Preparation of Alcohols

By reduction of aldehyde and ketones

(i) Catalytic hydrogenation: Addition of hydrogen in the presence of catalysts like finely divided
Pt/Pd/Ni.

0 o
(ii) Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is another common reducing agent that can be used to reduce
ketones or aldehydes.
Preparation of Alcohols N
R Coote No Reduction
From carboxylic acids and esters
Carboxylic acids are reduced to primary alcohols in the presence of strong reducing agent like lithium
aluminium hydride.

Acids are reduced to alcohols by reducing their esters through catalytic hydrogenation or Na/alcohol.

ore Es r E ee can be easily reduced

Preparation of Alcohols
strongBare
From Grignard’s reagent
F NYX r
0
strong Huai
A Grignard reagent reacts with a ketone or an aldehyde to produce an alcohol.

Cossiga NTI mice CI alcohol

u E
uikgu.ua on
is R

EE
foiEEEII.IN Chg
adf.ua
eEr Ef aes
Ctg
3 alcohol
o
EEuf.EEEIE.es aim r
E
O H2
ER d
r
iff
E MR
gy
nimgx uestmgfn.az

a a
End
a
Es ri't
Preparation of Alcohols

Bouveault-Blanc reduction
It involves reduction of carboxylic esters than of aldehydes or ketones in the presence of sodium in
ethanol.

reinfreite
Oxidation of Alcohol carboxylicacid
R OH carbonylcomp
Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes and carboxylic acids.

An excellent reagent to use for converting a primary alcohol to an aldehyde is pyridinium

chlorochromate (PCC). When dissolved in methylene chloride (CH2Cl2), it will oxidize a primary
alcohol to an aldehyde and stop at that stage.

Yi c

ketone
Oxidation of Alcohol

Primary alcohols can be oxidized to carboxylic acids by potassium permanganate (KMnO4), or chromic
acid (H2CrO4).

Secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ketones. The reaction usually stops at the ketone stage
because further oxidation requires the breaking of a carbon–carbon bond.
Tests for primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol

coneHCl e2m92
R OH R U
I
Reaction of ROH with HX
Reactions of ROH

G I

seems

A OH sock RU Retention
Fs
Reactions of ROH
Reactions of ROH

Inversion

SN 2
Reactions of ROH
Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Tosylates

SN2
Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Tosylates
Dehydration Using POCl3 and Pyridine
Pinacol–Pinacolone rearrangement vie diols
This rearrangement involves the conversion of pinacols (1, 2-glycols) to ketones or aldehydes with the
action of an acid.

t o t a
i m

P More Nable carbocation

I
1,2 shift Cte C
fee
c Ue
Ar H R Il l
O Ut
Pinacolone
Pinacol–Pinacolone rearrangement
Reaction of Ethers with Strong Acid
Mrs Eger
9 µ OH
ay ay Br
I Br
HI
0 Utz I
ay OH
G
Te
e
de
EIN took asura
 Yg tf
g
I da
LOH
Br
t
TOH n Br
Br
Br t

and
TI
Cfr not
To
Williamson ether Synthesis

R't R o R Ether
R X t
Gus
Moro compact

i
ug uy Br
Cd
iues d o nlat
SN2
uy uz o
Us
d.tn
I l
Phalide Mrs cob

Ms HBV
ay dI Br
cey azo.ua
cuz
R2 y
J halide
Reactions of Epoxides

looksfor
site
the red
Reactions of Epoxides
Reactions of Epoxides
 e
5 ROH
Lei
I ROH

iron
no

hqr.EE
Hege we
2

UtzOH
PhongBr
Ey Mg roue
E

d
abuseon Es ensues s abuse
420

Uyay ay OH
ROH
 ph uy ctfm cnftuh.es
O
O X f Hao

X Ph cer on MIL
E Anna It's runtime.tv

if to OH

I't MIFF
I I
E 2

o
I
g y
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35