THERMODYNAMICS The study of energy transformations involving heat, mechanical work, and other aspects of energy and how these transformations relate to the properties of matter. Thermodynamics forms an indispensable part of the foundation of physics, chemistry, and the life science. TEMPERATURE Temperature is also related to the average kinetic energies of the molecules of a material. TEMPERATURE Many properties of matter that we can measure depend on temperature. Temperature can be measured by a Thermometer. ——THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM The system has reached an equilibrium condition, in which the interaction between the materials cause no further change in the system: THE ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS WC is iniially in thermal equilibrium with both A and B, then A and B are also In thermal equilibrium with each other. This result Is called the zeroth law of thermodynamics. Two systems are in thermal equilibrium if ang only if they have the same temperature. ‘TEMPERATURE SCALE Cotivs 1 Fahrenhet Fotvennet to Con T= S,-329 5} Cetus 1 Kelvin TEMPERATURE SCALE For Celsius Actual temperature (T): 10°C (10 degree Celsius) Temperature interval (87): 50°C — 40°C = 10C* (10 Celsius degree) For Kelvin Unit: kelvin (K), NOT degree Kelvin Example: 250 K (250 keWvin)LINEAR EXPANSION AL = aloAT (Coefficient of near expansion, K~!), describes the thermal ‘expansion properties of a particular material Lo(l + eT) ALis directly proportional to AT Ais directly proportional to Ly =, — —— ——— LINEAR EXPANSION Materiat ee(K""or(C*)"4) Aluminum 24x 109 Brass 20x 10° Copper 17x10 Glass 04-09 10° Invar(oicket-iron alloy) 0.09 x 10° Quan (fed) ot x 105 Steel 12x 10° VOLUME EXPANSION Incteasing temperature usually causes increases In volume for both solid and liquid materials. av V9 B (Coetficient of volume expansion, K~!}, characterize the volume expansion properties of a particular material. B= 3a ‘VOLUME EXPANSION sats BK Mor(C)") guts Bix terc)"4)EXAMPLE A surveyor uses a steel measuring tape that is exactiy 50.0 m long at a temperature of 20°C. The markings on the tape are calibrated for this temperature. What is the length of the tape when the temperature is 35°C? Use @=12 x 10K! Given: by = 50.0m, Ty = 20°C, 35°C EXAMPLE Given: fy = 50.0m, Tp = 20% , a= 12 x 10K, T= 35°C Solution: =12x 10K | T AL= abgAt AL = al(T Ty) AL = (12 x 10-K-)(50.0 m)(35°C — 20°C) AL = (12 x 10°°K-")(60.0 m)(A5 K) AL = 9.0 x 10m = 9.0mm EXAMPLE Given: Ly = 50.000 m, Ty = 20°C, = 1.2 x 10K! P= 35°C Solution: AL = 0.009m = Ly = 0.009 m 0.009 m +o 1. = 0.009 m+50.0m 50,009 m EXAMPLE Arcitoad is laid ato temperature 15°C with gaps of 0.01 m between the ends of the fais. The rai are 33m long, If they are prevented from buckling. what is the resuling temperature?. Use a = 1.2 x 10-80)" Given: Ly = 33 m, Ty = orm 5°, a= 1.2 x 10-500) aL =EXAMPLE Given: ly = 33 m, Ty = Solution: = 12 x 10°50), AL = 0.01m AL = alga AL = alo(T To) a-e-%) TH+ % EXAMPLE Given: Ly = 33 m, Ty = 15°C, «= 1.2 x 10-5(°C)"! AL = 0.01 m Solution: eo1m 2 2x 10-5 CO)-HEs mt saa T= 40.25°C EXAMPLE A circular brass bar 10°¢ is constrained by rigid concrete walls at both ends. The bar is 1000 mm long and has a cross-sectional area of 2600 m?. What is the length of expansion when the temperature is at 40°C? Given: Ly = 1000 mm, Ty = 10°C, «= 2 x 10-5K-4,T = 40°C EXAMPLE Given: Lo = 1000 mm, Ty = 10°C, a =2 x 10-5K-, Solution: = 40°C L=Lo(1 + @dT) (1000 mm)[1 + (2 x 10-5K~)(40°C — 10°C)] L = 1000.6 mmREVIEW Thermodynamics }. The study of energy transformations involving ‘heat, mechanical work, and other aspects of energy. Kinetic eneraies 2, temperature s aiso related to the average ff the molecules of o material ‘Thetmal Equllttium 3, 4 condition in which the interaction ‘between the materia cause no further change in the system, temperature _ 4, Two systems are in thermal equilibrium it ant only if they have the same —Tetoth Law _ 5, Law of thermodynamics states that if two Bodies are each in thermal equiliotum with a third body, they {fe also in equillorium with each other. INTRODUCTORY QUESTION Does heat really affect our daily fe? What are the processes and products of heat we usually encounter daily? om HEAT Energy transfer that takes place solely because of a temperature diference is collec heat flow or heat iransfer, cnc eneigy Wransteed n Ins way is cated hea. Units: i) 186) Tkeal= 4186 J 1 Blu = 1,055 J = 1.055 6s Remember: Heat atways refers to energy In transit from one body or system to another because ol a. temperature difference, never to the amount of energy contained within & particular system, QUANTITY OF HEAT Q=mcaT 1m (mass, kg), mass of the material ¢ pectic Heat, p41, quantity diferent for ciferent materials AT (7 ~T.) final temperature minus initial temperature 4Q, heat enters the body and its temperature increases. -Q, heat leaves the body and its temperature decreases.‘SPECIFIC HEAT Speifc Heat, Subst ‘a/kg=K)” Substance ‘Aun 910 Lead Berytium 1970 Mabe CaCO.) = Conner 39) Mercury Bs — 278 sat sac sm» iene glycol ne a Soe a) 190 EXAMPLE During a bout with the flu an 80 kg man ran a. fever of 39.0°C instead of the normal body temperature of 37.0°C, Assuming that the human body is mostly water, how much heat is required to raise his temperature by that amount? Given: m,, = 80 kg, Ty = 37.0°C, T = 39.0°C Specific Heat of water: c, = 4190 gx EXAMPLE Given: m = 80 ke Solution: S700. = 390°. €= 4190 fg mwewsr ruc To) = (0K 4190 fg, ,)(39.0°C - 370°) 9 = G0K}4190 fy, .JZOK) Q= 6.710%) EXAMPLE You notice that the weather seems to get colder. To counter the coldness, you heat some water to make a coffee. One kilogram of water is heated by 316,500 J of energy. What is the change in temperature in Kelvin? Given: m = 1kg, Q = 316,500) Specific Heat of water: c = 4190 '/..«EXAMPLE Given: m = 1 kg, Q = 316,500J, c= 4190 fas Solution: meh ar = 265001 AHI fg 0 Ar =75.54K SEATWORK Summer heat is weighing hard on your thinking Capabilfes. To lessen your body heat, you plan on making some ice cones. 0.120 kg of ice is shaved with a temperature of -25.0°C. How much heat is absorbed by the ice before melting at OC? Given: m = 0.120 kg, Ty= —25.0°C, 7 = 0°C Specific Heat of water: ¢,,. = 2100 fu. « Try to solve this problem within 5 mins. SEATWORK Given: m = 0.120 Kg, T Solution: IC, € = 2100 fea mT) = 0.120 KNAIOON fg, JOC 25.070) Q = (0.120 g)(2100 5, ,)(25.0 K) Q= 6300) ‘CALORIMETRY Calorimetry isa process of measuring heat released or absorbed Suing creation.CALORIMETRY Calorimeter is also used to determine how MUCH ssn heatisneededfora material to undergo == phase change. ioe PHASE CHANGE We use the term phase to desciibe specific state of matter, such «s a solid, liquid, or gas. the compound igo extn oe os : stirrer ’ Pee a A transition from one phase to another is called a phase change or phase transition. For any given pressure a phase change takes place at a definite temperature, usually accompanied by absorption or emission of heal and @ change of volume and density PHASE CHANGE Example of a phase change isthe melting of ce. > The erfact of adating heat to this system isnot Yo ratte Is temperature but fo change is phase from sold to liquid CUETL a PHASE CHANGE Heat transfer in @ phase change Q=+mL 1m the mass and L the latent heat, the neat required for phase change. +Q Heat entering -Q. Heat leaving This process is reversibie.PHASE CHANGE Latent Heat of Fuston Q= ml, The heat requited for the phase change ftom solid to liquid +0. Heat entering > PHASE CHANGE Q=mby This proces reverie Uguatosotd| 0. Heat leaving Water: fy =3.34 «10° J/kg PHASE CHANGE Latent Heat of Vaporization Q=mL, The heat required for the phase change from liquid to gas ( ) +@ Heat entering This process reversible. 3» PHASE CHANGE Latent Heat of Vaporization Q=mlL, This process is reversibe. Gas to liquid | -Q, Heat leaving Grrr) Water: ly = 2.256 10° J/kg Mai seid ce iPHASE CHANGE Lotent Heat ot Vaporztion ‘he tamperature-conrel mechanisms of mony warn blooded ‘nisi ako tz2 of heal ot vopartaion, removing Meat rom the body by ving if 10, evaporate woler Hom the fongue (Ganting) or kom the skin (eating). (Evaporative Costing) PHASE CHANGE Lotent Heat of subtmation Q= mb, The neat requestor the phase henge tom solid fe gas i } +0. Heat entering This process reversible, Gas 0 sot ( ’ -@, Heat leaving PHASE CHANGE Latent Heat of Subtmation Sublimation of ies trom trozen ood causes freezer bur, Deposition occurs when tos! forms on cold bodes such as refigerator cosiing Col. HEAT OF FUSION AND VAPORIZATIONHEAT CALCULATIONS Calorimetry Calculations (calculations with neat). When heat flow occur between two bodies "that “are “olated fom” their Sunoundings, “Qe = + Qcatne Heat is an eneray in transi, so. this principle Is really jus! conservation of energy. nies * Grass =O EXAMPLE ‘A gloss contains 0.25 kg of Omni-Cola (mostly water) iniialy af 25°C. How much ice. initially at - 20°C must you {dd to obtain a final temperature of O°C with all the ice ‘melted? Neglect the heat capacity of the gloss. Analyze: Phase change and Temperature change. 0.25 Wg, Tow = 25°C, Tay Specific Heat: y= 4190 Yao 6 3.34 105 Yoq Given: my = 025 kg Toy = 25°C: Toy = 20%. = OC Specie Heat «= 4190 Yigg, 6 =2100 Ye Latent Heal Ly = 2.34 10° Wig Solution: Using the equation, Geainee + Ouoer + Q(batent Heat For Heat (Gained or Loss} meat = mer — 0) For Latent Heat of Fusion Q=miy EXAMPLE Given: my = 025K Tow oc Specie Heat: y= 4150 Yigg. €)=2100 Vig Uatent Heat Ly =228 x 15 Ty = 20%, 10 he solulon: ean + Qa + OUaten He mci ~To) + mT To) + Mil sobing form, mye ~ Ta) + ly = M46 T Tow)25 ke Tow 1190 eee 5 25°C, Toy = -20°C, = OC 2100 Yq Latent Heat Ly = 324 % 10° Yay ime — Top) + my rye = Ta) +b Ig ~ Toe) ill To) = mg? ~Tow) m, Gi = ToD * by Substitute the given, EXAMPLE Given: hy = 025g Toy = 25°C. Toy = 20. T= OC Specie Hest co = 4190 Jiggs 6=2100 gy Uaent Hea ty = 334 x sped he Solution: 250) 2100 Tg. OT — 20°C) +338 x 10° Tg 1m, = 0070kg = 708 EXAMPLE A. comper pours 0.300 kg of cote, nialy ina po! at 700°C injo-@ 0.120 kg aluminum cup infialy St 20.0°C. What is he quibrim tompercture? Assume tha cotfee has the some Specific hea? of water and that no heat # exchanged wih ife suroundings Analyze: No Phase change. Temperature change ony. Given: my = 0.300 Kg, my = 0120 Ke Tox = 700% Ty = 200°C pectic Heat: ¢, = 1190 en x = 910 ce Find: 7'=2, thermal Equllbrsm Temperature (Same for water and Al) EXAMPLE Given: my = 0.300 kg. yy = 0.120 Ky Toy = 700% Toys = 20.0°C Specific Heat: cy = 1190 Yap cu = 910 Yoo Solution: Using the equation, Gesined + Qian = 0 Since aluminum has @ lower ital temperature than water, we have, a+ Qw = 0 Since @ = mear = me(t ~Ty)EXAMPLE Given: my = 0.300 kg, mqy = 0.120 kg, Toy = 70.0%, Toat Specific Heat: cy = 4190 ugg Cx1 = 910 age Solution: 0.0" Qa + Qu = 0 mgycu(T ~ Tog) + My T ~ Tow marcail — Marcaitaas + Mahe? — MeyTow =O Combine like terms to isolate 7. My cyl + Marcgil = Mec Taw + MarcaiToat Taree + MaCas) = Maw Towe + MaCaToat EXAMPLE Given: my = 0.300 kg, my 200°C Specific Heat: = 4190 osx. Ca Solution: 0.120 kg, Tow = 700°C, Toa 910 Vee TM ge + MaLEat) = MeCvTow + MarCarToat mtn Tow + MyaCaiToat 7 (mgt Mara) Substitute the given, EXAMPLE Given: m, = 0.300 kg, my = 0.120 kg, Tow = 70.0°C Toa, = 20.0°C Specific Heat: ¢y = 4190 Yagi Cu = 910 Yao, Solution: my ciTow + MarcarTon Otay MaiCal) 0.300 (4190 Vig. ,)(70.0°C) + (0.120 4990910 Mpg x2(20.0°C) [(0.300 kg)(4190 Veg 4) + (0.120 kg)(910 a) 1 = 66.0 MECHANISM OF HEAT TRANSFER Conduction Occurs within @ body or between two Bodies in conte Convection The transfer of heat by mass motion of {uid from’ one tegon of space’ 19 nether Radiation The transfer of heat by electromagnetic ‘waves such os vile igh infored. ond Ufravioie! vackation, ‘with no. matter Reeded tobe proient in fhe Space Between bodies. ag