INTRODUCTION

TO
STATISTICS

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Introduction to statistics:
• Concepts, types, significance and scope of statistics,
meaning data, sample, parameter, type and levels of
data and their measurement
• Organization and presentation of data – Tabulation of
data;
• Frequency distribution
• Graphical and tabular presentations.

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 INTRODUCTION
 The word statistics conveys a variety of
meaning to people in different walks of
life.
 The word statistics comes from the
Italian words Statista

( Statement).
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CONT…INTRODUCTION

 The German word Statistik

Political state

 The word Statistics today refers to

either quantitative information or a
method of delaling with quantitative or
qualitative information. 4
 DEFINITION
 “Statistics is defined as collection, Presentation,
analysis and interpretation of numerical data”.
Acc. Croxton & cowden

 statistics is the sciences and art of dealing with

figure and facts.
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DEFINITION
Statistics is the study of how to collect, organizes, analyze, and
Interpret data.

IMPORTANCE
• Statistics plays a vitally important role in the research.
• It help to answer important research questions and field in study.
• Helps you understand how to apply statistical method
• Important to understand what tools are suitable for a particular
research study.
• Statistics enables to understand specified statistical concepts
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and procedures.
A population is the collection of all outcomes, responses,
measurement, or counts that are of interest.
A sample is a subset of a population.
A parameter is a numerical description of a population
characteristic.

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• Data observations (such as measurements, genders, survey responses) that
have been collected.
• Data consists of information coming from observations, counts,
measurements, or responses.
• Data are the facts and figures collected, summarized, analyzed, and
interpreted.
• The data collected in a particular study are referred to as the data set.
• The elements are the entities on which data are collected.
• A variable is a characteristic of interest for the elements.
• The set of measurements collected for a particular element is called an
observation.
• The total number of data values in a data set is the number of elements 8

multiplied by the number of variables.

 USE & APPLICATION OF
STATISTICS

 It facilitates comparisons
 It simplifies the message of figure
 It helps in formulating and testing
hypothesis
 It help in prediction
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 SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
 Measurement is the process of assigning numbers or
labels to objects, persons, states, or events in
accordance with specific rules to represent quantities or
qualities of attributes.

 We do not measure specific objects, persons, etc., we

measure attributes or features that define them.

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FOUR BASIC SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

Nominal Scales

Ordinal Scales

Interval Scales

Ratio Scales
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 Nominal

Types of
Ordinal Measuremen Ratio
t Scales

Interval 12
• The scale determines the amount of information
contained in the data.
• The scale indicates the data summarization and
statistical analyses that are most appropriate.

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 Data are labels or names used to identify
an attribute of the element.
For example
Country of Origin
1 = United States 3 = Canada
2 = Mexico 4 = Other

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 Ordinal Scales
The data have the properties of nominal data
and the order or rank of the data is meaningful.
For example - final position of horses in a thorough
bred race is an ordinal variable. The horses finish
first, second, third, fourth, and so on. The difference
between first and second is not necessarily
equivalent to the difference between second and
third, or between third and fourth.

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 INTERVAL SCALES
 The data have the properties of ordinal data,
and the interval between observations is
expressed in terms of a fixed unit of
measure.

 Designates an equal-interval ordering - The

distance between, for example, a 1 and a 2 is the
same as the distance between a 4 and a 5
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 We can see that the same difference
exists between 10o C ( 50 F) and 20
degree C ( 68 F)

 25 C ( 77F) and 35 C ( 95 F)

 Butwe can not say that 20C is twice as

hot as a temperature of 10C

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 RATIO SCALES
 The data have all the properties of
interval data and the ratio of two values
is meaningful.
 Variables such as distance, height,
weight, and time use the ratio scale.
 This scale must contain a zero value that
indicates that nothing exists for the
variable at the zero point.
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 Example:

 Biophysical parameters
 Weight

 Height

 Volume

 Blood pressure

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TYPES OF STATISTICS

There are two approaches to the statistical analysis of data

1.Descriptive Statistics
 Descriptive statistics are techniques which help the
investigator to organize, summarize and describe
measures of a sample.
•Frequencies & percentages
•Means & standard deviations
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TYPES OF STATISTICS

2.Inferential statistics
The inferential approach helps to decide whether the
outcome of the study is a result of factors planned
within design of the study or determined by chance.
(Streiner & Norman, 1996).
•Correlation
•T-tests
•Chi-square
•Logistic Regression 21
 Measures to condense data
 Frequency and percentage distribution through tabulation and
graphic presentation.

 Table

 Graphs and diagrams

 Percentages

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 Type

 Frequency distribution table

 Contingency table

 Multiple Response table

 Miscellaneous table
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 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
 The data may be qualitative or quantitative

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 Thefollowing are the weight in kg 48
medical students. Construct the
frequency distribution table

 50, 61, 70 71 63 34 75 80 45 56 57 58
60 62 72 78 48 50 63 64 67 52 52 54
55 56 57 70 71 72 73 64 65 66 67 62
63 65 52 60 54 56 58 57 61 81 82 80
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 RELATIVE FREQUENCY
 Relative frequency =
Class frequency
---------------------------
Total frequency

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FREQUENCY DENSITY OF A CLASS

 Frequency density of a class=

frequency of the class
-------------------------------
width of the class

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 105 100 109 106 122 103 122 107 102
105 103 100 119 116 120 122 115 119
118 109 103 108 106 107 104 103 105
102 106 103 109 114 122 114 100 116
115 110 120 100 117 120 107 116 119
122 122 107 106 117

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138 164 150 132 144 125 149 157
146 158 140 109 136 148 152 144
168 126 138 186 163 109 154
165 146 183 105 108 135 153
140 135 161 145 135 142 150
156 145 128

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 Type
 Cumulative frequency
 Bar diagram
curve
 Pie chart
 Scattered diagram
 Histogram
 Pictograms
 Frequency polygon
 Map diagrams
 Line diagram
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CONT…GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS

 Presentationof quantitative, continuous or measured

data is through graphs. The common graphs in use
are:-
 Histogram
 Frequency polygon
 Frequency curve
 Line chart or graph
 Cumulative frequency diagram
 Scatter or dot diagram
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 CONT…Graphs and diagrams

 Presentation of qualitative , discrete or counted data is

through diagrams. The common diagrams in use are:-

 Bar diagram

 Pie diagram

 Pictogram diagram

 Map diagram or spot map

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Measures of central tendency

 Arithmetic mean

 Median

 Mode

 Geometric mean
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 https://sol.du.ac.in/mod/book/view.php?id=1317

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