Father Saturnino Urios University

Arts and Sciences Program

Data Management
STAT 311: Statistical Analysis w/ Software Application

Jayson R. Sarin
Faculty, Mathematics and Science Division
jrsarin@urios.edu.ph
 
“ Data is a precious thing and will last longer
than the systems themselves”.

-Tim Berners-Lee-

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Data Presentation

 Data are usually collected in a raw format and thus the inherent information is
difficult to understand.
 Therefore, raw data need to be summarized, processed, and analyzed to usefully
derive information from them. However, no matter how well manipulated, the
information derived from the raw data should be presented in an effective
format, otherwise, it would be a great loss for both authors and readers.
 Planning how the data will be presented is essential before appropriately
processing raw data.

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Presentation of Data

 Presentation of data refers to an exhibition or putting up data in an

attractive and useful manner such that it can be easily interpreted.
 The three main forms of presentation of data are:
▻ Textual Presentation
▻ Tabular Presentation
▻ Graphical Presentation

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Textual Presentation

 All the data is presented in the form of text, phrases, or paragraphs.

 I t i n v o l v e s e n u m e r a t i n g i m p o r t a n t characteristics, emphasizing
significant figures and identifying important features of data.
 Text is the principal method for explaining findings, outlining trends, and
providing contextual information.

Advantage
 The data would be more interpreted.
 Can help in emphasizing some important points in data.
 Small sets of data can be easily presented.
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Example:

A researcher is asked to present the performance of a section in the statistics test. The
following are the test scores:

The data presented in textual form would be like this:

• In the statistics class of 40 students, 3 obtained the perfect score of 50. Sixteen students got
a score 40 and above, while only 3 got 19 and below. Generally, the students performed
well in the test with 23 or 70% getting a passing score of 38 and above.
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Tabular Presentation

 It is a systematic and logical arrangement of data in the form of Rows and Columns with
respect to the characteristics of data.
 A table is best suited for representing individual information and represents both quantitative
and qualitative information.

Advantage
 More information may be presented.
 Exact values can be read from a table to retain precision.
 Flexibility is maintained without distortion of data.
 Less work and less cost are required in the preparation
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Parts of the Table

The making of a compact table itself is an art. This should contain all the information needed
within the smallest possible space. What the purpose of tabulation is and how the tabulated
information is to be used are the main points to be kept in mind while preparing for a statistical
table.
 Title: The title must tell as simply as possible what is in the table.
 Boxhead: The boxhead contains the captions or column headings.
 Stubs: The row captions are known as the stub. Items in the stub should be grouped to facilitate
interpretation of the data.
 Footnotes: Footnotes are given at the foot of the table for explanation of any fact or information included
in the table which needs some explanation
 Sources of Data: We should also mention the source of information from which data are taken. This may
preferably include the name of the author, volume, page and the year of publication.

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Example:

The table may also include totals or percentages.

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Graphical Presentation

 A graph is a very effective visual tool as it displays data at a glance, facilitates comparison, and
can reveal trends and relationships within the data such as changes over time, and correlation
or relative share of a whole.
 It is considered an important medium of communication because we are able to create a
pictorial representation of the numerical figures.
 Suited when we need to show the results of the study to nonprofessionals and or people who
dislike numbers and too lengthy texts.

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Types of Graph
1. BAR GRAPH
 It is constructed by labeling each category of data on either the horizontal or vertical axis and
the frequency or relative frequency of the category on the other axis. Rectangles of equal width
are drawn for each category. The height of each rectangle represents the category’s frequency
or relative frequency.
 It is use to organize discrete data.

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Types of Graph
2. HISTOGRAM
 It is constructed by drawing rectangles for each class of data. The height of each rectangle is the
frequency or relative frequency of the class. The width of each rectangle is the same and the
rectangles touch each other.
 It is a graph used to present quantitative data, is similar to the bar graph.
 It is use to organize continuous data.

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Types of Graph

3. PIE CHART
 It is a circle divided into sectors. Each sector represents a category of data. The area of each
sector is proportional to the frequency of the category.
 Pie charts are typically used to present the relative frequency of qualitative data. Inmost cases
the data are nominal, but ordinal data can also be displayed in a pie chart.

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Types of Graph

4. LINE GRAPH
 A graph that shows information that is connected in some way (such as change over time).
 Line segments are then drawn connecting the points. It is use to organize continuous data.
 Very useful in identifying trends in the data over time.

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Guidelines for Constructing Good Graphics

 Title and label the graphic axes clearly, providing explanations if needed. Include
units of measurement and a data source when appropriate.
 Avoid distortion.
 Minimize the amount of white space in the graph. Use the available space to let the
data stand out. If you truncate the scales, clearly indicate this to the reader.
 Avoid three dimensions.
 Don’t distract the reader.
 Do not use more than one design in the same graphic. Let the data speak for
themselves.

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