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Contents
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1Paddle wheels

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2Types of paddle steamers

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2.1Stern-wheeler

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2.2Side-wheeler

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2.3Inboard paddlewheeler

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3Feathering paddle wheel

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4History

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4.1Western world

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4.2China

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5Seagoing paddle steamers

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6Paddle-driven steam warships

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6.1Paddle frigates

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6.2Paddle minesweepers

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7Modern paddle steamers

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7.1China

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7.2US and Canada

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7.3Germany

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7.4Bangladesh

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7.5Austria

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7.6Italy

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7.7Denmark

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7.8Norway

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7.9Switzerland
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7.9.1Active vessels

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7.10France

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7.11United Kingdom

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7.12USSR

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7.13Australia

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7.14New Zealand

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7.15The Netherlands

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7.16Japan

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8Paddle tugs

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9See also

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10Notes

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11References

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12Bibliography

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13External links

Paddle steamer
A paddle steamer is a steamship or steamboat powered by a
steam engine that drives paddle wheels to propel the craft
through the water. In antiquity, paddle wheelers followed the
development of poles, oars and sails, where the first uses were
wheelers driven by animals or humans.

In the early 19th century, paddle wheels were the predominant

way of propulsion for steam-powered boats. In the late 19th A typical river paddle
century, paddle propulsion was largely superseded by the screw steamer from the 1850s.
propeller and other marine propulsion systems that have a
higher efficiency, especially in rough or open water. Paddle
wheels continue to be used by small, pedal-powered paddle
boats and by some ships that operate tourist voyages. The latter
are often powered by diesel engines.[a]

Paddle wheels
The paddle wheel is a large steel framework wheel. The outer Fall Line's steamer
edge of the wheel is fitted with numerous, regularly spaced Providence, launched 1866
paddle blades (called floats or buckets). The bottom quarter or
so of the wheel travels under water. An engine rotates the
paddle wheel in the water to produce thrust, forward or
backward as required. More advanced paddle-wheel designs
feature "feathering" methods that keep each paddle blade closer
to vertical while in the water to increase efficiency. The upper
part of a paddle wheel is normally enclosed in a paddlebox to
minimise splashing.

Finlandia Queen, a paddle-

Types of paddle steamers wheel ship from 1990s in
Tampere, Finland[1]
The three types of paddle wheel steamer are stern-wheeler, with
a single wheel on the rear, a side-wheeler with one on each side,
and an inboard with the paddlewheel mounted in a recess amidship.[2] All were used as
riverboats in the United States. Some still operate for tourists, for example on the Mississippi
River.

Stern-wheeler

Although the first stern-wheelers were invented in Europe, they saw the most service in North
America, especially on the Mississippi River. Enterprise was built at Brownsville, Pennsylvania,

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in 1814 as an improvement over the less efficient side-

wheelers. The second stern-wheeler built, Washington of
1816, had two decks and served as the prototype for all
subsequent steamboats of the Mississippi, including those
made famous in Mark Twain's book Life on the
Mississippi.[3]

Advance, a Greenock-built
Side-wheeler American Civil War blockade-
running side-wheel steamer
Side-wheelers are used as riverboats and as coastal craft.
Though the side wheels and
enclosing sponsons make
them wider than stern-
wheelers, they may be more
maneuverable, since they
can sometimes move the
paddles at different speeds,
and even in opposite
directions. This extra
maneuverability makes side-
wheelers popular on the
narrower, winding rivers of
the Murray–Darling system
in Australia, where a Left: Riveted steel paddle wheel from a sidewheeler paddle
number still operate. steamer on the lake of Lucerne
Right: Detail of a steamer
European side-wheelers,
such as PS Waverley,
connect the wheels with solid drive shafts that limit
maneuverability and give the craft a wide turning radius.
Some were built with paddle clutches that disengage one or
both paddles so they can turn independently. However,
wisdom gained from early experience with side-wheelers
deemed that they be operated with clutches out, or as solid-
shaft vessels. Crews noticed that as ships approached the
dock, passengers moved to the side of the ship ready to
disembark. The shift in weight, added to independent
movements of the paddles, could lead to imbalance and The Nettie Quill, pictured in
potential capsizing. Paddle tugs were frequently operated Alabama in 1906, shows a
with clutches in, as the lack of passengers aboard meant that typical early sternwheeler
independent paddle movement could be used safely and the design.
added maneuverability exploited to the full.

Inboard paddlewheeler

Recessed or inboard paddlewheel boats were designed to ply narrow and snag infested
backwaters. By recessing the wheel within the hull it was protected somewhat from damage. It
was enclosed and could be spun at a high speed to provide acute maneuverability. Most were
built with inclined steam cylinders mounted on both sides of the paddleshaft and timed 90Deg
apart like a locomotive, making them instantly reversing.

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Feathering paddle wheel

In a simple paddle wheel, where the paddles are fixed around
the periphery, power is lost due to churning of the water as
the paddles enter and leave the water surface. Ideally, the
paddles should remain vertical while under water. This ideal
can be approximated by use of levers and linkages connected
to a fixed eccentric. The eccentric is fixed slightly forward of
the main wheel centre. It is coupled to each paddle by a rod
and lever. The geometry is designed such that the paddles are Old sidewheeler "Pittsburgh" in
kept almost vertical for the short duration that they are in the Gore Bay, Manitoulin Island
water.[4]

History

Western world

The use of a paddle wheel in navigation appears for the first

time in the mechanical treatise of the Roman engineer
Vitruvius (De architectura, X 9.5–7), where he describes
multigeared paddle wheels working as a ship odometer. The
first mention of paddle wheels as a means of propulsion
comes from the fourth– or fifth-century military treatise De
Morgan's feathering paddle
Rebus Bellicis (chapter XVII), where the anonymous Roman wheel (Steam and the Steam
author describes an ox-driven paddle-wheel warship: Engine, Evers)

Animal power, directed by the resources on

ingenuity, drives with ease and swiftness,
wherever utility summons it, a warship suitable
for naval combats, which, because of its
enormous size, human frailty as it were prevented
from being operated by the hands of men. In its
hull, or hollow interior, oxen, yoked in pairs to
capstans, turn wheels attached to the sides of the
ship; paddles, projecting above the circumference
Ox-powered Roman paddle
or curved surface of the wheels, beating the water
wheel boat from a 15th-century
with their strokes like oar-blades as the wheels copy of De Rebus Bellicis
revolve, work with an amazing and ingenious
effect, their action producing rapid motion. This
warship, moreover, because of its own bulk and
because of the machinery working inside it, joins
battle with such pounding force that it easily
wrecks and destroys all enemy warships coming
at close quarters.[5]

Italian physician Guido da Vigevano (circa 1280–1349), planning for a new crusade, made
illustrations for a paddle boat that was propelled by manually turned compound cranks.[6]

One of the drawings of the Anonymous Author of the Hussite Wars shows a boat with a pair of
paddlewheels at each end turned by men operating compound cranks.[7] The concept was

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improved by the Italian

Roberto Valturio in 1463,
who devised a boat with
five sets, where the
parallel cranks are all
joined to a single power
source by one connecting
A 15th-century paddlewheel rod, an idea adopted by
boat powered by crankshafts his compatriot Francesco
(Anonymous of the Hussite di Giorgio.[7]
Wars)
In 1539, Spanish engineer
Blasco de Garay received
the support of Charles V to build ships equipped with
manually-powered side paddle wheels. From 1539 to 1543,
Garay built and launched five ships, the most famous being
the modified Portuguese carrack La Trinidad, which Paddle boat, by the Italian
surpassed a nearby galley in speed and maneuverability on artist-engineer Taccola, De
June 17, 1543 in the harbor of Barcelona. The project, machinis (1449): The paddles
however, was discontinued.[8] 19th century writer Tomás wind a rope fixed to an anchor
upstream, thus moving the boat
González claimed to have found proof that at least some of
against the current.
these vessels were steam-powered, but this theory was
discredited by the Spanish authorities. It has been proposed
that González mistook a steam-powered desalinator created
by Garay for a steam boiler.[8]

In 1704, French physicist Denis Papin constructed the first ship powered by his steam engine,
mechanically linked to paddles. This made him the first to construct a steam-powered boat (or
vehicle of any kind). Then, he poured the first steam cylinder of the world in the iron foundry at
Veckerhagen.

In 1787, Patrick Miller of Dalswinton invented a double-hulled boat that was propelled on the
Firth of Forth by men working a capstan that drove paddles on each side.[9]

One of the first functioning steamships, Palmipède, which

was also the first paddle steamer, was built in France in 1774
by Marquis Claude de Jouffroy and his colleagues. The 13 m
(42 ft 8 in) steamer with rotating paddles sailed on the Doubs
River in June and July 1776. In 1783, a new paddle steamer
Model made by de Jouffroy in by de Jouffroy, Pyroscaphe, successfully steamed up the
1784 to show the French river Saône for 15 minutes before the engine failed.
Science Academy the engine Bureaucracy and the French Revolution thwarted further
and paddle wheels used on
progress by de Jouffroy.
Pyroscaphe: The model is now
in the National Maritime The next successful attempt at a paddle-driven steam ship
Museum in Paris.[10] was by Scottish engineer William Symington, who suggested
steam power to Patrick Miller of Dalswinton.[9] Experimental
boats built in 1788 and 1789 worked successfully on
Lochmaben Loch. In 1802, Symington built a barge-hauler, Charlotte Dundas, for the Forth and
Clyde Canal Company. It successfully hauled two 70-ton barges almost 20 mi (32 km) in 6 hours
against a strong headwind on test in 1802. Enthusiasm was high, but some directors of the
company were concerned about the banks of the canal being damaged by the wash from a
powered vessel, and no more were ordered.

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While Charlotte Dundas was the first commercial paddle steamer and steamboat, the first
commercial success was possibly Robert Fulton's Clermont in New York, which went into
commercial service in 1807 between New York City and Albany. Many other paddle-equipped
river boats followed all around the world; the first in Europe being PS Comet designed by Henry
Bell which started a scheduled passenger service on the River Clyde in 1812.[11]

In 1812, the first U.S. Mississippi River paddle steamer began

operating out of New Orleans. By 1814, Captain Henry
Shreve[b] had developed a "steamboat" [c] suitable for local
conditions. Landings in New Orleans went from 21 in 1814 to
191 in 1819, and over 1,200 in 1833.

The first stern-wheeler was designed by Gerhard Moritz

Roentgen from Rotterdam, and used between Antwerp and
Ghent in 1827.[12]
A paddle tug pulling
Team boats, paddle boats driven by horses, were used for HMS Temeraire to a breaking
ferries the United States from the 1820s–1850s, as they were yard in 1838
economical and did not incur licensing costs imposed by the
steam navigation monopoly. In the 1850s, they were replaced
by steamboats.[13]

After the American Civil War, as the expanding railroads took many passengers, the traffic
became primarily bulk cargoes. The largest, and one of the last, paddle steamers on the
Mississippi was the sternwheeler Sprague. Built in 1901, she pushed coal and petroleum until
1948.[14][15][16][17][18]

In Europe from the 1820s, paddle steamers were used to take tourists from the rapidly
expanding industrial cities on river cruises, or to the newly established seaside resorts, where
pleasure piers were built to allow passengers to disembark regardless of the state of the tide.
Later, these paddle steamers were fitted with luxurious saloons in an effort to compete with the
facilities available on the railways. Notable examples are the Thames steamers which took
passengers from London to Southend-on-Sea and Margate, Clyde steamers that connected
Glasgow with the resort of Rothsay and the Köln-Düsseldorfer cruise steamers on the River
Rhine. Paddle steamer services continued into the mid-20th century, when ownership of motor
cars finally made them obsolete except for a few heritage examples.[19]

China

The first mention of a paddle-wheel ship from China is in the History of the Southern Dynasties,
compiled in the 7th century but describing the naval ships of the Liu Song Dynasty (420–479)
used by admiral Wang Zhen'e in his campaign against the Qiang in 418 AD. The ancient Chinese
mathematician and astronomer Zu Chongzhi (429–500) had a paddle-wheel ship built on the
Xinting River (south of Nanjing) known as the "thousand league boat".[20] When campaigning
against Hou Jing in 552, the Liang Dynasty (502–557) admiral Xu Shipu employed paddle-wheel
boats called "water-wheel boats". At the siege of Liyang in 573, the admiral Huang Faqiu
employed foot-treadle powered paddle-wheel boats. A successful paddle-wheel warship design
was made in China by Prince Li Gao in 784 AD, during an imperial examination of the provinces
by the Tang Dynasty (618–907) emperor.[21] The Chinese Song Dynasty (960–1279) issued the
construction of many paddle-wheel ships for its standing navy, and according to the British
biochemist, historian, and sinologist Joseph Needham:

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"...between 1132 and 1183 (AD) a great number of

treadmill-operated paddle-wheel craft, large and small,
were built, including sternwheelers and ships with as
many as 11 paddle-wheels a side,".[22]

The standard Chinese term "wheel ship" was used by the Song
period, whereas a litany of colorful terms were used to describe it
beforehand. In the 12th century, the Song government used paddle-
wheel ships en masse to defeat opposing armies of pirates armed
with their own paddle-wheel ships. At the Battle of Caishi in 1161,
paddle-wheelers were also used with great success against the Jin
Dynasty (1115–1234) navy.[23] The Chinese used the paddle-wheel
ship even during the First Opium War (1839–1842) and for
transport around the Pearl River during the early 20th century. A Chinese paddle-wheel
ship from a Qing
Dynasty encyclopedia
Seagoing paddle steamers published in 1726

The first seagoing trip of a paddle steamer was by the Albany

in 1808. It steamed from the Hudson River along the coast to
the Delaware River. This was purely for the purpose of
moving a river-boat to a new market, but paddle-steamers
began regular short coastal trips soon after. In 1816 Pierre
Andriel, a French businessman, bought in London the 15 hp
(11 kW) paddle steamer Margery (later renamed Elise) and PS Waverley, the last seagoing
made an eventful London-Le Havre-Paris crossing, paddle steamer
encountering heavy weather on the way. He later operated
his ship as a river packet on the Seine, between Paris and Le
Havre.

The first paddle-steamer to make a long ocean voyage crossing the Atlantic Ocean was
SS Savannah, built in 1819 expressly for this service. Savannah set out for Liverpool on May 22,
1819, sighting Ireland after 23 days at sea. This was the first powered crossing of the Atlantic,
although Savannah was built as a sailing ship with a steam auxiliary; she also carried a full rig of
sail for when winds were favorable, being unable to complete the voyage under power alone. In
1822, Charles Napier's Aaron Manby, the world's first iron ship, made the first direct steam
crossing from London to Paris and the first seagoing voyage by an iron ship.

One of Commodore Perry's
fleet: either Mississippi or
Susquehanna
In 1838, Sirius, a fairly small steam packet built for the Cork
to London route, became the first vessel to cross the Atlantic
under sustained steam power, beating Isambard Kingdom
Brunel's much larger Great Western by a day. Great
Western, however, was actually built for the transatlantic
trade, and so had sufficient coal for the passage; Sirius had to
burn furniture and other items after running out of coal.[24]
Great Western 's more successful crossing began the regular
sailing of powered vessels across the Atlantic. Beaver was the
first coastal steamship to operate in the Pacific Northwest of
North America. Paddle steamers helped open Japan to the
Western World in the mid-19th century.

The largest paddle-steamer ever built was Brunel's Great Eastern, but it also had screw
propulsion and sail rigging. It was 692 ft (211 m) long and weighed 32,000 tons, its

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paddlewheels being 56 ft (17 m) in diameter.

In oceangoing service, paddle steamers became much less useful after the invention of the screw
propeller, but they remained in use in coastal service and as river tugboats, thanks to their
shallow draught and good maneuverability.

The last crossing of the Atlantic by paddle steamer began on September 18, 1969, the first leg of a
journey to conclude six months and nine days later. The steam paddle tug Eppleton Hall was
never intended for oceangoing service, but nevertheless was steamed from Newcastle to San
Francisco. As the voyage was intended to be completed under power, the tug was rigged as steam
propelled with a sail auxiliary. The transatlantic stage of the voyage was completed exactly 150
years after the voyage of Savannah.

As of 2022, the PS Waverley is the last seagoing passenger-carrying paddle steamer in the world.

Paddle-driven steam warships

Paddle frigates

Beginning in the 1820s, the British Royal Navy began

building paddle-driven steam frigates and steam sloops. By
1850 these had become obsolete due to the development of
the propeller – which was more efficient and less vulnerable
to cannon fire. One of the first screw-driven warships,
HMS Rattler (1843), demonstrated her superiority over
paddle steamers during numerous trials, including one in
1845 where she pulled a paddle-driven sister ship backwards Matthew C. Perry's paddle
in a tug of war. [25] However, paddle warships were used frigate USS Mississippi, part of
extensively by the Russian Navy during the Crimean War of the Black Ships expedition to
1853–1856, and by the United States Navy during the Japan (1853–1854)
Mexican War of 1846–1848 and the American Civil War of
1861–1865. With the arrival of ironclad battleships from the
late 1850s, the last remaining paddle frigates were decommissioned and sold into merchant-navy
service by the 1870s. These included Miami, which became one of the first Boston steamers in
1867.[26]

Paddle minesweepers

At the start of the First World War, the Royal Navy

requisitioned more than fifty pleasure paddle steamers for
use as auxiliary minesweepers.[27] The large spaces on their
decks intended for promenading passengers proved to be
ideal for handling the minesweeping booms and cables, and
the paddles allowed them to operate in coastal shallows and
estuaries. These were so successful that a new class of paddle
ships, the Racecourse-class minesweepers, were ordered and
32 of them were built before the end of the war.[28] HMS Plumpton, a British paddle
minesweeper built in 1916.
In the Second World War, some thirty pleasure paddle
steamers were again requisitioned;[27] an added advantage
was that their wooden hulls did not activate the new magnetic mines. The paddle ships formed

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six minesweeping flotillas, based at ports around the British coast. Other paddle steamers were
converted to anti-aircraft ships. More than twenty paddle steamers were used as emergency
troop transports during the Dunkirk Evacuation in 1940,[27] where they were able to get close
inshore to embark directly from the beach.[29] One example was PS Medway Queen, which
saved an estimated 7,000 men over the nine days of the evacuation, and claimed to have shot
down three German aircraft.[30] Another paddle minesweeper, HMS Oriole, was deliberately
beached twice to allow soldiers to cross to other vessels using her as a jetty.[31] The paddle
steamers between them were estimated to have rescued 26,000 Allied troops during the
operation, for the loss of six of them.[27]

Modern paddle steamers

China

In order to thank the Qing government for its support of Japan in the Russo-Japanese War,
Japan specially built a yacht called "Yonghe Steamer" for Cixi, which, from the outside, should be
a steam-propelled structure, with waterwheel-like waterwheels on both sides to push the ship
forward. It can be viewed in the Summer Palace.

US and Canada

A few paddle steamers serve niche tourism needs as cruise

boats on lakes[d] and others, such as Delta Queen, still
operate on the Mississippi River. In Oregon, several replica
paddle steamers, which are non-steam-powered
sternwheelers built in the 1980s and later, are operated for
tourism purposes on the Columbia and Willamette Rivers.
American Queen Steamboat
USS Wolverine, built in 1912 as PS Seeandbee, was the
Paddlewheel in action
biggest passenger-carrying paddle steamer ever built, with a
capacity for 6,000 passengers; it was converted to a training
aircraft carrier during World War II. PS Washington Irving,
also built in 1912 with a capacity for 6,000 passengers,
operated on the Hudson River from 1913 until it was sunk in
an accident in 1926. One of the last paddle steamers built in
the U.S. was the dredge William M. Black, built in 1934 and
now a National Historic Landmark.
Showboat Branson Belle on
Belle of Louisville is the oldest operating Mississippi River- Table Rock Lake in Branson,
style steamboat and was named a National Historic Missouri is a sternwheeler
Landmark in 1989.[32] Previously named Idlewild and showboat. It is run aground in
Avalon, Belle of Louisville is based in downtown Louisville, this picture.
Kentucky.

The Shelburne Museum of Vermont features the paddle steamer Ticonderoga, a preserved Lake
Champlain ferry, which was transported overland to the museum after being retired from service
in 1969, and is now open for tours.

The San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park is host to the Eureka, which is the largest
existing wooden ship in the world. She is still afloat as a museum ship.

The ferries system in Toronto, Ontario, Canada operates PS Trillium, a paddle steamer originally

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built in 1910 and restored for operation since 1976. It is the

last sidewheel-propelled vessel on the Great Lakes.[33] Sister
ships Bluebell and Mayflower became garbage scows and the
former's hull is now a break wall in Toronto Harbour.

Germany

The Elbe river Saxon Paddle Steamer Fleet in Dresden

MPV Constitution in Vancouver,
(known as "White Fleet"), Germany, is the oldest and biggest
British Columbia, Canada
in the world, with around 700,000 passengers per year.[34]
The 1913-built Goethe was the last paddle steamer on the
River Rhine.[35] Previously the world's largest sidewheeler
with a two-cylinder steam engine of 700 hp (520 kW), a
length of 83 m (272 ft) and a height above water of 9.2 m
(30 ft), Goethe was converted to diesel-hydraulic power
during the winter of 2008/09.

Paddle wheelers are still in operation on some lakes in

PS Mahsud in Morrelganj,
Southern Bavaria, such as Diessen (49 m, 161 ft) on
Khulna, Bangladesh
Ammersee, built in 1908 and converted to a diesel system in
1975.[36] It has been completely rebuilt in 2006. As paddle
wheelers have proven to be such a great tourist attraction, a
new one was even built in 2002 on Ammersee, Herrsching,
but it has never been powered by steam. On lake Chiemsee,
RMS Ludwig Fessler (53 m, 174 ft) is still in regular
service.[37] It was built in 1926, but is now also powered by
diesel engines (since 1973). The original diesel engine was An historical photo of a ticket of
the last ship engine being built by Maffei (no. 576). This PS Ostrich
engine has ended up in Switzerland to drive the newly
renovated Neuchâtel, launched in 2013.[38]

Bangladesh

The era of paddle steamers in Bangladesh began in 1929

during the British colonial rule. At that time, there were
many paddle steamers built by British Government for travel
facilities as Bangladesh (Eastern Bengal at that time) is a
riverine country. These paddle steamers are also known as Str. Natchez on the Mississippi
Rocket Steamers because at that time these paddle steamers
were the fastest water vessel. Now there are 4 paddle
steamers on service. They are PS Mahsud (Built: 1929), PS
Ostrich (Built: 1929), PS Tern (Built: 1937) and PS Lepcha
(Built: 1948–49). PS Mahsud and PS Ostrich are the biggest
paddle steamers. These paddle steamers run in the route of
Dhaka-Chandpur-Barisal-Morrelganj. These paddle steamers
are controlled & superintend by Bangladesh Inland Water
Transport Corporation (BIWTC). These paddle steamers are
100 years of heritage of Bangladesh.

RMS Ludwig Fessler on Lake

Austria Chiemsee in 2012

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In Austria only a small paddle steamer fleet operates. There

is Gisela from 1872 in Gmunden at the Traunsee, Kaiser
Franz Josef I. from 1873 in St. Gilgen at the Lake Wolfgang,
Hohentwiel from 1913 in Hard (near Bregenz) at the Lake
Constance and Schönbrunn from 1912 in Linz at the Danube.

Italy
Steam paddler Hohentwiel in
In Italy, a small paddle steamer fleet operates on Lake Como,
Bregenz, Lake Constance
Lake Maggiore and Lake Garda, primarily for tourist
purposes. The paddle steamer Piemonte (1904) operates on
Lake Maggiore, and sister paddle steamers Patria (1926) and
Concordia (1926) operate on Lake Como. Former paddle
steamers Italia (1909) and Giuseppe Zanardelli (1903)
operate on Lake Garda; their steam engines, unlike in the
ships that sail on lakes Como and Maggiore, were replaced
with diesel engines in the 1970s, thus making them paddle
motorships.

In addition to these five operational paddle steamers, the

Franz Josef I. on Lake Wolfgang
former paddle steamer Milano (1904) operates on Lake
Como as a screw motorship, still retaining its (empty) paddle
wheels; the decommissioned paddle steamer Lombardia (1908) is used as a floating restaurant
in Arona, on Lake Maggiore; while the decommissioned paddle steamer Plinio (1903) lies at the
bottom of the Lago di Mezzola, where it sank due to neglect in 2010.

Denmark

SS Hjejlen has been operation with the same company since she was built in 1861. Sailing
passengers to and from Silkeborg and Himmelbjerget ever since, using her original steam engine
she was built with.

Norway

Skibladner is the oldest steamship in regular operation. Built in 1856, she still operates on lake
Mjøsa in Norway.

Switzerland

Switzerland has a large paddle steamer fleet, most of the

"Salon Steamer-type" built by Sulzer in Winterthur or
Escher-Wyss in Zurich. There are five active and one inactive
on Lake Lucerne, two on Lake Zurich, and one each on Lake
Brienz, Lake Thun and Lake Constance. Swiss company CGN Skibladner in traffic on lake
operates a number of paddle steamers on Lake Geneva. Their Mjøsa
fleet includes three converted to diesel electric power in the
1960s and five retaining steam. One, Montreux, was
reconverted in 2000 from diesel to an all-new steam engine. It is the world's first electronically
remote-controlled steam engine and has operating costs similar to state-of-the-art diesels, while
producing up to 90 percent less air pollution.[39]

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Active vessels

Lakes of Biel, Morat and Neuchâtel (connected by channels):

▪ Neuchâtel (built in 1912)

Lake Brienz:

▪ Lötschberg (1914)
CGN paddle steamer Montreux
leaving Evian-les-Bains in July
Lake Geneva:
2002
▪ Montreux (1904), Italie (1908),La Suisse II (1910),
Savoie (1914), Simplon (1919), Rhône III (1927)

Lake Lucerne:

▪ Stadt Luzern (1928, last steam ship built for

Switzerland),
Uri (1901, oldest Swiss paddle wheel steamer),
Schiller (1906),
Gallia (1913),
Unterwalden (1902) Stadt Zürich (to the left) and
Stadt Rapperswil in Zurich-
Lake Thun: Wollishofen

▪ Blümlisalp (1906)

Lake Zurich:

▪ Stadt Zürich (1909), Stadt Rapperswil (1914)

Note: The oldest active Swiss steamship is Greif (1895, on the

Greifensee) with screw propulsion.

SS Montreux outside Lutry, Lake

France
Geneva in August 2018

No paddle ship is currently in operation in France as of 2015

(though some Paris sightseeing tourist crafts sport a dummy sternwheel powered by a hydraulic
motor).

In Lac D'Annecy an almost intact paddle steamer called la France, resting on an even keel, can be
visited by advanced divers (resting at 42 metres, 138 ft deep). She was built, like most of its Swiss
counterparts by Escher-Wyss in 1909 (as a CKD dismantled kit to be transported by railway and
assembled at the local annecy Puya Shipyard) and ran a regular line around Lac d'Annecy.
During World War II the ship was laid up in Annecy and used as a prison by the German
occupying forces and the Gestapo. La France made her last commercial voyage in 1965 and then
fell into neglect and disrepair. Her owner had moored her some distance from the shore to save
quay fees and she sprung an ice related leak and sunk in March 1971. It is a popular site among
advanced divers (Level 2-assisted or 3-autonomous CMAS is requested to dive the wreck), an
almost intact time capsule due to the fresh and low temperature water. Some divers even (mimic
to) play underwater French billiard on the intact billiard table in the main lounge. Any hope of
raising the ship is vain though: the hull was badly distorted when hitting the rocky lake bottom.

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The former British paddle steamer, PS Princess Elizabeth, a veteran of the Dunkirk Evacuations,
is preserved as a restaurant in Dunkirk harbour.[40]

United Kingdom

PS Waverley, a Clyde steamer built in 1947, is the last seagoing paddle steamer in the world.
This ship sails a full season of cruises from ports around Britain, and sailed across the English
Channel to commemorate the sinking of her predecessor of 1899 at the 1940 Battle of Dunkirk.

Based at Wareham, PS Monarch (one of the smallest passenger-carrying vessels of her type, with
a passenger capacity of only 12) takes trips on the River Frome.[41][42] Monarch is a side wheeler
privately built at Chatham Historic Dockyard.

In the River Dart (Devon) PS Kingswear Castle (a coal-fired river paddle steamer) operates
short cruises from Dartmouth and trips between Dartmouth and Totnes at high tide. [43]

PS Maid of the Loch was the last paddle steamer built in the United Kingdom and was completed
in 1953 for service on Loch Lomond. She went out of service in 1981 but is now open as a static
museum ship and restoration is ongoing subject to funding.[44] Also under restoration is the
1924 PS Medway Queen, a veteran of the Dunkirk evacuation, which is berthed at Gillingham,
Kent.[45]

USSR

In the USSR, river paddle steamers of the type Iosif Stalin (project 373), later renamed Ryazan-
class steamships, were built until 1951. Between 1952 and 1959, ships of this type were built for
the Soviet Union by Óbudai Hajógyár Budapest factory in Hungary. In total, 75 type Iosif
Stalin/Ryazan sidewheelers were built. They are 70 m (230 ft) long and can carry up to 360
passengers. Few of them still remain in active service.[46][47]

Australia

Australia has a large collection of authentic and replica

paddle steamers and paddle boats operating along the
Murray and Darling Rivers, and in other areas around the
country. Echuca/Moama has the largest fleet of paddle
steamers in Australia, with seven operating commercially,
and a large number of smaller privately owned vessels.

PS Adelaide is the oldest wooden-hulled paddle steamer in

the world.[48] Built in 1866, she operates from the Port of
PS Adelaide at Echuca on the
Echuca.
Murray River.
PS Pevensey, built in Moama in 1911 and based in Echuca, is
still working as a tourist attraction on the Murray River.
Pevensey also starred as the fictional paddlesteamer Philadelphia in the TV series All the Rivers
Run.[49]

PS Etona is now privately owned, but was built as a church mission boat for the SA Murray:
sponsored by the Anglican Archbishop of Adelaide, and funded by old boys of Eton (UK). It had
a small chapel. Larger gathering were held on riverbanks and in woolsheds. After retirement, it
became a fishing boat, then moved to Echuca to be a private houseboat. It also appeared in 'All

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the rivers' run, reprising its role as a mission boat.

PS Alexander Arbuthnot, built 1923 at Koondrook, and

named after the former owner of the Arbuthnot Sawmills,
works today as a tourist boat at the Port of Echuca.[50]

PS Canberra, built 1913 at Goolwa, is currently operating

public cruises in Echuca. Canberra was built for the Conner
family of Boundary Bend, as their flagship fishing vessel, but
Kookaburra Queen and
has been in the tourism industry since 1944.[51] CityFerry, Brisbane River

PS Emmylou, a replica steamer, was built in 1982 at Barham,

and operates a large range of cruises in Echuca – from one-hour sightseeing trips to three-night
and four-day fully accommodated voyages. She is powered by an authentic steam engine, dating
back to 1906.[52]

PS Melbourne, built 1912, operates sightseeing cruises from Mildura.[53]

PS Murray Princess, the largest of the paddle wheelers operating in Australia [diesel, not
steam], is a recent build (1987). Murray Princess measures in around 210 ft (64 m) in length and
45 ft (14 m) in width (the maximum which can fit the standard size of locks 1 to 10), and has a
remarkably shallow draft of 3 ft (0.9 m). It has accommodation for 120 passengers and up to 30
crew, and operates three, four and seven-night cruises along the Murray, from Mannum in South
Australia. Murray Princess was owned and operated for many years by Captain Cook Cruises in
Sydney, but was sold to the SeaLink Travel Group, now the Kelsian Group, based in Adelaide. It
was once in a fleet of three vessels. PV Murray River Queen is now a static b&b at Renmark.

The replica paddle steamer Curlip was constructed in Gippsland, Australia, and launched in
November 2008. As at 2020, it was on the hard at Paynesville, with an uncertain future.

PV Kookaburra Queen [diesel, not steam] operates on the

Brisbane River as a floating restaurant or venue for hire,
along with SWPV Kookaburra Queen II

PS Enterprise, which was built in Echuca in 1876–78, was

used on the Murray River, the Darling River and the
Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales. She was acquired
by the National Museum of Australia in 1984, restored to full
working order, and is now berthed as an exhibit outside the
Museum at a wharf on the Acton Peninsula, Lake Burley
PS Kookaburra Queen and a
Griffin, Canberra.[54] CityCat

PV Pyap runs tourist cruises from the Swan Hill Pioneer

Settlement in Swan Hill, Victoria.

PS Industry is based at Renmark.

PS Marion is based at Mannum. It is run by volunteers, and runs short local cruises, and
extended overnight ones. PV Mayflower is run by the same people.

PS Ruby is based at Wentworth (NSW).

PS Oscar W is based at Goolwa.

PS Canally is under restoration at Morgan.

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PS Cumberoona was built as a bicentennial project by Albury City Council. It suffered from
uncertain water levels, and has been transferred to Lake Mulwala (Yarrawonga Weir, on Murray
River).

The paddle wheeler Nepean Belle operates cruises on the Nepean River at Penrith, New South
Wales.

PV Thomson Belle operates cruises on Thomson River (Longreach, Qld). It was originally PS
Ginger Belle on Maroochy River, and retains its steam equipment as a display item.

PS Decoy operates on Swan River (Perth, WA).

Replica PV Golden City is on Lake Wendouree (Ballarat, Vic.). The original was on that lake,
then went to Caribbean Gardens (a Melbourne recreational park), then back to Ballarat for
restoration. That was nearly complete when the shed and the vessel were destroyed by arson.
The group then built a replica.

PV Begonia Princess on Lake Wendouree (Ballarat, Vic.).

Replica PS William IV on Hunter River (Newcastle, NSW). This was built as a bicentennial
project (1988), languished on the hard for many years while fundraising took place, but is active
again.

PV Julie Fay ran local morning/afternoon-cruises on Murray River for many years, then was
sold for private use. It is now a static b&b, moored somewhere near Cobram or Tocumwal.

New Zealand

The restored paddle steamer Waimarie is based in Wanganui. Waimarie was built in kitset form
in Poplar, London in 1899, and originally operated on the Whanganui River under the name
Aotea. Later renamed, she remained in service until 1949. She sank at her moorings in 1952, and
remained in the mud until raised by volunteers and restored to begin operations again in
2000.[55]

The 1907 Otunui Paddleboat operated on the Whanganui River until the 1940s in her original
form as a tunnel screw riverboat. Lost from her mooring in a flood she was refloated in the late
1960s and rebuilt as a sternwheeled jetboat. Around 1982 she went overland to Lake Okataina
and was converted to the sidepaddle vessel as she is today. Currently operating on the Wairoa
River at Tauranga, this 17 m (56 ft), diesel powered vessel with hydraulic drive for the
paddlewheels offers scenic cruises and charters.

The Netherlands

Kapitein Kok is a paddle steamer built in 1911 for ferry service on the river Lek. It was fully
restored in 1976 and is still in use today as a party ship. Queen Beatrix chartered the ship in 1998
as part of her 60th birthday celebrations. The paddle steamer De Majesteit was built in 1926. In
1958, a part of the movie G.I. Blues featuring Elvis Presley was shot on board of this ship.

Japan

Michigan is a paddle wheeler built in 1982, for cruising on the Lake Biwa at Shiga. The name is

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from Michigan, a sister region of Shiga.

Paddle tugs
Portland is a preserved steam-powered sternwheel tug based
in Portland, Oregon, that is listed on the U.S. National
Register of Historic Places.[56]

The British Admiralty's Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service Michigan on Lake Biwa in 2007
constructed a new "Director" class of diesel-electric paddle
tugs as recently as 1957 and 1958.[57][58] Each paddle wheel
was driven by an individual electric motor, giving
outstanding maneuverability. Paddle tugs were able to more
easily make use of the inherent advantage of side wheel
paddle propulsion, having the option to disconnect the
clutches that connected the paddle drive shafts as one. This
enabled them to turn one paddle ahead and one astern to
turn and maneuver quickly.

See also Eppleton Hall in San Francisco

▪ Experiment (horse-powered boat) – Horse-

powered boat
▪ Murray–Darling steamboats
▪ Pedalo – Small pedal powered recreational boat
▪ River cruise
▪ Roller ship
▪ Science and technology of the Song dynasty
§ Paddle-wheel ships Bayou Navigation in Dixie, 1863
▪ Steamboats of the Columbia River
▪ Steamboats of the Mississippi – Overview of the
role of steamboats in the 19th-century development of the Mississippi River
▪ Steamboats of the Willamette River

Notes
a. Experience of economics: The paddle designs using diesels are tourist vessels
servicing sightseeing attractions or replica riverboats and are mainly restaurants
and casinos.
b. The namesake of Shreveport, Louisiana
c. Vessels operating on the Mississippi River system are referred to as "boats".
d. As a sampling: Steamers operate on Lake Champlain, Lake George, and Lake
Winnipesaukee in the U.S. Northeast as of 2023.

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Bibliography
▪ Clark, John and Wardle, David (2003). PS Enterprise. Canberra: National Museum
of Australia.
▪ University of Wisconsin–La Crosse Historic Steamboat Photographs (http://digicoll.
library.wisc.edu/LaCrosseSteamboat/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2010

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Paddle steamer - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_steamer

0927095810/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/LaCrosseSteamboat/) 2010-09-27 at
the Wayback Machine
▪ Dumpleton, Bernard, "The Story of the Paddle Steamer", Melksham, 2002.
▪ Plummer, Russell (1995). Paddle Steamers At War 1939-1945. GMS Enterprises.
ISBN 1-870384-39-3.

External links
▪ links to videos on paddle wheelers (http://galutschek.at/ships/paddle_wheeler/)
▪ links to photos of a modern design on paddle wheelers (http://eboatz.com/m/phot
os/view/Side-Wheeler-2011-03-26)
▪ Australian paddle steamers (http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/ps_enterprise/pad
dle_steaming_history) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111114075905/ht
tp://www.nma.gov.au/collections/ps_enterprise/paddle_steaming_history/)
2011-11-14 at the Wayback Machine A brief history
▪ Paddle Steamer Preservation Society (PSPS) (http://www.paddlesteamers.org/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paddle_steamer&oldid=1131234045"

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