COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWER Based on the NC BTS an TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS (TOS) | Specialization SOCIAL STUDIES / SOCIAL SCIENCESea LET ae BEE on een NCBTS TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS (TOS) Specialization SOCIAL STUDIES / SOCIAL SCIENCES Published by LORIMAR Publishing Inc.Comprehensive LET Reviewer Based on the NCBTS and Table of Specifications (TOS) Specialization: Social Studies | Social Sciences. Copyright, © 2017 by LORIMAR PUBLISHING, INC. ISBN 979-621-8035-19-5 Published by LORIMAR PUBLISHING, INC. 776 Aurora Blvd., cor. Beston Street, Cunao, Quezon City, Metro Manila Tel. Nos. 721-2715, 727-3386, 723-1560 Cellphone No 0918-5375190 Fax (632) 727-338 Cover design by Ronnie Llena Martinez All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, mimeographing. or by any information and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright halder. To purchase addtional copes of this Reviewer, call LORIMAR PUBLISHING, |NC. Tel, Nos. 721-2715 + 723-1560 + 727-3986 + CP No. 0918-8375190 Telefax (832) 727-3386 or send e-mail te publishedhylorimangyahao com ii Comprehansive LET Reviewnr Spocialization - Social Studies ' Sacial SciencesPREFACE This LET Reviewer is prepared to help you pass the LET. Mind you. nat all who ‘ake the LET pass it, In facl, majonty of those who took the LET since 1986 failed, The cational percentages of passing the LET published in the national daily newspapers ranged ‘tom 15% to 36% This means thal the morlaily rales have been very high - from 64% to a5%a! In other words, for every ten (10) examinees, 6 ta 8 examinees fail, Only 2 to 4 LET examinees pass, Increase your Chances in Passing the LET! This is how. 1, Engage yourself in a review that is focused on the LET competencies. This LET Reviewer in the Specialization — English Book 2 will be of great help. There are soma who prepare blindly for the LET. They have no knowledge an the competencies on which they are tested. You aré forlunate to have the Table of Specifications with you. They ara the focus af this LET Reviewer, Engage yourself in a reviaw that is facused on the LET competencies promulgated by the Board for Prolessional Teachers, Professional Ragulatian Commission, in Resolution No. 10 senes of 2009. 2. Master the competencies in all the tests. Test your mastery of the competencies by doing the practice test in this Reviewer Answer the lest items given in this Reviewer to the best of your ability, Don't be afraid to commit inistakes: lean it from them If you want an honest evaluation of how much you have mastered, be true to yourself Don't look at the Answer Keys a6 you are answering the test items, Refer to the Answer Keys only after you have answared the test items. If after checking your answers against the Answer Keys you find out that you didn't get all items correctly, this means thal you have to tio mare reading. So. read some more. Read as many references as you can in both print and electronic forms to the paint of concept mastery You are given a list of references for additional reading in this Reviewer. Ni goes without saying that yau do not have Lo limit yourself to these references. After further reading, gu back to the test items which you did not get correctly and answer them once more This rs tie way to mastery if you do that for every ‘competency, you are assured of passing the LET! 3. Learn {o shade answer shetis correctly. Many éxaminaes fail the LET because they don't know how to shade the answer sheet correctly. Leam to do it - nat light nor dark shading ‘with the use af the LET-lke answer sheels attached to this Reviewer. 4, Dewelop your reading oomprehensian skilis in English. Except in the test lems for Filipino in General Education and in the Specialization, all written test items are in English. If your reading comprehension in English is excellent, you will have greater chances 5.Mosi of all pul your mind and heart into your LET preparation, Right after graduation, prepare the required documents for LET application and once you have them complete, apply tor LET at te nearest PRC office as carly as possible. You have the lst of required documents in the PRC webstle. Avoid the rush. Avoid the long queve at PRC which happens on thé last days af tihng far LET application. Take note, the deadline tor LET application is usually inree months before the conduct of the LET. Prepare months before the cancluct of the LET. The months before the LET should be devoled to serious study. Remember “na pain. ne gain”. Or better still from William Penn, “no pain, no palm; na thas, no throne; no gall, no glory; no cross, Ao crown" You can't afford ta take the LET a second time! Now that you have decided to take it, make a promise and more than thal, make a commitment la pass the LET! Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies /Soclal Sconces HiiBr Cm Cui TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS for SOCIAL STUDIES/SOCIAL SCIENCES: UCC MCU e Ga) Trends and Issues in Social Studies 1.1 Examine trends and issues in contemporary Philippine Government, New Constitution and global society such as culture of peace, human rights, gender, environmental issues, and| 6% development issues; recognize forces and factors that shape and influence contemporary issues 42 Recognize forces and factors that shape and influence contemporary issues UR Tete fe ara] Scientific Reasoning and Thinking 2.1 Demonstrate competence in scientific reasoning and critical thinking Research in Social Sciences 6% 2.2 Demonstrate competence in the conduct of social science 5% Fasearch | 23° Apply social sclence research models and methodology in actual 1% research activity ees te Places and Landscapes in a changing world geography and Natural Resources of the Philippines 3.1 Demonstrate understanding of basic geographical concepts, 3% processes, and patterns 4.2 Examine the geographic character and natural resources of the various regions of the Philippines and their impact on the) 8% regions’ development 3.3 Relate the significance of geography to the diverse social, cultural, economic and pi al development of a state iy Comprehensive LET Reviewar Specialization - Social Studies /Secil Sciencesble of Contents TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS for SOCIAL STUDIES/SOCIAL SCIENCES aCe ene Ce TTT aE Socio-Cultural Anthropology a 47 41 Explain factors and conditions that influence cultural and behavioral differences of different groups and societies 1%. 4.2 Determine the relationships between culture and biological traits 4,3 Manifest understanding of hasic sociological and anthropolog concepts and theories 1% 44° Trace the origin and development of human beings, societies and cultures: 4.5 Analyze how social phenomenon relates to class, ethnicity, gender, ideology and power, and social actions % 1% 4.6 Determine elements of Filipino culture that are supportive/contrary to nation building 3% Comparative Government and Politics Law-Related Studies 62 5.1 Manifest understanding of basic laws (family law, environmental law, human rights, public accountability, consumer law, and commen offenses) applied at home, in school, community and workplace 5.2 Examine political conditions of selected countries (forms of governance, political development, political culture, relations 3% between the government and its citizens, and relations among eh Social groups in the political arena) 5.3 Apply concepts and principles of comparative politics far good 3% governance and effective citizenship 5.4 Compare models of political systems in terms of politics and 2% government structure, organization, function, and operation ‘Comprehensive LET Revigwar Specialization - Social Studies /Social Sciences. =BE uty TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS for SOCIAL STUDIES/SOCIAL SCIENCES sick Dam Pe] 14 World History and ization | World History and Civilization Il 4 Asian Studies 6.1 Analyze the social, political, cultural and economic development of world civilization from the ancient period to to the present Ao 6.2 Analyze the influences. and contributions of Asian and Western civilizations to Filipino socio-cultural life, in particular, and to the | 4% world, in general _ 6.3 Analyze causes and effects of modern conflicts and explore alternative ways to solve them 3% 6.4 Determine global and national implications of geographical and ss . 3% industrial discoveries 65 Examine the political, economic, and socio-cultural issues and problems in contemporary Asian societies as influenced by global] 3% realities 6.6 Evaluate the impact of scientific, political, social, “and economic transformation in the contemporary world 3% TTP err 85 Micro-Macro Economics 85 Economic Planning and Strategies 7.1 Analyze thearies and models of economic growth and develapment| 2% 7.2 Examine issues and problems related to development such as unemployment and poverty, international trade,| 2% underdevelopment, and others and to explore alternative solutions 7.3 Demonstrate understanding of the basic concepts and principles | of economics including the nature and functions of economic) 2% systems _. . 74 Apply economic concepts, such as ‘supply and “demand, scarcity | diminishing marginal utility, income effect etc. to current economic | 2% conditions 73 Apply economic planning principles in the formulation of simple development / business plan a | Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Secial Studies / Social SciencesBE CMU TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS for SOCIAL STUDIES/SOCIAL SCIENCES PAGE Dr ea 98 Teaching Approaches in Secondary Social Studies Produ of Instructional Materials for Social Studies Building Bridges Across Social Science Discipline 98 (MAKABAYAN as a core leaming area in Basic Education} 8.1 Demonstrate understanding of the basic principles and theories ‘af teaching - learning processes in social studies and social| 2% science | 8.2. Use the constructivist, collaborative, conceptual, problem-based, 2% and experiential approaches in teaching Social Studies 6.3 Select/produce appropriate instructional materials for the 2% | teaching of Social Studies | 8.4 Apply pedagogical principles in developing instructional plans | 2% ' is 8.5 Use integrative approach in teaching the MAKABAYAN subjects 2% Assessment and Evaluation in the Social Sciences/Social Studies 102 z Bac ] ' 9.1 Assess learning in the social sciences with the use of traditional | 5% | and authentic formsitoals of assessment and evaluation * Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studlas / Sacial SciencesBe me Cc) ANSWER KEY AND RATIONALIZATIONS.......sssssseusssesesseersseresenseone 106-108 REFERENCES. Sample Certificate of Registration.. Sample Professional Identification Card .......cscc-ecnsssereenernenensnnsnmaerenenseenees TAS 115 — 123 Sample Answer Sheets. ‘Vill Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization ~ Social Stiles Soclat SciencesComprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies / Social Sciences 1 |. Trends and issues (6%) Trends and Issues in Social Studies 4.4 Examine trends and issues in contemporary Philippine Government, New Constitution and global society such as culture of peace, human rights, gender, environmental issues, and development issues; recognize forces and factors that shape and influence contemporary issues. Recognize forces and factors that shape and influence contemporary issues 6. 1. What major change creates a trend? A. Innovation C. Revolution B. Stagnation D. Invelution Among social trends, which is very difficult to psychologically overcome? A. Tendency C. Bias B. Learning D. Inclination Among social trends, which easily passes, e.g. fashion? A. Mores, Cc. Laws B. Fad D. Norms Change becomes an issue when it creates a A. disagreement ©. drawback 8. discomfort D, duplication [in 1952 the organization of the marked a milestone in the development of Philippine sociology. A. Philippine Social Science Council B, Philippine Sociological Socicty C, Research Foundation of the Philippines D. Institute of Philippine Culture There is violation of ___ in cases of extra-judicial killings. A. search and seizure order C. arrest warrant B, due process of law D. equal protection under the law2 Comprehensive LET Reviewer § ization - Social Studies | Social Sciences 7. As a science of humani integrated picture of | A. man ©, hominid B. early man D. human fossils and its society, Anthropology secks to present an Among the fields of anthropology which studies the evolution of man and biological diversity within the species? A. Linguistics C, Cultural anthropology B. Archeology D. Biological anthropology 9, Among patterns of behavier required in Sociology which is oblained through direct experience, observation and testing? A. Empiricism €. Objectivity B. Critical spirit D. Ethical neutrality 10. Who coined the word “sociological imagination” to underscore the relationship between what is happening in people's personal lives and the Sacial forees tha surround them? A, Mark Dukheim C. Auguste Comte a B. Wright Mills. D, Isabel Panopio I. Clusters of stable rules known as social __ govern social activities and practices based on similar principles displaying regularity’? A. mores C. valu B. norms D. institutions 12, The desire of government for all citizens to obey all laws is aan culture. A. ideal C, conventional B. real D. virtual 13, Showing respect by kissing the hand that has changed to kissing the chick or hugging shows culture in soviety. C, conventional D. virtual 14. What particular event awakened national awareness of human indignity during the 1980s prior to the EDSA revolution? A. Slay of Ninoy Aquino C. Call of Cardinal Sin B. Human rights violations D. Parliament of the streetsComprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies / Social Sciences 3 16. We 19. 20. What was founded by six nations in 1967 for partnership in regianal development? A. SEATO C. APEC B, ASEAN D, Great Six Nations Who was the Asian senior statesman who removed drugs, unemployment and dirt waste from his city-state? A. Lee Kuan Yew C. Arsenio Laeson H. Rodrigo Duterte D, Jawaharla Nehru What marked people empowerment in 1986? AL Yellow Ribbons C. New Society B. KKK revolution D, EDSA revolution Given issues of election cheating, psychologists see Philippine politics as intrinsically known to be A. collective C. individual B, personal D. communal The winner in Philippine national presidential election is determined by votes, while that of the U.S, by votes, A. totals: sectoral votes B. national; local votes C. popular: electoral callege votes D. multi-party: one party votes In its Charter, ASEAN nations are described as A. caring C. cooperat B. competitive D. corporate Senator Hillary Clinton lost the 2016 presidential elections because of losing votes. A. popular C. senatorial B. electoral college D, congressional Private sector groups for national advocacies are commonly referred to as A. public sector C. cooperatives B. civil society D, party-list representatives4 Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies / Social Sciences 23. Which statement on human rights is CORRECT? A. Human rights are unlimited. B. Human right is might C. Human right is a moral power not a physical power. D. All rights are inalienable. 24. Royalty rights acquired through the authorship of a book are examples of __ A, inalienable rights . alienable rights B. acquired rights D. imperfect rights 25. Rights which can not be renounced or transferred because they are necessary for the fulfillment of man’s primordial obligations are called A. alienable rights C, perfect tights | B. inalienable rights D. acquired rights | 26. Under which type of right does the right to life fall? A. Inalienable rights C. Perfect rights B. Alicnable rights D. Imperfect rights 27, Rights can not be unduly trampled upon or suppressed without moral guilt because they are F A. adventitious C. perfect B, inalienable D. inviolable 28. Which human rights does libel violate? A. The right to property C. The right to one’s own life B. The right to one’s honor D. The right to make a livelihood 29. Which is a violation of the right to choose one's way of life? A. Fourteen-hour work as against the regular eight-hour work B. Child labor C. Forced labor D. Under compensation 30. Which is an example of an alienable right? A. Right to marry B. Right to life C. Right to aims 1D. Right to possess a house acquired through inheritanceComprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies / Social Sciences 5 31. 46. Inclusive teaching approaches enable ___ learners in the class to take part in learning opportunities. A. all C. special B. disabled D. selected The development of 21" century teaching and learning skills is 2 contemporary trend. What elements are interconnected in the process of teaching and learning? A. Education for all and literacy B, Professional development C. High budgetary appropriations D. Student outcomes and support systems Which are essential in preparing the learners for the future’? I. Independent thinking IL Creativity and innovation IL. Critical thinking IV. Communication and collaboration AL UW & UD Cc r&ll B. LT & IV D. EAL MD & 1V The Duterte administration advances in order to strengthen regional autonomy and local governance. A, federalism C. anti-drug campaign B. nationalism D, anti-corruption drive Various facets of partnership for regional development was adopted by ASEAN, EXCEPT that which is. A. economic C. social B. ideological D. cultural EXCEPT for the ___ aim, these comprise the pillars of ASEAN community integration by 2015 A i C. ideological B, political s D, socio-cultural6 37. 0. 4) 4B MM Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization ~ Social Studies | Social Sciences What system contributed to greater efficiency and success of recent national elections? A. Pastoral Council far Free elections = C, Comelee B, Computerization D. Multi-party system Among ASEAN nations, which has a political system closest 10 that of the US. A. Philippines C. Malaysia B. Singapore D. Thailand What type of research can better ensure relevance in planning development of communities? A. Survey C. Interview B. Needs Analysis D. Case study What economic policy in China propelled it to becoming the second industrialized nation in the world today? “AJ Welfare socialism C. Socialist capitalism B. Industrialism D, Maaist communal ownership EXCEPT for the factor, these are the facets of “inclusivity” identified for eradicating extreme poverty in the Philippines. A. sectoral C. locational B. spatial D. temporal For spatial inclusivity, the program can limit the population to widen habitation space for people. A. planned parenthood C.. sterilization B, contraceptives D. free condoms In terms of funding resources what can the federal system contribute to eliminate extreme poverty? A. Nationalization C. Urbanization B. Decentralization 1D. Privatization The 1987 Constitution protects the unborn and prohibits. A. use of contraceptives , induced abortion B. medical abortion D. voluntary sterilization& Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies / Social Sciences 7 A broadly encompassing change in __is involved by combatting climate change through lesser use of electricity, airconditioning, garbage burning, A. lifestyle C, sentiment B. jutitade D. feeling Ching’s aggressive global commerce has created tension in trade and cummerce especially for the incoming Trump U.S. administration. A idealog’ C. political B. cconamie D. soci eal Fronta global viewpoint, North Korea’s aggressive militarization and nuclear posturing isa threat te A, U.S, democratic advo C. world peace B. South Korean security D. South China Sea commercial zone Which incidence of global threat arises. from suspicion rather than concrete evidenve? CL ISIS* terrorism 1B. North Korea's militarization D. Hamas rockets upon Israel A. Iran’s nuclear What is the religious divide within Islam that causes a conflict between Saudi Arabia and ran’? A. tran against Hamas C. Hamas against ISIS Bo Saudi Arabia against Al Queda D. Shiites a What methodology is used for research on political and social issues by pollsters, such as SWS and Pulse Asia? A. Field research C. Case study B. Surv D. Experiment What initiative can make the Philippine government system closer to the federal system of the U.S. A. Charter Change C. Referendum B, People’s Initiative B, Election Recall& Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies / Social Sciences 52. M4, 55, 56. 7. a 8. What is the basis in the 1987 Constitution for prohibiting the teaching of Religion in public schools? A. Focus on Basic Education subjects B. Values Education in the basic education curriculum C. Freedom of religious conscience D. Separation of church and state An approach that is is the needed response to extreme poverty in the world. A. multi-dimensional C. multi-diverse B. multi-lateral D, multi-national Which does NOT comprise a real security alliance? A. U.S. Philippines joint military training B. U.S, Japan security agreement C. US. - APEC cooperation D. U.S. — Russia common abj v¢ against ISIS What is the hidden conflict in the war in Syria? A, Syrian ruler Assad against Syrian rebels B. U.S. against Russia C. Syria against IS' D. Syria against UN The setting up of is a key issue facing Israel and Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. A. anti-rocket missile C. population growth of Palestinians B. border wall D. state of Palestine . Federalism in the Philippines can grant to the regions. A. autonomy C, statehood B. sovereignty D. fiscal independence What factors/conditions would result to inclusive development in the Philippines? A. Foreign aid and loans B. Foreign direct investinents for job creation C. Increased number of OF Ws D. Increased local and foreign scholarships‘Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies (Social Scionces = «9 60. 4 All, Most, Some is a curriculum planning model conceived by Schumm, Vaughn and Leavell (1994). Why is it an inclusive model’? A. It is designed to cater for all learners in a class. B. [tis designed for learners with disabilities. C. Itis designed for gifted learners. D. It is designed for the hearing impaired, Facets of _ personality of a people may explain the paradox that the Philippines is rated by Transparency International as one of the most corrupt in Asia, and yet 80% of its population profess the Catholic religion. A. political C, ideological B. cultural D. economic Among industrialized counties which is the biggest remitter of CO2 (by 31%) that cause global warming of the globe? A. United States. Cc. China B. India DB, Franee Providing long-term food aid to poor countries, e.g. Ethiopia disadvantageous due to the negative effect of A. dependence C, AIDS B. malnutrition D. anarchy ‘Created in 2008 was a new legal framework for Southeast Asian nations known asthe ASEAN ‘A. Document C. Principles B. Charter D, Declaration10 Camprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies / Social Sciences I. Research (12%) Scientific Reasoning and Thinking 6% 24 Demonstrate competence in scientific reasoning and critical thinking 6% Research in Social Sciences 6% 2.2 Demonstrate competence in the conduct of social science research 5% 2.3 Apply social science research models and methodology in actual research 1% activity a 64. Among carly Greek philosophers introduced empirical knowledge by use of observation to explain uni al truths, AY Plate C. Aristotle B, Socrates D. Thales What method of thinking-and-t knowledge to particular knowledge’ A, Induction C. Discovery B, Deduction DB. Problem solving ng draws from the general qualities. of Gé. In which situation do we insist on belonging to a group thus resisting the tisk of being different? A, Conformism ©. Anarchism B ss D. Pessimisin aspect of inquiry is NOT related to ethical conduct in research? . Security of participants B. Respect of confidentiality C. Voluntary participation by respondents D. Limitation in re: ch scope 68 The systematic explanation of observed phenomena drawn from social manifestation or patterns in social life is A. hypothesis C. assumption B, theory BD, truthComprehensive LET Reviewer Spocialization - Social Studies (Social Sciences 11 oo. 7. Scientific inquiries conducted on social change over a period of time are A. trend studies ©. panel studies B. cohort studies D, case studies The two essential dimensions in teaching Social Science are _ and A. observing and inferring . searching and imparting B and listening D. knowing and thinking Concentration in thinking which leads 10 4 constant. unbroken line of thought is A. infusion C, intention B. focus D. direction A comprehensive list of important or relevant actions ta be completed in a specified order isa A. pattern ©. checklist B. matrix D. report The type of evaluation which examines outcome and comes up with a synthesis that determines the overall impact and relative costs of an activity or program is A. normative evaluation ©. formative evaluation B. summative evaluation D. causative evaluation What method of thinking-and-leaming draws the general qualities of a person from particular traits A. Problem solving C, Deductive B. Inductive D, Discavery To which group do we belong if we don’t accept the truth because we insist ‘on belonging to a group or resist the risk of being different? A. Change agents C. Anarchists B. Radicals D. Conformists2 Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies / Social Sciences 76, 78, 79. 80, Bl. 82. What is NOT related to ethical conduct in research’? A. Respect for confidentiality B. Limitation in research scope C_ Voluntary participation by respondents D. Security of participants What is the systematic explanation of observations on social manifestation! patterns of social life? A, Truth ©. Theory B. Belief D. Opinion What are the studies conducted on social change over a period of time? A. Trend studies C. Panel studies B. Cohort studies D. Case studies Which is a tentative answer to a research problem? A. Theoretical Framework C. Conclusion B. Recommendation D. Hypothesis In which part of the research do you find the answers to the research problems? A. Recommendation C. Hypothesis B. Conclusion D, Theoretical Framework What is a comprehensive list of important or relevant actions to be completed in a specified order so that no step is forgotten? A, Report card C. Checklist B. Survey D, Questionnaire What type of evaluation examines the effects or outcomes of some object -- they summarize it by describing what happens subsequent to delivery of the program or technology; assessing whether the object can be said to have caused the outcome; determining the overall impact of the causal factor beyond only the immediate target outcomes, and, estimating the relative costs associated with the object? A, Summative evaluation C. Formative evaluation B. Normative evaluation D, Complicated evaluation‘Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization — Social Studies / Social Sciences B ne 6. 5 BL ao 90. Deliberate deception by way of __ fallacy is. used by advertisers who make claim to unfounded consumption by thousands or millions of a product. A. bandwagon C. circular thinking B. big lie D. begging the question Generalizing extreme perception about people places and ideas, e.g, white people are biased about colored people is untruth or fallacy by A. localizing C. standardizing B. stereotyping D. summarizing Freedom of thought is opposed to A. violence C. compulsion B. slavery D. oppression Asserting a more certain avenue to the same truth is A. simplification C. revision B. syndication D. replication ic human activity in research is ing C., calculating B. thinking D. measuring What research is done in a laboratory? A, Analysis ©. Survey B, Experiment D. Assessment Science requires___in order to differentiate it from philosophy, A. authority C. empirical evidence B, logival thinking D. tradition The use of is useful in reducing inaccuracies in scientific research, A. measured devices C. logical reasoning B. generalization D, machines There are fundamental ideas that distinguish Social Science from other ways of explaining social events but A. data B. theory is NOT ane of them. C. belief D, analysis14 Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies / Social Sciences. 92. Which comprises what the researcher wants to discover and the best way to di ir? A. Paradigm C, Methods B. Hypothesis D. Research design 93. A social science teacher conducts a research on the best practices of teac! Araling Panlipunan in Grade 9, What kind of research docs the teacher] conduct? C. Basic research D. Field research 94. A study conducted on the current state of Filipino youth involvement (Sebastian, 2014) revealed that 12 percent of the youth respondents are hyperdisengaged, What does the result mean? They participated in all community activities They have not participated in community activities. They are active in selected activities, They disregarded selected activities. gaR> Refer to the bar graph, then answer questions 3 and 4, Pee Cus hey Online socicivic partcipatin Ofine sceiccivie pancipanan Engaged Online poitical perticisation De d seen) One paltical perticigation * Oh 20% 40% BOK BOS TON 95. A study was conducted on how engaged the Filipino Youth are in the dimensions of participation. Based on the data graph above, with which activity are they most engaged? A. Online political C. Offline socivcivic B, Offline political D, Online sociacivi 96, What is the lowest percentage of disengagement? AL 82.0% C. B, 70.50% D. 7,Comprehensive LET Reviewor Specialization - Social Studies !Social Sciences 15 2, What is a deliberate deception used by advertisers when they say, “Join the thousands who have chosen to switch to the better network.” A, Bandwagon , Falschood or the Big Lie B. Circular thinking 1. Personal attack 8. Whieh can be considered a deliberate deception by a student who invents an excuse or reason, e.g., “I need to relax so I can spend more time posting Facebook photos than study’ A, Bandwagon ©. Personal attach B, Rationalizing D, Circular thinking “4. Which fallacy generalizes extreme perception about people, places and ideas (e.g. Englishmen have no sense of humor. ete)? A. Globalizing C. Stereolyping 3. Localizin D. Standardizing FOOL A good research is one That cun be repeated to obtain similar, if oot. identical results. Which attribute of a researvh is explained’? A. Replicability C. Prevision B. Parsimeny D. Palstiability (01, Which is referred to as the cause variable? A. Dependent variable C. Independent variable B. Moderator Variable D. Extrancous In research, which variable do you manipulate? A, Maderater C. Dependent B. Independent D. Extrancous 103, Which is a short (about 100-500 word) summary of the entire research paper that includes goals und objectives, results, and canelusions? A. Abstract ©. Conclusion B, Synopsi D. Precis L4. Which of the following can become an issue in qualitative research? A. By-the book approach B, Formulation of research design & data collection techniques C. Generality D. Gathermg data that are based on facts16 Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies / Social Sciences 105, Which is artived at by way of a thinking process that puts together several paris} to form a complex whole? A, meaning C. synthesis B. relationship D, deduction 106. There is need to adopt sampling for research on academic problems encountered by indigenous children in a school. A. stratified C. random B. purposive D. trend 107. The appropriate participant in a research on needed outreach activities which! the school can engage is the _ 2 A. teacher C_ community B. students D, parents 108, Which data do anthropologists use in a descriptive inquiry an the cultural life of an ethnic community through data drawn from myths, stories, songs and experiences gathered through ficld study. A, Unobtrusive ©. Documentary B. Quantitative D, Qualitative 109. Applying the conflict theory, what clement induced Hispanic authorities during the colonial period not to teach native Filipinos the Spanish language? A. Need to secure the dominant status of Spaniards over natives B. Lack of adequate funding to support Spanish instruction. C. Natives were already pacified even without teaching them the language D, Friars want evangelical teaching, not language teaching 110, You will study within the population issue of corruption of public officials under the different regimes. Which study will you engage in? A, Cross-sectional study C. Cohort study B. Trend study D. Longitudinal study ILL. You want to examine specific sub-populations, which as those who played a part in the EDSA revolution with focus on how their attitudes have changed Which study will you do? A. Longitudinal stady ©. Cohort study B, Trend study D, Cross-sectional study12. 113. U4. 116. WW. HR. Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies / Social Sciences 17 Por which of the following issues or concerns would a sociologist likely do an empirical inquiry? A, Crowd behavior during rallies B. Medieal effect of contraceptives on health C, Advantages and disadvantages of democracy as an ideology D, Church doctrine bebind Pope Francis wanting priests to forgive abortion Sinners ‘What is the appropriate research method in a field study on a cultural group, e.g. way of life of Badjaos who have settled inland in Zamboanga province? A, Documentary research C. Standardized survey B. Open-ended interviews D, Ethnographic observation Research leader Edna insisted that student researches appreciate the value of data or evidence for scientific study above mere speculation or opinion. A. authority: C. tradition B. empirical D, logical reasoning ; Social thearies can be arrived at based on pattern of behavior, A. diffused C, disparate B, separate D. aggregate What is a simple way of explaining the concept of a social theory? A, Explaining social realities. C, Guiding what societies do B, Ways of locking at society —_D, Innovating society What should the researcher do in case he/she is not yet familiar with the subject? A. Set assumptions C. Chronicle activities B. Explore the topic D. Draw up a hypothesis What should the researcher do when he/she is clear about his subject and methods and is ready for the tasks of research? A. Chronicle activities: C, Set assumptions B. Explore the topic D. Draw up hypothesis18 119, 120. 121, 124. 125. ‘Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization — Social Studies / Social Sciences To further clarify the subject, what can be done to ensure that it does not overlap with irrelevant matters? A. Perform pilot testing C, Consult experts B. Formulate a hypothesis D. Set limitations and delimitations How can assumptions support your inquiry’? A. They assume you are right B. They are accepted as true without proof. C. They make your inquiry scientific D. They are prepared by mentors. How does a hypothesis support inquiry? A. They refer to evidence already proven. B. They restate the thesis question, C. They are tentative answers to what is true or false. D. They provide body of literature. . In order to protect participants on serious issues like use of drugs. the researcher can adopt of respondents, A. custody C. open testimony B. anonymity D, subpoena For privileged communication, the researcher of respondents under secrecy or anonymity. AL data C. name: B. answers D. evidences Which was commined by a researcher who repackaged information for vested interest. e.g. mocked-up Tasaday cave dwellers? A, Deception C, Break trust in confidentiality B. Misuse of informanen D. Violate anonymity When social researchers “speak out” the truth on social issues. they perform the role of scientific A. journalists C. wnters f B. experts D. commentators127. (28. 133. - What is the unit of studies about churches, colleges, agencies Comprehensive LET Reviewer Spocialization - Social Studies / Social Sciences 19 . Which term is used for researchers predisposed to artiving at the same conclusion for a series of researches on the same topic? A. Labeling C. Reductionism B. Time dimension D. Echoing Which did researcher Ana conduct on kinds of worship among similar Chri groups? A. Trend ©. Cohort B, Cross-sectional D, Longitudinal Which type of study and researcher Pete conduct on the popular use among millennial youths of Facebook accounts? ‘A, cohort C. longitudinal B. trend D, cross-s tional 29. Inquiry on public sentiment for gays-lesbians from the 1960's to 2000's is a study, Av trend €, longitudinal B. cross-sectional D, cohort Inquiry on legalization of marijuana getting data from doctors, parents, teachers, churches, ete _ research, A. nomothet C. non-spurious, B. ideographic D. complete causation army or navy? A. Social interactions C, Social artifacts B, Individuals D. Organizations A researcher committed _ fallacy by concluding that young voters due to their age voted for young candidates, A. evologi C. time dimension B. branding D, reductionist Participants in a research should not be foreed to reveal sensitive personal information, e.g. sexual behavior because they have the right to _ A. protection from harm C. coercion B. informed consent D. privacy20 Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization ~ Social Studies / Social Sciences 134. Participants may be willing to be interviewed but there should the right of _ need to be ensured by telling them the nature of a specific research. A. non-coercion C. privacy B, informed consent D. protection from harm 135. Participants not willing to be interviewed for a research should not be subjected to such that they become reluctant respondents. A, coercion C, ignorance B. harm D_ public disclosure 136. As a researcher, you employ the inductive approach? Which do you do? A. Generate new theory emerging from the data and then test the validity of the theory B. Test the validity of the theory C. Generate new theory emerging from the dass D. The validity of the theory then come up with conclusion 137, What is expected of the researcher in the Mcthods/Procedure part of the research’? L Describes what s/he did, how s/he did it IL. Gives strategies, sample calculations IIL. Describes toals and instruments A. 1. and Ti C. th and HL B. Land IIT D. Land I 138. Why does a researcher do a literature review? 1. To survey the current state of knowledge in the area of inquiry Il. To identify key authors, articles, theories, and findings in the area of research IT. To identify gaps in knowledge in that research area A. Land IT C. 1, Wand HT B. Tand Il D. 1, Mand TH 139, You would like to research on academic problems met by Indigenous Peoples’ children in your school, which sampling will you use? A. No sampling C. Purposive sampling B. Stratified sampling D. Random sampling of all school childrenComprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization ~ Social Studies / Social Sciences 21 140. Which statement/s on ethnography is/are TRUE? I, Ethnography is a holistic approach to the study of cultural systems. I. Ethnography is the study of the socio-culinral contexis, processes, and meanings within cultural systems. thnography is an open-ended emergent learning process, and not a rigid investivator controlled experiment. A. Land UI C. | and It B. I, I and Il D. I and Tl I. 141, Which statement’s on ethnography is/are TRUE? 1. Ethnography is a highly flexible and creative process. IL Ethnography is an interpretive, reflexive, and constructivist process. TUL. Ethnography requires the daily and continuous recording of field notes. A. Wand I C. land I B. | and IL D, I, Hand Tl 142. Which kind of data includes descriptive field notes, narration of informants, myths, stories, songs and sagas as gathered by anthropologists? J. Qualitative data IL. Quantitative data IIL. Inferential data A. [Donly C. 1 only B. Il only D. 1, [and IM 143. In my research, | use basic classical ethnographic field methods. Which ones do Tuse? 1. observations HL. interpretation IL, asking questions IV, participant observation A. 1, Wand HD Cc. LU, Mhand [Vv B, UH, Uhand 1V D. 1, Il and 1V 144. Ifa design for evaluating a Community Support Program is being evaluated for ils relevance, what is the most significant question to consider’ A. Does the range of information to be provided include all the important aspects of the program? B. Does the information to be provided adequately serve the evaluation needs of the intended audiences? C, Is the information to be provided timely enough to e of use to the audiences! D. Does the intended evaluation strictly follow ethical principles?22 Comprehensive LET Reviewer Spacialization - Social Studies | Social Sclences 145. How docs one avoid bias when administering a teacher questionnaire to determine the pulse on a new performance evaluation system? A. Give priority to those who volunteer to fill out the questionnaire, B. Make sure the sample of what you'll measure is most likely to represent varied opinions C. Select sample from those getting high performance ratings. 1D, Exelude as respondents teachers who are 60 or over. 146. To insure reliability of an evaluation instrument, it is important to make sure that |. itis designed to get the information needed IL. there is only one way to interpret each item IIL. sterns with dual elements are eliminated A. TL and Cc, Lonly B. Land Il Do 1 Wand Wt 147. Hf you conduct a phenomenological research, what key ingredients do you expe oA ch question driven by curiosity informs the desi Il. Participants need to be interested in and comr experience to generate good quality data, IL An effective analytical framework which can increase the quality of the an of a study, red to exploring their lived findings A. Land U1 C, Land IL B. Tland HI D. L Wand Il 148. An experimental research might compare aceident rates in those who text and drive versus these who do not text and drive, Which would be the independent variable? A. The outcome (accident or no accident) 1, The behavior of texting and driving C. Gender of drivers who text and drive D, Ages of drivers who text and drive 149, Research Z conducted a correlational research on texting while driving and rate of accidents, Which is a possible f Ie A. Younger drivers have an increased rate of accidents while texting and driving. B. Older drivers have less cell phones. C. Younger drivers are more techno savvy. D. Accidents are caused by texting.‘Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies | Sacial Sciences = 23 St, 1 like to find out if integrity of public officials has heen improving. Which study will F conduct? A. Cohort stady C. Trend study B. Cross-scetional study ©, Longitudinal study Ss. We research, if F reason ou from particular to general or broad pattern, | apply the _ inethod. A. Deductive C, Ideographie B, Inductive 1D, Nomethetic S2. What kind of study examines specific sub-populations, such as those who played a part in the EDSA revolt in order to understand how their attitudes have changed A. Longitudinal study C. Cohort study 8 Trend stucly D. Cross-sectional study SS Por John Dewey, what is the unifying clement of the curriculum’? A. Reflective thinking C. Experiential learning 1, Course discipline D, Pedagogy in learning £4 Which of the following is ain example of an issue which a sociologist would sated? 4 Why is the rate of abortion rising? 18. How do police actions influence erawd behavior? C. What is the interaction between chemical and behavior? D. Which political system is best? In order to seek full contextual understanding of the actions of a selected group ol indivedtials, what will you do? 1 De ethnographic participants’ observation IL Conduet open-ended interviews. HL Administer # standardized test AL |, Mand U1 Cc. tony Bland fl D. Lonly Ss What method is being used to have Special children become a part of the rewular student activities? A. Catalytic leaming C. Specialization Ko Mainstreaming D. Alternative learnir2d Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies / Social Sciences 157, 159. 160. 161 162. 163. 164. 58. What kind of reasoning is done by arguing from particulars (e.g. Juan, Marie| What is used as the basis so that scientific theory can be empirical and no| merely speculative or opinionated? A. Evidence-based C. Tradition B. Authority D. Logical reason Jaime, ete. speak Bisaya) to a general conclusion (e.g, Therefore many stucient] in the class speak Bisaya)? AL A priori C. Inductive B. Deductive D. Logical What is the fundamemal basis for data gathered in the sciences of Sociology} Biology and Physics? A. Belief C. Logie B, Observation D, Wisdom What process will you use to represent a more certain avenue to the truth? A. Generalization C, Replication B. Fallacy D. Prior argument An inquiry on a social phenomenon that does not use numbers is research. A, descriptive C, experimental B. quantitative D. analytical Statistical analysis is done for various reasons but NOT for A. complex formulas C. verbal descriptions | B. simple averages D. mathematical models | Of the following topics, whic! A. Survey on a beauty product B, Anthropological account of an ethnic community C, Impact of an outreach project D. Problems in a mental health institution s closest to a subject for pure research’? What wrong is committed by a researcher who installs a hidden camera in order to gather data on family friction between parents and children? A, Protection from harm: C. Informed consent B. Coercion D. Right to privacyComprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies! Social Sciences 25 15. 166. 60. ru. What was violated by a researcher who administered lethal drugs to determine their effeet on user A. Right to privacy C. Coercion B, Protection from harm D. Informed consent Under research design, what factor is useful so that choice of topic can fill the researcher with enthusiasm to pursue an inquiry amid obstacles until its final outcome’? A, Commitment C. Dedication B, Imerest D. Scientific attitude Which step is undertaken when the rescarcher mulls over a chosen topic and purpose, thinking about aspects and dimensions of a chosen social issue? A. Observation ©. Conceptualization B. Operationalization D, Population and sampling There are many ways to conduct research, but what is the stage of study when the researcher selects the appropriate way to gather evidence that can support analysis of data obtained? A, Population sampling C. Operationalization B. Conceptualization D. Choice of research method: When data gathered from survey, interview or other methods are’ interpreted, this isthe research stage for A. sampling C. data processing B. operationalization D. application Communicating the findings of a completed research to school, institution or sponsor of the study is the stage of research. A, analys C, operationalization B. application D, publication There are many dimensions or variables in considering social values that cause corruption in government, but which is NOT one of them? A. Motives C, Currencies B. Attinides D. Lifestyle26 Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization ~ Social Studies { Social Sciences 172. Statistical analysis can be done in qualitative research but it is NOT applicable] in A. verbal description ©. complex formulas 8, simple averages D. methodical models 193. Chouse the logical sequence to operationalize sel akhiction; Observation ancl ci IL. Arrive at conclusion UL Specify method to get data on variables IV. Sct testable hypothesis V. Process and analy ed stayes af a study on drug herin AL UW ULE V ane IL Co MALL and IV Ts. 1, fT, Wane 1 1, MEW, 1 TV and vo 4. stem is applicd for careful, deliberate and quantifiable observ anen of order to dese A. Examination. C. Construction B. Measureme D, Introspection An objvet or event in terms of indicators’? 175, What can be used to classify observations in terms of attributes, e.g. classify newspapers as pro-administration or pro-opposition? A. Sealing ©. Typology B. indexing D. Validating research 176, The technique used in selecting large, representative sample for so e.g. clection poll ranking isknown as. A. probability samptine C, snowball sampling 8, nonprobability sampling 1, quota sampling 177, Which is the sampling technique in studying a sub-set of a large population that can show a meuningful result, c.g. by interviewing some people during a rally? A, snowball) sampling, C. Quota sampling B. Judgmental sampling D, Nonprobability sanaplingComprehensive LET Reviewer Spocialization - Social Studies Social Sciences. 27 74. 280. Which sampling technique is used by selecting a few members of a target population, e.g, migrant workers you meet at the airport? A. Judgmental sampling €, Snowball sampling B. Quota sampling D. Probability sampling What sampling technique helps determine the proportion of the population by use of a matrix and relative proportion for cach cell, ey. interviewing a few people who meet the characteristics of being non-religious? A. Quota sampling ©. Probability sampling B, Purposive sampling D. Snowball sampling What is the grouping of units composing a population into homogenous groups before sampling in order to achieve a greater deurves of representativene: A. Indexing C, Weighting B, Sealing D, Stratification » Which affects the validity of research results due 10 external events, og popularity decline of a senator accused of illegal drug involvement? A. Testing C, History B. Maturation D, Statistical regression If it rains, the ground gets wet. Today. the ground is wet. Therefore, it rained, Is this a correct thinking’? Yes, what clse will make the ground wei if not rain itself. rains. the ground surely gets wet. Yes, because the ground is wet today and so it must have rained erday. No. because the ground may have been wet by something ¢lse other than rain, Comes Which is an example of an objective truth? A. The earth js the center of the universe. B. The carth is a sphere, C. The earth is flat BD. The earth will survive forever Is the validity of research results affected due to people continually changing g. getting older, more wealthy, cic? Yes, because of A. experimental mortality C. selection biases B. testing 1, maturation28 — Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization — Social Studies | Sacial Sciences. 185, Is the validity of research results affected due to participants opens out of e.g. experimental or contral group? Yes, because of A. history B, instrumentation C. experimental mortality D. testing 186. Is the validity of research results affected duc to what happens ta people ov time, e.g. participants in class achievement getting worse? A. Testing C. History B. Statistical regress! D. Diffusion 187, Arrange the logical sequence of steps in constructing an index measurement e.g. to determine degrees in political activism: [Index analysis H. Select items to measure variabh HI, Examine relationship of indices IV. Index validation AL WL TH, [Vand T C. TV, UL, Mand 1 B. 11, Wand IV D. HTT, Dand I 188. What pattern results from your data that show, ¢.g. how often child abuse committed in a region? A. Processes C. Magnitude B . Frequencies D. Consequences What pattern results from your data that show e.g. levels of child abuse in community? A. Processes: C. Magnitude B, Frequencies D. Consequences 190. What is a part of instruction which gives due consideration to differences i interests, abilities and needs of learning? A. Remedial C. Adaptive B. Experimental D, ExperientialComprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization ~ Soclal Studies / Social Sciences 29 IIL Geography (17%) and Landscapes in a changing world geography and Natural Resources of the ines: 41 Demonstrate understanding of basic geographical concepts, processes, and patterns Examine the geographic character and natural resources of the various regions of the Philippines and their impact on the regions’ eh development Relate the significance of geography to the diverse social, cultural, 6% economic and political development of a state 191, Copernicus’ book “de Revolutionibus” proposed the thesis that A, the earth ts the center of the universe B. the earth revolves around the sun C. the earth is round D, the moon revolves around the earth 192. A modern city in North Africa is A. Cape Town C. Cairo B. Johannesburg D. Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan 193. Baghdad is to Iraq and _is to Syria, A. Jordan Cc, Yemen B. Turkey D. Damascus 194. The east-west line encircles the earth and divides it into two equal parts or hemispheres. A. longitude C. meridian B. equator D. latitude 195, A narrow water connection between to large bodies of water is a A. strait C. river B. gulf D. bay 196. Where is the Arctic Region found? A, Euro-Asiatic Region C. North Pole Region B. South Pole Region D. Antartica30 ‘Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies / Social Sciences: 197. 198. 199, 200 201 202. 203. 204. Known as the Land of the Aztecs was the A. Valley of Mexico C. California B. Yucatan Peninsula D. South America The great temple of the Khmer is located in A. Indonesia C. Angkor B. Chang Mai D. Java The term New World applies to A. South America C. European Union B. North America D, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation If the tarsiers are found in Bohol, the tamaraws are found in z A. Mindoro . Cagayan B, Davao D. Palawan Which is the Mindanao prevince that is known as the first seat of Islam in the Philippines? A. Zambounva c. Sulu B. TawiTawi D. Basilan Why is the Nile known as an “international” river? ‘A. 1tsupplies water and productivity to Egypt and Sudan B. [is the longest river in the world C. [crosses eleven countries in Southeast Africa D. fis waters flow into the Mediterranean Ocean Prior to the Amazon River being recognized as the longest river in the world, which was known as the world’s longest river artery in the world? A. Cagayan river C. Yellow river B. Yangize river D, Nile river William Shakespeare was from England, while Edgar Allan Poe was from A. United States C, Franee B. Great Britain D. IrelandComprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies | Social Sciences 31 205. What was the name of our islands as it first appeared in a rare map published in 1584 at Venice by Giovanni Battista Ramusio an Llalian geographer? A. Philippines C, Philippine Istands 8. Filipinas D. Philippine archipelago 206. In a land area of 115,707 square mi the Philippines is almost as large as A. Italy ©. United States B, Spain D, Greece 207. nits land area of 115,707 square mile, the Philippines is twice as big as AL Tuly C. Greece B. Britain D. Germany US Ona sunny what island is visible from Y°Ami, the northernmost isle of the Philippines’ A. Japan C. Hong Kong 8. Taiwan D. South Korea 208, Signed by 117 states in 1982, the gave recognition t the Philippines along the archipelago principle that its islands and natural features are a single geographic wit AJUNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) BUN (United Naions} ©. SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) DOASEAN (Assoeintion of Sout n Nations! 210. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea designated a Exclusive Economie Zone of water around the Philippine archipelago — for sovereign right to explore, conserve and manage natural resources af 0 seabed und subsivil A. L000-mile belt ©. 500-mile bel B, 100-mile belt D. 200-mile belt ZH The coastline of islands in the Philippines is twice that of the A. Adricn ©. United States B, Caribbean Islands D. Europe32 Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization — Social Studies | Social Sciences 212. The highest mountain in the Philippines standing at 9,600 feet is A. Mt. Mayon C. Mt. Pinatubo B. Mt. Apo. D. Mt. Kanlaon 213. The longest river in the Philippines is A. Pampanga River C. Cagayan River B. Pasig River D. Mligan River 214. Intervening the dry and wet seasons in the Philippines are months from known as the Philippine springtime, the most delightful season of the year. A, November ta February C. June to August B. April to June D. January to March 215, The largest flower in the world is the one-foot diameter —_ which grows wild in the forests of Mindanao. A. kamuning C. kakawate B. banaba D. pungapung 216, Which of Bohol is reputed to be the smallest monkey in the world? A. Zebronkey C, Tarsius B, Pilandut D. Bubalus 217. Which is regarded as the Queen of Philippine Orchids? A, Liwayway €, Waling-waling B, Tarhata D. Sampaguita 218. The Queen of Philippine fruits is the A. durian. C. mango B. lanzones D. macopa 219, The King of Jungle Fruits in the Philippines is the A. saging C, durian B, dalandan D. duhatComprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies /Social Sclances = 33 220. a 223. Dade 235 236. 297, The Philippine national flower is the A. ilang-ilang C. tsampaka B. sampaguita D. walling-waling The national tree and queen of Philippine trees is the A. Kawayan C. narra B. taguili D. molave The Arabs, who were excellent geographers and navigators, perfected the a navigational instrument to determine the altitude of stars and planets. A, astrolabe C. telescope B. compass D. sunglass Which is a Chinese-dominated former British colony Asian economic power which serves as a financial center and @ major harbor for trade because of its strategic location? A. Japan C, Philippines B. Taiwan D. Singapore Which one is an exemplary nation of tourism and a superpower of finances and gold? A. Canada C, France B. Great Britain D. Switzerland About 85% of gigantic waves called tsunamis occur in the A. Pacific Ocean C, Atlantic Ocean B. China Sea D. Indian Ocean The Philippines lies on the an area where many volcanoes are active. A. rift valley C. ring of fire B. tectonic zone D_ epicenter The continuous masses of land surrounded by big bodies of water on the earth’s surface is known as A, peninsula ©. archipelago B. continents D, hemisphere4 228. 229; 230. 231 232. w = Comprehensive LET Reviewer Spocialization ~ Social Studies / Social Sciences: Of seven continents in the world, the largest is _ and the smallest is A, Africa :: Antartica C. Noith America :: South America B. Asia =: Australia D. Europe: Oceania The largest and second largest of the world’s istands are A, Greenland and New Guinea C. Baffin and Sumatra B, Bomeo and Madagascar D. Honshu and Great Britain The fixed system of time was developed in [884 in order w follow new and faster methods of communication and travel. A. analog C. standard B. local D. digttal f Due to similar birth and death rates, has a zero rate of natural increase in population. A. Philippines C. United States B. United Kingdom D. Japan Under which category coes the Philippines fall? Al Landlocked State C. Coastal Sta B. Island State D, Archipelagic State Which statement holds TRUE of the Philippine ‘A. The Philippines is far from the equator B, The Philippines is clear and below the equator. ©, The Philippines is clear and above the equator, D, The Philippines is far below the equator, Environmentalists and linguists are in search of “Filipinizing” an unfamiliar term that came up during typhoon Yolanda, What is the term? A. Tsunami C. Field research B. Storm signal D. Storm surge . Nobel Prize Laureate Elinor Ostrom asserts a viable formula for getting people of various backgrounds to work together for the common good. This is known as the A. common goals/objectives ©. common pool resource B. collective action D. collective bargainingComprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization — Social Studios! Social Sciences 35 236. 29. m4 a4 a42. in the United Nations conference on the Law of the Sea, which group stood together against the doctrine that the intemational seabed and their resources are the “common heritage of mankind?" A. Developing countries C, ASEAN B. Developed countries D. Afro-Asian Geographers measure landforms by or height above the surface of the ocean and by ___ from the ocean depth. A. tange C. elevation th ss sea level B. height: depth D. altitude +: longitude Orographic _ takes place when a moving mass of earth is forced to zo up because of topographic barriers (, ranges, mountains, hills, etc.) A. freezing C. warming B, cooling D, heating Glacier are formed by deposits of continental glaciers. A. plains C, mass B, deposits D. peaks The largest ocean which covers more than a third of the earth’s surface is the Occan, A. Indian C. Pacific B, Atlantic D. Arctic The smallest ocean in the world is the __Qcean. A. Pacific C. Atlantic B. Indian D. Arctic A-great body of salty water smaller than an ocean, more or less landlocked is a A, bay C. sea B. gulf D. lake It is important that the South China Sea is not militarized by China or any other country because it is a_ between East Asian countries and Southeast Asia, A. canal C. channel B. sea-lane D. demareation36 Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies (Social Sciences 244, 245, 246, 247. 248, 249. 250. 251. The warm ocean current that moderates surface temperatures of the cold wate of the Pacific off the coast of Peru wus called because if occurs arou Christmas. A. Paskua C. El Nino B. La nina D, Peru Current A condition when sea surface temperatures in the Pacific are low and the t winds are very strong is called é A, EL Nino C. Monsoon drift B. La Nina D, Tropical Stream El Nino has brought ceonomic disasters by way of se over thel western tropical Pacific region and over the easter Pacific, as well as unusual weather conditions in the world, A. tsunamis :: flashfloo 2 floods B. typhoons =; landslides 2 tremors ‘The most common map used by geographers is the A. Equal are map C. Polar projections B. Mercator map D. Colored map An ideal tool for teachers and students of geography is the __ because it is a seale madel of the three dimensions of the earth, A. equal area map C. globe B. color map D. world land mass map The condition of the air at any time is the A. weather C. season B. climate D. atmosphere The pattern of changes of weather over a number of years is the A. atmosphere C. climate B, season D, temperature The sumber of daytime hours and night time hours is exactly equal all over the world during the _ A. equinox C. midnight sun B. summer solstice D. tropic of cancerComprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies / Social Sciences 37 252. 253. 254, zx 259, In the northern hemisphere, the shortest day and longest night of the year is the A. equinox C. winter solstice B. midnight sun D. tropic of cancer The process of water constantly moving from ocean to air to land and back to the ocean is called. A. transpiration C. evaporation B, hydraulic eycle D. precipitation The change of water vapor to rain, snow or hail is known as A. transpiration C. precipitation A. condensation D. evaporation Prevailing winds ealled ______ blow in special patterns that change with the seasons. A. tropical winds €, seasonal winds B, eross winds D. trade winds Astorm is culled inthe Atlantic region and —_in the Pacific area A, eyclone =: monsoon C, convergence divergence B. Atlantic storm :: Pacific storm D, hurricane +: typhoon Air in mation is + while water in motion is A. moisture =: waves C.. wind © current H. weather =: climate Do humid: cold These countries dry-summer subtropical Mediterranean climate EXCEPT A. htaly Germany B. Greece D. France ‘These countries have year-round humid tropical climate with heavy rainfall and high temperatures all year long EXCEPT A. Tanzania ©. Zaire B. India D. Central Afiica38 Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies ! Social Sciences 260. 262. 263 266. These countries have very dry or arid climate with litle or no rain falls during the year EXCEPT" A, Saudi Arabia ©. Zaire B, Sudan D. Gobi desert east lo we A. equator meridian B. hemisphere D. tropic zone Worth preserving because they supply most of the world’s supply of oxygen are A. oceanic ecosystems C. rain forests B, grasslands D. mountain ecosystems Only few groups of people have settled in are regions because the environment is A. harsh C_ nocturnal B. unbalanei D. cramp . Which of these relationships between human activities and our natural resources cause degradation and imbalance of the ecosystem? This one more directly relates to reduction of biological habitat: A. Unregulated itrigation :; agricultural products B, Hlegal logging :: forest cover C. Unrestrained minin; mineral resources D. Use of banned pesticides =: farming, Polluted air from smoke belching of vehicles and industries can fall to the earth as. A. ice sheets C_acid rain B. hail storms: D. drizzles Why didn’t the United States and Australia sign the Kyoto Protocol to slash greenhouse gasses by 5.2 percent before 2012? A. Global warming is a myth B. It would hurt their economy. C. Only non-industrialized countries ean comply. D. They are already cutting green house gas emissions.‘Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies | Social Sciences 39 267, These can offset unesen distribution and growth of population in countries EXCEPT... A. recycling ©. production B. conservation T), alternative resources: 28, Earthquake prediction at early and short time periods today ix on a basis, A, measured validity ©, hitrand-nun B. scientific accuracy D, instrument reliability 2h, These are recognized natural agents of erosion EXCEPT A. water C.iee B. wind D, plants r " 27, Why were the various regions of the country created as subdivisions af the nation? A. ccanamie groupings C. administrative convenience 1. cultural allinity D, similar languae/diatcet 271, Among | regional subdivisions of the Philippin ily own governor and lepiskitive assembly? A. ARMM. C CR B. Calabarzan D, Davao Region which s unique in having These are reasons why our Muslim brothers in the Southern Philippines deserve autonomy EXCEPT for their A. own cultural identity B. traditional Muslim homeland ©. repelling Hispanic and American colonial incursions BD. animosity between mainland and Sulu archipelago Muslims, 273 Among prospects in the Cordillera Region, whieh is a proven. economic prospect? A. Metro Baguio and Easter Cordillera Growth Corridor B, Tourism in Baguio § summer capital of the couniry ©, Rice Terraces UNESCO Rice Terraces World Heritage Site D. Metallic and non-metallic mineral resources40 Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization — Social Studias / Social Sciences. 274, What is the hi A, Mt, Bubi B. Mt. May: st mountain in Luzon’? ‘orsogon C. Mt. Pinatubo :: Zambales D. Mt. Pulag :: Benguet 5 . Not among the World Heritage Sites in the Hocos region is A, Santa M: ‘Church C. Vigan B. Paoay Church 1D. Hundred Islands National Park 276. With its agro-industrial businesses the province of contribution to the economic development in the Hocos region. A. Pangasinan C. tlocos Sur B. locos Norte D. La Union has the biggest 277. These Presidents of the Republic hailed from Ilocano provinces EXCEPT A. Ferdinand Marcos C. Gloria Macapagal Arrovo B. Elpidio Quirino D. Fidel B. Ramos 278, Which province in Central Luzon can continue to advance the claim that the region is the Rice Granary of the Philippines? A. Bataan ©. Tarlac B. Nueva Ecija D. Zambales 279, Which is NOT a right relationship between national figures and their province base in the Calabarzon region is: A. Emilio Aguinaldo ; Cavite B, Jose Rizal =: Laguna C. Manuel Quezon =: Quezon City 1D, Macatio Sakay :: Mountain of Rizal 280, The behavioral cause of the diminishing agriculture econom: Tegion is the . A. growth of manufacturing and light-tech industries B. urbanization in lifestyle and occupation C. focus on tourism promotion of historical sites D, pollution unfavorable to crops in the Calabarzon.‘Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies | Social Sciences 41 282, 283, 284, 285. 386 287. | Why are the lush forest of the mountain ranges of Aklan, Antique and Capiz described as “accessibility impaired?” A. No travelers can pollute them B. Environment is g C. Cumers and poachers can't reach them. D, Good for adventure sports. ‘What is the long-term initiative that placed Western Visayas out of the “hotspot areas” for illegal logging’? A. Surveillance and Monitoring B. Confiscation of illegally cur trees. mof possession of forest products D. Reforesta Among advocacy materials posted in public places, which directly relate to health awareness? A. No Smoking C, Priority Seats for Pregnant Women B. Barya lang po sa umaga D. PWD and Senior Citizen signs The revelry experience makes the Ati-Atihan pre-Lenten festival popular even for forcign tourists. A. Black Nazarene C. Mardi-gras B. Lenten. D. Manan East Visayas Region VII is recognized as one af the ___ exporting regions in the country, A, handicraft C. coal B. fish D, sinamay Among landmarks with historical significance in East Visayas is A. Santa Nino Shrine ©. Lake Danaa B, Agas-Agas bridge D, Mac Arthur Landing Memorial Originating in East Visayas region is the national dance A, Itik-Itik C. tinikling B. kuratsa D, pandangoaz ‘Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies / Social Sciences 288, 289. 290, 1, 292, 293. 294, From East Visayas Region, which is NOT the right relationship in cultural knowledge? A. Kuratsa <: waray dance C. Tinikling :: bamboo pale B, Dandansoy ;: ballad D. Irog nga Tuna; patriotic song These are reasons why Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental were made into one integrated region EXCEPT: A. one dialect C. tourism promotion B, holistic development D, peace and order management These are the cultural relationships in the Negros Region EXCEPT A. Bacolod City 2: Maskara festival B. Cadiz City |: sugar central C. Baiz City =: what and dolphin watching D. Silay City ©: ancestral houses The most active voleano in Negros Region is _ A. Hibok-Hibok C. Kanlaon B. Mayon D. Apo Desiring to be a third force in the balance of power berween U.S, and Russia, conferences in Bandung (1955). Belgrade (1961) and Cairo (1964) advanced policy positions for security and peace, EXCEPT A. peaceful coexistence (C. general disarmament B. new world order D. anti-colonialism The grassroots liberation movement in Latin-America focused a bipolarity for peace and progress that focused on eliminating ___ in development. A. social injustice C. multi-faceted dependency B. extreme poverty D. industrial backwardness Which virtue of the Filipina was MOST congruent to the revolutionary ideals of the Katipunan during the Hispanic period? A. Josephine Bracken: marital devotion B. Teodora Alonzo :: motherly move C. Maria Clara purity D. Tandang Sora :: self sacrificeComprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies | Social Sciences 43 295, 296 297, 300, Which has proven to be effective in lessening vehicle volume in the main transportation arteries in Metra Manila’? A, Efficient licensing C. Prohibition against illegal parking B, Color Coding D. Apprehension and surveillance Prior to the advent of liberal values in the 1960s, who or what is the center of 1 the Filipino family? A. Father «> patriarchal society C, Parents B. Mother =: matriarchal society : familial society D. Family =: nuclear society The Churches do not totally oppose planned parenthood, but they limit birth control methods through A. contraceptives C. sterilization B. abstinence D, castration The stage of population growth with a natural increase in birth rate lower than one (1) percent coupled with death rate lower than the birth rate occurs in the following situations EXCEPT through AS birth control C. famine B. war D. epidemic ). Which layer of fertile soil is needed in order to grow crops in a vegetable garden A. clay-like C. humus B, leached D, tacky These are major reasons why Northem Mindanao is the largest regional economy in Mindanao EXCEPT A. multinational companies :; investments B. white water surfing :: adventure sports C. hydroelectric plant energy D, airport and seaport terminals =: travel and commerce . Among cities in Central Mindanao is the highly urbanized _ and the resource which gave it fame A. Tacurong =: bird sanctuary B. Kidipawan ing in the highland ©. General Santos City =: yellow tuna D, Koronadal =: sports mecca44 ‘Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization ~ Social Studies / Social Sciences 302. 303. 304. 305. 306, 307. 308, 309, These are true of Davao City EXCEPT A, largest city in area (2,444 kim) in the Philippines B. most populous (1.6 M) of cities in Visayas-Mindanao €. inest populous in Mindanao 1. largest city in area (2.444 kim) in the world It is important that China does not militarize the South China Sea because it is a connecting Bast Asian countries with Southeast Asia. A. sea lane C. fishery resouree B. Philippine territory D, natural oil reserve If the ozone layer in the stratosphere is destroyed, the earth will become to support life, A, too polluted C. too hot B. too cold D, toe cloudy One of the most destructive volcanic eruptions of the 20° century in’ the Philippines is that of A. Taal Volcano — ©. Hibok-Hibok B, Mt, Pinatubo D. Mt. Apo What in nature should we be ultimately thankful for fresh water in out fave AL Melowater C. Rain water B. River water source D. Water reservoir When does the day begin and end? A. Midnight ©. Dawn B. Midday D. Sunset When our farmers grow crops to feed themselves short of making profit, they are known as _ farmers. A. tenant C. subsistence B. small D. sla: d-burn Which country has recorded a rural population extremely higher (91%) compared with the urban population (9%). A. Brunei ©. Burma B, Bangladesh D. AustraliaComprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies Social Sciences 9 45 310, Which city is at the center of the land hemisphere of the earth? A. Melbourne C, Washington D.C. B, London D. New Delhi Which country is closest to the center of the water hemisphere of the earth? A. India C. New Zealand B. Indonesia D. Philippines 312. Asia, Africa and —_ belong to the caster hemisphere of the earth, A. Australia C. South America B. North America D, Canada 313. In reading a map, what is the symbol for a capital city? A. triangle C. square B. dot D. cireled star 314, When the Affican goverment kept mces apart. giving all economic and political power tw white citizens, itimposed A, clanmishness C. apartheid B. racial discriminauion D. caste The three islands of the Philippines follow this order of rank from the largest to those lesser in land area: 1, Luzon, Mindanao and Samar IL. Mindanao, Luzon and Cebu II. Visayan islands, Luzon and Mindanao IV. Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao I Ci B.A DIV 316, Among, unfulfilled goals of Socialist Communism not a Russia, North Korea and China is dictatorship of the Communist Party . State power by revolutionist leaders _ revolutionary struggle of a nation prosperily of the working class eved even today in poOm>46 Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization ~ Social Studies / Social Sciences 37. 318. 319. 3201 321 ‘The correct measure of true development is A. economic progress C, political sovereignty B, human development D. social equality To what level do nations belong when their gross national product (GNP) has risen to higher levels but below level of industrialized nations? A. Second World C. Third World B. First World. D. Fourth World To what level do nations belong when their annual per capita income is less than US $200,007 A. Second World C. Fourth World B. Third World D. First World The great power of tides rushing up narrow inlets of bavs can be used to produce. A. light C. heat B. electricity D, water Sociologists and environmentalists predict that typhoons will be strong, even stronger than Yolanda, as the atmosphere of the earth continues to heat up. Typhoon Yolanda, as the atmosphere of the earth continues to heat up? Typhoon Yolanda had gusts of _ kph making it the strongest typhoon in the country’s history. A, 373 Cc. 735 B. 395 D, 375‘Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization - Social Studies | Sacial Sciences 47 IV. Sociology and Anthropology (10%) io-Cultural Anthropology Explain factors and conditions that influence cultural and behavioral differences of different groups and societies Determine the relationships between culture and biological traits Manifest understanding of basic sociological and anthropological concepts and theories | 44 Trace the origin and development of human beings, societies and cultures | 1% 4.5 Analyze how social phenomenon relates to class, ethnicity, gender, ideology and power, and social actions 8 4.6 Determine elements of Filipino culture that are supportivelcontrary to nation 3% building 322, In Sociology we develop our capacity to attain wisdom through knowledge-based researel. A. traditional C. vonventional B. folk D. empirical 323, Research-based knowledge about social and social patters can replace A. traditional values C. superstition B. folk wisdom D, conventional practices . What do you call the diagrams of kinship relations and maps to show how the people are in communities are related to one another? A. Genealogies C. Organizers B. Graphics D. Spider map 325. To prevent ethnacentrism, anthropologists and sociologists advocate cross- cultural understanding through @ concept known as A, cultural relativism C. global solidarity B. ethical relativism D. acculturationation ~ Social Studies / Social Sciences 48 Comprehensive LET Reviewer Speci One reason why we do not progress as a nation is due to management by exception syndrome. What does management by exception syndrome mean? A. The rules are for everybody except to the manager. B. Apply the rule selectively. C. Applies the rule to all, D. Change the rule. It is more of an exception, 326. . “He who docs not know how to look to the past will never reach his destination.” To which Filipina trait does this point? A, Pakikiisa C. Pakikipagkapwa-tao B. Marana habit D. Ureng-na-looh 328. Which Filipino tait is laziness disguised in religious garb? A. Ulang na lool C. Bahela na B. Mafana habit D. Puktkisame One of the Filipino’s favarite word is “kasi” (because). This word implies 329. L making a scapegoat out of someone or something IL. evading responsibility TIL postponing of action AS Tell Cc. HAL B. LIN DI 330, According to one another, we Filipinos do not learn because our messages create what psychologists call cognitive dissonance. Which behavior demonstrates cognitive dissonance? A. Our political leaders spend most of their time arguing. B. Parents act as role models for their children C, Teacher tells students to come on time but comes late. D. There is so much division in the country. 331. Filipinos tend to lock at the world and nature as peopled by supernatural beings and governed by forces above him. They manifest 5 A. panicularism C. nonrationalism B. personalism D. rationalismComprehensive LET Raviewer Specialization ~ Social Studies Social Sciences 49 332 333. 334. 336. 337. 338, Which refers to the total way of life shared by memibets of a society? A. Sociology C, Race B. Biosociology D. Culture Which are the shared rules of conduct that specify how people ought to think and act called? AL Norms C. Sanctions: B. Values BD. Subcultures Which when violated may cause the violator to be regarded as eccentric, weird. or crazy? A. Folkways C. Laws B. Mores 1D. Institutions 5. Which of the following docs NOT aceurately describe the true nature of culture? A. Culture is learned from interaction with other people B. Culture tells us how we ought to act and believe. C, Culture is transmitted through biological inheritance. D. Culture helps us salve problems and adapt to our environment. Social institutions are enduring social structures that provide ready-made arrangements to mect basic human problems. Which of these basic social institutions provides community coordination, law and order. and defense? A. the family C. religion B. the economy D. government Which element of social structure refers to a set of norms specifying the rights and obligations associated with a status? A. value Cc. role B. culture trait D. dysfunction What social process occurs when people work together to achieve shared goals? AL Exchange C. Competition B, Conflict D. Cooperation50 339. 340, #2. 443) 344 345, ‘Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization ~ Social Studies / Social Sciences Which is considered as positive or favorable consequences of tough competition? ‘A. Personal stress. C, Cooperation is reduced. B. Achievement is stimulated. D. Social inequalities is encouraged. ‘What group is characterized by intimate, face-to-face interaction? A. Primary C. Gesselsehaft B. Aggregate D. Bureaucracy What do you call the feeling of disorganization and frustration that an overseas contract worker may experience when he encounters entirely different patterns of behavior, ideas, and artifacts at his destination in a foreign country” A. Cultural integration C. Assimilation B. Culture shock D. Discrimination Punishment is a form of social control, If death penalty is imposed to scare offenders and the rest of society into following the rules. the purpose of punishment is A. retribution C. reformation B. deterrence D. prevention Emile Durleheim believed that a major cause of suicide in industrialized nations was the situation where the norms of society are unclear or no longer applicable to current conditions, He called this situation A. taboo C, teenie way B. anomie D. deviance Wealth, prestige, and power - much unequally distributed in third world countries like the Philippines - are the bases of divisions into social classes, ‘This patterned inequality is called . A. social movement C. social problem B. social stratification D. social mobility Philippine social development efforts include anti-poverty and pro-poor Programs. In determining who are the poor and how poor are the poor, the government fixes the amount of money a family would need to meet the minimum requirements of a decent standard of living, What do vou call this amount so fixed’? A. Relative poverty C. Poverty level B. Per capital income D. Culture of poverty‘Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization ~ Social Studies / Social Sciences 51 349. ah s A oh nw Legislations grating special privileges to senior citizens help to neutralize prejudice and discrimination toward a social category based on AL race C. sex B. ethnicity D. ave . There is a growing number of advacates of gender sensitivity. In sociology, gender means oe . . a biological characteristic, male or female the expected dispositions and behaviors that cultures assign to each sex . the rights and obligations for women as provided by the Constitution . homosexuality as a deviant behavior pomp . Which type of family is ore prevalent in the third world than in industrialized countries? A. extended family C. family of orientation B. auclear family D, family of procreation Persistent nepotism in our society is generally explained as repayment to family members of a debt of gratitude which to Filipinos is termed: A. hiya C. utang-na-loob B. ningas cogon D. bahala na . There is a revival through cooperatives of social unity, neighborliness and mutual helpfulness of Filipinos where they voluntarily work together and pool their resources to achieve shared goals. This Filipino practice is known as: A. compadre system C, amor propio B. barangay D. bayanihan . The forcible expulsion of a particular ethnic group from a certain territory is termed as: A. ethnic cleansing C. genocide B. ethnocentrism D. racial prejudice Which of the following consists of unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature? A, Prostitution C. Sexual harassment B. Sex discrimination D. Pornography52 353. 354 355. 356 357. 358 Comprehensive LET Reviewer Specialization ~ Social Studies / Social Sciences Which one is positive trends in the area of Philippine polities? A. Shift as role of government from a regulatory agency to a facilitative role through deregulation and privatization B. Growing influence of crime lords in political governance C, Empowerment of local government units DB. AC For those who desire change, should be the practical advocacy amid social ane political upheavals in the country and the world. AN. social reforms C. cultural reformation B. religious conversion D. state alliances What can be a practical initiative as an application of Robert Merton's proposition that couples should be clear about hidden functions like parental obligations before marriage? A. Disallow civil marriages. B. Allow trial marria; C, Legalize divorce D. Teach marital obligations in sex education, Human rights advocates clamor for various rights such as land. hw oil prices, ete. What should be taught as a counterpart of cisil rights? A. Bayanihan by citizens C, Civic duties B. Reconciliation among parties 1D. Cooperative movement . lower Under the Exchange Theory (work should be rewarded). what advances professional work through the cffurt of the Professional Regulation Commission’? A. Board examination B. Licensure examination C, Examination procedures computerization D. Outstanding professional awards How can congressional hearings e.g. on drugs in the national penitentiary, be a scientific approach to secial legislation? ‘A. Seeking new approaches to public service B. Allowing Congress to examine issues C. Defining. provisions of laws D. Serutinizing via TV coverage