1. Please download and read the pdf below.

2. Explain the various data presentation techniques!

Bar graph : Used to display non-continuous (discrete data). These can be drawn horizontally or vertically.
Each bar has to be the same width and the same distance apart.

Line graph : Used to show continuous data e.g. data collected over time. You can use it to show a
multiple datasets and has both independent and dependent variables.

Scatter graph : These show whether there are correlations between two sets of data. Adding a line of best
fit to these graphs is a good idea to show both positive (as one variable increases so too does the other)
and negative correlations (when one variable increases, the other decreases) where they exist.

Pie chart : Shows a quantity which can be divided into parts these can be placed on to maps to show
variations in composition of geographical phenomenon.

Histogram : Similar to a bar graph, but used to present continuous data, e.g. precipitation data on a
climate graph. Can be drawn horizontally or vertically. Each bar has to be the same width and the same
distance apart.

box and whiskers : A box and whisker chart does not make any assumptions about the underlying
statistical distribution, and represents variations in samples of a population; therefore, it is appropriate for
representing nonparametric data. AA box and whisker chart consists of boxes that represent interquartile
range (one to three), the median and the mean of the data, and whiskers presented as lines outside of the
boxes. 

Three-dimensional effects : The 3D effects can add depth and perspective to a graph. However, since they
may make reading and interpreting data more difficult, they must only be used after careful consideration.
The application of 3D effects on a pie chart makes distinguishing the size of each slice difficult

By nature, data are either quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative data are numerical and qualitative data
are descriptive. It is possible to transform qualitative data into numerical values. Additionally, in sciences,
data can also be graphic in nature. In social sciences, however, the nature of data is either enumerative
(quantitative) or descriptive (qualitative). Enumerative data can often be statistical in nature. Graphic data
also exist in social sciences. In the context of library science, data are either bibliographic or non-
bibliographic. The scope of data is truly vast. Data pervade all sciences, all investigations, all human
activities, planning and implementation. They provide the basis for conclusions drawn. All techniques
used in research are aimed at collecting objective data, which lead to the creation of new knowledge. The
scope of data in library service cannot be over emphasised. Data sources form an equally important part
of library resources.

4. Explain the difference between time series data and cross section!

a) Cross-sectional data – This refers to data for the same unit or for different units at a point of
time, e.g., data across sections of people, region or segments of the society
 b) Time series data – Data recorded in a chronological order across time are referred to as time
series data. It takes different values at different times, e.g., the number of books added to a
library in different years, monthly production of steel in a plant, yearly intake of students in a
university.

5.Explain the difference between histogram and frequency polygon!

- Histogram

A histogram is a graph in statistics that visually shows a bunch of data. It often provides a probability
distribution. It is based on a continuous variable and was introduced by Karl Pearson. The graph has
"tabular" frequencies that are often depicted in small rectangles set up at certain intervals. The area of the
histogram is based on the number of pieces of data that have been used to create it.

- Frequency Polygon

A frequency polygon is a frequency table such as a line graph. To make this graph all you need are a few
points plotted on the graph and then to join the points by straight lines. The midpoints are often the ones
that are graphed.

There is a huge difference between the two types of graphs. A histogram has many points that are
represented by the rectangles. The rectangles are formed by finding the x and y axis points. The top of the
rectangle is the x axis. There are many of these little rectangles on the histogram and most of them are
color coded to show the different data points

The Frequency Polygon is just three or four points. For example the 3, 8, 13, and 18 may be graphed, so
the line begins at three and goes up to the first point then over to the 8 and on until it reaches the fourth
point. At the fourth point the line returns back to the y axis.

6. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of tables and graphs!

Table :

Advantages : Tables provide fast and efficient readability across issues displayed in rows and columns.
They can serve as a common means for benefit-risk communications because of their simple structure,
flexibility and the ease with which they can be adapted.

Disadvantages: You can only squeeze in a small number of columns before the table width causes
horizontal scrolling on smaller screens, Making columns narrow to prevent horizontal scrolling will
decrease readability of text in cells, as a paragraph is stacked into one or two words per line. moreover,
Page size is increased vs. the same content displayed without a table and also Page rendering is slowed.

Graph
Advantages: There are some things that an actual visual cue clarifies such as slope, y-intercept, maximum
and minimum points in a graph, reflections, asymptotes (in Algebra II), concavity (in Calculus) and many
more. It's also easy to recognize a curve to tell what kind of function it is.

Disadvantages: Cumbersome, Tedious, Tiring, extremely inaccurate if you try to draw it free-hand,
extremely inconvenient if you have to plot fractions or decimal numbers (which adds to the inaccuracy
headache).