I.

WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

1. SPRING WATER SOURCE
Spring water can be developed so as to secure
maximum protection from contamination by excavating sufficiently to locate the true spring
openings and to insure a secure foundation for the encasing structure. This structure is known
as a spring box which serves as a collector for spring water. Water collected from the spring box
flows to a larger storage tank and then to the distribution pipes.

The determination of the yield of the spring water source employs a very simple
procedure. They are as follows:
1. Channel the flow of the spring into a collection
basin. Make sure that the basin collects all
available flow.
2. Place an overflow pipe through the dam so that the collected water flows freely through the
pipe. There should be no leakage around the pipe.
3. Put a bucket of known volume (for example, a 10-
liter bucket) under the overflow pipe to catch the
flow.
4. With a watch, measure the amount of time it
takes to fill the bucket. At this instance, the rate of flow can be determined.
5. Check the rate of flow per day if it is sufficient to
supply the daily water demand of the occupants.

DISCHARGE or RATE OF FLOW

Q = Volume/ Time

2. WELLS
Wells are holes or shafts sunk into the earth to obtain water from an aquifer. An aquifer is a
water-bearing formation of gravel, permeable rock or sand that is capable of providing water, in
usable quantities, to springs or wells. The types of wells generally refer to the method of its
construction, which are: Dug, Bored, Driven , Drilled.

•TYPES OF WELLS
Dug wells- These are wells 60 centimeters or more in
diameter dug through the soft upper soil. The sides
may be of masonry or concrete to prevent caving-in. It is necessary that the well should be
impervious to a depth of at least 3 meters.

Bored wells – these are constructed using either

hand or power driven earth auger. A well casing is lowered to the bottom of the hole. After the
boring is complete, cement grout is poured to fill the gap between the bored hole and the well
casing. This is to prevent contamination.

Driven wells - a driven well is done by forcing

into the earth a 60 to 90 centimeter long piece of perforated steel tube attached to a pointed
screen called a “drive point”. This type of well varies from 32 mm diameter at a depth of 3 to 12
meters.

Drilled Wells - A drilling rig is used to drill the well hole and then a casing or tubular pipe is
forced down the hole to prevent it from caving-in. When a water-bearing stratum of sufficient
capacity is found, a well screen is set in place to permit the water to flow into the casing and to
hold back the fine material. The depth of this well is limited only by the distance one must dig to
obtain an adequate supply of fresh water, even down to 450 meters.

3. RAIN WATER SOURCE

“Water conservation and Flood Prevention ordinance”.
This ordinance requires all projects to provide a
permanent rainwater tank or container proportionate
to the roof area. These are stated as follows:

A. For commercial, Industrial and Institutional

buildings
One cubic meter of tank/ container for every fifteen (15) square meters of roof area and deck, up to a maximum of seven (7) cubic
meters.

B. For Residential Buildings (Php 500,000.00 and

above project cost)
One cubic meter of tank/ container for every fifteen (15) square
meters of roof area and deck, up to a maximum of three (3) cubic meters.

SIZING OF RAINWATER CISTERN

There are two methods that can be used in determining the size of the storage tank for rain
water:

1. The use of Cebu city Ordinance 1711 which states

that for every fifteen (15) square meter of roof area,
one (1) cubic meter of rain water can be collected.
This is the short method of sizing the cistern.

2. The use of the rainfall data of the locality. This

is the long method of determining the size of the
cistern.

II. DOMESTIC COLD WATER SUPPLY

The domestic cold water supply of the plumbing system consists of the piping and fittings which
supply cold water from the building water supply to the fixtures, such as lavatories, baths, tubs,
water closets and kitchen sinks. This is also known as the water distribution system.

Elements of Water Distribution system

1. Water service or house service
2. Water meter
3. Horizontal supply main or distribution main
4. Riser
5. Fixture branches
6. Valves and control
7. Storage tanks

WATER (STREET) MAIN- A water supply pipe for public or community use controlled by public
authority.
WATER-SERVICE PIPE- The pipe from the water main, water meter, water supply system or
other approved water supply, to the building or extreme served.
WATER-DISTRIBUTION PIPE- A pipe which conveys potable water from the building supply
pipe to the plumbing fixtures and other water outlets in the building.
FIXTURE BRANCH- A pipe connecting several fixtures.
FIXTURE SUPPLY- A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch or directly
to a main water supply pipe.

SERVICE TAP CONNECTION DETAIL

CORPORATION COCK- a valve screwed into the street water main to supply the house service
connection.

GOOSE NECK- the part of a pipe curve like the neck of a goose, usually flexible.

CURB STOP- A control valve for the water supply of a building, usually placed in case of
emergency or should the water supply of the building be discontinued.

WATER CONNECTION DETAIL

WATER METER- a mechanical device used to measure the volume of water passing through a
pipe.
METER STOP- A valve placed at the street side of the water meter and serves as a controlling
device for the building installation.

GENERAL TYPES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. UPFEED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM - A distribution system where water, supplied directly
from municipal mains, is fed upward via vertical piping to the highest point of the building.
a. Direct system - is one where the raising main feeds directly the cold water taps and a multi
point water heater
b. Pneumatic air-pressure system - Pneumatics work by using air pressure. The basic
pneumatic system uses a storage tank in which the air pressure can be pumped up with the
bike pump, pneumatic tubing to connect the devices, a valve to control the release of pressure,
and a pneumatic cylinder.
2. DOWNFEED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – a water distribution system in which the water
distribution main is located at the top of the pressure zone ; the distribution-main supplies the
risers that distribute waters downward to the lowest point of the zone.

MATERIALS FOR MAINS, RISERS, AND BRANCHES

1.Galvanized Iron (G.I.)
Pipes and fittings, schedule 40- is moderately corrosion resistant and suitable for mildly acidic
water. It is connected to its fitting with threaded connections. It is available in diameters form 12
mm (1/2”) to 300 mm (12”) at a length of 6 meters (20 feet).

2.Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Pipes and fittings, schedule 40- is economy and ease of instruction make it popular, especially
on low budget projects.

3.Polybutylene (PB) pipe

A form of plastic resin and was commonly used for
plumbing U.S. homes built between 1978 and 1995. Due to its inexpensive production cost and
ability to withstand high water pressure, it was widely seen
as a better, cheaper alternative to copper plumbing.

4.Polyethylene (PE) pipe

A more durable and stronger pipe type than other pipe raw materials. Polyethylene pipe, which
is produced by combining raw materials of different densities, has a strong structure resistant to
high pressure.

5.Polypropylene (PPR)
Less dense pipes and cheaper to transport than
metal fittings like copper pipes. Polypropylene pipe is used in many industrial settings due to its
chemical and thermal resistance, affordability, and cost. It is frequently used in waste streams of
all types, including residential and commercial environments.

6.Copper Pipes and Tubing

a. Type K- used primarily for underground water service. It is color-coded in green.
b. Type L- is most popular for use in water supply systems. It is color-coded in blue.
c. Type M- it has the thinnest wall and is
used where water pressure is not too great. It is color-coded in red.

SUPPLY PIPES FITTINGS

A variety of fittings must be used to install the piping in the project. Fittings are accessories
usually standardized, used for joining two or more pipes together.

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF SUPPLY PIPES FITTINGS?

a. Short nipple- below 75mm in length. Also known as shoulder nipple.
b. Long nipple- over 75mm in length.
c. Close nipple- where threading meet

COUPLING - a short internally threaded (female thread) at both ends and used to connect two
pipes in a straight line.
REDUCER - a pipe coupling, with inside threads, having one end with smaller diameter than the
other and used for connecting pipes of different size.
Both openings have the same center line.
ELBOW - a pipe fitting having a bend and makes an angle between adjacent pipes for a change
in direction.
Also known as ELL.
REDUCING ELBOW - joins two pipes of different diameter at right angle. When specifying
reducer fittings the bigger is stated first, followed by the smaller diameter.
STREET ELBOW - a pipe fitting having 45° and 90° bend with an inside thread on one end and
an outside thread on the other.
It is also known as SERVICE ELL or STREET ELL.
TEE - a t-shaped pipe fitting that joins 3 and 4 pipes at perpendicular directions.
BUSHING - a pipe fitting which is threaded on both the inside and the outside and used to
reduce the size of the pipe opening to receive a pipe or fitting of a different size.
PLUG - is used to close an opening in a fitting.
CAP - is used to close the end of a pipe.
EXTENSION PIECE
UNION - a three piece pipe fitting used to connect the ends of two pipes, neither of which can
be turned. It is also used on pipes that are to be taken down occasionally.
FLANGE - a ring sharped plate screwed on the end of a pipe and provided with holes for bolts;
to allow joining the pipe to a similarly equipped adjoining pipe.
The resulting joint is a flanged point.

VALVES
Valves are used to control the flow of water throughout the supply system. The proper location
of valves simplifies repairs to the system, fixtures, or equipment being served. There are usually
valves at:
a. Risers
b. Branches
c. pipes to individual fixture or equipment

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF VALVE?

1. Gate valve
is generally used to completely shut off fluid flow or, in the fully open position, provide full flow
in a pipeline.
2. Globe valve
A globe valve, different from ball valve, is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline,
consisting of a movable plug or disc element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical
body.
3. Check Valve
Check valve is a valve that closes to prevent backward flow of liquid
4. Angle valve
Angle Valve is a device, usually of the globe type, in which the inlet and outlet are at right
triangles.
5. Ball valve/ stop cock
Ball valves are shut off valves that use a ball to stop or start the flow of fluid downstream of
the valve.
6. Faucet/ Bibb
a device by which a flow of liquid or gas from a pipe or container can be controlled

TYPES OF PIPE JOINTS

Threaded joints- used in Galvanized Iron (G.I.) pipes and fittings. The thread extensions of the
G.I. pipe are as follows:
Solder joints- for rigid and flexible copper tubing.
Flared joints- for flexible copper tubing.
Solvent weld or cement joint- for plastic pipe.

WATER SUPPLY STORAGE TANKS

In the interest of economy and speed in delivery, it is
recommended that standard sizes of water supply tanks be used wherever possible.

Types of Water supply storage tanks

1. Pressure tanks- used for hydro pneumatic water supply systems. These are most
advantageous used where the peak water demand rate is relatively low, such as in small
buildings.
2. Gravity tanks- are elevated tanks recommended for large buildings and high peak water
demand rates.

Requirements for Water Supply Tank Design and Construction

● Tanks should be designed and constructed so as to be:
a. Water tight
b. Vermin-proof
c. Corrosion resistant
d. Capable of withstanding the pressure under which they are to be operated
e. Provided with safe and easy means of access for inspection

● The capacity of any single tank in or on a building shall not exceed 113,000 liters (30,000
gallons) or 113 cubic meters.
● Tanks shall not be located over openings in floor and roof construction.
● Potable water supply tanks for domestic supply and for standpipe or automatic sprinkler
systems shall be designed and installed to furnish water in sufficient quantity and
pressure for such systems.
● The gravity tanks shall be provided with the following pipes:
a. Inlet Pipe- located not less than 100mm (4”) above the top of the overflow pipe.
b. Overflow Pipe- shall be at least one pipe size larger than the inlet pipe and not less than the
sizes given in Table 1.Overflow pipe shall discharge above and within 150mm (6”) of a roof or
catch basin.
c. Emptying Pipe- shall be located and arranged so as to prevent damage from water
discharged. Sizes shall be in accordance to the sizes given in Table 2.
d. Outlet Pipe- connected to the down feed pipe and sized according to the water demand.
e. Air vent pipe- shall be provided with durable screens of not less than 100 mesh.

SIZING OF GRAVITY TANK

Tank storage capacity required for domestic water supply should be based upon the peak
demand load on the water supply system and should be adequate to satisfy that demand for at
least 30 minutes.

METHOD 1. Using Load Values (WSFUs) Assigned to Fixtures The water supply fixture unit
(WSFU) is a factor so chosen that the load producing effects of different kinds of fixtures and
their conditions of service can be expressed as multiples of that factor. As an aid in this regard,
tabulated values to given loads in water supply fixture units are shown in Tables 3 and 4.

NOTE: In estimating DEMAND for WATER CLOSET, use the value for FLUSH VALVE TYPE if
the type of Water Closet is not stated in the problem.

METHOD 2. Using occupant load of the building.

This method provides for the design population with the assigned average daily water
consumption for various buildings and other facilities.

BASIC PLUMBING TOOLS FOR SUPPLY PIPES AND FITTINGS

PIPE VISE- this is used to hold pipe to be cut, threaded or assembled.
PIPE CUTTER - this is used for cutting G.I. or Copper tubing.
PIPE TAP- this is used for making internal threads in G.I. Pipes.
PIPE REAMER - this is used to remove the burns from the inside of the pipe or to enlarge an
opening.
BURR - a rough or sharp edge left on metal by a cutting tool, also known as burl.
STRAP WRENCH - This is used when working with brass or plated pipes and fittings
MONKEY WRENCH - this is use to tighten or loosen fittings with parallel sides
PIPE WRENCH- this is used to screw pipes into or out of their fittings.
CHAIN WRENCH- this is used for turning pipes usually with 150mm diameter
PIPE STOCK AND DIES- This is used to make external threads
ADJUSTABLE WRENCH- same as a Monkey wrench
FLARING TOOL- widen the end of a soft metal tubing
BASIN WRENCH
OPEN-END WRENCH- used to pull up flange bolts and nuts

WATER SUPPLY PIPE TESTS

All piping of the potable water supply system should be proved watertight by the application of
the water pressure test, using potable water, so as to disclose leaks and defects. It is
recommended that all potable water supply piping inside buildings should be tested, prior to
covering or concealment and before fixtures and faucets are installed.

1. Rough Piping Testing- Installation is subjected to a

hydrostatic test at 862 kPa (120 psi) minimum for a period of 3 hours and should be proved
watertight without any loss of pressure.

2. Finished Piping Testing- The entire completed system, including all fixtures and faucets,
should be subjecting it to a hydrostatic test of 517kPa (75 psi) for a period of 3 hours and should
be proved watertight without any loss of pressure.

DISINFECTION METHODS
Disinfection of newly installed potable water supply systems, including water supply tanks is
required to remove objectionable matters in order to correct an unsanitary condition.
1. All water supply connections should be disconnected, plugged or effectively shut off to
prevent any foreign matter or contamination from entering the water supply thereto.
2. For disinfection, one of the following methods may be applied:
a. The systems, or part thereof, shall be filled with a water solution containing 50 parts per
million (PPM) of available chlorine and allowed to stand for 24 hours before flushing and
returning to service.
b. The system, or part thereof, shall be filled with a water solution containing 200 parts per
million (PPM) of available chlorine and allowed to stand for 3 hours before flushing and
returning to service

III. DRAINAGE SYSTEM

The drainage system is composed of the piping network within a structure which conveys
sewage, rainwater, or other wastes from their point of origin to a point of disposal, such as a
public sewer or a private treatment facility (septic tank). This system is often known as the DWV
System (Drainage, Waste and Vent).

4 SUBSYSTEMS OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM

1. SOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEM
The piping that conveys the discharge of water closets or fixtures having similar functions
(containing fecal matter), with or without the discharges from other fixtures.

2. WASTE DRAINAGE SYSTEM or SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

The piping that receives the liquid discharge, from
plumbing fixtures other than those fixtures (water closets) receiving fecal matter. This piping is
free of fecal flow.

3. STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM

The piping system receives clear water drainage from leaders, downspouts, surface run-off,
ground water, subsurface water, condensate water, cooling water or other similar discharges
and conveys them to the point of disposal. All sanitary wastes must be excluded.

4. VENT SYSTEM
The piping system that receives a flow of air to or
from a drainage system or to provide a circulation of air within such a system to protect trap
seals from siphonage or back pressure.

DEFINITION OF TERMS: (src. NPC 1999 ed)

A. HOUSE / BUILDING DRAIN- part of the lowest
horizontal piping of a plumbing system, which
receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and
conveys it to the house sewer outside of the building
B. HOUSE / BUILDING SEWER - extends from the
house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the outside
face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the street sewer or to any point of
discharge, and convey the drainage of one building site. No house/building sewer shall be
smaller than 150mm in diameter, nor less in size than the house/building drain
C. WASTE PIPE - conveys only wastewater or liquid
waste free of fecal matter.
D. SOIL PIPE- any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal or fixtures having
similar functions, with or without the discharges from other fixtures to the building drain or
building sewer.
E. SOIL STACK PIPE- a vertical soil pipe conveying
fecal matter and waste water.
F. VENT PIPE - used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the
negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
G. VENT STACK- the vertical vent pipe installed
primarily for providing circulation of air to and from
any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system.
H. SEPTIC TANK- A watertight covered receptacle
designed and constructed to receive the discharge of
sewage from a building sewer, separate solids from
the liquid, digest organic matter and store digested
solids the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal.
I. PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM- a
septic tank with the effluent discharging into a
subsurface disposal field, seepage pits or of such
other facilities or may be permitted by the plumbing code.
J. ROOF GUTTER- the water collector at the eaves
of the building.
K. DOWN SPOUT- A vertical pipe which conveys
rain water, also known as conductor or rain water.
L. STORM DRAIN- Receives storm water , clear,
rain or surface-water waste (SD)
M. CATCH BASIN- A receptacle in which liquids are
retained for a sufficient period of time to allow
materials to settle to deposit.
N. TRAP- A fitting or device designed and
constructed to provide, when properly vented, a
liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul
air or methane gas without materially affecting
the flow of sewage or wastewater through it.

DRAINAGE PIPING SYSTEM

The drainage piping system contains fittings that
serve as drains, traps and vents.

A. Drains- fittings used for draining fluid from

point of use to the piping system.
TYPES OF DRAINS COMMONLY USED IN RESIDENTIAL FIXTURES
1 Point Drains -Most common type of drain.
Generally come in a round or square shape, and they are ideal for installing with small tiles.
2 Linear Drains -They are notable for their long,. rectangular shape.
3 Downspout and Gutter -The main purpose of a downspout and gutter is to move water off of
a roof and route it to the other drainage systems.

B. Traps- fittings or device designed and

constructed to provide a liquid seal which prevent the
back passage of air without materially affecting the
flow of sewage or water through it.

TYPES OF TRAP COMMONLY USED IN

RESIDENTIAL FIXTURES
1 P-TRAPS -Used at lavatories, sinks, and floor drains.
Used is to prevent noxious gasses such as methane
from making their way into a home
LOSS OF TRAP SEAL- This failure can be attributed
directly to inadequate ventilation of the trap and the
subsequent minus and plus pressures which occur in
the piping system.
Five (5) Cause of Trap Seal Loss
A. Siphonage-(a) Direct Self siphonage - created when a rapid flow of water passing through
the pipe siphons down the water seal inside the trap with no vent provision. (b) Indirect or
Momentum Siphonage - result of a minus pressure in the pipe created by heavy discharge of
water from a fixture installed on a line serving another fixture at a lower floor.
B. Back Pressure- pressure developed in opposition to the flow of liquid in a pipe due to
friction, gravity or some other restriction to flow of the conveyed fluid.
C. Evaporation- occurs when a fixture is not used for a long time
D. Capillary Attraction-foreign objects in the traps
absorbing trap seal
E. Wind Effects -strong winds through the vent system forcing water out of the trap

2 DRUM TRAPS- Used at bathtubs and bidets.

A cylindrical trap commonly used on the drain pipe
from a bathtub or under the bathroom floor.

3 HOUSE TRAPS- A device installed to prevent circulation of air between the drainage of the
building and the building sewer.

4 GREASE TRAPS/ GREASE INTERCEPTOR -A device for removing fat and grease from
waste
water by allowing the retained liquid to cool and the
grease to solidify; then the grease is separated by floatation; it rises to the top of the trap, where
it is held. The prime purpose of a grease trap is to assure a free flowing drainage through pipe
lines at all times by intercepting, accumulating and recovering globules of grease fat and oils
from wastewater.
NOTE:
Grease trap is not required for individual dwelling
units or for any private living quarters. (sec. 1011.1,
NPC 1999)
No food waste disposal unit shall be connected to
or discharged into any grease trap. (Sec 1013, NPC
1999)

5 CLEAN-OUT- Cleanouts are screw-type fittings with a cap that can unscrew to allow access to
the inside of the sanitary drain pipes.
A cleanout should not have a plumbing fixture
installed in it or be used as a floor drain.
Floor cleanouts (FCO) are found in horizontally
positioned building drain or sewer lines that are
installed in the floor or in the ground.
Wall cleanouts (WCO) are placed in vertically
positioned stacks.

C. Vents-pipes and fittings installed in the system

to provide air circulation so as to protect trap seals
from siphonage and back pressure.

TYPES OF VENTS COMMONLY USED.

1. Main soil and waste vent - The portion of soil stack
pipe above the highest installed fixture branch extending through the roof.
2. Main vent - The principal portion of the vent pipe system to which vent branches may be
connected. It serves as a collecting vent line.
3. Individual vent or back vent -The portion of the vent pipe system which serves a single fixture.
4. Unit vent - The portion of the vent pipe system which ventilates two fixtures of similar design
installed on opposite sides of a partition.
5. Circuit vent or loop vent -The portion of the drainage system which ventilates two or more
fixture traps that discharge into a soil or waste branch.
6. Relief vent -The portion of the vent pipe installation
that permits additional circulation of air around the
drainage pipes to eliminate back pressure and retardation of waste flow.
7. Yoke vent -A vent pipe that is connected at its lower end to a soil-or-waste stack and at its
upper end to a vent stack or to a branch vent connected to a vent stack.
A pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack to a vent stack for the purpose of
preventing pressure changes in the stack.
8. Wet vent -A portion of the vent pipe system through which liquid waste flows. It also serves
as a drain.
9. Looped vent -A loop vent is a venting solution for a sink fixture P-trap that requires the vent
pipe to run under the floor, such as a kitchen island sink. It rises from the trap and forms a loop
inside the sink cabinet before dropping under the floor and running horizontally to the vent stack
A method of ventilation used in fixtures which are located in the room away from partitions
10. Utility vent -This is used for basement or underground public restroom wherein a vent stack
may not be possible to extend 3 meters above the ground, as it may constitute a hazard and is
unsightly

PLUMBING MATERIALS DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS

Drainage pipe. This is the pipe that conveys waste
from the building to an approved point of disposal.
Drainage Fittings. This are pipe accessories in the
drainage system such as a coupling, bend, wye, etc;
used to join two or more pipes together or to change
their directions.

TYPES OF DRAINAGE PIPES

1. Waste pipe. The pipe which carries only liquid
waste, free of human excrement or fecal matter.
2. Soil pipe . The pipe which carries the waste from
water closets, urinals or fixtures of similar function to
the building drain. This contains human excrements.
3. Storm pipe. The pipe which convey rainwater
from the roof gutter and downspout to the building
storm drain.
 4. Vent pipe. the pipe connected to the drainage
system that conveys air to and from the system and
keep the water from being siphoned from the trap.

BRANCHES AND STACKS

Branch- is the drainage pipe that runs horizontally.
Stack- is the vertical drainage pipeS

The selection of piping materials for the

drainage system depends on the following:
1. Pressure
2. Velocity
3. Temperature
4. Corrosiveness of the medium conveyed within
5. Initial cost
6. Installation cost
7. Operating problem

Common drainage pipes and fittings

materials used:
a. Asbestos Cement Pipe (ACP)
This type of pipe is made of asbestos fibers combined under pressure with Portland cement and
silica to form a dense and homogeneous material. It is densely cured for strength.
TYPES OF ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE
1. Pressure A.C. Pipe- is used for sewer mains,
industrial effluent and process piping, working
pressure ranges at 100, 150, and 200 psi.
2. Non-pressure A.C. Pipe- is used for sewer casings for electric cables and as storm drains.
b. Cast Iron Soil Pipe (CISP)
Cast iron soil pipe (CISP) is made from an alloy of
iron, carbon and silicon, with the controlled amounts
of manganese, sulfur and phosphorous. This is
primarily used for sanitary drain, waste and storm
systems.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CAST IRON SOIL PIPE
1. Class A- extra heavy (xh)- is often used for
underground applications.
2. Class B- Service weight (SV)- is used for general
building installations.

TYPES OF CAST IRON SOIL PIPE

1. Single hub- is equipped with one hub and one spigot end and used in the installation of
plumbing in its full length.
2. Double hub- is constructed with a hub on each end so it may be cut into two pieces when a
short piece of pipe is needed.
3. Hubless (no hub)- there is no hub on either end of the pipe, it is used in lieu of the single
hub calking of the pipe is difficult.

TYPES OF JOINTS FOR CAST IRON SOIL PIPE:

1. Lead and Oakum (calk joint)
2. Neoprene Compression gasket
3. Stainless Steel Couplings (for Hubless pipe)

Definition of terms:
*Oakum- a hemp treated with pitch to make it moisture proof and resistant to the elements
contained in the waste.
*Calking- plugging an opening with oakum and lead that are pounded into place.
*HUB- that portion of the pipe which, for a short distance, is sufficiently enlarged to receive the
end of another pipe of the same diameter for the purpose of making a joint. It is also known as
Bell.
*SPIGOT- the end of the pipe that fits into a bell or spigot.

c. Concrete pipe
Concrete pipe is cast in metal molds and compacted by tamping or spinning the molds
(centrifugal casting).

TYPES OF CONCRETE PIPE

1. Non-reinforced concrete pipe- is used for drainage, sewer lines and for gravity flow water
supply lines
if the joints are carefully made. Diameters available range from 100mm. (4”) to 900mm (36”).
2. Reinforced concrete pipe (RCP)- is made by the addition of steel wire or steel bars and is
primarily used for sewage and storm drainage. Diameters available range from 300mm (12”) to
3600mm (144”)

d. Vitrified Clay Pipe

Vitrified clay pipe is extruded from a suitable grade of shale or clay and fired in kilns producing
an extremely hard and dense corrosion resistant material. It is generally used for underground
public sewers, house sewers, drainage (sanitary and storm) systems and for industrial wastes
such as acids.
- Vitrified clay pipe is suitable for most gravity-flow systems and is not intended for pressure
service. It is brittle and cracks when laid on unstable ground or base.
e. Plastic Pipe
Plastic pipe is available in compositions designed for
various applications including drain, waste and vent.
(DWV)

BASIC TYPES OF PLASTIC PIPE

•Thermosel Plastic- has the property of being permanently rigid. Epoxy and fiberglass are
example of this.
•Thermo Plastic- is a material having the property of
softening when heated and hardening when cooled.

TYPES OF PLASTIC PIPES FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

1. Polyethylene (PE)-the high density P.E. spiral pipe
(HDPE) is used as drainage and sewer pipe for housing complexes, playgrounds, golf courses,
industrial farms and stock farms. It is sufficiently flexible to follow ground contours of snakes
around obstacles.
2. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) - is a thermoplastic type which is composed of molecules of
polymers. Each molecule is a long chain made of carbon, hydrogen and other atoms which are
melted down and molded.

TYPES OF PVC PIPES USED FOR DRAINAGE

• uPVC Sanitary pipes (unplasticized)- (DWV) is designed for above and underground
sanitary piping systems. It is ideal for drain, waste and vent installation.
• uPVC Sewer Pipe- can be used for main sewer system and other underground waste piping
system which requires big diameter pipes.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A PROPERLY DESIGNED DRAINAGE SYSTEM

1. The piping must be air tight, gas tight and water
tight.
2. Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral
traps, shall be separately trapped by an approved
type water seal trap. This is to prevent odor-laden
and germ-laden to rise out of the drainage
system and contaminate the surrounding air in
the room.
3. Each plumbing fixture trap shall be provided with
vent pipes. This is to protect the drainage system
against siphonage and back pressure and to assure
air circulation throughout the drainage system.
4. A cleanout, easily accessible, shall be provided for
inspection or cleaning of the pipe run. The location of the cleanout shall be:
4.a At the upper end of every horizontal waste or soil pipe.
4.b At every change of horizontal direction of not more than 22.5 degrees
4.c Within 1.5 m (5’) inside the property line before the house sewer connection
4.d At every 15m (50’) to a horizontal run of a soil or waste pipe
5. All horizontal piping shall be run in practical
alignment and at a uniform grade of not less than
2% or 2 cm per meter toward the point of disposal.
6. All horizontal piping shall be supported and
anchored at intervals not to exceed 3 meters.
7. Vertical piping shall be secured at sufficiently close
intervals to keep the pipe in alignment. Stacks shall
be properly supported at their bases.