Graphical presentation makes audiences to understand numerical data in easiest way.

Moreover, it refers to the uses of charts, graphs, and lines to display, investigate, explore, clarify,

analyze and interpret the numerical terms and condition of the data. Here, we will discuss about

the several graphs and charts, and their uses and problem associated with such graphs.

Pie Chart:

A pie graph is a circular graph which is divided into several pieces to demonstrate

numerical proportion. In addition, a pie graph is usually used to compare with it whole.

Moreover, the whole data is comprised in 100 percent and each part represents to the proportion

of it. (Kozak et al, 2015). So, a pie chart is a type of graph that is segregated into slices to

illustrate the relative proportion of data.

Example of pie chart: In survey of cell phone users over 1000 people, it is observed that out of

them 500 people preferred and using iPhone, 200 people liked Samsung phone, and rest of them

preferred other phones. So, now we can present the data in pie chart as below:
 Cell phone users

30%

iPhone users
50% samsung users
Other users

20%

The chart shows users of cell phone over a period. 50 percent represents the users of

iPhone out of 1000 people. Similarly, 20 and 30 percent represent the users of Samsung and

other phone respectively.

Uses of Pie chart:

 To represent the whole data in single graph.

 To show the relative proportion with other numerical value.

 Useful for small items.

Problem with pie chart:

 If the data consists several items, then there might be difficult to present and may be

confusing to the audiences.

 The chart does not present the data systematically.

Bar Graph:
 Bar graph is the presentation of the numerical data by a number of rectangular bars

having heights of length representing their numerical values. It can be vertical or horizontal

presentation. (Newman, 2012).

Example of bar graph: In above of example of cell phone users, we can present them in bar graph

as:

Cell phone users

600

500
500
Number of usere

400

300
300
200
200
100

0
iPhone users Samsung users other users
Types of cell phone

Above graph shows the references of cell phone users. Similarly, y-axis represents the

numbers of cell phone users and x-axis shows the types of cell phone. People mostly prefer

iPhone among others. There is lowest reference for the Samsung cell phone among others.

Uses of bar graph:

 It helps to compare among data based on the axis.

 It broadly classifies the data and makes analytical presentation of such data.

 It also helps to present huge data in simply manner.

 Helps for displaying the differences between the subcategories of numerical data.

Problem with bar graph:

 To clarify properly about the results, it needs more detailed explanation.

  It can be easily manipulated.

 It fails to place patterns, causes and initial assumptions

Ling Graph:

A line graph is visualization and displaying of data that changes continuously over the

time period using several points connecting with each other. The line of such graph changes

according to some events, conditions and situations. Moreover, it is a chart that shows a line

joining several points or a line that shows the relation between the points over a specific time

period. (Sinha et al, 2016).

According to the above graph of “HOT DOGS SOLD PER DAY” gives the information about

daily sales of hot dogs in a week. As per the graph, the line is increasing the number of hot dost
sold per day which means the number of 10 hot dogs sold in Monday, then increased 10 to 30 in

Tuesday but constant on Wednesday and again increased Wednesday to Thursday directly 30 to

50 and 50 to 70 respectively on Friday. So as per the result of a graph, it shows that 40 more hot

dogs were sold on Thursday than on Monday and the difference became 40. So from the help of

line graph, a company can try to identify reasons which are the constant sale of hot dogs on

Tuesday and Wednesday.

Therefore, Line Graph is easy for showing changes and trends over different periods and also

shows small changes which are hard to measure in other graphs. Moreover, the line graph is

easier to understand and efficient more than other graphs.

Uses of line graph:

 It is helpful in showing changes over the time period.

 Also, crucial in dynamic situation to illustrate performance.

 When there are small changes in the data, it helps to detect such changes properly.

Problem with line graph:

 It needs more attention for the analyzing such results because it changes very shortly.

 Audiences can be confused due to several points.

Pictogram:
 Pictogram is a chart that uses pictures to present data that helps to memorize intended

messages to the audiences. Moreover, a pictogram, also called a pictograms or pictograph, is an

ideogram that conveys its meaning through its pictorial resemblance to a physical object towards

the audiences. Pictographs are often used in writing and graphic. (NEC 6701, 2016).

Example of pictogram:

The picture informs about keeping aware of breathing diseases. This picture warns

peoples about the pandemic of Corona Virus. And urges everyone to ware marks.

Uses of pictogram:

 Helps to present data in more interesting way

 Easy to understand

 Makes data visualized

Problems with pictogram:

 Useful for certain items only

 Hard to understand if people unaware of it.

Map:

A map is a web-based service that provides detailed information about the place or

geographical regions around the world. Moreover, it included road maps, satellite views, cites,

and so on. In addition, it represents surfaces of the earth, areas, or facts. Moreover, a map helps

to give information about the sizes, shapes, locations, and distances of the place. (Andrews,

1996).

Example of Map:
 As we can see, the map is showing Bagmati Rivers and roots from Kritipur Nepal to

Lalitpur Nepal and different malls and temples. These types of features are included in the map.

As for graphics, it helps to make it easy for the readers rather than text in reports or anywhere.

Furthermore, it is functional and also helps to save our time as well as our life by providing

information about under-construction roads and activities.

Problems with map:

 It could lead to misunderstanding due to less information about the place.

 It could be unable to provide a wider location if we search and also unable to display the

actual time or place what we search.

 References:

Andrews, J. (1996). What was a map? The lexicographers reply. Cartographica: The

International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 33(4), 1-12.

What was a map? (usp.br)

https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0247-5

Kozak.M, Hartley.J, et.al (2015). Multiple Pie Charts: Unreadable, Inefficient, and Over-Used.

Journal of Scholarly Publishing. 46(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jsp.46.3.05

NEC (6701) issued patent titled "Mobile terminal device implementing character-pictogram

translation using pictogram search site". (2018, Dec 06). News Bites - Electronics

https://www.proquest.com/wire-feeds/nec-6701-issued-patent-titled-mobile-terminal/

docview/2150038800/se-2?accountid=158986

Newman, G. E., & Scholl, B. J. (2012). Bar graphs depicting averages are perceptually

misinterpreted: The within-the-bar bias. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 19(4), 601-607.

Sinha, D., & Acharya, M. (2016). Characterization of Signed Graphs Whose Iterated Signed

Line Graphs are Balanced or

0RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2S1RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2-Consistent. Bulletin of the

Malaysian Mathematical Sciences Society, 39(1), 297-306.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40840-015-0264-4