, {you choose 1 answer this quesiion refer to the map on page 8 inthe Resources Bookict. ‘The map shows participating teams for one international spor. (a) Describe the distribution of the participating teams (b) Using examples, suggest how sceial and cultural ficiors ean affect people's participation in international sport, (©) “Physical faciors influence the location of tourist activities more than Jhuman factors.” Discuss this statement, with reference to examples eI eI 16) 9} “4 (o} (0) Optional Theme E — Leisure, sport and tourism 10, The map shows participating teams for one international sport [Source Copyright © www mepsofvord cm) Optional Theme F — The geography of food and health II. The map shows the spread of a disease hetween 2005 and 2008, [Souse: Used it pemision fo the CDC] Optional Theme E — Leisure, sport and tourism 9. @ © (Define the term environmental carrying capacity. The (maximum) number of people'visitors [I mark] before the local environment/arca becomes damagevVharmed /Z mark]. Accept altern Phasing, (i) Define the term perceptual carrying capacity. Award up to (2 marks] for any ofthe following: ‘© amount of people before the environmenvarea/setivity is spoiled'not enjoyed by those people or others ‘© provides details of different user groups and their perceptions/feelings ‘© provides detail of specific issues linked to negative feelings eg noise, congestion Referring to specific activities, analyse why the kisure facilities in a central business district (CRD) differ from those in the rural-urban fringe. Differences could include different types of activity or differences in the size. scale and target users of the facilities, Award up to /2 marks) forthe range of activities covered by the answer (should have al least two in each case). Typical facilites in a CBD could melude cinemas, theatres, restaurants, museums, whereas the rural-urban fringe may contain specialist sports grounds, garden centres, multiplex cinema, country parks. Also credit rural activities eg mountaincering ficilitcs, ski slopes, mountain biking facilites. Award up to /4 marks] for an analysis of why differences exist. Likely reasons that ‘can be identified for {7 mark/ each include: ‘© high accessibility in CBD attracts activities requiting many visitors ‘© land prices are lower at fringe so atracts activities needing space (do not credit simply “more space”) ‘© CBD may be old, so home to historic visitor attractions ‘© younger people in CBD / older at fringes and this affects local facilities ‘© outdoor facilities linked with forest (eg paintballing), topography, ete ‘© clustering of activities in CBD where tourists gather ‘© high profits in CBD (due to high footfall) attract high threshold retailing (lower rofivnot for profit a finges). Altematively, two reasons, well explained (uses examples or concepts like threshold) ‘would merit /f marks). RI 1 16) (©) “Sport and recreation are an effective means of regeneration for urban areas.” Discuss this statement. no) Candidates may agree or disagree with this statement. Barcelona and Beijing are fen given as good examples of how sport can help regenerate a city. The London 2012 Olympics is considered to be a majar success in the regeneration of London's East End whereas Atlanta and Athens may be examples of where sport has had less success. Other methods could be discussed, such as property-led regeneration, new retail developments, urban development corporatioas, provided they are legitimate spin-off effects from the initial investment in sport rather than entirely altemate Strategies. “The effectiveness of some strategies may only be evident over the long-term, and it may not be possible to assess “etTectiveness” in the ease of recent case studies such as the 2012 London Olympics, Different groups mays have differing perspectives on whether the changes are “effective” for them or others, eg those displaced by gentrification or those who do ‘ot like the noisy vistors that sport can attract ‘At band D, responses are likely to be descriptive and might only consider one side of the argument. ‘At band E, expect either a wider range of more detsiled impocts of sports‘reerestion regeneration for urban areas or some more explicit discussion of effectiveness ‘At band F, expect both, Marks should be allocated according to the markbands, 10. fa) » Describe the ution of the participating teams, Award /1 mark] for any ofthe following: they are globally disperse / spread out / scattered covering most continents ‘often only one or two per continent they are mainly between the topics although England isan exception ‘nly the West Indies and Guyana are west (of the prime meridian’western hemisphere) / mostare east (of prime meridian) they are mainly coastal «+ although Zimbabwe is an exception + withthe exception of England, this sport is mainly played in a country that has a ‘neighbouring country that also plays this sport 4+ eredit other distsbusional points Do not credit “mostly LEDCs” or “ex-colonies of the UK” (as these are not

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