THE NANO

WORLD and
Gene Therapy
THE NANO
WORLD

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u70je75CvcA
 https://www.trustedreviews.com/news/samsung-s-smart-cont
act-lenses-turn-your-eye-into-a-computer-2945428
https://invisionmag.com/this-contact-lens-puts-a-screen-display-directly-in-your-eye/
ILO:
• Define nanotechnology
• Identify the characteristics of nanoscale
• Discuss the major potential and realized
impacts of nanotechnology on society
• Examine the costs and benefits to society of
nanotechnology
• Explain the social and ethical consideration in
conducting research in nanotechnology
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Nanotechnology refers to the science,
engineering and technology conducted at the
nanoscale.

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

employs the study and application of
exceptional small thing in other areas of
science.
Concept of nanoscience and nanotechnology

• December 29, 1959

• By the physicist Richard Feynman
• He talks “there’s plenty of room at the bottom”
• Coined by Professor Norio Taniguchi in 1974
• 1 nanometer (nm) is equal to a billionth of a meter
(10^(−9) 𝑚)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUDWK4MGcr0
TYPES OF MICROSCOPES USED IN
NANOSCIENCE AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
 Electron microscope
• a microscope that
uses a beam of
accelerated electrons
as a source of
illumination.
• In 1930, German
engineers Ernst
Ruska and Max Knoll
built the first electron
microscope.
 Atomic Force Microscope

• a type of high resolution

scanning probe
microscope that has a
resolution that you can
measure in fractions of a
nanometer.
• was pioneered in 1986
by Nobel Prize Winner
Gerd Binnig along with
Calvin Quate and
Christoph Gerber.
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
• an instrument for
imaging surfaces at
the atomic level.
• its development in
1981 earned its
inventors, Gerd
Binnig and Heinrich
Rohrer (at IBM
Zürich), the Nobel
Prize in Physics in
1986.
Benefits and concerns of the application of
nanotechnology in different areas.
Example of Areas Affected
by Nanotechnology Possible Benefits Concerns

Environment • Improved • High reactivity and toxicity

detection and • Pervasive distribution in the
removal of environment
contaminants. • No nano-specific EPA
• Development of regulation
benign industrial
processes and
materials
Health • Improved medicine • Ability to cross
cell membranes
and translocate in
the body
• No FDA approval
needed for
cosmetics or
supplements
Economy • Better • Redistribution of
products wealth
• New jobs • Potential cost of
clean ups and
healthcare
• Accessibility to all
income levels
Reference
s:• http://www.emm-nano.org/what-is-nanoscience-
nanotechnology/
• https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/0
90610192431.htm
• https://www.ntnu.edu/nano/nanostructured- materials
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30672766
• https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-
disadvantages-nanotechnology-37398.html
• https://en.unesco.org/news/eighth-unesco-
medals-contributions-development-nanoscience-
and-nanotechnologies
Gene Therapy

https://youtu.be/19fSG4Skvws
 “It is tremendously
rewarding to see

THERAPY
how our work,
starting with the
GENE
test tube, can
positively impact
the society, by
creating the
groundwork for
new medical
treatments. “-
Christine Karim
What Are Cells?
• the basic building blocks of all
living things.
• the smallest structural and
functional unit of an organism.
Where is
DNA
located in
the Cell?
What are
genes?

the basic physical and functional units of heredity.

• made up of DNA.
• Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins.
• Genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than
2 million bases.
• provide the information for the production of specific proteins and
enzymes that make muscles, bones, and blood, which in turn
support most of our body’s functions, such as digestion, making
energy, and growing.
What is
Genetic
Disorder?
What is
Mutation?

Mutation is an alteration
in the nucleic acid
sequence of the genome
of an organism.
What is Gene
Therapy?
• involves the
manipulation of
genes to fight
or prevent
diseases.
• it introduces a
"good" gene into
a person who
has a disease
caused by a
"bad" gene.
How does gene therapy work?
What are the two types of gene
therapy?
 1. Somatic Gene
• involves
Therapy
introducing a
"good" gene
into targeted
treat the
cells to
patient
mor
•
e
safer approach
conservative,
because it
affects only
the targeted
cells in the
future and is
patient,
generations.
not passed on
• to
used to
the disease
correct
causing
genetic
Categories of Somatic Gene
Therapy
• ex vivo, which means exterior (where cells are
modified
outside the body and then transplanted back in again).
In
some gene therapy clinical trials, cells from the patient’s
blood or bone marrow are removed and grown in the
laboratory. The cells are exposed to the virus that is
carrying the desired gene. The virus enters the cells
and inserts the
desired gene into the cells’ DNA. The cells grow in the
laboratory and are then returned to the patient by
injection into a vein. This type of gene therapy is
called ex vivo because the cells are treated outside
the body.
• in vivo, which means interior (where genes are
Ex vivo and In
vivo
 2. Germline Gene
Therapy
• which involves modifying the genes in egg or sperm
cells, which will then pass any genetic changes to
future generations.
 Possible Effects of Gene Therapy
• The viruses and other agents used to deliver the "good"
genes can affect more than the cells for which they're
intended. If a gene is added to DNA, it could be put in
the wrong place, which could potentially cause cancer
or other damage.
• Genes also can be "overexpressed," meaning they
can drive the production of so much of a protein that
they can be harmful.

• a virus introduced into one person could

be transmitted to others or into the
environment.
Referenc
es:
• https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/gene-
therapy.html?fbclid=IwAR21RCVn4NR1CYtnOB
u2Y9zih9bH2LfGZmdnk_YvzTC9EydrTuVuXn_
G_3w
• https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-
updates/what-gene-therapy-how-does-it-work
• https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryng
ology/article-abstract/621891
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbJasFgJkL
g&feature=emb_logo
 TAKE YOUR QUIZ
NOW.
FOR QUESTIONS AND
RECONSIDERATION, PLEASE
MESSAGE ME IMMEDIATELY.