CH 19 - Beginning of Europe
Title in Textbook _The Increasing Influence of Europe__
Reduce & then Recite
- Create questions which elicit
critical thinking, not 1 word
answers
- Write questions directly
across from the answers in
your notes
- Leave a space for separating
questions
● How Byzantine
Empire’s theme
system fail them?
● Who attacked the
Byzantine Empire
from the West and
what did they
accomplish?
● Who attacked the
Byzantine Empire
from the East and
what did they
accomplish?
● How was the Holy
Roman Empire
formed and what
Page Numbers_391-413_
Record for Review
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1) The Regional States of Medieval Europe
1A) The Late Byzantine Empire
1Aa) Social and Economic Problems
➢ Theme system = Land was given to farmers who in exchange gave
loyal soldiers to the military
➢ Worked well, but in 11th cent. wealthy landowners bypassed the
theme system by acquiring many ind. properties turning them into
large estates
➢ So free peasants became dependent agricultural laborers while
reducing incentive to serve in military;diminished tax receipt
1Ab) Challenges from the West
❖ 11th cent. Norman adventurers(descendants of Vikings living in N
France) first created regional state in S Italy and banished Byzantine
authorities
❖ Then 12th-13th cent. Normans and other W Europeans started
crusades(military campaigns intended to recapture Christian holy
sites) and plundered Byzantine empire
❖ Venetian merchants targeted Constantinople in 4th crusade;
conquered in 1204 CE and recaptured in 1261 CE
1Ac) Challenges from the East
○ Muslim Saljuqs and other nomads plundered Anatolia,and there was
civil war so in 12th cent. Saljuqs had seized Anatolia
○ In 1071 CE they conquered Manzikert; Byzantium survived until the
mid-15th cent. but faced challenges from Italian merchants, W
European adventurers, and Turkish invaders
○ In 1453 Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople which ended
byzantine empire
1B) The Holy Roman Empire
1Ba) Otto I
➔ 9th cent. fall of Carolingian empire; local authorities took
responsibility for providing order in their own regions and gradually
built larger states
 problems did it ➔ 10th cent. Otto of Saxony was king in northern Germany
have? ➔ He ventured into Italy to protect the church so Pope John XII
proclaimed Otto emperor of Holy Roman Empire in 962
➔ However there was conflict with the papacy and relations between
emperor and Pope were tense
1Bb) Investiture Contest
● How did emperors ● They couldn’t dominate each other, but Popes could prevent the
and Popes clash emperors from building a powerful imperial state that threatens
and what is an papacy
example of this? ● Investiture Contest = controversy over the appointment of church
officials from late 11th - early 12th cent.
● From the start, imperial authorities had named important church
officials to their positions
● But Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085 CE) wanted control over clergy
and church officials to meet spiritual criteria.
● So he ended lay investiture = the selection and installation of church
officials by lay rulers such as the emperors.
● When Emperor Henry IV (1056-1106 CE) disagreed the Pope
excommunicated him and made everyone disobey him
● The German princes rebelled against the emperor, Henry eventually
regained control of the empire after asking for Pope’s mercy

1Bc) Frederick Barbarossa

● Who was Frederick ❏ AKA "the red beard" a vigorous and gallant Emperor who reigned
Barbarossa and from 1152 to 1190 C.E
what did he do? ❏ He sought to absorb the wealthy region of Lombardy in N Italy, which
would lead to control of the German princes, build a powerful state,
and dominate much of Europe.
❏ Popes didn’t like him, so by the end of his reign, the papal coalition
had forced the him to give up his rights in Lombardy
❏ Voltaire, the 18th cent. French writer said the Holy Roman Empire
was "neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire."

1C) Regional Monarchies in France and England

1Ca) Capetian France
● How did this ❖ 987 CE last of the Carolingians died lords of France elected a minor
French monarchy noble named Hugh Capet to serve as king
start and grow? ❖ He had small territory around Paris and was in no position to
challenge his retainers
❖ Next 3 cents. Capetian kings, added to their resources and expanded
their political influence using relationships between lords and
retainers
❖ They absorbed territories of retainers who died without heirs
❖ By 14th cent. Capetian kings had centralized power in France

1Cb) The Normans

● How did this ★ Dukes of Normandy pursued their own interests with little regard for
English monarchy their lords (Carolingian and later to Capetian rulers).
start and grow?
 ★ Within Normandy the dukes built a tightly centralized state in which all
authority stemmed from the dukes, and owned all land
★ Also strictly limited the right of their retainers to grant land to others
★ 10t cent. had many castles with armies and 11th cent. they became
prominent leaders throughout Europe and beyond

1Cc) Norman England

● How did they grow ➢ 1066 Duke William of Normand invaded England, then ruled by
throughout descendants of the Angles, the Saxons, and other Germanic peoples
England and how who had migrated there
were they similar to ➢ William the Conqueror, introduced Norman principles of gov. and land
Capetians? tenure to England, but kept Anglo-Saxen institutions
➢ Capetians and the Normans faced challenges from retainers seeking
to pursue independent policies or enlarge their powers
➢ Capetians and Normans battled, but they both managed to organize
regional monarchies that maintained order and gov.

1D) Regional States in Italy and Iberia

1Da) Church Influence in Italy
● How did the ● Had regional states but not as big as France and England, no single
Church influence regime controlled the entire peninsula
Italy? ● In central Italy the popes had provided political leadership since the
Carolingian era known as Papal State
● In N Italy the church influenced political affairs, since bishops of major
cities took much of the initiative in organizing public life in their
regions
● When cities grew wealthy lay classes challenged the bishops and
eventually displaced them as ruling authorities.

1Db) Italian States

● Who overcame ➔ Norman adventurers invaded territories still claimed by the Byzantine
Byzantine and empire and Muslim states
Muslim authorities ➔ 999 Norman pilgrims intervened in Italian affairs by aidng the people
in southern Italy? of Salerno as they fought off an attack by Muslim raiders
➔ Also aided the city of Bari for independence from Byzantine
➔ Soon Norman mercenaries overcame Byzantine and Muslim
authorities with papal support and laid the foundations for kingdom of
Naples

1Dc) Christian and Muslim States in Iberia

● How did the ❏ 8th-11th cent. series of Muslim states ruled most of the peninsula
leadership in Iberia ❏ N Spain small Christian states held sway,mostly in mountain area
change? ❏ Mid-11th cent. Christian adventurers from those states began to
attack Muslim territories and enlarge their own domains, and Norman
adventurers came like in S Italy
❏ 13th cent. Christian kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal
controlled most of Iberia,leaving kingdom of Granada for Muslims
 2) Economic Growth and Social Development
2A) Growth of the Agricultural Economy
2Aa) Expansion of Arable Land
● How did land open ➢ 10th cent. Europe began to experience population pressure, so
up all of a sudden monks and serfs cleared forests, drained swamps, and increased the
for agriculture? amount of land for agriculture
➢ Some lords opposed it because there was less land to hunt, but by
12th cent. they realised agricultural production would yield higher
taxes and increase their own wealth, so they approved

2Ab) Improved Agricultural Techniques

● What new ★ European cultivators tried new crops and different cycles of crop
techniques did they rotation to ensure the most abundant harvests possible
implement and how ★ Cultivated more beans which led to better diet and land
did it affect them? ★ They kept more domestic animals, which served as beasts of
burden and sources of food and fertilized fields with their poop
★ 13th cent. discoveries in new crops and new techniques had vastly
increased understanding of agriculture, and it spread fast

2Ac) New Tools and Technologies

● What were the new ● High middle ages used more water mills and heavy plows
tools and ● Horseshoe = helped to prevent softened and split hooves on horses
technologies and that tramped through moist European soils.
what effect did they ● Horse collar = placed heavy loads on an animal's chest and
have? shoulders rather than its neck and enabled horses to pull heavy plows
without choking
● Increased the amount of land they can work on

2Ad) New Crops

● What new crops ❖ Early middle ages European diet = grains and grain products such
did they discover as gruel and bread
and what effect did ❖ 1000-1300 meat, dairy products, fish, vegetables, and legumes such
they have? as beans and peas became part of their diet
❖ High middle ages diet=hard durum wheat,rice,spinach,artichoke,
eggplant,lemons,limes,oranges,and melons from Islamic world

2Ae) Population Growth

● How did the ➔ 800 CE Pop = 29 mil ; 1000 CE Pop = 36 mil after regional states
European restored order and ended invasions ; 1100 CE Pop = 44 mil
population grow ➔ 1200 CE Pop = 58 mil (30% increase) ; 1300 CE Pop = 79 mil (36%
over time and increase) ; 14th cent. Pop = Bubonic plague reduced populations and
why? disrupted economies

2B) The Revival of Towns and Trade

2Ba) Urbanization
● How did Europe ❏ Since they had a lot of food European society was able to support
urbanize? large numbers of residents (artisans,merchants,etc.)
 ❏ Attracted by urban opportunities, peasants and serfs went from
countryside to cities and founded new towns in strategic areas
❏ Cities founded in Roman times = Paris, London, and Toledo, became
thriving centers of government and business
❏ New urban centers found from Venice in N Italy to Bergen in W
Norway
❏ N Italy and Flanders experienced strong urbanization

2Bb) Textile Production

● Where and how ★ Growth of towns and cities brought about increasing specialization of
did Europe start labor which led to more manufacturing and trade
producing textiles? ★ Manufacturing focused on production of wool textiles especially in
cities of Italy and Flanders
★ Trade in wool products fueled economic development in Europe
★ 12th cent. counts of Champagne in N France sponsored fairs that
operated year-round and that served as vast marketplaces

2Bc) Mediterranean Trade

● What was traded ● 10th cent. cities of Amalfi and Venice were ports for merchants to
and between trade with Byzantine and Muslim partners in the E Mediterranean
whom? ● 11th cent. commercial networks included Genoa, Pisa, Naples, and
other Italian cities ; Italian merchants traded salt, olive oil, wine, wool
fabrics, leather products, and glass
● for goods like gems, spices, silk, and other goods from India,
southeast Asia, and China brought by Muslims
● Italian merchants established colonies in major ports and commercial
centers of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea
● 1260 Venetian brothers Niccolo and Maffeo Polo embarked on
commercial journey, first stop was Caffa, trading posts enabled them
to deal with Muslim merchants

2Bd) The Hanseatic League

● What was The ❖ The Hanseatic League = Well-developed trade network in The Baltic
Hanseatic League Sea and the North Sea
and what was its ❖ Hansa (simpler version) = an association of trading cities stretching
effect? from Novgorod to London and embracing all the significant
commercial centers
❖ Hansa dominated trade in grain, fish, furs, timber, and pitch from N
Europe ;major European rivers linked the Hansa trade network with
that of the Mediterranean
2Be) Improved Business Techniques
● What were some ○ More trade encouraged the development of credit, banking, and new
new and improved forms of business organization in Europe
techniques for ○ Bankers issued letters of credit to merchants traveling to distant
business? ○ markets, freeing them from the risk and inconvenience of carrying
cash or bullion
○ Merchants exchanged letters of credit for merchandise or cash in the
local currency this made large scale trade possible