Presentation of Data- involves the use of variety of different

graphical techniques to visually show the reader the relationship

between different data sets, to emphasize the nature of a
particular aspect of the data or to geographically place data
appropriately on a map.

Quantitative data deals with numbers and statistics, while

qualitative research deals with words and meanings.
Qualitative data allow you to systematically measure variables
and test hypotheses. Qualitative methods allow you to explore
concepts and experiences in more detail.
Example- Quantitative data approach
You survey 300 students at your university and ask them questions such as: “on a scale from 1-5,
how satisfied are your with your professors?”
Example Qualitative data approach
You conduct in-depth interviews with 15 students and ask them open-ended questions such as: “How
satisfied are you with your studies?”, “What is the most positive aspect of your study program?” and
“What can be done to improve the study program?”

Tabular presentation
Method of presenting data using the statistical
table
A systematic organization of data in columns
and rows
Parts of tabular Presentation
1. Table number ● Table number is the very first item
mentioned on the top of each table for easy
identification and further reference.
(2) Title ● Title of the table is the second item that is
shown just above the table.

(3) Head note ● It is the third item just above the

table and shown after the title.

(4) Captions or Column headings ● At the top of

each column in a table, a column designation/head is
given to explain the figures of the column.

(5) Stubs or Row headings ● The title of the horizontal

rows is known as ‘stubs’
(6) Body of the table ● It contains the numeric
information and reveals the whole story of investigated
facts. Columns are read vertically from top to bottom and
rows are read horizontally from left to right.
(7) Source note ● It is a brief statement or phrase
indicating the source of data presented in the table.
(😎 Footnote ● It explains the specific feature of the
table which is not self-explanatory and has not been
explained earlier. For example, points of exception if any.
arts of a statistical table

What is the objective of data presentation?

Data presentation is one of the important aspects of
Statistics. Presenting the data helps the users to study
and explain the statistics thoroughly.
❖ The interpretation of data both from qualitative and quantitative can be presented through tables,
graphs, figures

With the data analyzed and ready to be presented, the next step is to select the data to be presented

❖ Start with the general data and then specific data that answers the research question

❖ Select the best way to present the data: table, graph, figures, or text

Tabular Presentation

When to use a Table?

❖ very useful when aiming to highlight the numerical values gathered

❖ summarizes large amount of data clearly and can visually compare the differences in amount

Tabular Presentation

❖ Title

❖ Headnotes

❖ Stubs

❖ Caption

❖ Body or field

❖ Footnotes

Construction of Data Tables

There are many ways for construction of a good table. However, some
basic ideas are:

 The title should be in accordance with the objective of study: The

title of a table should provide a quick insight into the table.
 Comparison: If there might arise a need to compare any two rows or
columns then these might be kept close to each other.
 Alternative location of stubs: If the rows in a data table are lengthy,
then the stubs can be placed on the right-hand side of the table.
 Headings: Headings should be written in a singular form. For
example, ‘good’ must be used instead of ‘goods’.
 Footnote: A footnote should be given only if needed.
 Size of columns: Size of columns must be uniform and symmetrical.
 Use of abbreviations: Headings and sub-headings should be free of
abbreviations.
 Units: There should be a clear specification of units above the
columns.

The Advantages of Tabular Presentation

 Ease of representation: A large amount of data can be easily

confined in a data table. Evidently, it is the simplest form of data
presentation.
 Ease of analysis: Data tables are frequently used for statistical
analysis like calculation of central tendency, dispersion etc.
 Helps in comparison: In a data table, the rows and columns which
are required to be compared can be placed next to each other. To
point out, this facilitates comparison as it becomes easy to compare
each value.
 Economical: Construction of a data table is fairly easy and presents
the data in a manner which is really easy on the eyes of a reader.
Moreover, it saves time as well as space.

Graphical Presentation
When to use Graphs?

❖ effectively represents the pattern among the variables

❖ but does not present the specific values

❖ can be presented through bar graph, line graph, pie chart

Bar Graph

❖ either horizontal or column bars

❖ displays categorical data

Line Graph

❖ effectively displays the changes in values between variables over a period of time

❖ X-axis

❖ independent variables

Pie Chart

❖ best used when representing the composition of a general data through percentages

❖ avoid when there are negative values and zeroes to be presented

Textual Presentation

When to use Text?

❖ figures are incorporated and presented through words, sentences, paragraphs

❖ effectively present data in its raw form

❖ most commonly used when the data gathered is small