Answers to Concept Checks a . etween cars will not remain const inuously decrease, When aking the speed of your cars greater n breaking 03s earlier. Because t Ina few problems, you are given more data than you actually need; ina few oth Problems, vou are required to supply data from your general knowledge, outside sources, or informed estimates, Interpret as sig have train Hicant all digits fn nume: 1e$ and no decimal points, For all problems, use g = 9.81 m/s? forthe free-fall eleration due to gravity and neglect friction and air resistance unless instructed to do otherwise © s+ Mutnistee Draw careful ocity and accelera mn over the time period =! = 3) for a has the following motion. The ca ng at the constant speed of 5.0 m/s Problems 53 Answers to Practice Problems 1 12m/s 3 Only nensions on both sides ofthe tain the functional dependlence he final speed is the K-0981 m +0981 m 51/00. PROBLEMS relatively easy Consecutive problems that ar — strians below, he drops a bo One second later, he drops a se in the air does their separation stay the same? Ignore ay due to +. Which of the position-vers best shows the motion of an obj (©) with constant postive velocity, ( Problem 1254 {_ cHa®TER 2 Motion in One Dimension veachratatation? There may bemore than onecorect 9 +» True/falag each part of the problem) (@) I the acceleration of an object is always zero, then it cannot be 2 ‘elocity-versus-time curves in Figure 2.29 moving. best describes the motion of an ol atis decessig mig © H the Acceleration of an objets always zro then is sversus¢ eration, (b) with positive accelerat decreasing with curve must be a straight line, (2 mith positive acceleration thats increasing with ime and (¢) the acceleration ofan objects nonzero at an instant, it may be here may be moze than one correc an ‘momentarily at rest at that instant the problem.) mm Explain you an example ‘easoning foreach answer Fan answer is tru, give songs lot, hatasthown tennis balls moving horizontally when it Panes into a vertical concrete wall at perpendicular incidence the bail Tebounds straight back ofthe wal. Neglect any effete das ng Bravity for the small time interval described here, Assure they {putard the wall isthe +r direction. What are the dugetons or at Nelocity and acceleration (a) just before hitting the wall, yoy maximum impact, and (¢ just after leaving the all> 9 ctr, Abalishuow straight up. Neglectany efects duet air ance. Whats the velocity of the Bllat the top of sg? Figure 22s (P) Whats its acceleration at that point? (c) What is disrent abe Problem 13 pis velecity and acceleration atthe top ofthe Right if netead tee Dall impact a horizontal ceiling very Ran and then reuse ose roe motigthe diagram in Figure 2:0 tracks the location ofan ob: «ne ‘An object thats launched straight up from the, Ket moving in a skaight line along the x ans. assume tet we achesana mum height H, and falls straight back dows to the ject is a the origin at # = 0. OF the five times shown, which aie futting iT seconds after launch, Neglect any effects dite thest from the orgie 2 faiance: 0) Express the average sped fr the ent ip etemidstorbeingatrestfora whe, asa function of Hand Tit) Berea age speed for the om the origin? ‘ame interval of time asa function ofthe inital aunt spect Position us A small lead ball is thrown di false: (Neglect any effects due to air res ly upward. True or «e) (a) The magnitude os acceleration decreases on the way up (8) The direc of te tH acicleration on its way down is oppesite to the direction ofits at [x6 © Time Ggleration on its way wp. (c) The diection ofits velocity on te wey D Gov i opposite to te dzecton ofits velocity ons tay up 2 210, objet As dropped from the roof ofa building nthe same instant, object Bis dropped irom a window 19 bene, lance is negligible. During the descent of B to the stance between the two object a} is proportional to ) decreases, () remains 10 m throughout len You aze driving c fom 80.5 km/h (50 mi) {0 mi/h) at = 9.00. (a) Which graph in Figure FIGURE 2-30 Problems 14 and 15 © cuit iP object moves along a straight line, Is position ersus-time graph is shown in Figure 2-30. At which tine oy {res sits (2) speed ata minimum, () acceleration positive avd ©) velocity negative? em For each ofthe four graphs of x versus in Figure 231 Sdbest describes following questions. asthe velocity a timer, grater Hapils iyo? Siti a postionversus-tine graph Sema: (hat. OF equal to the velocity at time A (0) Is rspeet showing the Hon of your car during these nine seconds, assum. “Stine greater than, less anor equal tothe peed attines;? ‘ing we lt ts portion be seanae Figune 2-32 Problem 23 ace Din“ Sitallheavy objects dropped from rest and falls a dis sregD,ih a time T. After it has fallen fora time 27, what wilt be ay {2 Bl distance trom its inital location, (6) its speed, and (ite celeration? (Neglect air resistance) % 27, Jbaae atan instant when two horses are running nphe fest 0 eachother ana in the same dncton te ae Howes itstaanousvelocy a acento ee rie) 2200/8 respectively and horse 8 intananees na a xcteation are +12 sand —10.m/st especies Vea a Foune 2-31 Problem 15 & pasting the oer at smear El O_OProblems 55 28 + True or alse: (a) The equation {4 4a,Pisal- ment during the time interval, Note: is NOT twice fy, But repre ys valid for particle motion in one dimension. (Ifthe velocity sents an arbitrary time. What is relation between 2, aM, stant is zero, the acceleration at that instant must also 3 Which graph (or graphs), if any, of v, versus ¢ in The equation Ax = v,, Atholds forall particle motion in pares igure 2-36 best describes the motion of a particle with (a) positive velocity and increasing speed, (b) positiv is moving in a straight line at constant accel- eration, (c) constant nonzero acceleration, its instantaneous velocity halfway through any time inter- 2) greater than its average velocity, (b) less than its average Velocity, (6) equal to its average velocity, () bal ts average veloc ity, (e) twice its average veloc 2s A turtle, seeing his owner put some fresh lethuce ‘opposite side of his terrarium, begins to accelerate (at a constan rate) from rest at ime ! = 0, heading directly toward the food. Le be the ime at ws has covered half the distance to his the ratio off, tof, where f, isthe he rutle reaches the lettuce, velocity and zero accel- (da speed decrease? See ees the lunch. Derive an expression, time at whie » The positions of two cars i parallel lanes of straight Stretch of highway are plotted as functions of time in the Figure 2:3. Take positive values of x as being tothe right ofthe origin. Qualitavely answer the following: (a) Ate the two cars ide by side? If so, indicate that time (those times) on the axis. (b) Are they alway’ traveling in the same direction, or are they moving in opposite ditections for some of the time? I? so, when? (c) Are they ever traveling atthe same velocity? If so, when? (#) When are the two cars the farthest apart? (2) Sketch (no numbers) the velocity versus time curve for each cat. 334 ph (or graphs), if any, of v, versus t in 2.36 best describes the motion of a particle with a) negative Ge velocity and increasing speed, (b) negative velocity and zero accel- eration, () variable acceleration, and (i speed? 1 v-versus- curve for each ofthe following cond ss tions: (0) Acceleration is zero and constant while velocity is not 220. (b} Acceleration is constant but not zero (c) Velocity and a celeration are by y and acceleration are both negative. (e) Velocity is positive and acceleration is negative 3 tt. Acar driving at constant velocity passes the origin at __(f) Velocity is negative and acceleration s positive. (g) Velocity is time t= 0. Atthe instant the car passes, a track, at rest a 70 but the acceleration is not zero ns to accelerate unitortely from rest Figure lt ofthe velocities of truck and ear as functions of time. Compare their displacements (fom the origin ties, and accelerations atthe instant that their cueves intersect Figure 2-94 Problem 30 3 ¥ CSS 31 __ #4 Josie is out for a morning jog, and during the course of io i her ran on a straight crack, she has a velocity that depends upon time as shown in Figure 2-35, Thats, she begins at rest and ends at FIGUHE 2-29 Problem 29 57 shows nine ge for objects in motion along 2 sta ‘graphs that meet the follow ‘A second runner, Reginal tot t,ata constant speed roughtout the time interval t wat each has the same displac ® 0 Figure a-as Problem 31 FiGuRe 2-37 Problem3556 CHAPTER 2 Motion in One Dimension and Which graphs of position, veloc ation are mutually consistent s not constant. ESTIMATION AND APPROXIMATION about the et than through the ude of your average ac Boyar CONTEXFRICH While engrossed in though intillating lecture just delivered by yous coor) Estimate ti » GICAL APPLICATION Occasionally, people can sur e se of the Eiger’s infamous Nordvand ‘mountaineer Carlos Ragone’s rock anchor gave way and he nnn 500 feet to and in snow. Amazingly he suifored only fog oruises and a wren alder, Assuming that his impact left a ed ta st mee When e-fall problems near Ea into remember that air resistance may play asi : rong by orders if we ignore it How can we tell when itis vaild fo i. ects of air resistance? One way is to realize that sistance increases with increasing speed. Thus, as an ober: fal its downward acceleration decrees. Unde nal ae of tebe alf its terminal ct us take half the terminal nd which we shoul. jonships. Assuming the faz and neglect a which has a termin, conclude by com leration will be about fr, BIOLOGICAL APPLICATION On June 14, Fowell of Jamaica set a world’s record for the 100-m dash seit t ime suming he reached his maximum speed in 300s snd then maintained that speed uncllthe finish, estireate hi acct ation during the first 3.00 graph time exposure ler with two tennis balls in the ait (a) Th P of its trajectory is lesa blurred than the lowes ene that? (b) Estimate the speed of the ball that he is just leasing from his right hand. (c) Determine how high the bel should have gone above the launch po ompare it to an es f thumb for determining the distan you and a lightning strike is ng the seconds lapse (“one-Missssippi, two-Missssippi,...”) unt you near by the lighming as it rapidly heats the speed of sound is about 750 mi/h, isa lightning strike if you counted abou: 3 until you heard the thunder (5) Estimate the uncertainty depends onthe air SPEED, DISPLACEMENT, AND VELOCITY fEERING APPLICATION (2) An electron in a telev re travels at an average 160 = + Eno nner runs 2.5 km. ina straight line in 9,0 min and then takes 30 min to w erage velocity forthe time spent elacty for the whole trip? whole tip? city for the Frst9.0 min? (6) What isthe walking? (c) What is the ay is the avecage speed 4 Acar travels in line with an average veloc: ity of 80 kr then with an average velocity of 4 km/h for 1.5. (@) Whatis the total displacement for the toe ip? (2) What is the average velocity fo > , a supersonic jet capable ¥ speed of sound, was used for traveling such routes Atlantic Ocean is about ane to the time taken by times the speed of f light, designated a value, to two significant figures, of wv long cloes it take for light to travel ow long does it take s ance of L5 X 10" m? (6) E Light to travel from the moon to Earth, a distance of 38 % 10! met Sun is 41 «109 km from Earth, From Zorg, a planet ovbiing ta Zongian places as t Tony's Pizza in Hoboken, New ning igh 00 x 10 (see Problem ng does it take der to each Tony's Plaza? (8) How long does Gregor w signal and receiving the pizza? It Tony's icy, does Gregor have to so ge cat making a 100-km joumey travels fest 50 an. How fast must it go during the seco age 50 km/h? S hosing (COMTEXTAlCH Late in ice hockey games, the team that 5 losing sometimes “pulls” their goalkeeper off the ice to add at adltional offensive player and increase their chances of coring, Insuch cases, the goalie onthe opposing team might have an oppor unity to store into the unguarded net 53.0 m away. Suppose you ¥ goaltender for your university team and are in just such 2 situation, You launch a shot (in hopes of getting your frst carcer goal) on the frictionless ice. You eventually hear a disappointing lang” a the puck strikes a goalpost (instead of going in! exact, 2.50» later. In this case, how fast did the puck travel? You should assume 343 m/s for the speed of sound, fo _s* Cosmonaut Andrei, your co-worker at the International Space Station, tosses a banana at you ata speed of 13 m/s At ex actly the same instant, you fling a scoop of ice cream at Andel along exactly the same path. The calision between banana and ice 1m from your location 1.2 after d ice cream were launched, (a) How fast did you toss the ice cream? (6) How far were you fom Andel tiken tossed the ice crearn? (Neglect any effets due to gravity) Figure 2.39 shows the position of a particle asa function of time. Find the average velocities for the time intervals 8 a 4 indicated in the figure. Figune 2-39 Problem 51 52 s+ Enaineennia Arruicanon It has been found that, on aver- age, galaxies are moving away from Earth at a spoed that is propor ‘onal to their distance from Earth. This discovery is knowe Hubble's law, named for its discoverer, astrophysicist Sir Edwin Hubble. He found that the recessional speed » of a galaxy a dle tance from Earth is given by » = Hr, where H = 158° 102616 led the Hubble constant. What ate the expected zecessional speeds of galaxies (a) 5.00 x 10m from Earth and (3) 2.00% 10% oa from Earth? (cf the galaxies at each of these dist their expected recessional speeds, how long aga seen at our location #2 tf The cheetah can run as fast a8 113 km/h, the falcon can ly as fast as 161 km/h, and the sailfish can swim as fast as km/h. The three of them run a relay with each covering a di. ‘maximum speed. What is the average speed of this olay y? Compare this average speed with the mu ical average of the three individual speeds Explain ca why the average speed of the relay team is not equal to the names ‘cal average ofthe three individual speeds, "ane * ‘Two cars are traveling along a straight road. Car A ‘maintains a constant speed of 8) km/h and car 8 maintains a com spe of 110 km/h, At f = 0, car Bis 45 km behind car A, () Haw much farther will car A travel before car B overtakes it? () How much ahead of A will B be 30 ater it overtakes A? rt Problems 37 os Mucrister A car traveling at a constant speed of 20 m/s passes an intersection at time t = 0, A second eat travel ing ata constant speed of 30 m/s in the same direction passes the same intersection 50 later. 2) Sketch the position functions x0) and s(t) for the two cars for the interval Ot 22s {®) Determine when the second car will overtake the first (©) How far from the intersection will the two cars be when they Pull even? (d) Whereis the fist car when the second car passes the intersection? "aie bet BloLoaicaL APpLication Bats use echolocation to de- termine their distance from objects they cannot easily see in the dark The time between the emission of a high-frequency sound Pulse (a click) and the detection ofits echo is used to determine Such distances. A bat, flying at a constant speed of 19.5 m/s ira Straight line toward a vertical cave wall, makes a single clicking noise and hears the echo 0.15 3 later, Assuming that she conti tued flying at her original speed, how close was she to the wall when she received the echo? Assume a speed of 343 m/s for the speed of sound 7 se* ENGINEERING APPLICATION A submarine can use sonar sound traveling through wate:) to determine its distance from other objects. The time between the emission of a sound pulse (a “ping”) and the detection ofits echo can be used to determi such alstances. Alternatively, by measuring the time between successoe ecco receptions of a regularly timed set of pings, the susmarine's speed may be determined by comparing the time between echoes to the time between pings, Assume yout are the sonar operator in a submarine traveling ata constant velocity underwater. Your Boat is ln the eastern Mediterranean Sea, whete the speed of sound is known to be 1522:m/s. Ifyou send out pings every 200, and your apparatus receives echoes reflected from an undersea lif every 1.98 5, how fast is your submarine traveling? ACCELERATION sa * A sports car accolerates in third gear from 433 km/h {about 30 mi /h) to 805 km/h (about 50 mi/B) in 3.70 s. (a) What is the average acceleration ofthis arin m/s? (6) IF the car maintained this acceleration, how fast would it be moving one second later? s + Anobject is moving along the r avis. At = 50, the ob jectis atx = +30 mand hasa velocity of +50m/s Att = 80si¢ $s atx = +9.0 mand its veloity is 1.0 m/s. Find its average ac. celeration during the time interval 505 <1 < 80s, -seue ws A particle moves along the x axis with velocity 0 (8.01m/s3)t ~ 7.0 m/s. @) Find the average acceleration for two dif ferent one-second intervals, one beginning att = 30s and the other Beginning at = 40 s. () Sketch v, versus # over the interval 0 < £< 105. (c) How do the instantaneous accelerations at the rid dle of each ofthe two tise intervals specified in Part (2) compare the average accelerations found in Part 2)? Explain, ft _¢¢ MULTIsTEP The position of certain particle depencis on time accorcling tothe equation x(t) = # = 50t +10, where xis in meters if isin seconds. (2) Find the displacement and average velocity for the interval 30s = £ = 405. (b) Find the ‘general formula forthe displacement forthe time interval from Fo t + at. (©) Use the limiting process to obtain the instants ‘neous velocity for any time ( (2 27, The positon of an object aya function of time is given by x= Al ~ Bt C, where A= 80 m/s! B= 60 m/s and 0 m, Find the instantaneous velocity and acceleration as functions of time,Motion in One Dimension TER 2 o The one-dimensional motion of a particle is plotted in Figure 2-40. (») What isthe average acceleration in each‘ot the sores AB, BC. and CE? (o) How far isthe particle fom sary int after 10? (c) Sketch the displacement ofthe pattile asa fae on of time: label the instants A,B,C, D. and Eon your graph) Ac what time isthe pactcle ra ing most slowly FIGURE 2-40 Problem 63 CONSTANT ACCELERATION AND FREE-FALL & areata An best projected vertically upward with inital speed attains a maximum height ft above its launch point Antanas Spisct Projected up with initial speed 20 from the sime height wil tain a maximum height of (a (G12h, (th. (Air resistance negligible son Sat taveling along the x axis starts from rest at 50m and accelerates at a constant rate of 80 m/s} a) How fa Hit going after 10 s?(b) How far has it gone after 108? () Wher 18S average velocity ? fe * Anobject long the x axis with an intial veloc ity of +50 m/shasa acceleration of +20 m/s? When it peed is 15 m/s, how far has it taveled? © rom sai Sbieet traveling along the x axis at constant aca ty of +10 m/s when itis at x = 60 mand of (0.0m. What sits acceleration? ‘ame an object traveling along the x axis in- te of *40m/seach second, Att = 003, O m/s and its position is +70 m. How fast is Son oy (A bullis launched directy upward from ground level rian inlsal speed of 20 m/s, (Air resistance le neglgibie) “or long is the ball inthe air?) What is the greatest Reght cached by the ball () How many seconds after latach ic en 15 mabove the elease point? 2 ot many Eithe Blackhawk landslide in California, a mass of rock and mud fell 460 m down a mountain and then traveled 800 ne, a Jevel plain. It has been theorized that the rock and mn on a cushion of water vapor. Assume that the mace Pped with the free-fall acceleration and then slid horizonvally song speed ata constant rate. (a) How long did the mud lake © me ine 460 m? (6) How fast was it traveling when itresehed ae. pottom? (6) How long did the mud take fo aide the ay tee horizontally? n A load of bricks is lited by a crane ata steady velocity of 50 m/s when one brick falls off 60m above the ground (@ Sketch the position of the brick y(}) versus time, from the ‘moment it leaves the pallet until it hits the ground, (6) What the greatest height the brick reaches above the ground? (d) Howe Bung does it take to reach the ground? (i) Wha is its speed jst before ithits the ground? ame 7 ont / bolt comes loose from underneath an elevator that is moving upward at a constant speed of 60 c/s, The teat Teaches te bottom ofthe elevator shat in 3.0, (¢) How high above the bottom of the shaft was the elevator when the bet came loose? (b) Whats the speed ofthe bolt when it hits the og tom of the shalt? Bait Af obletis dropped from rest ata height of 120 m, Find the distance it falls during its final second in the Thal secon” SbiGt i released fom rest ata height fe During the final second of is fall it traverses a distance of 38m. Delesmisery Jhon i Stone thrown vertically downward fom the top of a 200-m cif: During the last half second of its flight, the stone ec ls. a distance of 45 m. Find the initial speed of the ctone ont » Aan object is released from sest ata height h tt cing the frst second of its descent. Determine the av ty of the object during its entire descent, 04h Pete fp AbuS accelerates from rest at 1.5 m/s? for 12s. It then ils a constant velocity for 25 s, after which it slows to sp ith an acceleration of magnitude 15 m/s. (a) What is tre tact distance that the bus travels? (6) What i its average velocity? Mode ec aid Bert are jogging side-by-side on a tail in the Sirods ata speed of 0.75 m/s. Suddenly Al sees the end of the tea 35m ahead and decides to speed up to reach it He accelerates at onstant rate of 0.50 m/s? while Bert continues on at a comice speed. (a) How long does it take Al to reach the end of the seat (f) Once ne reaches the end of the tral, he immediately tonne wind and heads back along the trail with a constant speed of /s. How long does it take him to meet up with Bert? f) How 9 from the end of the tal when they meet? You have designed a rocket to be used to sample the local srigPhere for pollution. I i fied vertically with a constant up- ifard acceleration of 20 m/3%. After 25 s, the engine shuts aff afd continues rising (in freefall) for a while (Air estotance The socket eventually stops rising and then falls beck ty dhe ground. You want to get a sample of air thats 20 kn above hg ‘ound. (a) Did you reach your height goal? not what weald see Change so thatthe rocket saches 20 km (5) Determine the loa Gor, Fu, ocket isin the air. (} Find the speed of the rocket just hofooe bit the ground. A flowerpot falls from the ledge of an apartment build son in an apartment below, coincidentally in possession s high speed high-precision timing system, notices hat tok 4.205 for the pot to fall past his &0-mhigh window, How far bees {2s fopo0 the window isthe edge from which the pot fll (Neglect any effects due to air resistance Jn a classroom demonstration, a glider moves along an ted track with constant acceleration. Iris projected frontne Git end of the track with an inital velocity. After 800"? Hace Sppved its 100 cm from the low end and is moving along the tack of ~15 cm/s, Find the initial velocity’ and the acceleration. “se Soran w.Wf0°k atopped from a elif covers one-third of its total distance to the ground inthe last second of is allt resistance negligible. How high is the cliff? ei+4 A typical automobile under hard braking loses speed at a rate of about 70 m/s the typieal reachon time to engage the brakes is 050s. local school board sets the speed liit in a school zone such thatall cars should be able to stop in 40 m. (a) What ma imum speed does this imply for an automobile in this zone? b) What fraction of the 4.0 m is due to the reaction time? “si? &4 +6 Tivo trains face each other on adjacent tracks. They are at rest, and theic éront ends are 40m apart, The tain on erates rightward at LO m/s! The erates leitward at 13 m/s®, (a) How far does the train on the travel before the front ends of the (@) If the teains axe m in length, how long after the stat are they completely ‘one another, assuming their accelerations are constant? 4% ++. ‘Twostones are dropped from the edge of a 6-m cif, the tone 1.65 after the first. How far below the top ofthe cis? one When the separation between the two stones ‘A motoreycle officer hidden at an intersection observes a car driven by an oblivious driver who ignores a stop sign and con tinues rough the intersection at constant speed. The police of 3 off in pursuit 2.0 after the eat has passed the stop sign. She accelerates at 4.2 m/s? until her speed is 110 km/h, and then con: ‘unues a tis speed until she catches the car. At that instant the ca is Le km from the intersection. (a) How long did it take forthe of ficer to catch up to the ca? (b) How fast was the car traveling? #7 _*¢ Att =0, stone is dropped from the top ofa cliff above 2 lake. Another stones thrown downward 1.6 later from the samme int with an initial speed of 32 m/s. Bath stones hit the water at dithe height of the cif 7 same instant. F a + A passenger train is travelin eer Sees a freight train 360 m ahead of his train traveling in the same direction on the same track. The freight train is moving at 2 speed of 6.0 m/s, (a) Ifthe reaction time of the engineer is 0.40 s What is the minimum (constant) ate at which the passenger train must lose speed ifacolision is to be avoided? (lt the engineer's reaction tie is 0.8) sand the train loses speed at the minimum sate eseribed in Part (a), at what rate is the passenger train approach ing the freight train when the two collide? {c) For both reaction times, how far will the passenger train have traveled inthe time be tween the sighting ofthe freight train and the collision? 229 m/s when the eng 8 #* BIOLOGICAL APPLICATION. The click beetle can project it f about 400g (an onder of mag. nitude more than a human could survive!) The beetle jumps by unfolding” its 0.60-cm long legs. (a) How high can the click beetle jump? (b) How long is the beetle in the aie? (Assume constant ac celeration while in contact with the ground and neglect air self vertically with an acceleration 99 s+ An automobile accelerates from rest at 20 m/s! for 20 The speed is then held constant for 205, after which there is an ace celeration of ~3.0:m/s? until the automobile stops. What is the total dlistance traveled? sr _** Consider measuring the free-fall motion of a particle (n slect ar resistance), Before the advent of computer-driven data-lo, ing Software, these experiments typically employed a wax-coatea {ape placed vertically next to the path ofa dropped electrically con ductive object. A spark generator would cause an are to jurmp be. ‘bveen two vertical wines through the falling object and theough the tape, thereby marking the tape a fixed time intervals At. Show that the change in height during successive time intervals for an object falling from rest follows Galileo’ Rule of Odd Numbers: Ay., = 38 Ayyg = 5p». where Ay. isthe change in y during the first i terval of duration af, Aya; i$ the change in y during the second interval of duration At, eta: IW Problems | 59 2 Starting from rest, a particle travels along the x axis with 4 constant acceleration of +3. myst. Ata time 400s following start itis at x= ~100 m. At a time 6.0 later it has a velocity of +15 m/s. Find its positon at this later time. ca s¢ Ifst were possible for a spacecraft to maintain a constant acceleration indefinitely, trips to the planets of the Solac System could be undertaken in days or weeks, while voyages to the ne stars would only takea few years. a) Using data from the tables a the back of the Book, find the time it would take fora one-way trip from Earth to Mars (at Mars’ closest approach to Earth). Assume the spacecrat starts from rest, travels along a st celerates halfway at 1g, Pekin tip #0 Proxima Centauri, our nearest stellar neighbor outside of the Sun, (See Problem 47.) sam se The atosphere Tower in Las Vegas is 1137 ft high, I lakes 1 min, 20 to ascend from the ground floor to the top ofthe ‘ower using the high-speed elevator. The elevator starts and ends at rest, Assume that it maintains a constant upward acceleration until it reaches its maximum speed, ard then maintains a constant acce!= eration of equal magnitude unél it comes toa stop. Find the mage nitude ofthe acceleration of the elevator. Express this acceleration magnitude as a multiple of g (the acceleration due to gravity ss ++ A train pulls away from a station with a constant accel- eration of 0.40 m/s. A passenger arrives ata point next tothe track 6.0 satter the end ofthe train has passed the very same point. What is the slowest constant speed at which she can run and sill catch the train? On a single graph, plot the position versus time curves for the train and the passenger, s+ Ball A is dropped from the top of a building of height k 3 instant that ball Bis theown vertically upward from the Ven the balls collie, they are moving in opposite divec fons, and the speed of A is twice the speed of B. At what height does the collision occur? 7 444 Solve Problem 100 ifthe collision accurs when the balls are moving in the same direction and the speed of A is 4 times that of B. Starting at one station, a subway train accelerates from stant rate of 1.00 m/s for half the distance to the next station, then slows down at the same rate forthe second half of the journey: The total distance between stations is 900 m. (a) Sketch a graph of the velocity v, as a function of time over the full journey’ (@) Sketch a graph ofthe position asa function of time over the fll journey. Place appropriate numerical values on both axes 22 +99 A speeder traveling ata constant speed of 125 km/h races past a billboard. A patrol car pursues from rest with con- stant acceleration of (8.0 km/h)/s unt it reaches ifs maximusn speed of 199 kan/>, which it maintains until it catches up with the speeder. (a) How long does it take the patrol car to catch the speesier if it starts moving just as the speeder passes? (5) How far does each car travel? (¢) Sketch x() for each cat "$5 wp ses When the patrol car in Problem 103 (traveling at 190 km/h) is 100 m behind the speeder (traveling at 125 km/y, the speeder sees the police car and slams on his brakes, locking the wheels. (a) Assuming that each car can brake at 60 nh/s! and that the driver ofthe police car brakes instantly as she sees the brake lights of the speeder (ceaction time = 0.03), stow that the cars collide. (b) At what time after the speeder applies his brakes slo the to cars collide? (c) Discuss how reaction sme would af fect this problem.60 =| ~— cHaPTER 2 Motion in One Dimension m1 s+ Leadfoot Lou enters the “Rest-to-Rest” auto competition, restant’s car begins and ends at rest, covering a xed distance L in as short a time a6 possible The intention is to demonstrate driving skills, and to find which car is the best at the combination ofspeedirg up and slowing down. The course is de signed so that maximum speeds ofthe cars are never reached. c) ff Lou's car maintains an acceleration (magnitude) of a during sdup, and maintains a deceleration (magnitude) of 22 during raking, at what faction of£ should Lou move his foot from the gas Pedal to the brake? (b) What fraction ofthe total time for the tip elapsed at that point? (c) What is the fastest speed Lou's car ever a ct Low's reaction time, and answer in terms ofa and L we A physics professor, equipped with a rocket backpa PS out of a helicopter at an alstude of 575 m with zero initial v pet (Neglect ar resistance ) For 8.0, she falls ireely At that tine, she fires her rockets and slows her rate of descent at 13 m/s? cent reaches 5.0 m/s, At this point, she ad ontrols to maintain that rate of descent until she ground. (a) On a single graph, sketch her accel as functions of time. (Take upward to be po: oft 2 -down period? (a) How far does she travel g down? (e) How much time is required for the entice tip from the helicopter to the ground? (f) Whal is her average ve locity for the entire trip INTEGRATION OF THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION ws + Thevelocity ofa particles given by »,(0) = (6.0 m/e (6.0 mvs). (a) Sketch v versus # and find the area under the ‘curve forthe interval = 010 # = 5.03.8) Find the position func. tion x(t). Use it to calculate the displacement during the interval to NF ws Figure 2-41 shows the velocity of a particle versus ime. (a) What is the magnitude, in metets, cepresented by the ea of the shaded box? (6) Estimate the displacement of the tile for the two 1-s intervals, one beginning at f= 1.0 s and the other at #= 200s, (c) Estimate the average velocity for the teeval 1.0 0s. (f) The equation of the curve is » 50 m/s}. Find the displacement ofthe particle for the inter val, 3.0s by integration and compare this answer with your ans Part (b). 15 the average Velocity equal to the me: and final velocities for this ease? 3 the inti FIGURE 2.41 Problem 104 The velocity of a particle is given by 2, = (7.0 m/s!) the particle is at the origin at fy = 0, find the position mes Consider the velocity graph in Figure 242, Assuming att = 0, write correct algebraic expressions for 1(), 0, (0), and with appropriate numerical values inserted for al constants FlaUAE 2-42 Problem 105 ure 2-43 shows the acceleration of a pasticle versus What is the magnitude, in m/s, of the area of the shaded box? (6) The particle staris from cestat# = 0, Estimate the velocity sand 308 under the curve for Pact (b); then Figume 2-49 Problem 107 + Figuce 2-445 a graph of v, versus for a particle moving straight line. The position of the particle at time = 0 is 1. (a) Find x for various times # by counting boxes, an sketch x as a function oft. () Sketch a graph ofthe acceleration a 85 a function of the time f,(c} Determine the displacem particle berween t= 3.08 and 70, FiGume 2-40 Problem 108tor ss ConcerruaL. Figure 2-45 shows a plot of x versus ¢ for an object moving along a straight line. For this motion, sketch sraphs (using the same f axis) ofa) v, as a Function oft and (0) 2, as a function of (¢) Use your sketches to qualitatively compaze the time(s) when the objects at its largest distance from the origin to the time(s) when its speed is greatest. Explain why the times are at he same. (2) Use your sketches to qualitatively compare the time(s) when the object is moving fastest fo the time(s) when its accelera- tion is the largest. Explain why the times are not the same “eM Figume 2-45 Problem 109 mo ees Muiisrer 7 by a, = bt, wh e constant, won ais it = vy, at = 0.) Find the position and ve locity at ¢ = 50's it x = 0, % = 0 and b = 30 m/s (c) Compute the average velocity of the tween $= 45.5 and 33. 3 50sifx =0,r,, =Oand Compare this average me time interval from 0.0 to 100s, the accelera on of a particle traveling in a straight line is given by 20 m/s) Let to the right be the + direction. A pa tally has a velocity to the right of 95 m/s and is located to the let of the origin, (a) Determine the velocity as a function of time during the interval: (5) determine the postion asa func n of time during the interval () determine the average veloc ty between # = 0.0 sand 100s, and compare it to the average of the instantaneous velocities at the start and ending times. Ace these fo averages equal? Explain, aM Consider the motion of a particle that experiences a celeraion given by a, = ay, ~ bt, where a, and bare stants and x = x, and 2, = oy at = 0. (a) Find the insta neous velocity as a function of time. (b) Find the position as a function of time. (c) Find the average velocity for the tae interval with an initial time of zeto and arbitrary final time ) Compare the average ofthe initial and final veigcties t answer to Part (0). A ges equal? Explain, variable GENERAL PROBLEMS No s+ Conrexr-Ricw You area student in a science class tha s using the following apparatus to determine the value of ¢. Two photogates are used. (Note: You may be familiar with photogates in veryday living. You see them in the doorways of some stores, They. are designed to ring a bell when someone iniecrupts the bear whale walking through the door) One photogate is located atthe edge of 100-m-high table and the second photogate is located on te floor directly below the first photogate. You are told to drop a marble through these gates, releasing it from rest .50 m above the lower sate, The upper gate starts a mer as the ball passes through it The second photogate stops the timer when the ball passes through its beam. (2) Prove that the experimental magnitude of freefall accel. cation is given by gag = (2Ay)/(A, where Ay isthe vertical dis. tance between the plistogates and A? isthe fall time. (8) For your Problems | 61 setup, what value of At would you expect to measure, assuming Sg the standard value (9.81 m/s) (2) During the experiment, sllfhe error is made. Instead of locating the frst photogate even with the top of the table, your not-so-careful lab partner locates it 0.50 cm lower than the top ofthe table. However, she does manage to properly locate the second photogate at a height of 0.50 m above the floor. What value of g,,. will you and your partner determine? What percentage different does this represent from the standard value of 5? M4 ses MuLrister The position of a body oscillating on a spring is given by x = A sin at, where A and a (lower case Greek omega) are constants, A = 50cm, and a = 0.175 5" (a) Plotx asa funchon of: for 0 = ¢'s 36s. () Measure the slope of your gzaph at #0 to find the velocity at this time. (c) Caleulate the average beginning at ¢ = 0 and ending at Compute dx/dt to find the 8. e) Compase your results in Parts () and (d) nur Part () result velocity for a series of interval: = 60,30, 20, 10, 050, and 0 and explain why your Parte results approach y M8 ¢%* GoncEPTUAL Consider an object that is attached to a horizontally oscillating piston. The object moves with a velocity Biven by » = B sin(at), where B and w (lower case Greek omege are constants and wis ins". () Explain why B is equal to the mew imum speed 2... () Determine the acceleration of the abject a a function of time” Is the acceleration constant? (c) What isthe ma mum acceleration (magnitude) in terms of w and 2,.~ (@) At #= 0, the object's postion is known to be x, Determine the position as a function of fime in terms of, «x, and, ata" s what is the speed when Particle to tcavel from = sppose the acceleration of a particle is a function of x, Ifthe velocity is zero when x = 10m, 3.0 m? (6) How long does it take the Omtox=30m 7 ¢6e A rock falls through water with a continuously de- asing acceleration, Assume that the rock’s acceleration a3 a city has the form a, = g ~ bo, where Bis a pos direction is dieéctly downward) 5) Prove mathematically that if 0, the acceleration will de- Pend exponentially on time according to 4,(#) = ge. (¢) What i the terminal speed for the rock in terms of g and 5? (See Problem 38 for an explanation of the phenomencn of termina speed.) Me hws Asmallrock-sinking through water (see Problem 121) ‘experiences an exponentially decreasing acceleration given by (0 = ge, where Bis positive constant that depends on the shape and size of the rock and the physical properties of the Based upon this, find expressions forthe velocity and po. sition ofthe rock as functions of time. Assume tha its inital po- sition and velocity are both zero and that the +y ditecton is cic y downward. ji8_¢9* SPREADSHEET The acceleration of a skydiver jumping. from an airplane is given by a, = g ~ bot, where b is a positive that depends on the skydiver’s cross-sectional area and ty of the surrounding atmosphere she is diving through. The +y directions is directly downward, (a I her initial speed is zero when stepping from a hovering helicopter, show that her speed as a function of time is given by n(¢) = v,tanh (¢/T), where 's the terminal speed (see Problem 38) given by 2, ~ V a/b, and T= »,/zisa time-scale parameter. () What fraction ofthe ter. minal speed is the speed at t= T. (c) Use a spreadsheet progcamn to graph 0,(#) a8 a function of time, using a terminal speed of V/s (use this value to calculate b and 7). Does the resultingA2 Answers to Odd-Numbered End-of-Chapter Problems | distance estimate willbe about 20% of 17 ke, or approximately 300 n | a3 @a28 havin, = 045 Because 4.3 % 10*y >> 1000 y 0 (@) 0.13 krm/min Rosey 181b, 86.19 of E s, (2) Lins 5 2H/T» aan L0¥e,,. The avers val to one-thizd the sum of the th maintained fort time the initial and fs velocity would be ze ) Yes, when the slopes of es have opposite signs, () Yes, when the curves have Le instant the two curves a The two cars are farthest apart atthe farthest apartin the x direction. b (o) None, ( ‘and d fihrand i, (é),¢, ands ‘mi, (6) Ifthe uncertainty in your time estimate is les than 1s (20%), the uncertainty in the rtAnswers to Odd-Numbered End-of-Chapter Problems | Ad