BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

FLUID MECHANICS
AND MACHINES
Chapter Two: Fluid Kinematics
For: By:
BAME III/II Raj Kumar Chaulagain
Department of Automobile and Mechanical Engineering Asst. Prof., Mechanical Engineering
Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU Department of Automobile and Mechanical Engineering
Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU
 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

CHAPTER OVERVIEW
1. Introduction
2. Description of fluid flow
3. Types of fluid flow
a. One, two and three dimensional flow
b. Steady and unsteady flows
c. Uniform and non-uniform flows
d. Laminar and turbulent flows
e. Compressible and incompressible flows
f. Rotational and irrotational flows
4. Types of motion: Circulation and vorticity
5. Lines of flow pattern
6. Equation of stream line
7. Velocity potential and stream function

12/20/2022 By: Lec. R. K. Chaulagain, Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU 2

 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

1. Introduction to kinematics

• Kinematics of fluid describes the fluid motion and its consequences without
consideration of the nature of forces causing the motion.

• It is emphasized to know how fluid flows and how to describe fluid motion.

• This concept helps us to simplify the complex nature of a real fluid flow.

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2. Description method of fluid motion

• When a fluid is in motion, individual particles in the fluid move at different

velocities.
• Moreover at different instants fluid particles change their positions.

• In order to analyze the flow behavior, a function of space and time, we follow one
of the following approaches
1. Lagarangian approach
2. Eularian approach

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2. Description method of fluid motion

Lagarangian method:
• A fluid particle of fixed mass is selected. We follow the fluid particle during the
course of motion with time.
• The fluid particles may change their shape, size and state as they move.
• As mass of fluid particles remains constant throughout the motion, the basic laws
of mechanics can be applied to them at all times.
• The task of following large number of fluid particles is quite difficult.
• Therefore this approach is limited to some special applications, for example
• re-entry of a spaceship into the earth's atmosphere and
• flow measurement system based on particle imagery.

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

2. Description method of fluid motion

Eularian method:
• A finite region through which fluid flows in and out is used.
• Here we do not keep track position and velocity of fluid particles of definite mass.
• But, within the region, the field variables which are continuous functions of space
dimensions ( x , y , z ) and time ( t ), are defined to describe the flow.
• These field variables may be scalar field variables, vector field variables and
tensor quantities.
• For example, pressure is one of the scalar fields.
• Sometimes this finite region is referred as control volume or flow domain.

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

2. Description method of fluid motion

Advantages of Lagrangian Method:

1. Since motion and trajectory of each fluid particle is known, its history can be
traced.
2. Since particles are identified at the start and traced throughout their motion,
conservation of mass is integral.
Disadvantages of Lagrangian Method:
1. The solution of the equations presents appreciable mathematical difficulties
except certain special cases and therefore, the method is rarely suitable for practical
applications.

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

3. Types of fluid flow

1.One, two and three dimensional flows:

1.A One dimensional flow
•That type of flow in which the flow parameter such as velocity is a function of time
and one space co-ordinate only, say x.
•For a steady one dimensional flow, the velocity is a function of one space only.
•The variation of velocities on other two mutually perpendicular directions is
assumed negligible.
•Mathematically, for one dimensional flow,
u=f(x), v=0 and w=0
Where u, v and w are velocities components in x, y and z directions respectively.

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

3. Types of fluid flow

1.B Two-dimensional flow

•That type of flow in which the velocity is a function of time and two rectangular space co-ordinates say x
and y.
•For a steady two dimensional flow the velocity is a function of two space co-ordinates only.
•The variation of velocity in the third direction is negligible.
u=f1(x,y), v=f2(x,y) and w=0

1.C Three-dimensional flow

•That type of flow in which the velocity is a function of time and three mutually perpendicular directions.
•For a steady 3-D flow the fluid parameters are functions of three space co-ordinates (x,y,z).
•Mathematically, for three-dimensional flow,
u=f1(x,y,z), v=f2(x,y,z) and w=f3(x,y,z)

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

3. Types of fluid flow

• All flows are 3D, but can be estimated to a 2D or even 1D flow to simplify the
calculations without loosing to much accuracy.
• For example,
• Study of an airplane wing section to evaluate its lifting potential in 2D (particles go from front
to rear and canal so go up or down).
• Study of flow in a pipe in 1D situation (from inlet to outlet).
• In the above example, instead of considering the particles moving up and down when entering
the enlarged pipe, it can just consider the area change.

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

3. Types of fluid flow

2. Steady and unsteady flows

•Steady flow: fluid characteristics at a point doesn’t change wrt time.
•Un-steady flow: fluid characteristics at a point changes wrt time.

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

3. Types of fluid flow

3. Uniform and non-uniform flows

• Uniform flow: fluid particle velocity at given time doesn’t change wrt space.

• Non-Uniform flow: fluid particle velocity at given time changes wrt space.

Combine Examples:
• Steady and uniform flow: flow in straight long pipe of constant diameter at Qconst
• Steady and non-uniform: Qconst through a conical pipe
• Non steady and uniform flow: flow in straight long pipe of constant diameter at
Qvarying
• Non-steady and non-uniform flow: Qvarying through conical pipe

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

3. Types of fluid flow

4. Laminar and turbulent flows

Laminar Flow:
• Fluid particles move along the smooth path in layers, with one layer sliding
smoothly over an adjacent layer.
Turbulent Flow:
• The fluid particles move in very irregular paths, causing an exchange of
momentum from one portion of the fluid to other portion
• Re<2,000- flow is laminar (Re = Reynolds No.=Inertia force/viscous force)
• Re>4,000- flow is turbulent.
• Re in between 2000-4000 is transition flow.

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

3. Types of fluid flow

5. Compressible and incompressible flows

• The flow in which the density of the fluid changes from point to point is
compressible flow.
ρ ≠ Constant
• Most air/gas flows are compressible.

• The flow in which the density of the fluid doesn’t change from point to point is
incompressible flow.
ρ = Constant
• Most liquid flows are incompressible.

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

3. Types of fluid flow

6. Rotational and irrotational flows

• A rotational flow exists when the fluid particles rotate about their own mass centers
while moving along a stream line.
• The fluid elements move and deform, and also rotate.
• The fluid particles do not rotate about their mass centers while moving along stream
line is called irrotational flow.
• The fluid elements move and deform but doesn’t rotate.
• Irrotational flow field is completely not realistic, but studying flow is useful because
• Real world flows contain large irrotational regions away from solid surfaces.
• They have very simple mathematics and can be studied analytically.
• They show the importance of boundary layers, viscous forces and related physics.

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

4. Types of motion

Fluid particle moving may undergo

anyone or combination of the following
motion.
1. Linear translation
2. Linear deformation
3. Angular deformation
4. Pure rotation

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

4. Types of motion

These are the two primary measures of rotation in a fluid.

• Circulation:
• which is a scalar integral quantity, is a macroscopic measure of rotation for a finite area of the
fluid.
• The circulation C about a closed contour in a fluid is defined as the integral evaluated along
the contour of the component of the velocity vector that is locally tangent to the contour.
• Vorticity:
• is the tendency for elements of the fluid to “spin”.
• is a vector field that gives a microscopic measure of the rotation at any point in the fluid.
• can be related to the amount of “circulation” or “rotation” (or more strictly, the local angular
rate of rotation) in a fluid.

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

4. Types of motion
• The vorticity Ω in its simplest form is defined as a vector which is equal to two times the rotation vector .

• For an irrotational flow, vorticity components are zero.

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

5. Lines of Flow pattern

• Path line
• Path traced by single fluid particle in motion.
• A pathline is the actual path traveled by an individual fluid particle over some time period.
• Two path lines can intersect each other as or a single path line can form a loop as different
particles or even same particle can arrive at the same point at different instants of time.
• Example:
• Consider simple shear flow between parallel plates.
• A pathline is the actual path traversed by a given (marked) fluid particle.
• A pathline represents an integrated history of where the fluid particle has been.
• In this example, pathlines are simply horizontal lines.

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

5. Lines of Flow pattern

• Stream line
• A streamline at any instant can be defined as an imaginary curve or line in the flow field so
that the tangent to the curve at any point represents the direction of the instantaneous velocity
at that point.
• For steady flow, path line and streamlines are same.
• Example:
• Consider simple shear flow between parallel plates.
• At some instant of time, a streamline can the velocity vector lines such that the streamline
is everywhere parallel to the local velocity vector.
• In this example, streamlines are simply horizontally.

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

5. Lines of Flow pattern

Streakline Flow Pattern:

• A streakline is the locus of particles which have earlier passed through a
prescribed point in flow.
• Example:
• Consider simple shear flow between parallel plates.
• A streakline is formed by injecting dye into the fluid at a fixed point in space.
• As time treks on, the streakline gets longer and longer, and represents an integrated history of
the dye streak.
• In this example, streaklines are simply horizontal lines.

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

5. Lines of Flow pattern

Stream tube
• For steady flow, group of stream lines passing through perimeter of a closed
curve.
• The stream-tube is bounded on all sides by streamlines.
• Fluid velocity does not exist across a streamline, no fluid may enter or leave a
stream-tube except through its ends.
• The entire flow in a flow field may be imagined to be composed of flows through
streamtubes arranged in some arbitrary positions
• Large no. of stream tube makes flow net, mostly solved by CFD.

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

5. Lines of Flow pattern

Equipotential line:
• A line along which the velocity potential (phi) is constant, is known as equipotential line.
Flownet :
• The flownet is a graphical representation of two-dimensional irrotational flow and
consists of a family of streamlines intersecting orthogonally a family of equipotential
lines (they intersect at right angles) and in the process forming small curvilinear squares.
Uses of flownet :
• For given boundaries of flow, the velocity and pressure distribution can be determined, if
the velocity distribution and pressure at any reference section are known.
• Loss of flow due to seepage in earth dams and unlined canals can be evaluated
• Uplift pressures on the undesirable (bottom) of the dam can be worked out

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

6. Equation of Stream Line

STREAM FUNCTION:
• The 3D continuity equation is given by:

Stream function is scalar function of

space and time, such that its partial
derivative wrt any direction gives the
velocity component at right angles to
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that direction.
 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

6. Equation of Stream Line

• From,

u.dy +v.dx = 0 ……. Equation of stream line.

• Flow between two stream lines:

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

7. Stream function and Velocity potential function

VELOCITY POTENTIAL FUNCTION

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

7. Stream function and Velocity potential function

• Relation between phi and shi: (Orthogonal)

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

7. Stream function and Velocity potential function

12/20/2022 By: Lec. R. K. Chaulagain, Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU 28

 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

7. Stream function and Velocity potential function

Example 1:

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7. Stream function and Velocity potential function

Example 2:

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7. Stream function and Velocity potential function

Example 3: If potential function is given by,

i)

12/20/2022 By: Lec. R. K. Chaulagain, Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU 31

 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

7. Stream function and Velocity potential function

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 BAME III/II, FMMc: Fluid Kinematics

THANK YOU

12/20/2022 By: Lec. R. K. Chaulagain, Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU 33