___| Prepared. bby."pibas Baniya —_ Gubject Fuid Mechanics \ | HL = H rid. Machine | Roll No. 4(severtboen) i Unit 4: Properties as fluid id. mechanics is that byandh && jence. which dea uth the behayio ok “che Ad etter ak rst LHuicl stakicg) of 1 notion ( k\uid Irics)_and Lhe inberaction dk Suids with Kide or Uther ar the houndaxies Thus this branch 6k scie co.d-| . . V the. Staric, Kinematics & aymarni aspects 6 Aid. Mechanics on “che ov ex hand | may be dekined as that branch k engineering ien=| ______ borne head ar fising the buid te higher“ fevel. | 0 0 a i _4 1Geneva\ inbrduction & Quid. | H enerally a \\uid any ALON udly [the action eoesel cheax shines! “uid Give > dividlad | limbo Siguids & 9a The main €ibber e. bebwieen ithese Luo categories is based: pen Aaa Spach 9 OF med iNecules Unect méke. 5 the. eubstance.eal naar in gases is uch Aavgec th re iS\ we Jigui "Liquids have definite mass & a afin sap sareat it a he ACO \ i} cere Pic chorea Gases on he er vc hand | have de. f OSSUTO. C ange. Thi ign Brite mass but no dekinite glume and ahape and Aun et pands/ contracts to lL hs corttainer. There lig Us No free surface. | Tn general Liquids are mco- { Vn wi ot the ch. le in volume, due to pressure 1S se smal | Lat is ignored. The comprzecilbility is measured by bulk NO Lhe _hi Wk x he Lensis Lam) crf of Aoookgln’ Tr ‘The ideal gas equakion is gwen oy: Pvem where R> 0 |_ Feet lee SE i P= §RT cs | Sap & gat \ is Means, i \ the Sensity dk a Huid i | 1 with increase in pressure while decreases with wnerea: sein ermpererte re. I fase den chy ie ei voceostod by Dit 1D (ay? Te’s. wring nb ler. sic vi acceleration due +p gravity (a) 2 Mathematically g a =\ tL a = , 7 : Specific weight, w= = { | | > w= MG = 39 4 The value dk specie weigltt | weiglat density tw) ee water is 881% Loo NIinBin sé units. 1 ol a Yuid is a. uid occepies by @ unt mass sk a uid 3b is the Teciproca\ &, density . | | Qpecitic vilume is densted by the symbol Res unit lig wel kg: . i a Opecitic Telume,7 = ume By Aaa id = Specht Maas tBu venPopes a iv are ‘vel taken asthe ___| neva __etthndared Huids ‘or Liquid. Segases. Goeciki iby may_also be delined asthe ratio bet- lee daa by Ure. gwen bud tthe density wk ndard fui ye Sa Saiven ‘phuctd: 7 : sea naeadt fut fiber us yet a aw Mui, adi nco_ dy! } i y | 4 velocities, | |}-_——4e ke eytond Ff w ~ 1S! poder wit elative. vwleerty eaeeei a ~ i lg aa \ayer causes & hear stress kz = ion the adjacent Jower ayer while the lower 4a vex lay causes a. shear stress on the ad jacerte “top Aa. This chear shrss is poopetend +o the. oe change 5 al with respect to y. Rt AS denstel : Bagi 1 ae ae | Thus, Wiscos' o detuned aa the. sheat sins | . paguxred » cS | unt ds viscosity is Nelne als & in cis — rhage seats Me ea L Ri =5 4A Guskace ‘tension and -capitiarity > Gushace konsian ts dekined.aaa Hensilé force acting on the suthace. a Liquid incon _ fast with air (gas) os between tio Wenmiscible | Liqu- {atta Yoni the conc udpce choad tite o— sek Membrane, undid \ension. The. magnitude. _ HAM naw he some. alae as Yhe 2 sudkace energy peat lune axa’. een is doncted. toy” C2 Ses unk \m._ 2 exo¥ n A ¢ é\ Suvface tension tyr somp— bubble: Pe aEee — ——Capitarty is enon pe | Miquid surface ima_sena\\ tube -aelaive to Toei eneral Lore) J fiquid_whre toe babe ic bs held vevtiolty in tre Liquid. The tise ¢ lt Se iNary tise while” aul a the & ‘ee: is’ Known as vive Pillay rension ®t. cpreaed in terms OF | im fb Baud. Es value. eo pan —— Hib cpipe sig & sa agit atte the tube gy uy veel led co | r H “lhe angle de contack is Sekined ad: the faigie bata Eee h id &olid Foot arsieats ii — tee shown _E + =-74 ——in thesslahh 55 s Capiltony vise, __— Bis Loos than S05 the Papel lek: Hoe cad Wowneva 3 Ke __ Bis gueatos than af, 2 the solids @ toes net ty Web + Fac examiple water wets « glass bud mercuny dveane pa ome ma i 4 _Merstu:where, 2p is the sma\l change i in_ pressure apylied. Hp the Quid g dv is the mesemertal glume fn he. ex19\nah wlume The negative ign imap Mes Shak a pocrtive pressure Ancrement® qooulks in ae_neg, cave Flume inerement ie an increasein Pressure Gx uses 2 decryase in lume=P Cpressuve) olumetic shatn ( &5) = de Bulk medulus, K= qitsetonieo) eprecunen 2 Volumahic strain i = Bp = -2Py ye € B - | The bwk \ hy CR) j A s alfeated by the semi dp wid. Tn She \ ids "Ah a rea. \e wrth inereaue ts temngt Monier: Fos gases Since pre- ssuve_& tempt aa. inter as ines oi an in Se in ‘recs Repudks in an Werease in Yoo vale ~ be kK. 5Se Related Problems Tew tees i arbi GO| A Caleulake Khe. specil densi _ Ent * ro haga ulti whe >is: a ven,» weight = TN i w Gveac weig\tr (w) = _ weight Sen Niw? Volume | density (S) = Ge pe ws TSS Kgind Gq i = OFS I A. Calcubate the densi ofc weight & weigir ie aoe Uhre, 7 >Biven, Zlumn 1OW= A Lae = 4] 0° ne Spenifie_gragity = oF— ii) Pensihy S)= 6x Loco gine | t - = 0:4%x jooo = Too Kg [vt pe Date: .. | Bige: .. A) Specifre weight (mls = tend. th = 626% wed AW) Weight (Ww) = Slumex w = 0-001 X68 = & &CFN.+ ~ =; Lunt 2. uid hate ee 1 > Fluid ctetic te the shady JF preasure. Unrough uch a Quid ot rest 8 ere om {nite ce pe Adis eck rest, them ase no shear | Stress in vb. Hence TOSSu’ ca por | a. plane sustace always act normal +e the sus- Hace & al Lrcos a” indevendent d& Siscosrhy. 2 press ressusy. Variak on is due to_only te Ye” height Sy Quad iBuid Pressuse: - Whenever a Diquid is contamed in a _container,th exes Arce ak alk points on the sik & butte “k the container. This Pose pes unit area is called pressure. Fr Fa is Yhe yee, acting = area‘, thon intenitty OS pressure. p= _ nA he. direction J this paessure is ital ange +o the sta tn whith ‘he Sve Prescure head: Et represents the intemal energydoe le due to pressure exested on v's container. also’be. called. sion pupa \nead os +o q - head. " cally expre where, R= pressure Wend. ¢ P= Wid Pressure. g- density a Buia: e acceleration . Auto qrasty Specific. weightline funsawiontal: eg dk "puid Webs desis ithe special Jariation = ‘ny deosteckic Pressure, “ya She sentinse we ia t | erate id de Eo rack 0 given mass with a Sslume S7& boun = ne 2 Sac 8 The fusd_elernent stay ee _ silbsium under dhe! eanettpe ing “two forces: | A. The resultant bbedy fore 3 = Sreiw Ey where, dv = element S Solume_ SAw= mass dy elernertt: ae | ts body = Nt _vaass mng_on the _. elem es 2. The wesultant sutboce Gree Tes =S{-Apde ee Ww) | wher, pane Area. i the element = The unt racer norma) 4p Yn hhDe y fo: wy By ust wveroere eo: MO.can be wisttien af: = —S[hpan= - Sf p( Raa) Be Sinan - Jf pian ‘he SS (ve)dy ———- ep @ For the fluid. element, +» be in equilibrium, we nave. Fat ts= ie (¥s- Vay 20 ——-eit) The eg i is Valid iprathlame be the uid adem emt. No vr how s X9-Vp zo , Yer uP —-—-en@ [This is a Bardamnert equottion J Yuid ckathic._____measured wi ee seure = 4. Gauge epee FE th tho hi onts in which ths! ia ae ape mi chonacpheney A Albeslute_ pressure: Tk ne thes proseure whichis ih ae Ap abs cluke Yacuun ressuve ~Measuced Ssuee. mneacuring ingizume- Se ig take. sean the is enakad a8. en. = pis ie ~ve pesens 2 ai qe Atm asplnewic je aimosrh his in _comtack, a WA A Shida, vnauitad en 0 sehen ¢ ——— ote me we _ Gauge eT |_| (i) Alssolucte press luxe = Atm. pressure] |_| te arexevtseae ee pie ne eee peclinac dead uch ee punto habe ni pang fd he ee | AS: alan I Set tuidb A a ey Yho Iiuid. These ave classilged as. La) Simple moanemeters Iv) Pemomekore Lid bebe manmmeler | it)_Single column manemeber ie di\kerential_m: T ‘\) bikkerenthal roonomoters, ‘OD ToFedted, u-bube dikerential manomorer: e chanical Gauges: “These ave the devices in_| hich he Pressure is measusd ley balancing | the Puid colurm ley epeing uw dead weigh. |[een rally th re 2. _mneasusing —— high wee 8 R atere high a Ore figured Sarna. omen commen nly weed m mechonial gauges Tg) Boneten!Eaecetecas e y Diaph MN. Pressure gage lo Beliow Pressure gauge 7 1d) Dead weight pressure ge. whose me end is connected + a point ain ty we is to be moadsused '& the otho« end semains epem to abmesplene, Comm = feeteetintietaa tate \oedous: | . Rezometes: A piexmete ie tho’ sirnplest Geen manometer. Seat del ase Unis manometer is_comested. bo cpt wherVroubacks i pieaometer: ol Tk can measuie. gauge Press Ny: E OE can't measuye high pressure. E ite Shee Fa. = i & ast 5 fig. fieromaker Gas pursoure cannot be measured. & \W- tube ™ : A Utube manometer consists JF a fy a gase tube. bent in etree — end subi ich_is_commecked. bo a point wh dh_press- ‘xe 1s xv be press used: own i fi Th 2 _gene- er any other Liquid whose. spat d whose pressure is So be Mneasumed. @) For gauge Pressure 2, (b) For vacuum pressure. hog Ack he pnt: obulich presse cts bem . oa hose. ‘Sal ete pe shown in Go. sas bark by the Dight Liqui abe i ce Siz = a zs Foi gis density & ge tga Acooxs, So = aR ! - Tra py se \oooxs,. The pressures in Yoo Doky Limo absge the dak ion Line AA ae equal Los the: pressures ak two i feist Uae caine — inva cemttinuaus lars 1 Pcs ‘alis06 A-A in the Jet calurane Pressuse above A-A in re sigh 7 oa ee the tio sect Y ee eo +S AQX xox \az Fox Vasu presage bey i i || Pregcuve head in Ye glee column Ay: 6 2. sogho sigh + P=0 | pes (Seghersighs) b) yi o 5 Di sal mano awe Lhe devi se. ia) ; [axe c . the. ports .wshnose. dibrerence dy pressure. ié to be measuned.: c \ ws s (Mhis Veree is adurays ch Sing ang\e. ‘so Maes Kou: A co (Cordhre (_prestunt toda os. he pom Of Rye tan 5 ‘ne Atha) pre sturee on Ye Suatace- —§aoe E saa (a The st ae ae att — > Consider_a Plane. vertical suvvace & avbitvay shape. ivnmeysede ina. Viquid ap shown in iyete gl ise ta —— —— ita rs AF aatode fy cre fy gsace fo Res ap 8 {i Sy Liquid ‘The ticka) prressussy. lice suniace Aorco on She cuttace |= > S 7 I wet hd h ey bine thou Lwiding. he \ Eas utiace oe. a mumves bi Sead gavallel shaiys. Pe c the force om_smal\\ Srp is Mnen’ caleutated & [thet brtal pressure freee he whole area is cal- Rushoked by inrlegrack ng the Force on emalt simp. ader a chrip dy thickness dh & width b abo pd hy fron Free « satfpes dh Bquid oa Jhoutn [Pressure imtendty on the. strip , pasgh i Aready the strip, dA: \xdh || Vola ‘yeesoure Perea on simp AEs yx Area. eS eahxdA = eghaxbrdh |[eee hess \axbrdh = —— Iau Sloxlaxdh = Phxd A | = = Mamext X sullaea oi | =e | = Area Or suxkace x Distance < | Cu. f Fam free suauy ce Consider a plane sutbace. oe asking ch immersed nia. Liquid invsuch o way th Phe plane a the- Susie. ce mako Et -angle 8 with ‘the Gro subace 4 4% Baud. as chown in Rg. v Fre c Hawi su¥ba te. lio: Tneclined, 7 §gAnelined. immersed surance= Total area && inci ublace 5, a pe s wea. do & ineluneek ona _ = dis nee Sy cates. BS pe ure fom Treo. | suka ce §| quad. | 8= Anole 2 plas Say pea [ue the plane ae the 6 a Af pew ducod lis the axis pe Ww ends be he pine de he Susace.. | eysedioulas et, We ‘diskamco ay the C& i Whe inclined sudace. Geen 0-0 as zx stores A the. carhre. os pressure, ae se ‘dup Oy ora. aN ak a depth Va Brann suskace &aka distance. the! axick O-0-aa Shown in KB: 4 i Pressure intensity on the syne pa a \y Pressure. Pree, SEL OM She stip Es xd A \ = “sid Tok: wessuse, Ras om colds area Es Qaes = {sqlada gut in a fae Ro gine \ DU + = ak eisae as “he ysine = I Es a inexdA = sind \y ly aA ae Buck dn = AY _ | a 1$ 0: . oo where Distance S Co Pane TUS O-d Consider a cutrind sud}ace B. cub-me ina static Hud shown lin Fig tet Yaa is Ye ama Dp a smal strip ake h Liq. uw hen, \ |e sessure Rr dro $x re This Force ak acts normal be Yae_ nia nas Hence. tela eee beree on the euniee — sus ce Should be san| ede, in case OF curved su eunkace. Yhe direction by the tte! pressure. Feceea on Nhe elementary aveas lanenct in the same. —dietion. fod varies eutface. i weal The pollem, lean he: ealved vy ang Xhe. force TE into hhoriz- lontal _& sorkical hora penaets - Then, tothe Wn ved 5 ceis pln The direction a the weal Force” FE with he \hori zontal is gwen Noy Janes %> Whenever a loedy is: immersed whelly sr pati Y ina Wuid, the Wuids exert an wrw . | v. lo which is to She weig\tt y ed \o eo rods is 1 A_sul bo n have Shree a |i) Glable Condition : | “Me equilibrium & Yhe — jody 1s said_to-bo stable if he tendency — Sk body is te vebuxn by ie original position “Wohi “slightly destru ds, - nS li) Newbral Condition: : The equilibrium vk the body is said to be rata when by “gising Eee asi is place od. new. position a the lbody remfing qk ved: iti) Unstable condetn . The _equililbvium of & the {No Noody is sald to be unchable & a ‘Gore Ws soertion ends ‘o imerase Yhe dis- Placement de the beedy stl fuxthon. L nit 2: Kinematics & Guid. Nanemnatice ig daljoed ot Pook branch ie nce. which deals. with mohen_ 5 a. pasticles without considering the m inaction. The. Kinemaktes of wid Yow deals with [the Selo city acceleration ue other. roahed, aspen 7 dks Sb spack hme redsion withoudk censsideri< cenrgidei- 7 09 fe the associateS er eee ee e084 mae Geserived “Thece ane) [4 pangengian nab, —_____ 8. etiam wnehed In the Langragian method, the observer con _ erates m the motement df a single partie Mhe_path taken \oy the particle a the chang in 46 Selocity & dccolenation ane studied © Tn_case 5s feria method she. obserder cone __|porbractes, in th stem . Velo-- chy. sccolerphitn be other chayacke¥ishic = the Guid az that. Particular poitt any sts died.air be Siow Lines | @hream Line: Pshreamline is an imaging at tine sdanuon, through a \tow i usd such mot ale tinal adie [We diregion By seleddy oe he Quod pottides ake hak pent: [Gince sak sink oma. scents dine Ane Selonty ig tangential Yo Vne streamline go he _c com po= fico tha lean bene OWS | oceusziny stream Ui 6 7. Lines can _crvss od ther Potlotine . The “gat Laced oy © Single wid chen Nine maskin! oder a perrod. oy deme ts. ‘alla ao Line. “ae He pay bine shoe ows Yhe diree- the particle _ak- Successive. cate Ser ts Mine can inte-|| a } ______Lissuing rm.a_cigaxetie patting _.__ we is a _ Tppes fluid flows 7 | A. Bteady Unsteady How: stead Sow is 7 “os that § pe a Pow in abc he Rw choracteridhes! Like selosk ssure, dens- Hy ey aba pot donst cnange. with ’rme Me Aherenacti cally . [pas\ =o’ Jop\ = 0's f 28) =6 { ae aay zat Jager rt )neysee [a Uniform & Nun-u Gorm 6 Ws 7 Qa int nip Yow Unione. Jo | 9¥\ ash rer | where sre oat Gow) — maar _ AF< change in velocity & Ts= beng iy. Yous in the disection s Non - uniter ens ig Chak 5 Yow in which oe Jolesdhy a aime changes | Iw space: = "Tus ended aly \ | ewe | (»s Lz estat | i i i &.One, Two & Three pimensiomal Flows: Ber 1s thot “oye Sy. Dow in which Yne fio parrame= Iter suchas sa Tnci ss tame_Be lame wale & fe ubadtetaiAy “compe x ry \ Ws Poo., veo & Wo Two cmndnal- Raia Spd Be ; i \W Mae Seloddy is a bunched be Same & two zadanguiat space co-ordinates is colled up Kou. Meckhemals caliy, U=u) | ve fe Guy) a WW to [Tiree dimensional low 1s. thet type ie Qow — Hin which the veloety is a bunch time —_.&c have mi 0 weeks ! ve {2 Ouya we fe (ya) 7 IM. Retetioal & Errotetioal \tow t Robah ona ‘Row is th e ok flow in_ which the Quad ——paxtides while Boming alimg stream. fines [also Aptabe about noir elene own amis. And Lip ‘ne Pwd. ork cles while “Prowit al Stream nes Sonst yhete alseack heir own lla is » that type & Prow iS Called \wo lethal /Rows. ye5 Rola of in her ‘wrod Whe demaity (Q.is nek conetant Gog the y— Pu Thu mathematica ites i _ 6-4 costant “Tocomy sessible Dow is Phat tape fie (ous in =k Me dena var const the. wd Ro Cenetont she amimar. 8 i Wows: as aah in which khe adjacent Layers donct We fon ovher ‘pat at _gtream Line: En Yhis Ta Ryd 2000. IL if Ena Laminar Sow, whe, Swid pavticles mete along senor, regular Ractin. ich can be dedrcakod volt | in _advancd. The: paxicles hus motein Layer smocthly over Yhe adiacont : Losec The Pont Hrraugh-a:sinall diemebee a= Led es Low vrelaaity is generally Janina earch ner & donat Move slg. dared Fate uaflaiths sshas Rnyrooo., + j : tn Tdoulent Bow, Yd. pattices nose inhash ! a nvr in ' Lin! the velesi ss pot | ee \low Tutroutentt low Re. vid Yow tn A Reise ud Yas iw ‘ahah e Wud Lavjors neve. powaleol to each othe Be donot _cwss dh he uid 7 late each other & nat [eal others: other. : z z = ZL > = SSS Poy T z Zz TF Z 7 7 L if 7 2 | wad i 8 Haass _veith Inighox: voles rele oily iL 3./Th ui ow 16: Lami-|s- The Yuid Has is turkun ax when tne value sh Lert tort Wen fe value IRyy ts gor, Yhan duo. Ru is greaker clue Hel : i 5 > ‘Ry we lercatth & vepular hoxard mane,—— é ——— Lyirt A: Basie cquah ens de” kluid Yous oa 4 althe. behavier d-any fii iechen eget —— iby the fl LVAVAE ng. ws neiples: —__) Prine re aidaw iene ers ! ¥ 3) Palade &y cune sett dp tmectur : ve Roy id in_imetun ‘can be: anal lan ante pecckien desived Fam the above. eee es are Knownay. cont. yuan enenge ef n iT Gorfinuity equation. The coctinuily : equahim is base am ne._prine PS comservaliion ¢| 2S States tat © if no fluid is added or remeyed — | he speang te hen mar pi ing acmes APRe rent sSeehons shalt be Same! —fanai idez_twocess- = @ - ieeotions d- pe ue * rs wn - rea tk the ye a | ei Bo sein a @ o a P= Velocis oo ate ates <| So Ave = | octonutity) Le i : £18 Sis $ pe 8 cus @) ay ad incompressible Qe ig called aa “En case df Le comnpaessible te tthe contin 2Hy eqn reducon te: I ys Dave. w) | Bernoulli's quero, ih _____ek, Pye Prossuwe ak ao, $y > Solesity dy Liquid. akan ils a2 Height dy alo aoove Vhe. deckumn 1 T ll Ayz Bran Of pipe ak ab »& | Pos 0a = Germaspunlieg ms cd [The mass Wyre uid ancy locd iv [page be ion Table 1d nig an inkinitely mah iterfal be tome. - Bircethe-area:t!bled: iis commen te beth: are R-atbeld! He willynst | expemence any. energy ae ange. Evidently then tne. seat sy wid waeussed in Yne ss Codd. Nha ve. pe ed. i) Teashlkit 9 Se pose pm the — { ppithin the Aagicn’ ceid'd mn gad dys BpA26R.0 Woo Ke “Sito ig clined gata mass — \eesm_\o koa’ : a yerronx Alspoaiment = Raise Was - ), Sivailarly Werk dime daring dispacment 4- ¢a Tywia means pi dh hl __ hia Paid uteri cde apt dione pc Be _displacomenrts: i epponite direstion hence _|megatve sign: NY Wales Unt loy pressuze) = Bi Ay Sly = Ps-Agela = =e Cpe or ‘AS Oas\e= By y The Quid mass accleme Porn valeethy 9 OQ wy & Vere’ Gain oe Kinelic energy = x (97> sf) | 2 : Fron Fhe_pemciple sh consexvakion a ene Qoss eof potential. enexa y i+ werk dome | presswte = gain im: Qkinctic energy ty Ing (ara) am ae tp isha) = ek ve ee 1 “pivicling both. sides hoy Ong. we gees EP? Carat = 9 ad! | | IL — f be I Rearrangement 9 gives aq te git ry fe: wat f i tag tag ag = } ii & ra schearnt | ow ata tag 2 Thich. is the Bernowllits equacticn, 1 Momertum. equation 4 aes akon is ba, Bou Which ths [the mck Sea ng om & mars bd is ko change oto non Yow pex_untt Fame — Layne ned! disse cbvenn 2 ste csteterrernie ee So =a. ' where 5 sia aaa. i Hl ianicinbetaorey Bali fovea onthe jf Qs selon acking in tee. same But acclamation a ap | : Bis ngf Sa ow THs of S \natnap mementum pameiples x“ean alwo-be written ais Edt = dima — — — W Lequeckiem. Fe may he. Gracked. we | [This ed is Kiniuon ap trmpulses rnemngecturn The \mpulse Jf a force F actin wid tes axe ‘rr’ ina elovt i intenval Yarne ao ss 5 Se a rar as — Ths ithy pule-momentu me Ieadtod Soen Oe Frees Applications of basic eqn sp pi Hour I Cartinuy equation sep Seti pple hen — oy) The flow is Gteady which is usealty the’ case fer mast of ithe protlems Se uit mechéries, b ‘ts inet mentivnied: whether the fp unsken diy Steady How! ts assumed. 4) __.— The olens along the oie cnet chan ing fg [the plas “te irn&m prossible ‘Which us “the case_- e_ most prblemn ff hydrautic a 2_cemprossib bil iy ssmept ble.-o)| our is me dimensivnal.. All pipe & cha nel fou prob ems. nut clved by the assumphions Cas Lude OF Sienplictty & practically —pue}2o2@ d & the velonty isneb. uniform over the. cwoss sechan, the average vPlocity is s_axtumed bee zach seston a | flaw. @)| There is no bronching ¢h of Ghream fe. [a Botnuelli equation 2) Aone: sf id! Wo sxblefni ace colved by the help dh hex he eq The eq? canbe ly tb L E huckion & Huid fou Shew the average ca ein the” enoxgy. H Kad, takes 2 place dleng -|-the feuds paniage,.— by) the bernnell(é 2 can he lied in lbiead fee | the veomshrution the fell Ping discharge meas- uzirg_inchuments # ye |) Senturimneter i) [four noxxle ty teifice plate. iy) pitor tebe g Further, the eq” can alge be applted to the pafo dy fhe Gaquid yet radial | oe a fe sthebim, Hous under. sluice gate Shieh, aint A$ Qm3— ae chon: ima pe chan T . ~ = wa _— | 6 Mé mentum equation: Ary oe “ah 4.1, Te determine the feree exerted hy the» te ng Kuid om the basndey lw asseg e dup fod 2 in nate ot a) P S_& veducod. by fixed. & Snowing. vanes . Yao ses ey vonkine & aunclnys Lncluding ’ ao ay ea Wroxeis Sumo Qors —___ in —such ab: a Tread tect Austr Sudden en a | contraction in a sll ay i ip Hy derauubie. jump ion epi channd Yas 7 i”imen_sis cous: Buk in maha hore is no hee? _Shich has wom viscortty. The Yudd having SAseseity axe Knadnas real oY col usd &e Yhuv also Knap as oer \ Stroambine Fwd ote Move_in Ras OL cabed. Qarnina, There ty ; 4[anos ta is alums Jorn WasL. See ts Frew wl Ae gl non WA Mea embeds ae oy \ood, in: the avtenieo 44 en | teod [enaieiin Rayort. Sicigawalting a ‘ad wokidas + aken_gloce Aut to> Shier We “ye Deandur seaman As a Aout, Ve vaddiky akany pean all cot: in saath at nr Yom feo! at_ + a weoln aud is Yuna an bur: Bind dc va odimemsion- bsg eeeedacs konngevad - Reynald numior- 12 & Fnedha \piee ie Seca hae= Mean veleok Siqurdcx dia. oF Pipe : aati Viscontty Ig Pawel « (Dv . 0 we Ms 7 ist i tS Prue ts leckustean ae is_Yneithor Laminar nor tucleubomb (oor bak - woldis Me. excsada wore, Whe 7 Sede Yair. EL Pm nel Yack / the oalue sf csttical” velocity inp ct da el rales & rok torres ove is ie se 4—Hegen seen pa > HagenPoiseuille Eheony is boned on. he: kelteuing i oo maces is ve ae owl 2 Ee fas ye viscosthy -paxhices Lwund ytis thes cheaz ¢hress, the Shane fe 5 is giver bp SEs caamr rat . J Thus Me. “frees Betis io We Yu ernest. x2! 4|| The. hear. fren Ure 1x dt en The eurkse Iex the prune Bee pntan e h ond The! presage Pans { pide) ten Me pig oes (jem Hac nce French Sealy fees hans Sp vz L - pxaee t prot de) CAPAY:AL= 0 © ~ at ap dn knee gs tQexnt= ie 5 ae RU=tXaNTKde~-0 y %, t= Ee a. : om (0) hows Hat the ya. SU care on ik pressuxe gradient} exists wm Ube aible Reno os. The se"sign chad Yea Vae proscunt decrenen ¥ A Phe eee hes had 2a(NCi) aoe amSicacheo Wnedr the shear: ‘eres varies Linearty acmss Mheiseotion Is value - L er a ee Css) Bron , m He ppc ea jm = : _ | “2 () te ' ; —_—,a, _duz (EEA = _ fee hee eg Sunt e 2 we oct ale i ss ba. \ tree =v ye A on - Sir hore cic the constant of 4 nen be Ys valu eis whined Fern Ve Vundeuy condition « £2 Bo U=0 = Z o - -_\ . 02 ae SP gc, Ca ae ER 3 pabstshchag. this: vale OF cin aed), weg: Ap ais die 2P Pala ote 4F_& Thema? Pla Sele gts ce ly Neon ley, Nena oy = =)The disch ey 9 “none dr_af tadiah “al eben ic given | 73 ) He) a on “Ee ~The Pressiie Sifkevenca bet um seohuns 1 Bev eck Srehirce” xb 42: ie given loy: ph - bau oo (yp 2 (a0) = EUR il — itp ae i fe tyes n= = Treg 4 54d ati wil Foe= ssih a+ Boundry layer enapt sO a > The econcept keundry: Layer: was Bat intreduce- rand bt in tgoy. ge since then tt hao been fled fe several Bludd Hes: pocblerms. Hhen a real Huid lows + pasta Consider a. recta noth ar prvided, — Snel ghee Sf wkter Weave, Sit oy Vee hes needs aL if I 7 Ungkh Ic Qongth Sy. notch of welts “ ey Eaten ff dishange at wo _amsrder a horizontal etoip Se water J Yrrcknoss ‘dh ack dod feo0n A? ig, Sone ap Snug Ks aA The total isch e,wot whe Srele noth may be nd ack b ‘etegealng Wie aloe. eq witin oe fs J rT aE = anata roy “db 2 wi yx du Gg “ic, : i _nw $12 ——3}@= 2 Big Kean hs ae) Se. wy we Oz Bus vg : Discharge einer 2-ianglat odie wet a 9g ns sok 3 | nsidera 0 i iit, we sontac th Se Sc he at a ee q 4 \ =. uU i Tele gaa akDate: a —— Consider a heranriak 60 = thi ens Cdn? ch cet the { wn in §g— celeron hr hho Hiatal - 1 ( - | tan = Qe ae | i Ree Ua adie Ss wate OF ati Ae ae = acwoh)ten ti-h) fan< adh = wer \y ohxipe= |r. DiscWarege dG Yhaenegh Yhe strip is Ag 6 Qua Prran pe (heerieal =: Cp xx CU-W) ten ® patax f an = a 6 = 2 CH-h) tn 8 x Cag agth oy Tetet Sresperd gal Ay CHI Fan x ah a aga tatgl tae Wh" ahng a Ax eyx tang RAN x ros — [ a: gb Veg Xp Ts g 6 [ce gpa ab tnd _Pischarge ; 3: aie S72. 2h 4IF H. vive ff - I:unt? : Dyn rican fuk ——_ = JL Dynan force. ee power A ceatiing Ae SesBioge —__ Mar ta MGT & eppucte Temes exery ecm 2. tenn id exert, ly th Se eat, - sires jo Ayman The_povier. is Seboemined._ . Cn arg e€xetre rae n Lead x0 2k oma. ge ES ved 2 itauls pace in re 3 An Sooo *» ehanoe Erman = oxy where, m| For connect plume: eh uid ertkering unth ies ath ak “Sa leaving akon Aime ia tao: OThus 4 25 Wiss Sa). T Ye. = 88 nat) wh 2 8 et ok Se | 1.9 Forco~onertod: by Hu ia caer 8 “eating b ss L ved. plates. - + Piece nema) te jak ever fate) NZ Ye yS Faga: g ICongider a jek o> water comix ack from =e Lac mnaate ballets plete. an — chown ‘ nm = : _—- kok, $a Velock Sk 4 the jee = az aia Xe joe 7 L as area Oe cosstechol oy + ae jee fat f The: je akter. sskeilinag Mie ple yl move iol a pode but" the plete is ct Aight — ‘ (\de. Hence we foe ke i = Rorhal mementamy— tral mi, um Tame = cr ee trial ee velen etre pare ee - 5 Mass Tenia, ~ Brak z oNime “a P|I 4 | mass. Fam mecha % Lvelew: A yee i C = final velees i \o os : Sorting) | eset [coe Kavi AV Rah gay™ ae -@) Fort desing above we have jaken wmkahk welerk ae Froal velasty &nor Prab volasiy? esimus -irttial valostty the the | leiteata tikes. an. inelit ae Jnowda 127 fo — = 7 v= velecthy jem She dimeetiom O= Angie. en thes je ae W A= Pyres Css geakon Then, mags AV umes pon See: a bthe plate = prav i et is smacthtelf fis eit [gud ath lod bak t-tatkes with ~ noloive velee ty + WShich is +o _Yhe ~ lalosutte. veloc ten soni 7 i 7 cat | 7 gal du) ecm sil 2 fei Cue Bn this care, the w Will be dem. —— Fhe Jeon Hha_plcke as _ig me eel a ez pr (ne SE Hey ooh SU vw)? xy 6) - Il |ica chonr bill level a her asa A pump Sane: che Liquid ¥rraugh inles a Oo TA —_ br tuzki Neo “eo used ap tbo eva "Mho.s rep. One the exa pied aw snp is the weter : y ‘ic is & tee heuses +0 cay the. qeund. to he tank oni tne_bep s \nouse: yp pump Yurnps can ‘oe brad. y Clansi red. wre 4 | egts — ¢ jose. dislacemment= pumes |. Q. Roe dynam pumpsTm. Tis.\s. pain cy es = a Srde- Frome ded yu auc Nag is Massed ct Jabeerd we | Line jdex aD. pogrive dig laarie! ark} ative disor wan yy nore’ P res we ipmacorg mp + a) Pickem Ae ¥ Punger pump. at) ne pump ai) Rodial pump b_vaviatle delivery |» mp bY) Rotary ps tei) Reo dren mame. \‘ A Wh 4 Wu ui ead each cele depends oo! the rin 218 uk VG jem the Vow Reristance in ~ piBs id digckah ‘a free in the ~ cect Trea hese Creo axe cual,” Re. "Gauicd ts ine chebe dll ature Re a érot | : fiw Ey. eames «ated. ynarnic —— will ‘yas Diss ‘pame ajetaling. ct a a a ey 4, Aatedifnamic=p Lun os * a nn be Pe pa gy ke [ob on) Gm Tied to {—c __ Miwed_ ob F ,+ | When the enpeller is J given a leche’ Cy moans 6 Pram. Mover), a very \ow pressure \s cretbed- ae \ onrtre JT im the 4 Zonpeer dus to Shich Pusd cnet Hho Wletking dietmy g ‘ a i [i = on _the aes id | The re Astediun d-_Yh the ip Tosh jot + The impeller pertectes ima. value cosin Shee con sestiondl area increases 942 inler +o owtle duete'Shich the Fins veleny Yu bee = Ipreanes. Ve, Qv= cater 1 Grckiin acowlonce with CexnowlLils: Hrearem ; Shen — the Yow velocity reduc. the pressure hanol Sk- b— q it : p stra usc increctres an cactum Veasl is game. - ie ms A+ a ye Gmelant — a | Heneo, the a is Hchanged. at the pune a @ teh SI Belivonys He ae big ae =Date: . | 1s Dye meal ceranechon rood, crank suction & delivery vale. zx j= Delve ge é a [| te ~__pGroneating wed H P = Ulhen the cranld 13° Derteckee k moans tan deedic moder the pistons mo veo ho: ac “foo ingle. Nob oglindon uh the a eanobabon! te ifs e yortymlieA) Ao 2 f \ ht position Lie. 2) 1), O= os he beAwe’s, Vhe piston Tass rraoves bookwards vor Yeuards ro gle iw She “cul nthe Caw idly: Creches ol vac SSM ol Aue te Oni, She Dquid. enters: Yoo o4\tndat Ww j2punieg Ha cushion v Lamon bbeoz ase, She piston mio Tn of juuarls fob re ich inttendes the pressure 6 Hho 2 wid rd a sing duro +02 Shi An De suchen vulve_ closes Habveny valve cea 2 2! Hence, the Liquid ts axa ihe He “diliven, Fees & ie _saibeal tela mace ee J ih ‘nei an im | 2 a foiun_vanas es dana are oe the ped. Ge dn the came i at ade a. yk IL eher: than Radiably Cgo dep reas Gann ee Lady ot bay Aves. shady aekers he" ies > ES) " the! ni| Low head and wy high. Yin sekos » i | Z Theyxe areigeines calleb as px ame s bean ene th seit: sin \ax to — but _p. wake Axio Vase poe rane wed in applicections rat Aaa uive. seackos | |e Qoux arnatyts suze (head) ouch Grebe wg erg spe Seal vobatiny. Yond dewateringunit ¢. water turbines” {| Tuvoimes aro. Sefmed. as Sho Wnyd-rautbe. “cnaching which_ convert Armulic. enerqiy verte mecha. \ This clhanic -* eo nical. i - electric Dower plant | Fg Shows a general lay ark dk a ‘aya elect | posmex. plant Wie ast Ae : a ae dam consisted. acres a iver te evo wall U Piher - jorge diametoes Cmade de yteol | ty oF Yoncroke ) ee: Side roa sselec—ndes_pevsusa\ Fen We Se on dlL Deb a if tealesghaai netisheeel at — Li“ Tixkines | di 2 to dno Shoda Tatl moce, Shichis a channel wWhich-camned VB- bi “nan on ho turbine L. Grogs ‘call te aifberanea ochuroon the bead face Wow ty Yai nace Dacel. — Son neater ie Flowing 2 6 Menudn dp : bss \nead’- He is dental:| \ i J — | Tet aed ane ‘also GM sve oad & ig decks ads Tre head avilable ne the “miet ‘Mne yurbine.. When water 1s Housgi ae hoad nace +o: the turbine, a oss bead dus. te FRcthon betuseon th vl Fe ae an gh | ohnere ‘Vecsen Such a osc due tea ie Cth 4s dou at the entrance oy ponpiaoks | are eect 8 Fk ‘yp’ ie Yoo “hdad Looe due te leben tpemstnoks ( uondor Hoan isnt aw ching . The! m1 7 ae Hudwawlic Cremey th —- Quvereds oul Qoos ‘rary aunt lable a= Agenee eb — Soesste Ye yi ae where, . Ree = Era tet Hod ko y 1 + gta = SET ge fir sadia ps ba psp wee Yh KIN: ft & We Spe _\ si Mechanical “yen eas) ines Due os tvcal Qoccen Vid pusex avatlalde ak. no Chay ttf Ora Kin the adie the Lg oe —| : sauorer “to We_yolunne”i eet re 2) in | : ® Tangenbal o A 2) a tibia = A Preendi fe peje ojnd 9 Re 4) is i b Medi yeallic Eas “havea = & oY gh eile ces juakeine, 7 : Klotking pe Pelton, Francis, prepelt on ess pets | unbines iil st 4dPenotenk The water high. iss =a +0 a somge me yaned on eed She noza— xDate: .. Gages n The qivarcttty water pied the wnes or | Luex eke \e Med ley She 6 inside She nozzle: Pree |The. generator is attached’ aa the ehayt- nae the _2umner Dried converts the tie sae I Lone aa * a he I an. pai the — tn Ue chettest - —— fensiite erro. Ma small nonzle catted \psako i . — Ee wHded hich directs Voe™ jor ae Jeack Of the 70 = losaking Sea em tha iter y diseha Francis Turbine, Hine. jad’ ak ot 7 iaeaial eos fuakine \s =, —pubine che. te ky °+ | Since the winnes blades are divided inte tur parks » ark (small Luekot inshape) wer Hee wm ie (poe A ste Plating actu J water Shije ape park ures the mn a 6 1 + Thus inner blades make we se booty SSURR lem Kinekic emer 4 water & Ve. Ww Runner biedes [- a Sd. i I | Quid bye 7 anes Sela! contng L 1 / \q— propre tebe1 psa Sy Ch Ch Ld btMeba Centre : wh -dokned at ne as abn ist Shida ow | S 'Acedy is | «_emall angle. We mgt S: ate in als) b Se ng ee op Sm {wy GA a - \splacorrontt: : Narmat “ . —__| Yno Noes is_ given a ema HU i Var ¥ Sc :is alae @ the foab % ha ul | i brim — “f + This cues th banyan ferce. Fo Hoomgl B, (nas position S- contre df eye 4 dis placodi i age: 7 aut Guibldum aie the eo nie 1 A ‘aschng cal Leow 5 SN macht aga AUD: ——+ i = a 1 Egbert ble tompenctuee on viscosity. ~ Viscosi is ef heate's temp The Wisces' igueiSs | ‘Acorn pes adn Ane neasé incmeane Vn + © This te dive to He - roanm Met in Gaqui Nhe cheer shrens ig dut— Ae—the “renner cMaasion Sich decat-- aped arth! Vncreape de fern. En even he in-— Nex molester eSharidn ig nba igi &, ne shear clress is due te exchange eon 7a sum & the smpleeubes , vieral to 7 derecho ca. /T¥) a opengl =. 1 ron he wicemthy Sp gan | Nn dll co po ak Fs Feb: Lvpe ‘Tek ids: Uy = Ae eit bidet GV ass as 4 | = —_ 2 ee ee KA i Fee genes dese aT I | where , Me = pynaree sscaily ab absShte. Liz hemi of =r pe Gmlebants (fren giver Lequid) Be | abs _Grbl\ants Chere given go).pg tee eeaho LA — ae fa J phy a ia VR y= Xow pipe ne benzene eel F Tye Va. aptidia. : ig Same ek. 11822 7 : WE ae - e oth et ea nas Prckional roristince 2 Picdimal Rooiotane fox unit swebteal axon. Pocuni swelassl xwredfed. marcas X Veleary Lot Fo cmuate =e x Pi xpryde HE “d= porimojer: P| | Dee | & or 3 wo orp ad |Om: Bion 7 ! ahs a ud, Pe pig ap : —Sqhie = Pipa ae [aerate oot a yr Qi), wetted imater _ Trt 5 e | A Ss) rs Bae a oy ot Put Etat te | pbey fl. ‘= 2 Kpaen_ae ga gv jek poor’ Ay Fedson, a9 WW), besermen ap 2 Nhe = > hoe aE : Ang Oey eed\ i | u ‘agen Rar = ; ‘ siydeaul am is devito th Mich rhe mijez_can b ped 7 ladailalie Janae alg ra = = broad.” ree sits ad ‘ A ple. pee When a Wuising “Haul is aula leroug he to. ot, Whe.’ O Matas sd cogrnembunn t ~VG63.4 vas _- Causes a sudden sise v3 Bronce | This sdse im _- & wroosure ig Udibeak te eldea_pettien ff Mos ~ Negus ® Wighoe Lovely. \ p=| Func one & water wxhine gowenner— > Water tuxbine gowcersnart is he main. contro) ox Ric turbine. {Dual Lanakh device o hy draudic ealetne [ek é Le. gelato “AML i) To clack, main & adjust unt spend for sy synehn mixing sth He saunwivry units Lari ‘| 2 iain «cysrer Fresisame cha ni~ been adiusting bee Neste Hae at Tha 908 . : i] fo rare bad changes with Lhe other wnrts ina —_— in xeppense fo_systorn Feuer a7 ad just auckpck Sh Hoe unt in 2 to. pear = Sen cpa eneles Fre pereren nom htt dan. or enrendy — fie —speed_schick dase foe _prtteetien of le.Iveta dint lle eis dakirel |the jeackis tho actual dischy brates = a eens dented wt Cy i | dahral = Sischatge =f pig io ae i Vhen Chi Cay ses given ap Actual veladitne i £0 & f _ ey i = seatk e Sy Notch T y ! mei i ided nei Netch-is: normally nade FF} a enekac placke, on cme side. tank |olostruets he \dag inan resent Ww Unewyps- open channad Hoream, Liquid. level below) 2 - " the ‘by cage he obenin “a > 3 LR. Weve \ eonceee- | Nekhes axe sh smalles” 3 Wears are amp ciae nan weir malty i \avgen. sxe! | | eae as used to measure: dis. . AThets | wed itu cha'ege. in smatt- channels yer di chazge cuchav | tne a, Srey op iver chain Yurae water Gein= eee Single manemneter ___|-_pilfhererctial manner | Gries ssn g 4 [Simple mane meter has! A pikkgeorttal me) only one Diquid.s a yea ipo ‘Givple manometees give as Dikfererbal: rrainanncter ba divest Meas uxomorth| diewenctarkes eho / “Lhe pressure ain fue — pressuae we give Whe xeatattn ar theDe: Box ae : Ai wwhines are more okt: AL lo “igaent a yn ee lenges —a Ss Ape Us up “Bl ee urider 5: Suen variable hold: &- yon compten A Gand Hint hand. ia : Expressions for cap & “tie tad fj eal aid er oe aging. otha. sundpein “ Pda PAAcose _ =| eed ins A= | pet = * . \ = od Asin& it sok Be. " ~ sod B S|ew 7 aCe 66 ack on the ede a area. & - fake Pibe he: indinakion 6: ce Noy NS naam ar I ‘whor emi = lednane—(rda CoS —= <0. a “A | Pascoe he Ve inkege= : Saw he = cimeese i 7 Sy ee ibe AY - [Re _jeim ae dane Is cable ak Frictionshay - i= theut Opecsed™ Sho Ve. Bye = lve et etRagas === =i) isha. 2 Cy tami en De elsag(dicramleas) : e+ Cone firenste ty Laks —ivrysiale?Gpearis oo lay ich ‘ge eee 8 Bat oe mozale — 7 =f2 Ea mt a a i \acok cks: ‘ —_|b_ Nozzle & 2 Noxxle direts Ye K— pmfer to Yho b usith ain imerrased. YelocstyOE o \Xho_ famner. ons Hasta pee he Sl ie palit he a ee ea > it sue kine Le re la in. ee ot al oe th ae pie usakox 1s! ee Nail ES a yl een ts Gf apa -Dam: Rt is a condicts Gjndhars lait acwss 4 U- aner Et is buitt here her get is abou pe te be nat phat onespe fre socen 8 Bs Pincbiomp ae aovide fond Sf. wacker dhs dole = To Croate. scterge at pondage it- Wesker Resex vis: as Stoves Saber . Auk < wate GecsSas .. Whe popemtat ena 2 c Rad axe-Yhe. 2 ae ints nets org wal hichaxe. meu {ads Bu. os itenet ane pamticed: vert : -fetinl ‘Nalves +o prog ulate. | the ee S- WW Wielowtialiems 7 Bt converts. KE Pe Eicken oy ; d Genoxadons fT ee _converks nficral tf crnidhaisdoak emo ryt to See at