Group One

Chapter Two
Presentation
Practice methods, Application, and Analysis
Introduction
This presentation will demonstrate what our group
managed to learn for chapter two, which was based on
research practice methods, application, and analysis.
However, for this demonstration, our group will primarily
be focusing on Forms of displaying data and techniques
for analysis from which when it is studied more in depth,
we will learn about tabular presentation of data,
techniques of data, and so much more, which will be
stated and illustrated further along the presentation
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Categorization and Comparison of
Data and Data Analyze and
Presentation

SUMMARY

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What is presentation of data?
o Data presentation is defined as the
process of using various graphical
formats to visually represent the
relationship between two or more data
sets so that an informed decision can be
made based on them.

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Presentation of Data
Three ways to incorporate statistical data into your research:
• In tabular form: table form which is either frequency distribution [the
amount of times one value repeats itself] or cumulative frequency
distribution, stem and leaf plot
• In graphs or charts: bar graphs or bar charts, pie charts, pictographs,
histograms, line graphs, maps.
• Incorporating the information in the text: focuses the reader’s attention on
important information only and uses statements to describe numerical
data.

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Whichever methods you use to present data are dependent on the:
• Audience you are presenting your data to
• To amount of data being presented
• How complex the data is
• And most importantly the topic

PRESENTATION TITLE 6
Analysis of Data
Data analysis is identifying, describing, and explaining data
There are three methods used when analyzing data. Methods:
• Identifying trends; comparing data from over some time to identify
increases or decreases in the results.
• Identify anomalies also known as outlier analysis; identify data points that
deviate from the normal pattern of data. A data defect.
• Identifying patterns aka univariate analysis; used in quantitative research.

PRESENTATION TITLE 8
• Categorizing of data: placing information of similar forms in groups to find
the answer to the research questions.
• Comparison of data: the calculation of data to show its similarities and
differences. When we compare data we can determine the median and
mode.

PRESENTATION TITLE 9
Continuation Part. 3
o Stem and Leaf Plot- a graphic means of
displaying rank order and the shape of
the data distribution. It is used when the
data are not numerous. It is useful in the
identification of outliers or extreme
value in data.
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Tabular Presentation of Data

SUMMARY

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What is Tabular Presentation
o This is data that is presented on a table
that is used to compare to small amounts
of data

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Types of Table used to Represent
Data
o Frequency Distribution Table- this
presents the value of an element and the
number of times that value appears

PRESENTATION TITLE 13
Continuation Part. 2
o Cumulative Frequency Distribution-
table his type of table indicates the
frequency of occurrence of values of a
data

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Data analysis and presentation
• How you present your data will determine how u analyze the results.
How do the methods of presentation determine the analysis of the results:
• Bar graphs and histograms; identify problems, relationships, and
comparisons.
• Line graphs; identifying trends
• Maps; identifying patterns
• Stem and leaf plot; identifying distribution patterns, anomalies, and
comparisons.
• Pie chart; identify patterns and percentages
• Pictographs; identifying sets of comparisons

PRESENTATION TITLE 15
Graphic Presentation of Data

SUMMARY

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What is graphic Presentation of
Data?
o Graphical representation refers to the
use of charts and graphs to visually
display, analyze, clarify, and interpret
numerical data, functions, and other
qualitative structures (HAVEY.AI, nd).

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How to Determine which graph or chart
you should use to present your Data?
o When presenting data you must first consider the type
of data you will be presenting.
o Secondly the amount of data you wish to display,
o the trends and patterns that need to be illustrated,
o the correlation between variables,
o the frequency of the occurrence of the event,
o And lastly the comparison that needs to be made.

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Key elements to be included when
presenting data.
o Title- this allows the reader\audience to know what information
they are viewing. This should be placed above tables and
graphs. and charts alike.
o For graphs:
o the x-axis title, which must be clearly labeled and should
identify the category or value
o y-axis title, which must be clearly labeled and identify the unit
of measure for the data
o For charts:
o the key or legend, which must identify the colors, patterns or
s symbols used to represent the data 19
What is the difference between a
graph and a chart?
o A graph is a chart used to show the
mathematical relationship between varied
data sets by plotting horizontal (X-axis) and
vertical (Y-axis). A chart represents
information that can be in the form of a
diagram, table, or graph. It comprises
various methods for presenting large
information (A. K. Srivastav, nd) 20
Examples of graphs and charts
o Bar chart
o Line graph
o Area graph
o Scatter plot
o Pie chart
o Pictograph
o Column chart
o Bubble chart

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Bar graphs or bar chart
o Bar graphs or bar charts are graphic displays of discrete data.
They are columns on graphs.
o They are used to:
o compare the number of different discrete groups, by
representing categories such as favorite types of beverages;
cola, milk, coffee, juice
o illustrate the frequency of categories;
o show change over time, such as which beverage was purchased
most in March as compared to January.

Collins Caribbean Studies Revision Study Guide, pg.

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47
Line graph
o Line Graphs – these are graphs that use line sections to
display data results over time.
o Line graphs are ideal for revealing trends over time.
They:
o show categories or data that are grouped
o show time-series data, such as increases in sales over
time; reveal trends and relationships between data
o show relationships more clearly than tables
o compare trends in different groups of a variable
Collins Caribbean Studies Revision Study Guide, pg.
23
48
Pie chart
o Pie Charts – charts that graphically depict
parts of a whole as ‘slices of pie’ using data
where the total is 100 percent. Pie charts are
best used:
o when the data categories are relatively small
o to emphasize general findings

Collins Caribbean Studies Revision Study Guide, pg.

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48
Maps
o Maps – geographic representations of information that cannot
be captured using other statistical data.
o Maps:
o present areas, boundaries, locations, and names of places
o help to create and present spatial patterns and distribution of
data
o can identify distributions
o provide a large amount of information quickly and
comprehensively
o compare different areas
o validate findings 25
Textual Presentation
o Data can be presented textually by arranging them into
sentence and paragraph form. The researcher uses
words to convey pertinent information. Textual
presentation:
o utilizes statements to present and describes numerical
data
o focuses the readers’ attention on important data
o complements tabular data
o highlights the most striking aspects of data
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Techniques and Analysis of Data

SUMMARY

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Agenda
What is Data Analysis?
Involvement of Data Analysis. 
Focus questions for Analysis Data.
Identifying trends, patterns and anomalies.
Example of the (3) Data Analysis.

Techniques for Analysis of Data 28

What is Data Analysis?

Data analysis is looking at evidence. It refers to the examination of data to unearth key
findings, such as relationships, trends, patterns, and anomalies. 

(Kevin Thompson, Marjorie Lawson-Downer, Andrea St John, Eartha Thomas Hunte, 2017)

Techniques for Data Analysis 29

Involvement of Data Analysis. 
(Kevin Thompson, Marjorie Lawson-Downer, Andrea St John, Eartha Thomas Hunte, 2017)

Data Analysis involves: 

• Collecting useful and useable information.

• Making comparisons between variables.

• Identifying potential reasons for the findings.

• Description and summary data

Techniques for Data Analysis 30

Focus questions for analysis of data.
(Kevin Thompson, Marjorie Lawson-Downer, Andrea St John, Eartha Thomas Hunte, 2017)

1 2 3 4 5
Does it
Is there any
Is the data Is further make any
Why are these the relationship
meaningful study needed sense on a
results? between
enough?  in this area?  general
variables?
level?

Techniques for analysis of data. 31

Identifying trends, patterns and
anomalies.
(Kevin Thompson, Marjorie Lawson-Downer, Andrea St John, Eartha Thomas Hunte, 2017)

TECHNIQUES MEANING How To Identify Techniques

Assess if there has been a change

over time then compare the
A general direction in which
before and after of a time period.
TRENDS something is developing or
Investigating the reason behind
changing.
the change you then make
predictions based on the results.

Techniques for Analysis of Data. 32

Identifying trends, patterns and
anomalies.
(Kevin Thompson, Marjorie Lawson-Downer, Andrea St John, Eartha Thomas Hunte, 2017)

TECHNIQUES MEANING How To Identify Techniques

Patterns are yielded when there

The repeated nature in which a is a link between variables or
PATTERNS series of data or results are results; the variables reveal a
yielded.  sequence such as when one
variable influences another.

Techniques for Analysis of Data. 33

Identifying trends, patterns and
anomalies.
(Kevin Thompson, Marjorie Lawson-Downer, Andrea St John, Eartha Thomas Hunte, 2017)

TECHNIQUES MEANING How To Identify Techniques

You can identify an anomaly

Anomaly deviates from what is
ANOMALIES because it stands out from the
standard, normal or expected.
other values presented.

Techniques for Analysis of Data. 34

Example of the (3) Data Analysis.

Example of a Trend.

Technique for Analysis of Data. 35

Example of the (3) Data Analysis.

Example of a Pattern.

Technique for Analysis of Data. 36

Example of the (3) Data Analysis.

Example of an Anomaly.

Technique for Analysis of Data. 37

 Recommendation

A recommendation is a policy that addresses the key findings of the research

or add suggestions that are essential to the plans you have to further your field
of study

PRESENTATION TITLE 38
Types of Recommendation

They are two types of recommendation

These are :

Policy recommendation : A written policy advise prepared for some form of

authority that is in charge of policy making decisions

PRESENTATION TITLE 39
Types of Recommendation

Recommendation of study : this relates to findings of your study that you did
not anticipate . Moreover , you may suggest future research to address
unanswered aspects of your research problem

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 Conclusion

The Conclusion explains the meaning of the results beyond what they are
showing statistically, It gives an interpretation of the findings and a
summary of what can be drawn from them.
.

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 Summary of Findings
Main findings compared to research objectives
The Interpretation of these results
When interpreting your results you must:
. Restate the research topic and then compare and contrast the
findings with the research questions.
. Explain what the information mean in relation to the research
questions.
. Incorporate the results with those of other researchers.
. When discussing your findings, it is important to present the key
finding of the data, and the ‘whys’ you should describe unexpected
results, emerging trends and minor findings
PRESENTATION TITLE 42
Reference
Collins CAPE Revision Guide Caribbean Studies by K . Thompson, M. Lawson-Downer, E. Thomas-Hunte,
A.st.John
https://www.heavy.ai/technical-glossary/graphical-representation
https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/graphs-vs-charts/

PRESENTATION TITLE 43