Y12 Maths Methods Applications of Integration

Year 12
Mathematics Methods
Applications of Integration
Except where indicated, this content is © Department of Education Western Australia 2020
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Mathematics Methods – 12 Applications of Integration
Contents
Signposts… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2
Overview ....................................................................................................................... 3
Lesson 1 - Area under a curve.......................................................................................... 5

Lesson 2 - Area between two curves ............................................................................ 11
Lesson 3 - Rectilinear motion ........................................................................................ 22
Lesson 4 - Rates of change ............................................................................................. 30
Lesson 5 - Calculator Free Exam Practice ...................................................................... 39
Lesson 6 - Calculator Assumed Exam Practice ............................................................... 45
Supplemental 1 - How integration is used in growth and decay................................... 52
Supplemental 2 - Calculus in trigonometry ................................................................... 56
Glossary ..................................................................................................................... 62
Solutions ..................................................................................................................... 63
© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 1

Signposts
Each symbol is a sign to help you.

Here is what each one means.
Important Information
Mark and Correct your work
You write an answer or response
Use your CAS calculator
A point of emphasis
Refer to a text book
Contact your school teacher (if you can)
Check your school about Assessment submission

Overview
This booklet contains approximately 12 hours of work. Some students may find they need
additional time.
To guide the pace at which you work through the booklet refer to the content page.
Space is provided for you to write your solutions in this booklet. If you need more space,
then attach a page to the page you are working on.
Answers are given to all questions: it is assumed you will use them responsibly, to maximise
your learning. You should check your day to day lesson work.
Assessments
All of your assessments are provided for you separately by your school. Assessments are
either response or investigative. Weightings for assessments are provided by your school.
Calculator
This course assumes the use of a CAS calculator. Screen displays will appear throughout the
booklets to help you with your understanding of the lessons. Further support documents
are available.
Textbook
You are encouraged to use the text for this course. A text will further explain some topics
and can provide you with extra practice questions.
Online Support
Search for a range of online support.

Content covered in this booklet
The syllabus content focused on in this booklet includes:
Applications of integration
3.2.18 calculate total change by integrating instantaneous or marginal rate of change
3.2.19 calculate the area under a curve
3.2.20 calculate the area between curves
3.2.21 determine displacement given velocity in linear motion problems
3.2.22 determine positions given linear acceleration and initial values of position and
velocity.
Exponential functions
3.1.1 use exponential functions of the form 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 and their derivatives to solve practical
problems
Trigonometric functions
3.1.2 use trigonometric functions and their derivatives to solve practical problems

Lesson 1
Area under the curve
By the end of this lesson you should be able to:
• use the definite integral to find areas above and below the 𝑥𝑥 axis.
Above the x-axis

When we find the area under a curve, we have to have a ‘starting’ 𝑥𝑥-value and a ‘stopping’
𝑥𝑥-value. It is possible to have any boundaries. Here are two examples, showing below them
the integral which will give the shaded area.
To find the required area, we just find the (indefinite) integral, the ‘area function’ if you like,
then we evaluate it at the upper boundary and subtract the value at the lower boundary.
Example
Find the area between the curve 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3, the 𝑥𝑥-axis and from 𝑥𝑥 = 1 to 𝑥𝑥 = 4
Solution
Draw a diagram of the required area to check that it is all above the x-axis.

Above and below the x-axis

What happens when the curve lies below the x-axis? The area between the curve and the x-
axis is negative in this case. Does the integral give a negative answer too?
Example
Find the are enclosed by the curve and the x-axis between x = 2 and x = 4 , for the function
f ( x) = x3 − 5 x 2 + 2 x + 8
Solution
Draw the graph so you can see what you are finding
∫ (x
3
Area= − 5 x 2 + 2 x + 8)dx
2
4
 x 4 5 x3 
=  − + x2 + 8x 
4 3 2
 4 4 5 × 43 2   2 4 5 × 23 
=  − + 4 + 8× 4 −  − + 22 + 8 × 2 
 4 3   4 3 
 320   40 
=  64 − + 16 + 32  −  4 − + 4 + 16 
 3   3 
1
= −5 square units.
3
Yes, the integral does give a negative answer.
The negative sign simply tells us that the region lies below the x-axis.

Example
1
We learnt from the example above that the area between x = 2 and x = 4 is 5 square
3
units, lying below the x-axis. You can’t have a negative area, the negative sign simply
indicates position on the plane.
By now you can probably see a potential problem. What if we try to find a total area, when
some areas lie above the x-axis and some lie below?
We can use the previous function to explore this problem.
What if we wanted to find the total area between the function and the x-axis from
x= −1 to x =5?
Solution
5
∫ (x
3
If we found the definite integral − 5 x 2 + 2 x + 8)dx the answer would be
−1
3  1 7
15 +  −5  + 7 or 18 square units.
4  3  12
3 1 7 2
However the total area shown above is actually 15 + 5 + 7 or 28 square units.
4 3 12 3
Hence to find the area we need to calculate the integral in sections compensating for the
‘negative’ area between
= x 2= and x 4 .
2 4 5
i.e. total area= ∫ (x − 5 x + 2 x + 8)dx + ∫ ( x − 5 x + 2 x + 8)dx + ∫ ( x 3 − 5 x 2 + 2 x + 8)dx
3 2 3 2
−1 2 4
To find the area under or between curves follow the steps:

• Draw a diagram.
• Determine the definite integral to be evaluated.
• Calculate the definite integral.
• Include ‘square units’ with your answer.
Note: You should also be able to find areas using your calculator. This is also useful to
check your final answers when possible.
Exercise 1
1. Find the area bounded by:
a) x 1,=
The x-axis= x) 6 x 2 − x3
x 2 and the curve f (=
b) The x-axis x =−1, x =3 and the line y − 2 x − 6 =0

c) The x-axis x = 4, x = 6 and the curve y = x 2 − 5 x + 5
4
d) x 1,=
The x-axis= x 4 and the curve g (=
x)
x2
e) The x-axis x = −2, x = e 2 x (If you haven’t worked with e

2 and the curve h( x) =
yet, visit the supplemental lessons
2. Find the area bounded by the functions:

a) 9 − x2 , x =
f ( x) = 1 and x =
5.
b) y = x 2 − 6 x + 8, x = 1 and x = 5.
c) y =x3 − 6 x 2 + 8 x, x =0 and x =4.

Lesson 2
Area between two curves
• calculate the total area formed between two curves
• You will need to complete homework in this lesson.
Going further
Now that you know how to find the area between a curve and the x-axis, it is a simple
matter to find the area enclosed by two curves.
We simply find the area below the line (between the line and the x-axis), and subtract the
area below the parabola.
Enclosed area = _________ - __________ = __________

We can calculate the enclosed area as follows.

4 5
Enclosed area = ∫ ( 5 x − 4 ) dx − ∫ x 2 dx
1 4
4 4
 5 x 2   x3 
=   − 
 2 1  3 1
 5 ( 4 )2   5 (1)2   43 13 
=  − 4 ( 4 ) −  − 4 (1)  −  − 
 2   2   3 3 
80 5 64 1
= − 16 − + 4 − +
2 2 3 3
= 4.5 square units
Example
Can we subtract before integrating?
4 4 4
That is does ∫ f ( x)dx − ∫ g ( x)dx =∫ [ f ( x) − g ( x) ] dx ?

1 1 1
Solution
4
Let’s evaluate ∫ [ f ( x) − g ( x)] dx and see if it also equals 4.5 square units.
1
4 4
∫  f ( x ) − g ( x ) dx
= ∫ ( 5 x − 4 ) − x 2
 dx
1 1
4
∫ 5 x − 4 − x
2
=  dx
1
4
 5x2 x3 
=  − 4x − 
 2 3 1
 5 ( 4 )2 ( 4 )   5 (1)
3 2
(1) 
3
=  − 4 ( 4) − − − 4 (1) − 
 2 3   2 3 
= 4.5 square units
4 4 4
Yes! ∫ f ( x)dx −∫ g ( x)dx =∫ [ f ( x) − g ( x)] dx

1 1 1
So to find the enclosed area, we subtract the lower function from the upper function and
integrate. The only extra step is that you have to start by finding the points of intersection,
so you know what the upper and lower bounds to use.
In general ∫ f ( x ) dx − ∫ g ( x ) dx =∫  f ( x ) − g ( x ) dx
Example

Find the are enclosed by the functions f ( x ) and g ( x ) , where

f ( x=
) 5 x − 2 and g ( x ) = x 2 − x + 3
Solution
Start by sketching the graphs so we can
see which is uppermost.
So we will be finding ∫  f ( x ) − g ( x )  dx since f is above g for the enclosed area.
Now to find the endpoints by solving where the functions intersect.

5x − 2 = x 2 − x + 3
x 2 −6 x + 5 =0
( x − 5)( x − 1) =
0
=x 5=
or x 1
So the enclosed area is between
= x 1=
and x 5
5
Area
= ∫  f ( x ) − g ( x ) dx
1
5
∫ ( 5 x − 2 ) − ( x − x + 3)  dx
2
=
1
5
∫ − x
2
= +6 x − 5 dx
1
5
 −x 3 6x 2 
=  + − 5x 
 3 2 1
 −125   −1 
=  + 75 − 25  −  + 3 − 5 
 3   3 
2
= 10 square units
3

More complicated intersections

From your experience with integration, it should be obvious to you that more complicated
intersections of curves can be dealt with in small segments
Example
x ) 3 x 2 and g ( =
Find the area between two curves, f ( = x ) 3 x 3 −6 x.
Solution
Find intersections
3 x 3 −6 x =
3x 2
3 x 3 −3 x 2 −6 x =
0
3 x ( x 2 − x − 2 ) =0
3 x ( x − 2 )( x + 1) =
0
x = −1, 0 or 2
For Area 1 from x = −1 to x = 0 the

cubic function, g ( x ) is on top.
0
Area 1 = ∫  g ( x ) − f ( x )  dx
−1
0
= ∫ ( 3 x 3 −6 x ) − ( 3 x 2 )  dx
−1
5
= units 2
4
2
Area 2 = ∫  f ( x ) − g ( x )  dx
0
2
= ∫ ( 3 x 2 ) − ( 3 x 3 −6 x )  dx
0
= 8 units 2
Total Area = Area 1 + Area 2
5
= +8
4
1
= 9 units 2
4

Exercise 2
1. Find the area enclosed between:
a) y=− x 2 +5 and the line y =−

3 x .

b) h ( x) =
x 3 −2 x 2 and m( x) =
3 x.

∫ (x −6 − x ) dx.
2
2. Solve
−2
3. Find the area enclosed between f ( x=

) x and h ( x=) x 2 −6.
4. Look closely at two previous questions.

a) What is similar about these?
b) What is different? Can you explain why?

5. Write the definite integral(s) that would need to be used to find y y = f(x)
the shaded area in the graph on the right.

y = g(x)
a b c d x
2
y y = (x – 1) + 2
4
6. For the graph on the right: 2
y = (x – 3) + 1
3
a) Write the definite integral(s) needed to find 2
the area enclosed between the curves in the 1

graph below and the x-axis between the y-
-1 1 2 3 4 x
axis and x = 4. -1
b) Use your calculator to find the area from a) correct to two decimal places.

7. y x3 − 6 x at the point where x = 1.

Find the equation of the tangent to the curve =
Hence, find the area enclosed between the tangent line and the curve.
8. Find the value of k for k < 0 if the area under the curve y = x3 from x = k to x = (-1) is
3.75 square units.

9. A new children’s play area is being established along

a bank at a local football club. Unfortunately, there
is a five-metre-long section of the area which needs
to be filled in with soil to allow the children to safely
climb up to the high point of the bank. The diagram
shows the shape to be filled in.
y
The engineer working on the task put the 10
diagram of the cross-section onto a set of axes
for ease of calculation. The graph is shown
5
below.
The equation of the straight edge of the part
to be filled has equation y =−0.5 x + 4 and the -2 2 4 6 8 10 x
curved section has equation -5
−0.1( x − 1)( x − 5)( x − 8).
y=
a) Provide working to show why the area of the required cross-section is given by:
6
3
A= ∫ (0.1x − 1.4 x 2 + 4.8 x) dx
0
b) Calculate the area of the cross-section.
c) What volume of soil will need to be used to fill the section?

10. Calculate the area enclosed between the two curves y = cos x and y = 2sin(3 x) over
the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ π .
Draw a sketch to support your solution.
11. The area of the shaded region of y = a sin x below is 5 units2.
Determine the value of a.

Lesson 3
Rectilinear motion
• Determine displacement given velocity in linear motion problems
• Determine the positions given linear acceleration and initial values of position and
velocity..
Though your previous study of rectilinear motion you saw that the following relationships
between displacement (or distance), velocity and acceleration.
It makes sense that now we know how to anti-differentiate, or integrate, we can go in

reverse.

For example, we can now find velocity when given acceleration.

If we are told that the acceleration of a body is given by the function a = 3t , we can
integrate to find the velocity.
3 2
v
Integrating gives us the function= t +c.
2
However, we want the specific function, not the general family of functions which yield
a = 3t when differentiated.
So we need more information, in order to find the exact value of c. We could be told that at
t = 6 seconds , the body is at rest (i.e v = 0 ). So we can now construct a specific algebraic
sentence about c.
Given a = 3t
then v = ∫ ( 3t ) dt
3t 2
so=
v +c
2
Also at=t 6,=v 0
3( 6) 2
so 0
= +c
2
Hence − 54 =
c
3t 2
This leads to the fact that c = −54 , and so the velocity function in this case is=
v − 54.
2
Example
Given that a body moves according to the velocity function v = 3t 2 −6t + 1 , and that the
body has a displacement of -5 metres at t = 0 seconds, find the displacement at t = 10
seconds.
Solution
Since v = 3t 2 −6t + 1
∫ ( 3t −6t + 1) dt
2
then=
s
i.e. s = t 3 −3t 2 +t + c
Also at t = 0, s = −5
So − 5 = 0 3 −3 ( 0 ) 2 0 + c
i.e. − 5 =c
Hence s = t 3 −3t 2 +t − 5 is the displacement function required.
Then at t = 10 seconds
s
= (10 ) 3 −3 (10 ) 2 +10 − 5
= 705 metres

Of course, rectilinear motion questions usually have many parts, as we want to find out
many things about a body’s motion. Here is a more typical example of a rectilinear motion
question.
Example
An object accelerates along the x-axis with an acceleration of ( 3t 2 +2 ) cm/s 2 .
a) Find expressions for velocity and displacement in terms of time t, given that at
t = 0 seconds its velocity is 2cm/s and at t = 2 seconds its displacement is 10 cm.
b) Hence, find the object’s displacement, velocity and acceleration at t = 4
seconds.
Solution
a)
a 3t 2 +2
Given =
∫ ( 3t +2 ) dt
2
then
= v
so v = t 3 +2t + c
Now at
= t 0,= v 2.
so 2 =0 3 +2 ( 0 ) + c
2=c
So the velocity function is given by v = t 3 +2t + 2
∫ (t +2t + 2 ) dt
3
Therefore x=
t4 2
+ t +2t + d
x=
4
Now at
= t 2,=x 10
24
10 = + 2 2 +2 ( 2 ) + d
4
−2 =d
t4
So the displacement function required is given by x = + t 2 +2t − 2
4
b) At t = 4 seconds, the displacement is given by:
( 4) 4 +
x= ( 4 ) 2 +2 ( 2 ) − 2
4
x = 86 cm
At t = 4 seconds, the velocity is given by
v = ( 4 ) 3 +2 ( 4 ) + 2
v = 74 cm/s
At t = 4 seconds, the acceleration is given by

=a 3 ( 4 ) 2 +2
a = 50 cm/s 2
Example
A train travelling at 3 ms-1 (approximately 10 kmh-1) accelerates at a constant rate to 17 ms-1
(approximately 60 kmh-1) in 40 seconds. (Assume= that t 0= and x 0 at the instant when
the train starts to accelerate.)
a) Find the acceleration, velocity and displacement equations for the train in terms
of time (t).
b) Find how long it would take for the velocity to reach 25 ms-1, assuming the same
rate of constant acceleration.
c) How far would the train have travelled from the time its velocity was 3 ms-1 until
the time it reached 25 ms-1? Give your answer to the nearest whole metre.
Solution
a) Because the acceleration is constant, we can calculate it by simply finding the
difference in velocity in the given time. (Note: this only works when acceleration
is constant)
17 ms −1 −3 ms −1
=a = 0.35 ms −2
40 s
Then v = ∫ 0.35 dt
= v 0.35t + c
Now at
= t 0,=v 3 or at
= t 40,=v 17
0.35 ( 0 ) c
3 =+ 0.35 ( 40 ) + c
17 =
=3 c=c 3
So the velocity function is given by
= v 0.35t + 3
Now
= x ∫ ( 0.35t + 3) dt
0.35t 2
= x + 3t + d
2
Also at
= t 0,=x 0 (the instant acceleration began.)
=0 0.175 ( 0 ) +3 ( 0 ) + d
2
0=d
So the displacement function is given=
by x 0.175t 2 +3t
b) the velocity is given by

= v 0.35t + 3
So at v = 25, we have
= 25 0.35t + 3
22
=t = 62.86 ( to 2 dec. places )
0.35
So it takes 62.86 seconds for the velocity to reach 25 ms-1.
22
c) The train was travelling at 3 ms-1 when t = 0. Then at t = seconds, the train
0.35
had reached 25 ms-1.
The displacement function is given by

= x 0.175t 2 +3t
So at t = 0
=x 0.175 ( 0 ) 2 +3 ( 0 )
= 0 metres.
22
and at t =
seconds,
0.35
 22  2  22 
=x 0.175   +3  
 0.35   0.35 
x = 880 metres.
So the distance the train has travelled between 3 ms-1 and 25 ms-1 is given by
distance travelled = 880 m − 0 m
= 880 metres

Exercise 3
1. A body moves according to the velocity function v= 6t + 3 , and the body has a
displacement of 10 units at t = 2. Find the displacement when t = 5.
2. A particle has a positive acceleration of 4 cm/s 2 . Find an expression for its velocity in
terms of t given that after 10 seconds it is moving at 20cm/s. Hence find its initial
velocity.
3. Find the displacement and velocity equations of a body moving in a straight line with
the acceleration equation a = 6t , given that at
t = 2 seconds, x = 10 metres and v = −2 ms −1.

4. Find the displacement and velocity of a body at t = 4 seconds if the acceleration is

a 3t 2 −2, given the body starts at rest with the displacement equal to 10
given by =
metres.
5. The driver of a vehicle travelling at 20 ms −1 (approximately 80 km h-1) applies the

brakes upon sighting a kangaroo on the road, reducing the speed of the vehicle to 5
ms-1 (approximately 20 km h-1) in 5 seconds. Assuming the acceleration is reduced at a
constant rate, find:
a) The acceleration of the vehicle while being braked. Note the acceleration will be
negative.
b) The distance travelled in the 5 seconds after the brakes are applied. Note: take
= t 0= and x 0 at the instant the brakes are applied.
c) How long it would take to stop the vehicle.
d) How far the vehicle would travel before stopping.

6. The acceleration of a particle moving in rectilinear motion is given by

a (t ) =−3cos ( 4t ) + 10 + 10t , where t is time in seconds and a (t ) is ms-2. The initial
velocity of the particle is -4 m/s.
a) Determine the initial acceleration of the particle.
b) Determine an expression for the velocity of the particle.
c) Calculate when the speed of the particle is 4 m/s.
d) Calculate the change in displacement in the first second.
e) Calculate the distance travelled in the third second.

Lesson 4
Rates of change
• calculate total change by integrating instantaneous or marginal rate of change.
• see how integration is used in growth and decay problems.
To find the total change of a function between two values if the rate of change of the
function is known, the method of finding the area under the curve is used.
If, for example, the marginal cost of producing a number of items is known then the total
cost is found by calculating the area under the marginal cost curve.
The same process was used when finding the total distance travelled when the velocity
function was given.
The graph of the function should be examined to ensure that absolute values are used when
required.
Example
The acceleration of a body is given by the equation a= 6t + 6 . Find the displacement-time
equation if at=t 1,=x 1 and when= t 2,= x 12 .
Solution
a= 6t + 6
so v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ ( 6t + 6 ) dt
= 3t 2 + 6t + c
At this stage we don’t have enough information to solve for c so we will integrate again and
use another variable for the last constant.
x = ∫ v dt
∫ ( 3t + 6t + c ) dt
2
=
= t 3 + 3t 2 + ct + d
Now at=
t 1=
x 1 and at
= t 2,=x 12
13 + 3 (1) + c (1) + d 23 + 3 ( 2 ) + c ( 2 ) + d
2 2
1= 12 =
1 =1 + 3 + c + d 12 =8 + 12 + 2c + d
−3 = c + d −8 = 2c + d
Now we have two equations with two unknowns (c and d)
Solving simultaneously

2c + d =−8
− (c + d =−3)
c = −5
−5 + d =−3
d =2
The required equation is x = t 3 + 3t 2 − 5t + 2
Example
The diagram below shows a graph
that represents the relationship
between velocity and time for a
body moving in a straight line.
Find the:
a) displacement in the first
8 seconds.
b) Displacement between
= t 6= and t 10
c) Distance travelled in the
first 10 seconds
Solution
a) Since displacement is the integral of velocity then it can be found by calculating
the area under the curve. Sum the areas of the rectangles and triangles for the
first 8 seconds.

1  1 
Area = (10 ×1) +  ×10 ×1 + ( 20 × 5 ) +  × 2 × 20 
2  2 
= 135 square units
Therefore, the displacement is 135 metres.
b) Displacement between
= t 6=and t 10 is found by examining the area of the
these two triangles formed.
The shaded area represents the

displacement between 6 and 10
seconds. Note that at 8 seconds the
velocity is zero. When a body has
zero velocity it changes direction.
For 6 to 8 seconds the displacement
is 20 m. for 8 to 10 seconds the
displacement is 20 m in the
opposite direction.
Thus the displacement for the
period 6 to 10 seconds is zero.
c) Distance travelled in the first 10 seconds is found by summing the absolute

values of the displacements for the whole period.
Time interval Distance travelled
0 to 1 seconds 15 m
1 to 6 seconds 100 m
6 to 8 seconds 20 m
8 to 10 seconds 20 m
Total 155 m
The total distance travelled is 155 m.

Example:
dB 2
Find the total change in B as t changes from 2 to 5 given that = t − 4t + 3.
dt
Solution
Graph to check for negative areas:
The total change will be given by:

3 5 3 5
2 2
 t3 2
  t3 2

∫ (t − 4t + 3)dt + ∫ (t − 4t + 3)dt = 
 3
− 2t + 3t  +  − 2t + 3t 
 2  3  3
2 3
8 125
= (9 − 18 + 9) − ( − 8 + 6) + − 50 + 15 − (9 − 18 + 9)
3 3
= 7.3

Exercise 4
1. The marginal profit for producing and selling x items is given by
P′( x) = 12 x 2 − 80 x + 2500 dollars per item.
a) What is the marginal profit for x = 15?
b) Find the increase in profit obtained from producing and selling 15 items rather
than 10 items.
dP
2. The population of an insect colony, P(t), is increasing at a rate of = (6t + 5) insects
dt
per day, t days after being discovered under a building. When discovered there were
54 insects in the colony.
a) Find a formula for the population at any time after discovery.
b) How many insects were in the colony i)

(i) 4 days
(ii) 6 days after discovery?
c) What was the total increase of the insect population over the fifth and sixth
days?

d) Write a definite integral that would give the same result as c).
3. Outside the local supermarket is a group collecting money for charity. Scrooge is
manning the site from 6 pm until 9 pm on the late-night shopping night. The amount
dA
he collects is found to grow at the rate of = 0.6e0.01t dollars per minute after 6 pm.
dt
a) Find the total amount collected by Scrooge in the first 15 minutes.
b) Find the total amount collected by Scrooge in the last 20 minutes.
c) What was the total amount that Scrooge collected?
4. Forest research scientists have produced a new variety of eucalypt. The rate of growth
2
in metres per year has been found to be given by G ′(=
t ) 3.5 + where t is the
3
t
number of years after planting in the forest.
a) Find the expected growth of the eucalypt in the fifth year.
b) How much difference will there be in the height of the eucalypt between the
seventh and tenth years after planting?

5. The acceleration of a particle in rectilinear motion for a period of 25 seconds is shown

below. The particle begins its motion at the origin with a velocity of zero.
Find:
a) the particle’s velocity at=t 3,=t 8 and=t 20 seconds
b) the minimum velocity
c) when the particle’s displacement is a minimum.

6. A particle in rectilinear motion for 10 seconds has a velocity graphs as shown below
Find:
a) =
Its displacement when t 3=
and t 5 seconds.
b) When is the displacement zero?

7. A car accelerates to 30 ms −1 in 10 seconds in pursuit of another car that passed it

travelling a constant 20 ms −1 . The velocity – time graph describes this situation.
The pursuit car maintains a constant 30 ms −1 upon reaching that speed.

Find the time taken for the pursuit car to overtake the first car. (Hint consider areas)

Examination Practice – Calculator Free

• Practice Calculator free questions
• Apply understanding of integration in practical applications.
https://senior-secondary.scsa.wa.edu.au/syllabus-and-support-
materials/mathematics/mathematics-methods
Relevant formulae


Calculator Free Exam practice

ATAR 2016 Exam
Source: School Curriculum and Standards Authority, Mathematics Methods 2016 Calculator-free Examination
https://senior-secondary.scsa.wa.edu.au/further-resources/past-atar-course-exams/mathematics-methods-past-atar-course-exams
Question 4 (8 marks)
The displacement x micrometres at time t seconds of a magnetic particle on a long straight

superconductor is given by the rule x = 5sin 3t.
π
a) Determine the velocity of the particle when t = (3 marks)
2
π
b) Determine the rate of change of the velocity when t = (3 marks)
2
Let v = velocity of the particle at t seconds.

π
2
dv
c) Determine ∫ dt dt
0
(2 marks)

1
6 − 2e x − 4 and y =
The graphs y = − x + 5 intersect at x =
4 for x ≥ 0.
4
1
6 − 2e x − 4 , y =
Determine the exact area between y = − x + 5 and the y axis for x ≥ 0.
4

Consider the graph y = f ( x) . Both arcs have a radius of four units.
Using the graph=

of y f ( x), x ≥ 0, evaluate exactly the following integrals.
12
a) ∫ f ( x ) dx
0
(3 marks)
18
b) ∫ f ( x ) dx
0
(2 marks)

c) Determine the value of the constant a such that ∫ f ( x ) dx = 0 . There is no need

0
to simplify your answer.

Examination Practice – Calculator Assumed

• Practice Calculator assumed questions
• Apply understanding of integration in practical applications.
ATAR 2017 Exam

Source: School Curriculum and Standards Authority, Mathematics Methods 2017 Calculator-assumed examination

 x2 
h  − 
=
The volume V (h) ∫e  100 
dx, for 0 ≤ h ≤ 15.
0
dV
a) Determine when the height is 0.5 m. (2 marks)
dh
b) What is the meaning of your answer to part a)? (1 mark)
c) The height of the liquid depends on time t (seconds) as follows:

h ( t )= 3t 2 − t + 4, t ≥ 0
dh
(i) Determine when the height is 6 m. (2 marks)
dt

dh
(ii) Use the chain rule to determine when the height is 6 m (2 marks)
dt
(iii) Given the volume of the liquid at 2 seconds is 8.439 m3, use the
incremental formula to estimate the volume 0.1 seconds later. (3 marks)

ATAR 2018 Exam

Ava is flying a drone in a large open space at a constant height of 5 metres above the
ground. She flies the drone due north so that it passes directly over her head and then,
sometime later, reverses its direction and flies the drone due south so it passes directly over
her again. With t = 0 defined as the moment when the drone first flies directly above Ava’s
head, the velocity of the drone at time t seconds, is given by
9π  πt 
=v (t ) sin   m/s for 0 ≤ t ≤ 16
16  16 
a) Determine x(t), the displacement of the drone at t seconds, where x ( 0 ) = 0 .
(3 marks)
b) Where is the drone in relation to the pilot after 16 seconds? (2 marks)

c) At a particular time, the drone is heading due south and it is decelerating at

0.5 m/s 2 . How far has the drone travelled from its initial position directly above
Ava’s head until this particular time? (3 marks)

ATAR 2019 Exam

It takes an elevator 16 seconds to ascend from the ground floor of a building to the sixth
floor. The velocity of the elevator during its ascent is given by
9π  πt 
v (t ) = sin   m/s
16  16 
The velocity is measured in metres per second, while the time t, is measured in seconds.
a) Determine the acceleration of the elevator during its ascent and provide a
sketch of the acceleration function for 0 ≤ t ≤ 16 m/s . (2 marks)
b) With reference to your answer from part a), explain what is happening to the
velocity of the elevator in the interval 0 < t < 8 and in the interval 8 < t < 16 .
(3 marks)
c) Suppose the ground floor has displacement x = 0 m. Determine the

displacement function of the elevator and hence determine the height above
the ground floor of the sixth floor. (3 marks)


A wall A wall in a new Western Australian hotel is to feature a rolling, wave-shaped window.
Engineers have modelled the top edge of the wave shape by joining together two functions,
=h1 ( x ) 4 – 4 ( x –1) 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and
h2 ( x ) a ( cos ( x –1) + 1) , 1 < x ≤ d a, d constants .

=
The functions give the height, h, above ground level of the top edge of the window
measured in metres. The origin is defined as the leftmost point of the window which is at
ground level and x is the horizontal distance to the right of the origin measured in metres.
The graph of the two functions is shown below.
a) 2 ( x)
Determine the value of the constant a in the function h= a ( cos ( x − 1) + 1) .
(3 marks)
b) Determine the length of the bottom edge window. (2 marks)

c) Determine the volume of glass required for the window if it has a uniform
thickness of 3 cm. (5 marks)

Supplemental Material 1
How integration is used in growth and decay
Growth and decay problems can be described by the following equations:

A = A0 ekt for growth
A = A0 e − kt for decay
Where A is the amount
A0 is the initial amount when t = 0
t is time
and k is the rate of change
For growth situations
dA
If A = A0 ekt then = kA
dt
conversely if we know the rate of growth is described by an equation of the type
dA
= kA then A = A0 ekt
dt
Similarly, for decay situations
dA
If A = A0 e − kt then = −kA
dt
conversely if we know the rate of decay is described by an equation of the type
dA
= −kA then A = A0 e − kt
dt

Example
Differentiate the function A = e −0.4t with respect to t.
Solution
For A = e −0.4t
A ' = −0.4e −0.4t
Example
Differentiate f ( x ) = 220e5 x
Solution
For f ( x ) = 220e5 x
f ' ( x )= 5 × 220e5 x
= 1100e5 x
Example
The area covered by a weed on an inland lade is increasing at a rate which is proportional to
the actual area covered at any time. The growth rate has been found to be 5% per day, and
after 3 days, an area of 11.6 m2 was covered with weed.
a) Find an equation to model the are covered as the weed grows.
b) Use this equation to predict the area covered after 10 days if growth continues
at this rate.
Solution
a) Let A be the area of the lake covered after t days.
dA
The question tells us that ∝A
dt
dA
i.e. = kA where k is a constant
dt
∴A=A0 e kt where both k and A0 are constants
Now, k = 0.05 since the growth rate is 5% per day, so
∴A=A0 e0.05t
The constant A0 corresponds to the original area covered by the weed, or the area on the
day t = 0 . To find this we substitute other known values into the equation above.

0.05( 3)
i.e. 11.6 = A0 e
11.6
A0 =
e ()
0.05 3
A0 = 10.0 m 2 (1 d.p.)
Hence the equation which models the weed growth is A = 10e0.05t

When t = 10 days, then
0.05(10 )
A = 10e
A = 16.5 m 2 (1 d.p.)
Supplemental Exercise 1
1. The growth of a population of bugs is proportional to the number present where the
growth rate is 30% of the number present, and the time is measured in hours. If the
initial population was 100, find:
a) the number of bugs at the end of 10 hours
b) the rate of growth of the bug population at t = 10 hours.
2. A patient is given a dose of a particular drug. The amount of the drug in the
bloodstream decreases at a rate proportional to the amount present at any time,
where the decay rate is 23% and the time is measured in hours.
a) If the initial dosage is 20 grams, find the rate of decrease of the drug in the
bloodstream at t = 4 hours.
b) How much of the drug is remaining after 4 hours?

c) A further dose is required when the amount of drug has been reduced to 4 gm.
After how many hours should the 2nd dose be given?
3. Light passing through water has its intensity I reduced according to the differential
dI
equation = −kI , where x is the distance travelled by the light below the surface of
dx
the water. If the intensity of the light is reduced by half after a depth of 4 metres is
travelled, what intensity exists at a depth of 8 metres?
4. Suppose the initial length of the branch of a tree is 8 m and that it is found to be 12.5
m after 1 year. If the branch grows continuously, find the continuous rate of growth
per annum.
5. The half-life of an isotope of carbon, Carbon-14, is 5 600 years and this element
dm
decays according to the law = −km , where m is the mass and t time.
dt
a) Find the value of k.
b) Archaeologists use radiocarbon dating to establish the age of any discoveries.

1
How old would a piece of carbon be if it now retains of its original mass of
8
Carbon-14?

Supplemental Material 2
Calculus in trigonometry
Differentiation
For x measured in radians, if:
dy dy
=y sin
= x then cos x =y sin
= ax then a cos ax
dx dx
dy dy
y = cos x then = − sin x y = cos ax then = − a sin ax
dx dx
dy 1 dy a
=y tan
= x then =y tan
= ax then .
dx cos 2 x dx cos 2 ax
d  f ( x)  g ( x). f ′( x) − f ( x).g ′( x)
The quotient rule =
dx  g ( x)  [ g ( x)]2
dy dy du
The chain rule If y is a function of u and u is a function of x, then = × .
dx du dx
Example
Differentiate each of the following.
sin x
a) h( x) =
2x
b) y = sin 5 x
Solution
d  f ( x)  g ( x). f ′( x) − f ( x).g ′( x)
a) Using =
dx  g ( x)  [ g ( x)]2
h '( x) =
( 2 x )( cos x ) − ( 2 )( sin x )
( 2x)
2
2 x cos x − 2sin x
=
4 x2
x cos x − sin x
=
2x2
b) Use the chain rule

Let u
= sin
= x then y u 5
dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx
= 5u 4 × cos x
= 5cos x sin 4 x
Integration
d d d
• (sin x) = cos x ) ) a cos(ax + b)
( sin(ax + b= sin n x = n sin n −1 x(cos x)
dx dx dx
d d d
• (cos x) = − sin x ( cos(ax + b) ) =
− a sin(ax + b) cos n x = − n cos n −1 x(sin x)
dx dx dx
d 1
• (tan x) =
dx cos 2 x
1 sin n +1 x
• ∫ cos =
x dx sin x + c ∫ cos ( ax − b=
) dx
a
sin ( ax − b ) + c n
∫ cos x sin= xdx
n +1
+c
−1 − cos n +1 x
• ∫ sin x dx =
− cos x + c ∫ sin ( ax −=
b ) dx
a
cos ( ax − b ) + c cos n xdx
∫ sin x= n +1
+c
Example
Find the indefinite integrals:
a) ∫ sin 6x dx
2
b) ∫ 3sin x cos x dx
c) ∫ −4sin(2 x − 3) dx
Solution
−1
a) Use ∫ sin ( ax −=
b ) dx cos ( ax − b ) + c
a
−1
∫=
sin 6 xdx
6
cos 6 x + c
n sin n +1 x
b) Use ∫ cos x sin
= xdx +c
n +1
2 3sin 3 x
∫ 3sin x cos
= x dx
3
+c
= sin 3 x + c

1. Differentiate each of the following
3 − 2cos x
a) h( x) =
1 − cos x
tan x
b) h( x) =
1 − sin x
2. Use the chain rule to differentiate the following.
a) y = cos3 x
b) y = cos x3 ( )
c)=y cos x 2 + 1 ( )

d) y = sin 4 3 x
3. Use the product rule to differentiate the following.
a) y = sin 2 x cos5 x
b) y = e x sin x 2

4. Use the quotient rule to differentiate the following.

cos x
a) y=
(1 + sin x) 2
ex
b) y=
cos x

5. Find the following indefinite integrals, showing the steps of the process used to obtain
the final solution when a calculator is not allowed to be used.
a) ∫ cosx dx
b) ∫ sin 5x dx
c) ∫ sin ( 3x + 2 ) dx
2
d) ∫ cos x sin x dx
e) ∫ sin 2x cos x dx

Glossary
Further differentiation and applications
Composition of If 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) and 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑦𝑦) for functions 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔, then 𝑧𝑧 is a composite function of 𝑥𝑥. We
functions write 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)). For example, 𝑧𝑧 = √𝑥𝑥 2 + 3 expresses 𝑧𝑧 as a composite of
the functions 𝑓𝑓(𝑦𝑦) = �𝑦𝑦 and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3.
Chain rule The chain rule relates the derivative of the composite of two functions to the functions and
their derivatives.
If ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) then (𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔)′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓 ′ �𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)�𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥),
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
and in Leibniz notation: =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
Euler’s number Euler’s number 𝑒𝑒 is an irrational number whose decimal expansion begins
𝑒𝑒 = 2.7182818284590452353602874713527
It is the base of the natural logarithms, and can be defined in various ways, including:
1 1 1 1
𝑒𝑒 = 1 + + + + ⋯ and 𝑒𝑒 = lim (1 + )𝑛𝑛
1! 2! 3! 𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛
Point of A point 𝑃𝑃 on the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is a point of inflection if the concavity changes at 𝑃𝑃, i.e.
inflection points near 𝑃𝑃 on one side of 𝑃𝑃 lie above the tangent at 𝑃𝑃 and points near 𝑃𝑃 on the other
side of 𝑃𝑃 lie below the tangent at 𝑃𝑃.
Product rule The product rule relates the derivative of the product of two functions to the functions and
their derivatives.
If ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) then ℎ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) + 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥)𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥),
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
and in Leibniz notation: (𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) = 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Quotient rule The quotient rule relates the derivative of the quotient of two functions to the functions
and their derivatives
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥)−𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥)
If ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = then ℎ′(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑣𝑣 −𝑢𝑢
and in Leibniz notation: � �= 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣
Second According to the second derivative test, if 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0, then 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is a local maximum of 𝑓𝑓 if
derivative test 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 and 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is a local minimum if 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0.
Integrals
Additivity The additivity property of definite integrals refers to ‘addition of intervals of integration’:
property of 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐
∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 for any numbers 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 and 𝑐𝑐 and any function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥).
definite integrals
Anti- An anti-derivative, primitive or indefinite integral of a function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is a function 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥)
differentiation whose derivative is 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), i.e. 𝐹𝐹 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥).
The process of solving for anti-derivatives is called anti-differentiation.
Anti-derivatives are not unique. If 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) is an anti-derivative of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), then so too is the
function 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑐𝑐 where 𝑐𝑐 is any number. We write ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑐𝑐 to denote the
set of all anti-derivatives of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥). The number 𝑐𝑐 is called the constant of integration. For
𝑑𝑑
example, since (𝑥𝑥 3 ) = 3𝑥𝑥 2 , we can write ∫ 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑐.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
The fundamental The fundamental theorem of calculus relates differentiation and definite integrals.
theorem of 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏
It has two forms: �∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑� = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) and ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏) − 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎).
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
calculus
The linearity The linearity property of anti-differentiation is summarised by the equations:
property of ∫ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑘𝑘 ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 for any constant 𝑘𝑘 and
anti- ∫�𝑓𝑓1 (𝑥𝑥) + 𝑓𝑓2 (𝑥𝑥)�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑓𝑓1 (𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ 𝑓𝑓2 (𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 for any two functions 𝑓𝑓1 (𝑥𝑥) and 𝑓𝑓2(𝑥𝑥)
differentiation Similar equations describe the linearity property of definite integrals:
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
∫𝑎𝑎 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑘𝑘 ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 for any constant 𝑘𝑘 and
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
∫𝑎𝑎 �𝑓𝑓1 (𝑥𝑥) + 𝑓𝑓2 (𝑥𝑥)�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓1 (𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓2 (𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 for any two functions 𝑓𝑓1 (𝑥𝑥) and 𝑓𝑓2 (𝑥𝑥).

Answers
Exercise 1 10. 1.952 units2
1.
a) 10.25 units2
b) 32 units2
2
c) 10 units 2
3
d) 3 units2
e 4 e −4 11. 1.25
e) − units 2
2 2
2. Exercise 3
a) 24 units2 1. 82 units
b) 4 units2 2. -20m/s
c) 8 units2 3. a =t 3 − 14t + 30
4. 58 m
Exercise 2 5.
1. −3m/s 2
a)
a) 4.5 units2
b) 62.5 m
71
b) units 2 2
6 c) 6 seconds
3
−125
2. units 2 d) 66.7 m
6
6.
125
3. units 2 a) 7 m/s2
6
−3sin 4t
4. b) =v + 10t + 5t 2 − 4
a) They were the same absolute 4
value. Area can’t be negative. c) 0.638 seconds
b) The definite integral was negative d) 2.36 m
as it had the quadratic minus the e) 52.85 m
line rather than the other way
around. Exercise 4
b c d 1.
5. f ( x ) $4000
∫a  g ( x ) − f ( x ) dx + ∫b  f ( x ) − g ( x ) dx + ∫c  g ( x ) − a) dx
b) $17000
6. 2.
1.75 4
( x − 1)2 + 2  dx + ( x − 3)2 + 1 dx a) P = 3t 2 + 5t + 54
a) ∫0   ∫
1.75
 b)
(i) 122
b) 7.208 units2
(ii) 192
7. y= −3 x − 2 , 6.75 units2
c) 70
8. -2 6
9. d) ∫4 ( 6t + 5) dt
a)
b) 18 units2 3.
a) $9.71
c) 90 m3
b) $65.80

c) $302.98
4.
a) 3.5225 m
b) 10.51 m
5.
a) −12 ms -1 , − 28 ms -1 , − 5 ms -1
b) -28 ms-1
c) 22.5
6.
a) -27 m, -18 m
b) 8 s
7. 15 s
Calculator Free Exam Practice

2016

Calculator Assumed Exam Practice 2018

2017

2019 1.
a) 2009 bugs
b) 603 bugs/hour
2.
a) -1.83 g/h
b) 7.97 g
c) 7 hours
3. 17.7%
4. 4.9 %/year
5.
a) 0.000124
b) 16800 years
1.
− sin x
a) h '( x) =
(1 − cos x )2
1 − sin x + sin x cos 2 x
b) h '( x) = 2
cos 2 x (1 − sin x )
2.
dy
a) = −3sin x cos 2 x
dx
b)
dy
dx
= −3 x 2 sin x3 ( )
c)
dy
dx
= (
−2 x sin x 2 + 1 )
dy
d) = 12cos3 x sin 3 3 x
dx
3.
dy
a)
= 2cos x sin x cos5 x − 5sin 2 x sin 5 x
dx
dy
(
= e x sin x 2 + 2 x cos x 2
b)
dx
)
4.
2
dy − sin (1 + sin x ) − 2cos x
a) =
dx (1 + sin x)2
x
dy e ( cos x + sin x )
b) =
All ATAR examination solutions sourced from: School Curriculum dx cos 2 x
and Standards Authority, Mathematics Methods – Past ATAR Course
Exams 5.
https://senior-secondary.scsa.wa.edu.au/further-resources/past- a) sin x + c
atar-course-exams/mathematics-methods-past-atar-course-exams
− cos x
b) +c
5

−3cos(3 x + 2)
c) +c
3
− cos3 x
d) +c
3
− cos ( x ) + cos ( 3 x ) 
e) +c
6

Y12 Maths Methods Applications of Integration

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Y12 Maths Methods Applications of Integration

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Year 12

Lesson 1 - Area under a curve.......................................................................................... 5

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 1

Each symbol is a sign to help you.

Mark and Correct your work

You write an answer or response

Use your CAS calculator

Refer to a text book

Contact your school teacher (if you can)

Check your school about Assessment submission

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 2

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 3

Content covered in this booklet

The syllabus content focused on in this booklet includes:

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 4

Above the x-axis

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 5

Above and below the x-axis

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 6

To find the area under or between curves follow the steps:

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 7

b) The x-axis x =−1, x =3 and the line y − 2 x − 6 =0

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 8

c) The x-axis x = 4, x = 6 and the curve y = x 2 − 5 x + 5

e) The x-axis x = −2, x = e 2 x (If you haven’t worked with e

2. Find the area bounded by the functions:

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 9

c) y =x3 − 6 x 2 + 8 x, x =0 and x =4.

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 10

Enclosed area = _________ - __________ = __________

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 11

We can calculate the enclosed area as follows.

That is does ∫ f ( x)dx − ∫ g ( x)dx =∫ [ f ( x) − g ( x) ] dx ?

Yes! ∫ f ( x)dx −∫ g ( x)dx =∫ [ f ( x) − g ( x)] dx

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 12

Find the are enclosed by the functions f ( x ) and g ( x ) , where

So we will be finding ∫  f ( x ) − g ( x )  dx since f is above g for the enclosed area.

Now to find the endpoints by solving where the functions intersect.

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 13

More complicated intersections

For Area 1 from x = −1 to x = 0 the

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 14

a) y=− x 2 +5 and the line y =−

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 15

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 16

3. Find the area enclosed between f ( x=

4. Look closely at two previous questions.

b) What is different? Can you explain why?

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 17

the shaded area in the graph on the right.

a) Write the definite integral(s) needed to find 2

the area enclosed between the curves in the 1

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 18

7. y x3 − 6 x at the point where x = 1.

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 19

9. A new children’s play area is being established along

b) Calculate the area of the cross-section.

c) What volume of soil will need to be used to fill the section?

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 20

11. The area of the shaded region of y = a sin x below is 5 units2.

Determine the value of a.

© Department of Education Western Australia 2020 21

It makes sense that now we know how to anti-differentiate, or integrate, we can go in

Enclosed area = _ - = ____