Alexei Navalny

Alexei[b] Anatolievich Navalny (Russian: Алексей

Alexei Navalny
Анатольевич Навальный, IPA: [ɐlʲɪkˈsʲej ɐnɐˈtolʲjɪvʲɪtɕ
nɐˈvalʲnɨj]; born 4 June 1976) is a Russian opposition Алексей Навальный
leader,[4] lawyer, and anti-corruption activist. He came to
international prominence by organizing anti-government
demonstrations and running for office to advocate reforms
against corruption in Russia, and against President Vladimir
Putin and his government. Navalny has been described as
"the man Vladimir Putin fears most" by The Wall Street
Journal.[5] Putin and Russian state media avoid directly
referring to Navalny by name.[6] Navalny was a Russian
Opposition Coordination Council member. He is the leader
of the Russia of the Future party and the founder of the
Anti-Corruption Foundation (FBK).[7]

Navalny has more than six million YouTube subscribers and

more than two million Twitter followers.[8][9] Through these
channels, he publishes material about corruption in Russia,
organizes political demonstrations and promotes his
Navalny in 2011
campaigns. In a 2011 radio interview, he described Russia's
ruling party, United Russia, as a "party of crooks and Leader of the Russia of the Future
thieves", which became a popular epithet.[10] Navalny and party[a]
the FBK have published investigations detailing alleged Incumbent
corruption by high-ranking Russian officials. In March Assumed office
2017, Navalny and the FBK released the documentary He 17 November 2013
Is Not Dimon to You, accusing Dmitry Medvedev, the then
prime minister and former president of Russia, of Deputy Leonid Volkov
corruption, leading to mass protests across the country.[11] Preceded by Office established
Founding member of the
In July 2013, Navalny received a suspended sentence for Anti-Corruption Foundation
embezzlement.[12][13] Despite this, he was allowed to run In office
for mayor in the 2013 Moscow mayoral election and came
9 September 2011 – July 2020
in second, with 27% of the vote, outperforming expectations
but losing to incumbent mayor Sergey Sobyanin, a Putin Personal details
appointee.[14] In December 2014, Navalny received another Born Alexei Anatolievich Navalny
suspended sentence for embezzlement. Both of his criminal 4 June 1976
cases were widely considered to be politically motivated Butyn, Odintsovsky District,
and intended to bar him from running in future
Moscow Oblast, Soviet
elections.[15][16] The European Court of Human Rights
Union[1]
(ECHR) later ruled that the cases violated Navalny's right to
a fair trial, but they were never overturned. In December Nationality Russian
2016, Navalny launched his presidential campaign for the Political Russia of the Future
2018 presidential election but he was barred by Russia's party (2018–present)
Central Electoral Commission (CEC) after registering due to
his prior criminal conviction and the Supreme Court of Other Yabloko (2000–2007)
political
Russia rejected his appeal.[15][17][18] In 2017, the CEC affiliations Progress Party (2013–
stated that he would not be eligible to run for president until 2018)
after 2028.[19] In 2018, he initiated Smart Voting, a tactical
Spouse(s) Yulia Abrosimova (m. 2000)
voting strategy intended to consolidate the votes of those
who oppose United Russia, in order to deprive them of seats Children 2[2]
in elections.[20][21][22] Residence Moscow

In August 2020, Navalny was hospitalized in serious Education Peoples' Friendship

condition after he was poisoned with a Novichok nerve University of Russia
agent.[23] He was medically evacuated to Berlin and Financial University under
discharged a month later.[24] Navalny accused Putin of the Government of the
being responsible for his poisoning, and an investigation
Russian Federation
implicated agents from the Federal Security Service
(FSB).[25][26][27] The EU, UK and US responded by Yale University (non-
imposing sanctions on senior Russian degree fellowship)
officials. [28][29][30][31] On 17 January 2021, he returned to Occupation Lawyer, politician, activist,
Russia and was detained on accusations of violating parole blogger
conditions (imposed as a result of his 2014
conviction)[32][33] because he had failed to report to Known for Anti-corruption activism
Russia's Federal Prison Service (FSIN) twice per month Awards
Yale World Fellow
during his illness.[34] Following his arrest and the release of
the documentary Putin's Palace which accused Putin of (2010)
corruption, mass protests across the country were held.[35] Knight of Freedom
On 2 February, his suspended sentence was replaced with a Award (2021)
prison sentence, meaning he will spend over two and half Sakharov Prize (2021)
years in a corrective labour colony in Vladimir
Oblast.[36][37][38] A resolution by the ECHR called for his Signature
release.[39] While in prison, Navalny and human rights
groups have accused Russian authorities of using torture
against him.[40][41] He is recognized by Amnesty
International as a prisoner of conscience.[42][43] In October Website navalny.com (https://navaln
2021, he was awarded the Sakharov Prize for his work on y.com)
human rights.
YouTube information
Channel Алексей Навальный (http
s://www.youtube.com/chan
Contents nel/UCsAw3WynQJMm7tM
Early life and career y093y37A)
Political activity Subscribers 6.48 million[3]
Yabloko (3 October 2021)
2011 parliamentary election and 2011–2013 Total views 1.2 billion[3]
protests (3 October 2021)
New party
Creator Awards
2013 Moscow mayoral candidacy
RPR-PARNAS and democratic coalition 100,000 subscribers

2018 presidential election 1,000,000 subscribers 2018

2019 Moscow City Duma elections
2020 constitutional referendum
Anti-corruption investigations
 Medvedev
Putin
Criminal cases
Kirovles case
Case
Conviction and release
Probation
Review of the sentence
Yves Rocher case and home arrest
Case
Home arrest and limitations
Conviction
ECHR
Indemnification
Other cases
Poisoning
Poisoning and recovery
Return and imprisonment
Reception
Political activities
Ratings
Criminal cases
Political positions
Awards and honours
Family and personal life
See also
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
Further reading
External links

Early life and career

Navalny is of Russian and Ukrainian descent.[44][45] His father is from Zalissia, a village near the border of
Belarus in Ivankiv Raion, Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine. Navalny grew up in Obninsk about 100 kilometres
(62 mi) south-west of Moscow, but spent his childhood summers with his grandmother in Ukraine,
acquiring proficiency in the Ukrainian language.[44][46] His parents, Anatoly Navalny and Lyudmila
Navalnaya, own a basket-weaving factory in the village of Kobyakovo, Vologda Oblast, which they have
run since 1994.[47]
Navalny graduated from the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia in 1998 with a law degree.[48] He
then studied securities and exchanges at the Financial University under the Government of the Russian
Federation.[49][50] Navalny received a scholarship to the Yale World Fellows program at Yale University in
2010.[51][52]

Political activity

Yabloko

In 2000, following the announcement of a new law that would

raise the electoral threshold for State Duma elections, Navalny
joined the Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko. According
Russian United Democratic Party
to Navalny, the law was stacked against Yabloko and Union of
"Yabloko"
Right Forces, and he decided to join, even though he was not "a
big fan" of either organization.[53] In 2001, he was listed as a
member of the party. [53] In 2002, he was elected to the regional council of the Moscow branch of
Yabloko.[54] In 2003, he headed the Moscow subdivision of the election campaign of the party for the
parliamentary election held in December. In April 2004, Navalny became Chief of staff of the Moscow
branch of Yabloko, which he remained until February 2007. Also in 2004, he also became Deputy Chief of
the Moscow branch of the party. From 2006 to 2007, he was a member of the Federal Council of the
party.[55]

In August 2005, Navalny was incorporated into the Social Council of Central Administrative Okrug of
Moscow, created prior to the Moscow City Duma election held later that year, in which he took part as a
candidate. In November, he was one of the initiators of the Youth Public Chamber, intended to help
younger politicians take part in legislative initiatives.[55] At the same time, in 2005, Navalny started another
youth social movement, named "DA! – Democratic Alternative".[c] The project was not connected to
Yabloko (nor any other political party). Within the movement, Navalny participated in a number of projects.
In particular, he was one of the organizers of the movement-run political debates, which soon got resonance
in the media.[55] Navalny also organized television debates via state-run Moscow channel TV Center; two
initial episodes showed high ratings, but the show was suddenly cancelled. According to Navalny,
authorities prohibited some people from receiving TV coverage.[55]

In late 2006, Navalny appealed to the Moscow City Hall, asking it to grant permission to conduct the
nationalist 2006 Russian march. However, he added that Yabloko condemned "any ethnic or racial hatred
and any xenophobia" and called on the police to oppose "any fascist, Nazi, xenophobic manifestations".[d]

In July 2007, Navalny resigned from the post of Deputy Chief of the Moscow branch of the party.[55] He
was consequently expelled from Yabloko for demanding a resignation of the chairman of the party, Grigory
Yavlinsky[57] He co-founded in 2007 the National Russian Liberation Movement, known as NAROD (The
People), that sets immigration policy as a priority.[58] The movement allied itself with two nationalist
groups, the Movement Against Illegal Immigration and Great Russia.[59]

2011 parliamentary election and 2011–2013 protests

In December 2011, after parliamentary elections and accusations of electoral fraud,[60] approximately 6,000
people gathered in Moscow to protest the contested result, and an estimated 300 people were arrested,
including Navalny. Navalny was arrested on 5 December.[61][62] After a period of uncertainty for his
supporters, Navalny appeared in court and was sentenced to the maximum 15 days "for defying a
 government official". Alexei Venediktov, editor-in-chief of Echo
of Moscow radio station, called the arrest "a political mistake:
jailing Navalny transforms him from an online leader into an
offline one".[62] After his arrest, his blog became available in
English.[61] Navalny was kept in the same prison as several other
activists, including Ilya Yashin and Sergei Udaltsov, the unofficial
leader of the Vanguard of Red Youth, a radical Russian communist
youth group. Udaltsov went on a hunger strike to protest against
the conditions.[63]
Navalny at the courthouse, 6
December 2011
Upon his release on 20
December, Navalny called
on Russians to unite
against Putin, who Navalny said would try to claim victory in the
presidential election, which was held on 4 March 2012.[64] In a
profile published the day after his release, BBC News described
Navalny as "arguably the only major opposition figure to emerge
in Russia in the past five years".[65]
Navalny at Moscow rally, 10 March
After his release, Navalny informed reporters that it would be
2012
senseless for him to run in the presidential elections because the
Kremlin would not allow the elections to be fair. But he said that if
free elections were held, he would "be ready" to run.[64] On 24
December, he helped lead a demonstration, estimated at 50,000 people, which was much larger than the
previous post-election demonstration. Speaking to the crowd, he said, "I see enough people to take the
Kremlin right now".[66]

In March 2012, after Putin was elected president, Navalny helped lead an anti-Putin rally in Moscow's
Pushkinskaya Square, attended by between 14,000 and 20,000 people. After the rally, Navalny was
detained by authorities for several hours, then released.[67] On 8 May, the day after Putin was inaugurated,
Navalny and Udaltsov were arrested after an anti-Putin rally at Clean Ponds, and were each given 15-day
jail sentences.[68] Amnesty International designated the two men prisoners of conscience.[69] On 11 June,
Moscow prosecutors conducted a 12-hour search of Navalny's home, office, and the apartment of one of
his relatives.[70] Soon afterwards, some of Navalny's personal emails were posted online by a pro-
government blogger.[71]

New party

On 26 June 2012, it was announced that Navalny's comrades would establish a new political party based
on e-democracy; Navalny declared he did not plan to participate in this project at the moment.[72] On 31
July, they filed a document to register an organizing committee of a future party named "The People's
Alliance".[73] The party identified itself as centrist; one of the then-current leaders of the party, and
Navalny's ally Vladimir Ashurkov, explained this was intended to help the party get a large share of voters.
Navalny said the concept of political parties was "outdated", and added his participation would make
maintaining the party more difficult. However, he "blessed" the party and discussed its maintenance with its
leaders. They, in turn, stated they wanted to eventually see Navalny as a member of the party.[74] On 15
December, Navalny expressed his support of the party, saying, "The People's Alliance is my party", but
again refused to join it, citing the criminal cases against him.[75]
On 10 April 2013, the party filed documents for the official
registration of the party.[76] On 30 April, the registration of the party
was suspended.[77] On 5 July, the party was declined registration;
according to Izvestia, not all founders of the party were present during
the congress, even though the papers contained their signatures.[78] Logo of the People's Alliance,
Navalny reacted to that with a tweet saying, "[...] A salvo of all used in 2012–2014
guns".[79] Following the mayoral election, on 15 September, Navalny
declared he would join and, possibly, head the party.[80] On 17
November Navalny was elected as the leader of the party.[81]

On 8 January 2014, Navalny's party filed documents for registration

for the second time.[82] On 20 January, registration of the party was
suspended;[83] according to Russian laws, no two parties can share a
name.[84] On 8 February, Navalny's party changed its name to
"Progress Party".[85] On 25 February, the party was registered, and Logo of Progress Party, used
[86] at this point, had six months to register regional branches in at since 2014
least half of the federal subjects of Russia.[e] On 26 September, the
party declared it had registered 43 regional branches.[88] An unnamed
source of Izvestia in the ministry said registrations completed after the six-month term would not be taken
into consideration, adding, "Yes, trials are taking place in some regions [...] they cannot register new
branches in other regions during the trials, because the main term is over". Navalny's blog countered, "Our
answer is simple. A six-month term for registration has been legally prolonged ad interim prosecution of
appeals of denials and registration suspensions".[88]

On 1 February 2015, the party held a convention, where Navalny

stated the party was preparing for the 2016 elections, declaring the
party would maintain its activity across Russia, saying, "We are
unabashed to work in remote lands where the opposition does not
work. We can even [work] in Crimea". The candidates the party
would appoint were to be chosen via primary elections; however,
he added, the party's candidates may be removed from
elections.[89] On 17 April, the party initiated a coalition of
democratic parties.[90] On 28 April, the party was deprived of Navalny's election campaign in 2013
registration by the Ministry of Justice, which stated the party had
not registered the required number of regional branches within six
months after the official registration.[91] Krainev claimed that the party could be eliminated only by the
Supreme Court, and he added that not all trials of registration of regional branches were over, calling the
verdict "illegal twice". He added that the party would appeal to the European Court of Human Rights, and
expressed confidence that the party would be restored and admitted to elections.[92] The next day, the party
officially challenged the verdict.[93]

2013 Moscow mayoral candidacy

Ratings of Sobyanin and Navalny
On 30 May 2013, Sergey Sobyanin, the mayor of among those who said they would vote,
Moscow, argued an elected mayor is an advantage for according to Synovate Comcon polls
Time Sobyanin Navalny Ref
the city compared to an appointed one,[101] and on 4
29 August–2 September 60.1% 21.9% [94]
June, he announced he would meet President Vladimir
Putin and ask him for a snap election, mentioning the 22–28 August 63.9% 19.8% [95]
Muscovites would agree the governor elections should 15–21 August 62.5% 20.3% [96]
take place in the city of Moscow and the surrounding [97]
8–14 August 63.5% 19.9%
Moscow Oblast simultaneously.[102] On 6 June, the
request was granted,[103] and the next day, the 1–7 August 74.6% 15.0% [97]

Moscow City Duma appointed the election on 8 25–31 July 76.2% 16.7% [98]

September, the national voting day.[104] 18–24 July 76.6% 15.7% [99]

[100]
On 3 June, Navalny announced he would run for the 11–16 July 76.2% 14.4%
post.[105] To become an official candidate, he would 4–10 July 78.5% 10.7% [100]

need either seventy thousand signatures of Muscovites 27 June–3 July 77.9% 10.8% [100]
or to be pegged for the office by a registered party, and
then to collect 110 signatures of municipal deputies from 110
different subdivisions (three quarters of Moscow's 146). Navalny
chose to be pegged by a party, RPR–PARNAS.[106]

Among the six candidates who were officially registered as such,

only two (Sobyanin and Communist Ivan Melnikov) were able to
collect the required number of the signatures themselves, and the
other four were given a number of signatures by the Council of
Municipal Formations, following a recommendation by
Sobyanin,[107] to overcome the requirement (Navalny accepted 49
signatures, and other candidates accepted 70, 70, and 82).[108]

On 17 July, Navalny was registered as one of the six candidates

for the Moscow mayoral election.[109] However, on 18 July, he
was sentenced to a five-year prison term for the embezzlement and
fraud charges that were declared in 2012. Several hours after his
sentencing, he pulled out of the race and called for a boycott of the Percentages of Muscovites who
voted for Navalny during the election
election.[110] However, later that day, the prosecution office
requested the accused should be freed on bail and released from
travel restrictions, since the verdict had not yet taken legal effect,
saying that the accused had previously followed the restrictions.
Navalny was a mayoral candidate, and an imprisonment would
thus not comply with his rule for equal access to the
electorate.[111] On his return to Moscow after being freed, pending
an appeal, he vowed to stay in the race.[112] The Washington Post
has speculated that his release was ordered by the Kremlin in order
to make the election and Sobyanin appear more legitimate.[14]

Navalny's campaign was successful in fundraising: out of

Navalny's meeting at Bolotnaya
103.4 million rubles (approximately $3.09 million as of the
Square in Moscow, 9 September
election day[rates 1]), the total size of his electoral fund,
2013
97.3 million ($2.91 million) were transferred by individuals
throughout Russia;[114] such an amount is unprecedented in
Russia.[115] It achieved a high profile through an unprecedentedly large campaign organization that
involved around 20,000 volunteers who passed out leaflets and hung banners, in addition to conducting
several campaign rallies a day around the city;[116] they were the main driving force for the campaign.[117]
The New Yorker described the resulted campaign as "a miracle", along with Navalny's release on 19 July,
the fundraising campaign, and the personality of Navalny himself.[118] The campaign received very little
television coverage and did not utilize billboards. Thanks to Navalny's strong campaign (and Sobyanin's
weak one[116]), his result grew over time, weakening Sobyanin's, and in the end of the campaign, he
declared the runoff election (to be conducted if none of the candidates receives at least 50% of votes) was
"a hair's breadth away".
The largest sociological research organizations predicted that Sobyanin would win the election, scoring
58% to 64% of the vote; they expected Navalny to receive 15–20% of the vote, and the turnout was to be
45–52%. (Levada Center was the only one not to have made any predictions; the data it had on 28 August,
however, falls in line with other organizations.)[119] The final results of the voting showed Navalny
received 27% of the vote, more than candidates appointed by the parties that received second, third, fourth,
and fifth highest results during the 2011 parliamentary elections, altogether. Navalny fared better in the
center and southwest of Moscow, which have higher income and education levels.[14] However, Sobyanin
received 51% of the vote, which meant he won the election. The turnout was 32%.[120] The organizations
explained the differences were because Sobyanin's electorate did not vote, as they felt that their candidate
was guaranteed to win.[119] Navalny's campaign office predicted Sobyanin would score 49–51%, and
Navalny would get 24–26% of votes.[119]

Many experts said the election had been fair, that the number of irregularities had been much lower than
those of other elections held within the country, and that the irregularities had had little effect on the
result.[121][122] Dmitri Abyzalov, leading expert of Center of Political Conjuncture, added low turnout
figures provide a further sign of fairness of the election, because that shows they were not
overestimated.[121] However, according to Andrei Buzin, co-chairman of the GOLOS Association, State
Departments of Social Security added people who did not originally want to vote to lists of those who
would vote at home, with the number of such voters being 5% of those who voted, and added this did
cause questions if Sobyanin would score 50% if this did not take place.[122] Dmitry Oreshkin, leader of the
"People's election commission" project (who did a separate counting based on the data from election
observers; their result for Sobyanin was 50%), said now that the runoff election was only 2% away, all
details would be looked at very closely, and added it was impossible to prove "anything" juridically.[123]

On 9 September, the day following the election, Navalny publicly denounced the tally, saying, "We do not
recognize the results. They are fake". Sobyanin's office rejected an offer of a vote recount.[124] On 12
September, Navalny addressed the Moscow City Court to overturn the result of the poll; the court rejected
the assertion. Navalny then challenged the decision in the Supreme Court of Russia, but the court ruled that
the election results were legitimate.[125]

RPR-PARNAS and democratic coalition

Following the mayoral election, Navalny was offered a position as the fourth co-chairman of RPR-
PARNAS.[126] However, Navalny made no public reaction.

On 14 November 2014, the two remaining RPR-PARNAS co-chairmen, Boris Nemtsov and former Prime
Minister of Russia Mikhail Kasyanov, declared it was the right moment to create a wide coalition of
political forces, who favor the "European choice"; Navalny's Progress Party was seen as one of the
potential participants.[127] However, on 27 February 2015, Nemtsov was shot dead. Prior to his
assassination, Nemtsov worked on a project of a coalition, in which Navalny and Khodorkovsky would
become co-chairmen of RPR-PARNAS. Navalny declared merging parties would invoke bureaucratic
difficulties and question the legitimacy of party's right to participate in federal elections without signatures
collecting.[128] However, Nemtsov's murder accelerated the work, and on 17 April, Navalny declared a
wide discussion had taken place among Progress Party, RPR-PARNAS, and other closely aligned parties,
which resulted in an agreement of formation of a new electoral bloc between the two leaders.[90] Soon
thereafter, it was signed by four other parties and supported by Khodorkovsky's Open Russia
foundation.[129] Electoral blocs are not present within the current law system of Russia, so it would be
realized via means of a single party, RPR-PARNAS, which is not only eligible for participation in
statewide elections, but is also currently not required to collect citizens' signatures for the right to participate
in the State Duma elections scheduled for September 2016, due to the regional parliament mandate
previously taken by Nemtsov. The candidates RPR-PARNAS would appoint were to be chosen via
primary elections.[130]

The coalition claimed to have collected enough citizens' signatures

for registration in the four regions it originally aimed for. However,
in one region, the coalition would declare some signatures and
personal data have been altered by malevolent collectors;[131]
signatures in the other regions have been rejected by regional
election commissions.[132][133][134] Сomplaints have been issued
to the Central Election Commission of Russia, after which the
coalition has been registered as a participant in a regional election
in one of the three contested regions, Kostroma Oblast. According Protesters marching along Moscow's
to a source of Gazeta.ru "close to the Kremlin", the presidential Tverskaya Street, 26 March 2017
administration saw coalition's chances as very low, yet was wary,
but the restoration in one region occurred so PARNAS could
"score a consolation goal".[135] According to the official election results, the coalition scored 2% of votes,
not enough to overcome the 5% threshold; the party admitted the election was lost.[136]

2018 presidential election

Navalny announced his entry into the presidential race on 13 December 2016,[137][138] however on 8
February 2017, the Leninsky district court of Kirov repeated its sentence of 2013 (which was previously
annulled after the decision of ECHR, which ruled that Russia had violated Navalny's right to a fair trial, in
the Kirovles case) and charged him with a five-year suspended sentence.[139] This sentence, if it came into
force and remained valid, might prohibit the future official registration of Navalny as a candidate. Navalny
announced that he would pursue the annulment of the sentence that clearly contradicts the decision of
ECHR. Moreover, Navalny announced that his presidential campaign would proceed independently of
court decisions. He referred to the Russian Constitution (Article 32), which deprives only two groups of
citizens of the right to be elected: those recognized by the court as legally unfit and those kept in places of
confinement by a court sentence. According to Freedom House and The Economist, Navalny was the most
viable contender to Vladimir Putin in the 2018 election.[15][140] Navalny organized a series of anti-
corruption rallies in different cities across Russia in March. This appeal was responded to by the
representatives of 95 Russian cities, and four cities abroad: London, Prague, Basel and Bonn.[141]

Navalny was attacked by unknown assailants outside his office in the Anti-Corruption Foundation on 27
April 2017. They sprayed brilliant green dye, possibly mixed with other components, into his face in a
Zelyonka attack that can damage eyes of the victim. He had been attacked before, earlier in the spring. In
the second attack, the green-colored disinfectant had evidently been mixed with a caustic chemical,
resulting in a chemical burn to his right eye.[142] He reportedly lost 80 percent of the sight in his right
eye.[143][144] Navalny accused the Kremlin of orchestrating the attack.[145][146]

Navalny was released from jail on 27 July 2017 after spending 25 days of imprisonment. Before that, he
was arrested in Moscow for participating in protests and was sentenced to 30 days in jail for organizing
illegal protests.[147]

In September, Human Rights Watch accused Russian police of systematic interference with Navalny's
presidential campaign. "The pattern of harassment and intimidation against Navalny's campaign is
undeniable," said Hugh Williamson, Europe, and Central Asia director at Human Rights Watch. "Russian
authorities should let Navalny's campaigners work without undue interference and properly investigate
attacks against them by ultra-nationalists and pro-government groups."[148] On 21 September, the
Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe invited Russian
authorities, in connection with the Kirovles case, "to use urgently
further avenues to erase the prohibition on Mr. Navalny's standing
for election".[149]

Navalny was sentenced to 20 days in jail on 2 October 2017 for

calls to participate in protests without approval from state
authorities.[150]

In December 2017, Russia's Central Electoral Commission barred

Navalny campaign rally in
Navalny from running for president in 2018, citing Navalny's
Yekaterinburg, 16 September 2017
corruption conviction. The European Union said Navalny's
removal cast "serious doubt" on the election. Navalny called for a
boycott of the 2018 presidential election, stating his removal meant
that millions of Russians were being denied their vote.[18] Navalny filed an appeal against the Russian
Supreme Court's ruling on 3 January,[151] however a few days later on 6 January, the Supreme Court of
Russia rejected his appeal.[152] Navalny led protests on 28 January 2018 to urge a boycott of Russia's 2018
presidential election. Navalny was arrested on the day of the protest and then released the same day,
pending trial. OVD-Info reported that 257 people were arrested throughout the country. According to
Russian news reports, police stated Navalny was likely to be charged with calling for unauthorized
demonstrations.[153] Two of Navalny's associates were given brief jail terms for urging people to attend
unsanctioned opposition rallies. Navalny stated on 5 February 2018 the government was accusing Navalny
of assaulting an officer during the protests.[154] Navalny was among 1600 people detained during 5 May
protests prior to Putin's inauguration; Navalny was charged with disobeying police.[155] On 15 May, he
was sentenced to 30 days in jail.[156] Immediately after his release on 25 September 2018, he was arrested
and convicted for organising illegal demonstrations and sentenced to another 20 days in jail.

2019 Moscow City Duma elections

During the 2019 Moscow City Duma election Navalny supported

independent candidates, most of whom were not allowed to
participate in the elections, which led to mass street protests. In
July 2019, Navalny was arrested, first for ten days, and then,
almost immediately, for 30 days. On the evening of 28 July, he
was hospitalized with severe damage to his eyes and skin. At the
hospital, he was diagnosed with an "allergy," although this
Rally for right to vote in Moscow (10
August 2019)
diagnosis was disputed by Anastasia Vasilieva, an ophthalmologist
who previously treated Navalny after a chemical attack by an
alleged protester in 2017.[157] Vasilieva questioned the diagnosis
and suggested the possibility that Navalny's condition was the result of "the damaging effects of
undetermined chemicals".[158] On 29 July 2019, Navalny was discharged from hospital and taken back to
prison, despite the objections of his personal physician who questioned the hospital's motives.[157][159]
Supporters of Navalny and journalists near the hospital were attacked by the police and many were
detained.[158] In response, he initiated the Smart voting project.

2020 constitutional referendum

Navalny campaigned against the vote on constitutional amendments that took place on 1 July, calling it a
"coup" and a "violation of the constitution".[23] He also said that the changes would allow President Putin
to become "president for life".[160][161] After the results were announced, he called them a "big lie" that
did not reflect public opinion.[162] The reforms include an
amendment allowing Putin to serve another two terms in office
(until 2036), after his current term ends.[23]

Anti-corruption investigations
In 2008, Navalny invested 300,000 rubles in stocks of 5 oil and The results of the Russian
gas companies: Rosneft, Gazprom, Gazprom Neft, Lukoil, and constitutional vote in 2020
Surgutneftegas, thus becoming an activist shareholder.[53] As such,
he began to aim at making the financial assets of these companies
transparent. This is required by law, but there are allegations that
high-level managers of these companies are involved in theft and
resisting transparency.[163] Other activities deal with wrongdoings
by Russian police, such as Sergei Magnitsky's case.

In November 2010, Navalny published[164] confidential

documents about Transneft's auditing. According to Navalny's
blog, about 4 billion dollars were stolen by Transneft's leaders
during the construction of the Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil Navalny arrested during the 2017
pipeline.[165][166] In December, Navalny announced the launch of Russian protests on 26 March 2017
the RosPil project, which seeks to bring to light corrupt practices in
the government procurement process.[167] The project takes
advantage of existing procurement regulation that requires all government requests for tender to be posted
online. Information about winning bids must be posted online as well. The name RosPil is a pun on the
slang term "raspil" (wikt:ru:распил) (literally "sawing"),[168] implying the embezzlement of state funds.

In May 2011, Navalny launched RosYama (literally "Russian Hole"), a project that allowed individuals to
report potholes and track government responses to complaints.[169] In August, Navalny published papers
related to a scandalous real estate deal[170] between the Hungarian and Russian governments.[171][172]
According to the papers, Hungary sold a former embassy building in Moscow for US$21 million to an
offshore company of Viktor Vekselberg, who immediately resold it to the Russian government for
US$116 million. Irregularities in the paper trail implied collusion. Three Hungarian officials responsible for
the deal were detained in February 2011.[173] It is unclear whether any official investigation was conducted
on the Russian side.

In February 2012, Navalny concluded that Russian federal money going to Ramzan Kadyrov's Chechen
Interior Ministry was being spent "in a totally shadowy and fraudulent way."[174] In May, Navalny accused
Deputy Prime Minister Igor Shuvalov of corruption, stating that companies owned by Roman Abramovich
and Alisher Usmanov had transferred tens of millions of dollars to Shuvalov's company, allowing Shuvalov
to share in the profit from Usmanov's purchase of the British steel company Corus.[175][176] Navalny
posted scans of documents to his blog showing the money transfers.[176] Usmanov and Shuvalov stated the
documents Navalny had posted were legitimate, but that the transaction had not violated Russian law. "I
unswervingly followed the rules and principles of conflict of interest," said Shuvalov. "For a lawyer, this is
sacred".[175] In July, Navalny posted documents on his blog allegedly showing that Alexander Bastrykin,
head of the Investigative Committee of Russia, owned an undeclared business in the Czech Republic. The
posting was described by the Financial Times as Navalny's "answering shot" for having had his emails
leaked during his arrest in the previous month.[71]

In August 2018, Navalny alleged that Viktor Zolotov stole at least US$29 million from procurement
contracts for the National Guard of Russia. Shortly after his allegations against Zolotov, Navalny was
imprisoned for staging protests in January 2018. Subsequently, Viktor Zolotov published a video message
on 11 September challenging Navalny to a duel and promising to
make "good, juicy mincemeat" of him.[178][179]

Medvedev

In March 2017, Navalny published the investigation He Is Not

Dimon to You, accusing Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev of
corruption. The authorities either ignored the accusation or argued
that it was made by a "convicted criminal" and not worth
The Levada Center survey showed
comment. On 26 March, Navalny organized a series of anti-
that 58% of surveyed Russians
corruption rallies in cities across Russia. In some cities, the rallies
supported the 2017 Russian protests
were sanctioned by authorities, but in others, including Moscow
against government corruption.[177]
and Saint Petersburg, they were not allowed. The Moscow police
said that 500 people had been detained, but according to the
human-rights group OVD-Info, 1,030 people were detained in
Moscow alone, including Navalny himself.[180][181][182] On 27 March, he was fined 20,000 rubles
minimum for organizing an illegal protest, and jailed for 15 days for resisting arrest.[182]

Putin

On 19 January 2021, two days after he was detained by Russian authorities upon his return to Russia, an
investigation by Navalny and the FBK was published accusing President Vladimir Putin of using
fraudulently obtained funds to build a massive estate for himself near the town of Gelendzhik in Krasnodar
Krai, in what he called "the world's biggest bribe". The estate was first reported on in 2010 after the
businessman Sergei Kolesnikov, who was involved in the project, gave details about it. According to
Navalny, the estate is 39 times the size of Monaco, with the Federal Security Service (FSB) owning 70
square kilometers of land around the palace, and the estate cost over 100 billion rubles ($1.35 billion) to
construct.[183] It also showed aerial footage of the estate via a drone, and a detailed floorplan of the palace
that Navalny and the FBK said was given by a contractor, which was compared to photographs from inside
the palace that were leaked onto the Internet in 2011. Using the floorplan, computer-generated
visualizations of the palace interior were also shown.[35]

There are impregnable fences, its own port, its own security, a church, its own permit system, a
no-fly zone, and even its own border checkpoint. It is absolutely a separate state within
Russia.[35]

— Alexei Anatolievich Navalny

This investigation also detailed an elaborate corruption scheme allegedly involving Putin's inner circle that
allowed Putin to hide billions of dollars to build the estate. Navalny's team also said that it managed to
confirm reporting about Putin's alleged lovers Svetlana Krivonogikh and Alina Kabaeva.[35][184][185][186]
Navalny's video on YouTube garnered over 20 million views in less than a day, and over 92 million after a
week. Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov in a press conference called the investigation a "scam" and said
that citizens should "think before transferring money to such crooks".[187]

Putin denied ownership of the palace and the oligarch Arkady Rotenberg claimed ownership.[188][189]

Criminal cases
Kirovles case

Case

On 30 July 2012, the Investigative Committee charged Navalny

with embezzlement. The committee stated that he had conspired to
steal timber from Kirovles, a state-owned company in Kirov
Oblast, in 2009, while acting as an adviser to Kirov's governor
Nikita Belykh.[175][190] Investigators had closed a previous probe
into the claims for lack of evidence.[191] Navalny was released on
his own recognizance but instructed not to leave Moscow.[192]
Navalny in court as part of the
Navalny described the charges as "weird" and unfounded.[191] He
Kirovles trial
stated that authorities "are doing it to watch the reaction of the
protest movement and of Western public opinion [...] So far they
consider both of these things acceptable and so they are continuing
along this line". [175] His supporters protested before the Investigative Committee offices.[190]

In April 2013, Loeb & Loeb LLP[f] issued "An Analysis of the Russian Federation's prosecutions of
Alexei Navalny", a paper detailing Investigative Committee accusations. The paper concludes that "the
Kremlin has reverted to misuse of the Russian legal system to harass, isolate and attempt to silence political
opponents".[193][194]

Conviction and release

The Kirovles trial commenced in the city of Kirov on 17 April 2013.[195] On 18 July, Navalny was
sentenced to five years in jail for embezzlement.[12] He was found guilty of misappropriating about
16 million rubles'[196] ($500,000) worth of lumber from a state-owned company.[197] The sentence read by
the judge Sergey Blinov was textually the same as the request of the prosecutor, with the only exception
that Navalny was given five years, and the prosecution requested six years.[198]

Later that evening, the Prosecutor's Office appealed Navalny and

Ofitserov jail sentences, arguing that until the higher court affirmed
the sentence, the sentence was invalid. The next morning, the
appeal was granted. Navalny and Ofitserov were released on 19
July, awaiting the hearings of the higher court.[199] The
prosecutor's requested decision was described as "unprecedented"
by experts.[200]

Probation
"Enough of fake cases". The protest
The prison sentence was suspended by a court in Kirov on 16 against the verdict in Moscow, 18
July 2013
October 2013, still being a burden for his political future.[201]

Review of the sentence

On 23 February 2016, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russia had violated Navalny's right
to a fair trial, and ordered the government to pay him 56,000 euros in legal costs and damages.[202]
On 16 November 2016, Russia's Supreme Court overturned the 2013 sentence, sending the verdict back to
the Leninsky District Court in Kirov for review.[203]

On 8 February 2017, the Leninsky district court of Kirov repeated its sentence of 2013 and charged
Navalny with a five-year suspended sentence.[139] Navalny announced that he will pursue the annulment
of the sentence that clearly contradicts the decision of ECHR.[204][205]

Yves Rocher case and home arrest

Case

In 2008, Oleg Navalny made an offer to Yves Rocher Vostok, the Eastern European subsidiary of Yves
Rocher between 2008 and 2012, to accredit Glavpodpiska, which was created by Navalny, with delivering
duties. On 5 August, the parties signed a contract. To fulfill the obligations under the agreement,
Glavpodpiska outsourced the task to sub-suppliers, AvtoSAGA and Multiprofile Processing Company
(MPC). In November and December 2012, the Investigating Committee interrogated and questioned Yves
Rocher Vostok. On 10 December, Bruno Leproux, general director of Yves Rocher Vostok, filed to the
Investigative Committee, asking to investigate if the Glavpodpiska subscription company had damaged
Yves Rocher Vostok, and the Investigative Committee initiated a case.[206]

The prosecution claimed Glavpodpiska embezzled money by taking duties and then redistributing them to
other companies for lesser amounts of money, and collecting the surplus: 26.7 million rubles ($540,000)
from Yves Rocher Vostok, and 4.4 million rubles from the MPC. The funds were claimed to be
subsequently legalized by transferring them on fictitious grounds from a fly-by-night company to
Kobyakovskaya Fabrika Po Lozopleteniyu, a willow weaving company founded by Navalny and operated
by his parents.[207][208][209] Navalnys denied the charges. The brothers' lawyers claimed, the investigators
"added phrases like 'bearing criminal intentions' to a description of regular entrepreneurial activity".
According to Oleg Navalny's lawyer, Glavpodpiska did not just collect money, it controlled provision of
means of transport, execution of orders, collected and expedited production to the carriers, and was
responsible before clients for terms and quality of executing orders.[206]

Yves Rocher denied that they had any losses, as did the rest of the witnesses, except the Multiprofile
Processing Company CEO Sergei Shustov, who said he had learned about his losses from an investigator
and believed him, without making audits. Both brothers and their lawyers claimed Alexei Navalny did not
participate in the Glavpodpiska operations, and witnesses all stated they had never encountered Alexei
Navalny in person before the trial.[206]

Home arrest and limitations

Following the imputed violation of travel restrictions, Navalny was placed under house arrest and
prohibited from communicating with anyone other than his family, lawyers, and investigators on 28
February 2014.[210][211] Navalny claimed the arrest was politically motivated, and he filed a complaint to
the European Court of Human Rights. On 7 July, he declared the complaint had been accepted and given
priority; the court compelled the Government of Russia to provide answers to a questionnaire.

The home arrest, in particular, prohibited usage of the Internet; however, new posts were released under his
social media accounts after the arrest was announced. A 5 March post claimed the accounts were controlled
by his Anti-Corruption Foundation teammates and his wife Yulia. On 13 March, his LiveJournal blog was
blocked in Russia, because, according to the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications,
Information Technology, and Mass Media (Roskomnadzor), "functioning of the given web page breaks the
regulation of the juridical decision of the bail hearing of a citizen against whom a criminal case has been
initiated".[212] Navalny's associates started a new blog, navalny.com, and the LiveJournal blog was
eventually abolished, with the last post published on 9 July.

The home arrest was eased a number of times: On 21 August, Navalny was allowed to communicate with
his co-defendants;[213] a journalist present in the courthouse at the moment confirmed Navalny was
allowed to communicate with "anyone but the Yves Rocher case witnesses".[214] On 10 October, his right
to communicate with the press was confirmed by another court, and he was allowed to make comments on
the case in media (Navalny's plea not to prolong the arrest was, however, rejected).[215] On 19 December,
he was allowed to mail correspondence to authorities and international courts. Navalny again pleaded not to
prolong the arrest, but the plea was rejected again.[216]

Conviction

The verdict was announced on 30 December 2014. Both brothers were found guilty of fraud against MPK
(https://www.mpcompany.ru/) and Yves Rocher Vostok and money laundering, and were convicted under
Articles 159.4 §§ 2 and 3 and 174.1 § 2 (a) and (b) of the Criminal Code.[217] Alexei Navalny was given
3½ years of suspended sentence, and Oleg Navalny was sentenced to 3½ years in prison and was arrested
after the verdict was announced;[218] both had to pay a fine of 500,000 rubles and a compensation to the
Multiprofile Processing Company (MPK (https://www.mpcompany.ru/)) of over 4 million rubles.[219] In
the evening, several thousand protesters gathered in the center of Moscow. Navalny broke his home arrest
to attend the rally and was immediately arrested by the police and brought back home.[220]

Both brothers filed complaints to the European Court of Human Rights: Oleg's was communicated and
given priority; Alexei's was reviewed in the context of the previous complaint related to this case and the
Government of Russia had been "invited to submit further observations".[221] The second instance within
the country confirmed the verdict, only releasing Alexei from the responsibility to pay his fine. Both
prosecutors and defendants were not satisfied with this decision.[219]

ECHR

On 17 October 2017, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Navalny's conviction for fraud and
money laundering "was based on an unforeseeable application of criminal law and that the proceedings
were arbitrary and unfair." The Court found that the domestic court's decisions had been arbitrary and
manifestly unreasonable. ECHR found the Russian courts' decisions violated articles 6 and 7 of the
European Convention on Human Rights.[222][223] On 15 November 2018, the Grand Chamber upheld the
decision.[224]

Indemnification

After the Yves Rocher case, Navalny had to pay a compensation of 4.4 million rubles. He declared the case
was "a frame up", but he added he would pay the sum as this could affect granting his brother's parole.[225]
On 7 October 2015, Alexei's lawyer announced the defendant willingly paid 2.9 million and requested an
installment plan for the rest of the sum.[226] The request was granted, except the term was contracted from
the requested five months to two,[227] and a part of the sum declared paid (900,000 rubles; arrested from
Navalny's banking account) was not yet received by the police; the prosecutors declared that may happen
because of inter-process delays.[228]
Later that month, Kirovles sued Navalny for the 16.1 million rubles' declared pecuniary injury; Navalny
declared he had not expected the suit, as Kirovles did not initiate it during the 2012–2013 trial.[229] On 23
October, a court resolved the said sum should be paid by the three defendants.[229] The court denied the
defendants' motion 14.7 million had already been paid by that point; the verdict and the payment sum were
justified by a ruling by a Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.[230] Navalny declared he
could not cover the requested sum; he called the suit a "drain-dry strategy" by authorities.[229]

Other cases

In late December 2012, Russia's federal Investigative Committee asserted that Allekt, an advertising
company headed by Navalny, defrauded the Union of Right Forces (SPS) political party in 2007 by taking
100 million rubles ($3.2 million) payment for advertising and failing to honor its contract. If charged and
convicted, Navalny could be jailed for up to 10 years. "Nothing of the sort happened—he committed no
robbery", Leonid Gozman, a former SPS official, was quoted as saying. Earlier in December, "the
Investigative Committee charged [...] Navalny and his brother Oleg with embezzling 55 million rubles
($1.76 million) in 2008–2011 while working in a postal business". Navalny, who denied the allegations in
the two previous cases, sought to laugh off news of the third inquiry with a tweet stating "Fiddlesticks
[...]".[231]

In April 2020 Yandex search engine started artificially placing negative commentary about Navalny on the
top positions in its search results for his name.[232] Yandex declared this was part of an "experiment" and
returned to presenting organic search results.[233][234][235]

Navalny alleged that Russian billionaire and businessman Yevgeny Prigozhin was linked to a company
called Moskovsky Shkolnik (Moscow schoolboy) that had supplied poor quality food to schools which had
caused a dysentery outbreak.[236][237] In April 2019, Moskovsky Shkolnik filed a lawsuit against Navalny.
In October 2019, the Moscow Arbitration Court ordered Navalny to pay 29.2 million rubles. Navalny said
that "Cases of dysentery were proven using documents. But it's us that has to pay."[238] Prigozhin was
quoted by the press service of his catering company Concord Management and Consulting on 25 August
2020 as saying that he intended to enforce a court decision that required Navalny, his associate Lyubov
Sobol and his Anti-Corruption Foundation to pay 88 million rubles in damages to the Moskovsky Shkolnik
company over a video investigation.[239]

By 2019, Navalny had won six complaints against Russian authorities in the ECHR for a total of
€225,000.[240]

Poisoning

Poisoning and recovery

On 20 August 2020, Navalny fell ill during a flight from Tomsk to Moscow and was hospitalised in the
Emergency City Clinical Hospital No. 1 in Omsk (Городская клиническая больница скорой
медицинской помощи № 1), where the plane had made an emergency landing. The change in his
condition on the plane was sudden and violent, and video footage showed crewmembers on the flight
scurrying towards him as he screamed loudly.[241] Later, he said that he was not screaming from pain, but
from the knowledge that he was dying.[242]

Afterward, his spokeswoman, Kira Yarmysh, said that he was in a coma and on a ventilator in the Omsk
hospital. She also said that since he arose that morning, Navalny had consumed nothing but a cup of tea,
acquired at the airport. It was initially suspected that something was mixed into his drink, and physicians
stated that a "toxin mixed into a hot drink would be rapidly absorbed". The hospital said that he was in a
stable but serious condition. Although staff initially acknowledged that Navalny had probably been
poisoned, after numerous police personnel appeared outside Navalny's room, the medical staff was less
forthcoming. The Omsk hospital's deputy chief physician later told reporters that poisoning was "one
scenario among many" being considered.[241]

A plane was sent from Germany to evacuate Navalny from Russia for treatment at the Charité Hospital in
Berlin, even though the doctors treating him in Omsk initially declared he was too sick to be
transported,[243] they later released him.[244][245] On 24 August, the doctors in Germany made an
announcement, confirming that Navalny had been poisoned with a cholinesterase inhibitor.[246]

Ivan Zhdanov, chief of Navalny's Anti-Corruption Foundation, said that Navalny could have been
poisoned because of one of the foundation's investigations.[236] On 2 September, the German government
announced that Navalny was poisoned with a Novichok nerve agent, from the same family of nerve agents
that was used to poison Sergei Skripal and his daughter. International officials said that they had obtained
"unequivocal proof" from toxicology tests, and have called on the Russian government for an
explanation.[247][248][249] On 7 September, German doctors announced that he was out of the coma.[250]
On 15 September, Navalny's spokeswoman said that Navalny would return to Russia.[251] On 17
September, Navalny's team said that traces of the nerve agent used to poison Navalny was detected on an
empty water bottle from his hotel room in Tomsk, suggesting that he was possibly poisoned before leaving
the hotel.[252] On 23 September, Navalny was discharged from hospital after his condition had sufficiently
improved.[253] On 6 October OPCW confirmed presence of cholinesterase inhibitor from the Novichok
group in Navalny's blood and urine samples.[254][255][256]

On 14 December, a joint investigation by The Insider and Bellingcat in co-operation with CNN and Der
Spiegel was published, which implicated agents from Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) in Navalny's
poisoning. The investigation detailed a special unit of the FSB, which specialises in chemical substances,
and the investigators then tracked members of the unit, using telecom and travel data. According to the
investigation, Navalny was under surveillance by a group of operatives from the unit for 3 years and there
may have been earlier attempts to poison Navalny.[257][258][259][260] In an interview with Spanish
newspaper El País, Navalny said that "It is difficult for me to understand exactly what is going on in
[Putin's] mind. ... 20 years of power would spoil anyone and make them crazy. He thinks he can do
whatever he wants."[261]

On 21 December 2020 Navalny released a video that shows him impersonating a Russian security official,
in order to speak by phone, with a man who was identified by some investigative news media as a chemical
weapons expert named Konstantin Kudryavtsev. The man said that the poison had been in Navalny's
clothing, and especially concentrated in his underwear and that Navalny would have died if not for the
plane's emergency landing and quick response from an ambulance crew on the runway.[262]

In January 2021, Bellingcat, The Insider and Der Spiegel linked the unit that tracked Navalny to the deaths
of other activists including Timur Kuashev in 2014 and Ruslan Magomedragimov in 2015 as well as the
politician Nikita Isayev in 2019.[263] In February, another joint investigation said that Vladimir Kara-Murza
was followed by the same unit before his suspected poisonings.[264]

Return and imprisonment

On 17 January 2021, Navalny returned to Russia by plane from Germany, arriving at Sheremetyevo
International Airport in Moscow after the flight was diverted from Vnukovo Airport. At passport control,
he was detained. The Federal Penitentiary Service (FSIN) confirmed his detention and said that he would
remain in custody until the court hearing.[265] Prior to his return, the FSIN had said that Navalny might
face jail time upon his arrival in Moscow for violating the terms of
his probation by leaving Russia, saying it would be "obliged" to
detain him once he returned;[34] in 2014, Navalny received a
suspended sentence in the Yves Rocher case, which he called
politically motivated and in 2017, the European Court of Human
Rights ruled that Navalny was unfairly convicted.[266][267]
Amnesty International declared Navalny to be a prisoner of
Approximate aircraft route of flight
conscience and called on the Russian authorities to release DP936 taken by Alexei Navalny, on
him.[268] A court decision on January 18th ordered the detention of 17 January 2021, showing its
Navalny until 15 February for violating his parole. A makeshift deviation.
court was set up in the police station where Navalny was being
held. Another hearing would later be held to determine whether his
suspended sentence should be replaced with a jail term.[269] Navalny described the procedure as "ultimate
lawlessness" and called on his supporters to take to the streets.[270] Human Rights Centre Memorial
recognized Navalny as a political prisoner.[271][272] The next day, while in jail, an investigation by
Navalny and the FBK was published accusing President Vladimir Putin of corruption.[273] The
investigation and his arrest led to mass protests across Russia beginning on 23 January 2021.[274][275]

A Moscow court on 2 February replaced Navalny's three and a half year suspended sentence with a prison
sentence, minus the amount of time he spent under house arrest, meaning he would spend over two and
half years in a corrective labour colony.[276][277] The verdict was condemned by the governments of the
United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France and others as well as the EU.[278][279][280][281][282][283]
Immediately after the verdict was announced, protests in a number of Russian cities were held and met with
a harsh police crackdown.[284] Navalny later returned to court for a trial on slander charges, where he was
accused of defaming a World War II veteran who took part in a promotional video backing the
constitutional amendments last year. The case was launched in June 2020 after Navalny called those who
took part in the video "corrupt lackeys" and "traitors". Navalny called the case politically motivated and
accused authorities of using the case to smear his reputation. Although the charge is punishable by up to
two years in prison if proven, his lawyer said that Navalny cannot face a custodial sentence because the law
was changed to make it a jailable offence after the alleged crime had taken place.[285][286]

The European Court of Human Rights ruled on 16 February that the Russian government should release
Navalny immediately, with the court saying that the resolution was made in "regard to the nature and extent
of risk to the applicant's life". Navalny's lawyers applied to the court for an "interim measure" for his
release on 20 January after his detention. However Russian officials indicated that they would not comply
with the decision. Justice Minister Konstantin Chuychenko called the measure a "flagrant intervention in
the operation of a judicial system of a sovereign state" as well as "unreasonable and unlawful", claiming
that it did not "contain any reference to any fact or any norm of the law, which would have allowed the
court to take this decision". In December 2020, a series of laws were also passed and signed that gave the
constitution precedence over rulings made by international bodies as well international
treaties.[287][288][289][290] A few days later, a Moscow court rejected Navalny's appeal and upheld his
prison sentence, however it reduced his sentence by six weeks after deciding to count his time under house
arrest as part of his time served. Another court convicted Navalny on slander charges against the World
War II veteran, fining him 850,000 rubles ($11,500).[291]

In February 2021, Amnesty International stripped Navalny of "prisoner of conscience" status, due to
lobbying about videos and pro-nationalist statements he made in the past that allegedly constitute hate
speech.[292][293][294][295] This designation was then reinstated in May 2021: the international organization
stated that the withdrawal of the "prisoner of conscience" designation had been used as a pretext by the
Government of the Russian Federation to further violate Navalny's human rights.[43]
Navalny was reported on 28 February to have recently arrived at the Pokrov correctional colony in
Vladimir Oblast, a prison where Dmitry Demushkin and Konstantin Kotov were also jailed.[296][297][298]
In early March, the European Union and United States imposed sanctions on senior Russian officials in
response to Navalny's poisoning and imprisonment.[31]

In March, while in prison, Navalny in a formal complaint accused authorities of torture by depriving him of
sleep, where he is considered a flight risk by authorities. Navalny told lawyers that he is woken up eight
times a night by guards announcing to a camera that he is in his prison cell. A lawyer of Navalny said that
he is suffering from health problems, including a loss of sensation in his spine and legs, and that prison
authorities denied Navalny's requests for a civilian physician, claiming his health was
"satisfactory".[41][299] On 31 March, Navalny announced a hunger strike to demand proper medical
treatment.[300] On 6 April, six doctors, including Navalny's personal physician, Anastasia Vasilyeva, and
two CNN correspondents, were arrested outside the prison when they attempted to visit Navalny whose
health significantly deteriorated.[301][302] On 7 April 2021, Navalny's attorneys claimed he had suffered
two spinal disc herniations and had lost feeling in his hands, prompting criticism from the U.S.
government.[303][304] Agnès Callamard, Secretary General of Amnesty International accused Vladimir
Putin of slowly killing Alexei Navalny through torture and inhumane treatment in prison.[305][40] He also
complained that he was not allowed to read newspapers or have any books including a copy of the Quran
that he planned to study.[306]

The Moscow prosecutor office requested the Moscow City Court on 16 April to designate organizations
linked to Navalny including the FBK and his headquarters as extremist organizations, claiming: "Under the
disguise of liberal slogans, these organizations are engaged in creating conditions for the destabilization of
the social and socio-political situation."[307] In response, Navalny aide Leonid Volkov stated: "Putin has
just announced full-scale mass political repression in Russia."[308]

On 17 April, it was reported that Navalny was in immediate need of medical attention. Navalny's personal
doctor Anastasia Vasilyeva and three other doctors, including cardiologist Yaroslav Ashikhmin, asked
prison officials to grant them immediate access, stating on social media that “Our patient can die any
minute”, due to an increased risk of a fatal cardiac arrest or kidney failure "at any moment".[309][310][311]
Test results obtained by Navalny's lawyers showed heightened levels of potassium in the blood, which can
bring on cardiac arrest, and sharply elevated creatinine levels, indicating impaired kidneys. Navalny's
results showed blood potassium levels of 7.1 mmol; blood potassium levels higher than 6.0 mmol
(millimoles) per liter usually require immediate treatment.[311][312]

Later that night, an open letter, addressed to Putin and open for Russian citizens to sign, was signed and
published by 11 politicians representing several regional parliaments, demanding an independent doctor be
allowed to visit Navalny, and for a review and cancellation of all of his criminal cases. "We regard what is
happening in relation to Navalny as an attempt on the life of a politician, committed out of personal and
political hatred," says the letter, "You, the President of the Russian Federation, personally bear
responsibility for the life of Alexey Navalny on the territory of the Russian Federation, including in prison
facilities – [you bear this responsibility] to Navalny himself, to his relatives, and to the whole world."[313]
Among the signatories are chairman of the Pskov regional branch of the Yabloko party, the deputy of the
regional assembly Lev Schlosberg, the deputy from Karelia, the ex-chairman of Yabloko Emilia Slabunova,
and the deputy of the Moscow City Duma Yevgeny Stupin.[314]

The following day, his daughter called on Russian prison authorities to let her father be checked by doctors
in a tweet[315] written from Stanford University, where she is a student. Prominent celebrities such as J.K.
Rowling and Jude Law also addressed a letter[316] to Russian authorities asking to provide Navalny with
proper medical treatment.[317][318] U.S. president Joe Biden called his treatment "totally unfair" and
National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan said that the Kremlin had been warned "that there will be
consequences if Mr. Navalny dies."[319] The European Union's head diplomat Josep Borrell stated that the
organization held the Russian government accountable for Navalny's health conditions. The president of
the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, also expressed her concern for his health.[320] However,
Russian authorities rebuked such concerns by foreign countries. Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov said
that Russian prison officials are monitoring Navalny's health, not the president.[321]

On 19 April, Navalny was moved from prison to a hospital for convicts, according to the Russian prison
service,[322][320] for "vitamin therapy".[321] On 23 April, Navalny announced that he was ending his
hunger strike on advice of his doctors and as he felt his demands had been partially met.[323][324] His
newspapers are still being censored as articles are cut out before the newspaper is given to him.[325]

On 26 April, Moscow's prosecutor office ordered Navalny's network of regional offices, including those of
the FBK, to cease its activities, pending a court ruling on whether to designate them as extremist
organizations. His ally Leonid Volkov explained that it will limit many of the group's activities as
prosecutors seek to label the Foundation as "extremists".[326][327] The move was condemned by Germany
as well as Amnesty International, which, in a statement, said: "The objective is clear: to raze Alexei
Navalny's movement to the ground while he languishes in prison."[328] On 29 April, Navalny's team
announced that the political network would be dissolved, in advance of a court ruling in May expected to
designate it as extremist.[329] According to Volkov, the headquarters would be transformed into
independent political organizations "which will deal with investigations and elections, public campaigns
and rallies".[330] On the same day, his allies said that a new criminal case had been opened against
Navalny, for allegedly setting up a non-profit organisation that infringed on the rights of citizens.[331] The
next day, the leader of Team 29, Ivan Pavlov, who also represents Navalny's team in the extremism case,
was detained in Moscow.[332] On 30 April, the financial monitoring agency added Navalny's regional
campaign offices to a list of "terrorists and extremists."[333] On 20 May, the head of the Russian prison
system and Navalny's ally Ivan Zhdanov reported that Navalny had "more or less" recovered and that his
health was generally satisfactory.[334] On 7 June, Navalny was returned to prison after fully recovering
from the effects of the hunger strike.[335]

On 9 June, Navalny's political network, including his headquarters and the FBK, were designated as
extremist organizations and liquidated by the Moscow City Court.[336][337] Vyacheslav Polyga, judge of
Moscow City Court, upheld the administrative claim of the prosecutor of Moscow city Denis Popov and,
rejecting all the petitions of the defense, decided[338] to recognize Anti-Corruption Foundation as extremist
organization, to liquidate it and to confiscate its assets; similar decision had been taken against Citizens’
Rights Protection Foundation; the activity of the Alexei Navalny staff was prohibited (case
№3а-1573/2021).[339] Case hearing was held in camera because, as indicated by advocate Ilia Novikov,
the case file including the text of the administrative claim was classified as state secret.[340] According to
advocate Ivan Pavlov, Navalny was not the party to the proceedings and the judge refused to give him such
status; at the hearing, the prosecutor stated that defendants are extremist organizations because they want
the change of power in Russia and they promised to help participants of the protest with payment of
administrative and criminal fines and with making a complaints to the European Court of Human
Rights.[341] On 4 August 2021, First Appellate Ordinary Court located in Moscow upheld the decision of
the court of first instance (case №66а-3553/2021) and this decision entered into force that day.[342]

In October 2021, the Russian prison commission designated Navalny as a "terrorist."[343]

Reception

Political activities
In October 2010, Navalny was the winner of the unofficial online
elections for mayor of Moscow, held by Kommersant and
Gazeta.Ru.[344][345] He received about 30,000 votes, or 45%,
with the closest rival being "Against all candidates" with some
9,000 votes (14%), followed by former First Deputy Prime
Minister of Russia Boris Nemtsov with 8,000 votes (12%) out of a
total of about 67,000 votes.[346]
Navalny, his wife Yulia and Russian
The reaction to Navalny's actual mayoral election result in 2013, opposition politician Ilya Yashin, 12
where he came second, was mixed: Nezavisimaya Gazeta June 2013
declared, "The voting campaign turned a blogger into a
politician",[117] and following an October 2013 Levada Center
poll that showed Navalny made it to the list of potential presidential candidates among Russians, receiving
a rating of 5%, Konstantin Kalachev, the leader of the Political Expert Group, declared 5% was not the
limit for Navalny, and unless something extraordinary happened, he could become "a pretender for a
second place in the presidential race".[347] On the other hand, The Washington Post published a column by
Milan Svolik that stated the election was fair so the Sobyanin could show a clean victory, demoralizing the
opposition, which could otherwise run for street protests.[348] Putin's press secretary Dmitry Peskov stated
on 12 September, "His momentary result cannot testify his political equipment and does not speak of him as
of a serious politician".[349]

When referring to Navalny, Putin never actually pronounced his name in public, referring to him as a
"mister" or the like;[350][349] Julia Ioffe took it for a sign of weakness before the opposition politician,[351]
and Peskov later stated Putin never pronounced his name in order not to "give [Navalny] a part of his
popularity".[352] In July 2015, Bloomberg's sources "familiar with the matter" declared there was an
informal prohibition from the Kremlin for senior Russian officials from mentioning Navalny's name.[353]
Peskov rejected the assumption there is such a ban; however, in doing so, he did not mention Navalny's
name either.[354]

Ratings

In a 2013 Levada Center poll, Navalny's recognition among the

Russian population stood at 37%.[355] Out of those who were able
to recognize Navalny, 14% would either "definitely" or "probably"
support his presidential run.[356]

The Levada Center also conducted another survey, which was

released on 6 April 2017, showing Navalny's recognition among
the Russian population at 55%.[357] Out of those who recognized
Navalny, 4% would "definitely" vote for him and 14% would
Rally concert in support of Navalny,
"probably" vote for him in the presidential election.[357] In another
6 September 2013
poll carried out by the same pollster in August 2020, 4% of
respondents said that they trusted Navalny the most (out of a list of
politicians), an increase from 2% in the previous month.[358]

According to polls conducted by the Levada Center in September 2020, 20% of Russians approve
Navalny's activities, 50% disapprove, and 18% had never heard of him.[359] Out of those who were able to
recognize Navalny, 10% said that they have "respect" for him, 8% have sympathy and 15% "could not say
anything bad" about him. 31% are "neutral" towards him, 14% "could not say anything good" about him
and 10% dislike him.[360][359]
Criminal cases

During and after the Kirovles trial, a number of prominent people expressed support to Navalny and/or
condemned the trial. The last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev called it "proof that we do not have
independent courts".[361] Former Minister of Finance Alexei Kudrin stated that it was "looking less like a
punishment than an attempt to isolate him from social life and the electoral process".[362][363] It was also
criticized by novelist Boris Akunin,[363] and jailed Russian oligarch Mikhail Khodorkovsky, who called it
similar to the treatment of political opponents during the Soviet era.[362]

Vladimir Zhirinovsky, leader of the nationalist LDPR, called the verdict "a direct warning to our 'fifth
column'", and added, "This will be the fate of everyone who is connected with the West and works against
Russia".[362] A variety of state officials condemned the verdict. United States Department of State Deputy
Spokesperson Marie Harf stated that the United States was "very disappointed by the conviction and
sentencing of opposition leader Aleksey Navalniy".[364] The spokesperson for European Union High
Representative Catherine Ashton said that the outcome of the trial "raises serious questions as to the state of
the rule of law in Russia".[362][365] Andreas Schockenhoff, Germany's Commissioner for German-Russian
Coordination, stated, "For us, it's further proof of authoritarian policy in Russia, which doesn't allow
diversity and pluralism".[366] The New York Times commented in response to the verdict that "President
Vladimir Putin of Russia actually seems weak and insecure".[361]

The verdict in the case of Yves Rocher caused similar reactions. According to Alexei Venediktov, the
verdict was "unfair", Oleg Navalny was taken "hostage", while Alexei was not jailed to avoid "furious
reaction" from Putin, which was caused by the change of measure of restraint after the Kirovles trial.[367] A
number of deputies appointed by United Russia and LDPR found the verdict too mild.[368] Experts
interrogated by BBC Russian Service expressed reactions close to the political positions their organizations
generally stand on.[369] The spokesperson for EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini stated the same
day that the sentence was likely to be politically motivated.[220]

Public opinion varied over time: According to Levada Center, 20% of people thought the Kirovles case had
been caused by an actual violation of law, while 54% agreed the rationale beyond the case was his anti-
corruption activity in May 2011. In May 2013, the shares of people who held these opinions were 28% and
47%, correspondingly; however, in September 2013, the shares were 35% and 45%. The organization
suggested this had been caused by corresponding coverage in media.[370] By September 2014, the
percentages had undergone further changes, and equaled 37% and 38%.[371] The center also stated the
share of those who found the result of another criminal case against him was unfair and Navalny was not
guilty dropped from 13% in July 2013 to 5% in January 2015, and the number of those who found the
verdict was too tough also fell from 17% to 9%. The share of those who found the verdict to be either fair
or too mild was 26% in July 2013, and has exceeded 35% since September 2013.[371]

Political positions
In February 2011, in an interview with the radio station finam.fm, Navalny called the main Russian party,
United Russia, a "party of crooks and thieves".[10] In May 2011, the Russian government began a criminal
investigation into Navalny, widely described in media as "revenge", and by Navalny himself as "a
fabrication by the security services".[10][372][373] Meanwhile, "crooks and thieves" became a popular
nickname for the party.[374]

In 2011, Navalny stated that he considered himself a "nationalist democrat".[375][376] He has participated in
the annual "Russian march" from 2006, a parade uniting Russian nationalist groups of all
stripes,[377][378][379] and was one of the co-organizers of the 2011 march.[380][381][378] His views about
Russian nationalism evolved. In 2007, he released several anti-immigration videos in which one clip
featured himself dressed as a dentist, who likened interethnic
conflict in Russia to "cavities" and claimed that fascism can be
stopped only by deporting migrants from Russia. Navalny stated
“We have a right to be [ethnic] Russians in Russia. And we will
defend this right.”[382][383][384][385][386] Navalny has still not
removed the videos nor retracted his statements but according to
Leonid Volkov, who runs the political-organizing part of
Navalny’s organization, Navalny has expressed regret for the
videos.[385] But he said later that "The basis of my approach is that
you have to communicate with nationalists and educate them... I
think it's very important to explain to them that the problem of
illegal immigration is not solved by beating up migrants but by
other, democratic means".[386] Navalny has also called for ending
federal subsidies to the "corrupt" and "ineffective" governments of
Chechnya and other North Caucasus republics.[377][387][388] In
2013, after ethnic riots in a Moscow district took place, which
were sparked by a murder committed by a migrant,[389] Navalny
sympathized with the anti-immigration movement and commented A poster that won the Navalny
that ethnic tensions and crimes are inevitable because of failing contest "Against the party of crooks
and thieves"
immigration policies by the state.[390][391]

In early 2012, Navalny stated on Ukrainian TV, "Russian foreign

policy should be maximally directed at integration with Ukraine and Belarus… In fact, we are one nation.
We should enhance integration."[392] During the same broadcast Navalny said to "No one wants to make
an attempt to limit Ukraine's sovereignty".[392][393]

In March 2014, after Russia's annexation of Crimea, Navalny urged further sanctions against officials and
businessmen linked to Putin and proposed his own list of sanctions, saying that previous US and EU
sanctions were "mocked".[394] In October 2014, Navalny said in an interview that despite Crimea being
illegally "seized", "the reality is that Crimea is now part of Russia". When asked if he would return Crimea
to Ukraine if he became president, he said "Is Crimea some sort of sausage sandwich to be passed back and
forth? I don't think so". He also said that a "normal referendum" would need to be held.[395][396] Navalny
also said that Putin's government should stop "sponsoring the war" in Donbas.[396] Navalny has strongly
criticized Vladimir Putin's policies in Ukraine: "Putin likes to speak about the 'Russian world' but he is
actually making it smaller. In Belarus, they sing anti-Putin songs at football stadiums; in Ukraine they
simply hate us. In Ukraine now, there are no politicians who do not have extreme anti-Russian positions.
Being anti-Russian is the key to success now in Ukraine, and that is our fault".[397]

In 2016, Navalny spoke against the Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war, believing that there are
internal problems in Russia that need to be dealt with rather than to get involved in foreign wars.[398]

In 2017, Leonid Volkov, Navalny's chief of staff, said that Navalny's team supports the legalization of
same-sex marriage.[399]

In 2018, after the establishment of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, an event labeled as the ending of more
than three centuries of Russian spiritual and temporal control of the dominant faith in Ukraine, Navalny
tweeted: "What took centuries to create has been destroyed by Putin and his idiots in four years...Putin is
the enemy of the Russian World."[400][401]

In June 2020, he spoke out in support of the Black Lives Matter protests against racism.[402]
In July 2020, Navalny voiced his support for the protests in Khabarovsk and other cities in the Russian Far
East and Siberia. He said that "Putin personally — and Putin's stooges who run the Far East — hate
Khabarovsk region and its inhabitants because time and again, they lose elections there."[403]

Awards and honours

Navalny was named "Person of the Year 2009" by Russian
business newspaper Vedomosti[404][405] and by stock exchange
observer Stock in Focus.[406]

On 22 April 2010, Navalny was awarded the Finance magazine

prize in the nomination "for protecting the rights of minority
shareholders".[407][408]

Navalny was a World Fellow at Yale University's World Fellows

Program, aimed at "creating a global network of emerging leaders
Scenic viewpoint of Alexei Navalny
and to broaden international understanding" in 2010.[409]
in Prague, 2021
In 2011, Foreign Policy magazine named Navalny to the FP Top
100 Global Thinkers, along with Daniel Domscheit-Berg and
Sami Ben Gharbia of Tunisia, for "shaping the new world of government transparency".[410] FP picked
him again in 2012.[411] He was listed by Time magazine in 2012 as one of the world's 100 most influential
people, the only Russian on the list.[412] In 2013, Navalny came in at No. 48 among "world thinkers" in an
online poll by the UK magazine Prospect.[413]

In 2015, Alexei and Oleg Navalny were chosen to receive the "Prize of the Platform of European Memory
and Conscience 2015". According to the Platform's statement, "The Members of the Platform have voted
this year for the Navalny brothers, in recognition of their personal courage, struggle and sacrifices for
upholding fundamental democratic values and freedoms in the Russian Federation today. By the award of
the Prize, the Platform wishes to express its respect and support to Mr. Oleg Navalny whom the Platform
considers a political prisoner, and to Mr. Alexei Navalny for his efforts to expose corruption, defend
political pluralism and opposition to the mounting authoritarian regime in the Russian Federation".[414]

In June 2017, Navalny was included Time magazine's list of the World's 25 Most Influential People on the
Internet.[415] In December 2017, he was named "Politician of the Year 2017" by Vedomosti.[416][417]

He was named "Politician of the Year 2019" by readers of Vedomosti.[418]

Navalny was nominated for the 2021 Nobel Peace Prize by multiple Norwegian members of
parliament.[419][420] An Internet petition to the Nobel Committee in support of Mr. Navalny's candidacy
has been signed by over 38,000 people.[421]

Following Navalny's imprisonment in February 2021, the Boris Nemtsov Foundation for Freedom awarded
Navalny with the Boris Nemtsov Prize for Courage.[422] A scenic viewpoint of Alexei Navalny was also
set in Prague in direct view from the Russian Embassy, near Boris Nemtsov Square in front of the Russian
Embassy and the Anna Politkovskaya Promenade.[423][424]

On 8 June 2021, Navalny's daughter accepted the Moral Courage Award at the Geneva Summit for Human
Rights and Democracy on behalf of her father. Navalny dedicated the prize to political prisoners.[425] In
September 2021, Navalny was included in Time Magazine's list of the 100 most influential people. His
second appearance on the list, having previous been included in 2012.[426]
In September 2021, he was awarded the Knight of Freedom Award conferred by the Casimir Pulaski
Foundation.[427][428][429]

In October 2021, he received the Sakharov Prize, the European Parliament's annual human rights
prize.[430] David Sassoli, the President of the European Parliament, announced that the award was to
recognise that Navalny "has fought tirelessly against the corruption of Vladimir Putin’s regime. This cost
him his liberty and nearly his life".[431]

Later that same year, he also received a German prize for his efforts in sustaining freedom of expression -
the M100 Media Award.[432][429]

Family and personal life

Navalny is married to Yulia Navalnaya and has two children, daughter
Daria, currently an undergraduate student at Stanford University, and son
Zakhar.[65][433] Since 1998, he has lived in a three-room apartment in
Maryino District in southeast Moscow.[434]

Navalny is a Russian Orthodox Christian; previously an atheist, Navalny

has said that turning to the Orthodox church has made him feel a "part of
something large and universal."[435]

See also
2017–2018 Russian protests
2019 Moscow protests
List of designated prisoners of conscience Navalny and his wife Yulia
List of people who survived assassination attempts
2021 Russian protests
Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

Notes
a. Previously known as the People's Alliance (2012–2014) and the Progress Party (2014–
2018).
b. Sometimes transcribed to English as Alexey, Aleksei or Aleksey.
c. The Russian word "да" (da) means "yes".
d. Argued as following: "It is clearly stated in the preamble of our declaration that the Yabloko
Party thoroughly and sharply opposes any national and racial discord and any xenophobia.
However, in this case, when we know [...] that the Constitution guarantees to us the right to
gather peacefully and without a weapon, we see that in these conditions the prohibition of
the Russian March as it was announced, provokes the organizers to some activities that
could end not so well. Thus we appeal to the Moscow City Hall [...] for permission".[56]
e. Article 15, section 7: "Terms, as provided by sections 4 and 6 of the present article, are
prolonged if a territorial body has passed a verdict of suspension of state registration of a
regional branch of a political party, as provided by section 5.1 of the present article, or a
verdict of denial of state registration of a regional branch of a political party has been
challenged to a court and, as of the day of expiration of the said terms, has not gone into
effect."[87] The following section is given as in force as on 2 April 2012 (the section had not
changed by 1 May 2015).
 f. Loeb & Loeb LLP (https://www.loeb.com/en), founded by Joseph P. Loeb et al.. LLP stands
for Limited liability partnership.

Exchange rates used in the article

1. According to the exchange rates[113] set by the Central Bank of Russia for 8 September
2013.

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Bibliography
Michnik, Adam; Navalny, Alexei (2015). Диалоги [Dialogues] (in Russian). Novoye
Izdatel'stvo. ISBN 978-5-98379-198-5. OCLC 1166734566 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11
66734566).

Further reading
Jan Matti Dollbaum (2020) "Protest trajectories in electoral authoritarianism: from Russia's
'For Fair Elections' movement to Alexei Navalny's presidential campaign (https://www.tandfo
nline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1060586X.2020.1750275)". Post-Soviet Affairs.

External links
Official website (https://navalny.com) (in Russian)
Navalny's page for the Yale World Fellows Program (http://www.yale.edu/worldfellows/fellow
s/navalny.html)
"Palace for Putin. History of the biggest bribery" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipAnwil
MncI&feature=emb_logo), a video released by Navalny on 19 January 2021, after returning
to Moscow.

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