ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY EXERCISE ____

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this exercise, each student must be able to:
 Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces and body
planes;
 Identify the anterior body landmarks and posterior body landmarks;
 Give the nine regions of the human body and the specific organs located on its nine
regions;
 Describe the terms related to movement.

MATERIALS:
 Lab Exercise & Report word documents
 Laboratory PowerPoint  
 Videos and photos of lab procedures
 Additional required lab readings/required lab readings

INSTRUCTIONS:
 Study the principles of Language of Anatomy & Physiology.
 Watch the video tutorial on the Language of Anatomy & Physiology.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kourF-oXAKQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbGyRnwiqX0
Accomplish Lab Report #3

Language of Anatomy and Physiology

According to Saladin (2018), the current standard terminologies used in Anatomy and
Physiology is prescribed by a book entitled, Terminologia Anatomica (TA), codified in 1998, in
use in more than 50 countries. In general, learning the terms require knowledge in etymology,
or understanding of the origins of the terms. This is the breakdown of the origins of the terms:
 Greek and Latin roots comprise about 90% of the entire terminologies.
 Eponyms /epo/, meaning “upon”; /nym/, meaning “name”, comprise about 10% of the
entire terminologies.

Terminologies are usually created from the following elements:

 At least one root that bears the core meaning (e.g. /cardi/ in ‘cardiology’).
 Combining Vowels inserted to join roots (e.g. /o/ in between /cardi/ and /my/, and /my/
and /path/ in ‘cardiomyopathy’).
 A Prefix that modifies the core meaning of the root (e.g. /epi/ in ‘epigastric’).
 A suffix that modifies the core meaning of the root (e.g. /logy/ in ‘virology’).

PREPARED BY : MARIE VONNE OLIVAR-VENUS,MAED

 MEMORY AID!
To summarize, think of the word ‘Pre-Electroencephalogram’, having /pre/
(prefix), /electro/ (root), /en/ (combining form), /cephal/ (root), /o/ (combining vowel),
/gram/ (suffix).

According to Marieb & Hoehn (2013), the standard reference point is called the
Anatomical Position, where the body is erect, and the feet slightly apart; similar to the Oblation
Statue, except the hands are lower.
The following Anatomical Planes cut the body or parts of the body into sections. The
above mentioned planes are:
1. Sagittal Plane – divides the body symmetrically from the feet to the head. Since it
divides symmetrically, it is also called the Median or Midsagittal Plane.
 Parasagittal Plane – Any plane that is like a sagittal, as long as it does not cut
symmetrically, is called a Parasagittal Plane.
2. Frontal (Coronal) Plane – divides the body into the front and the back; this plane
runs perpendicular (right angled) from the Sagittal Plane.
3. Transverse (Horizontal) Plane – divides the body into upper and lower parts.
4. Oblique Plane – divides the body into angled cuts, as long as it is not zero nor 90
degrees.

The Anatomical Planes (adapted from Tortora & Derrickson, 2017, p. 17).

PREPARED BY : MARIE VONNE OLIVAR-VENUS,MAED

 These planes produce the following Anatomical Directional Terms:

Directional Terms in Human Anatomy (adapted from Saladin, 2018, p. 29).

According to Marieb (2003), these are the following Anterior Landmarks (from head to
toe) including their regions:
1. Frontal (Cephalic) - Forehead
2. Orbital (Cephalic) - Eyeball
3. Nasal (Cephalic) - Nose
4. Buccal (Cephalic) - Cheek
5. Oral (Cephalic) - Mouth
6. Mental (Cephalic) – Chin
7. Supraclavicular (Cervical) – Area
above the clavicle
8. Sternal (Thoracic) – Midline of
thorax
9. Axillary (Thoracic) - Armpit
10. Mammary (Thoracic) - Breast
11. Antecubital (Upper Limb) Anterior
surface of elbow
12. Antebrachial (Upper Limb) Forearm
13. Umbilical (Abdominal) - Navel
14. Inguinal (Pelvic) - Groin
15. Carpal (Manus) – Wrist
16. Pollex (Manus) – Thumb
17. Palmar/Volar (Manus) – Anterior
surface of hand
18. Coxal (Lower Limb) - Hips
19. Patellar (Lower Limb) - Kneecap
20. Crural (Lower Limb) - Leg
21. Tarsal (Pedal) - Ankle
22. Metatarsal (Pedal) – Between ankle
and toes
23. Digital (Pedal) – Toes
24. Hallux (Pedal) – Big toe

MEMORY AID!
To remember the Anterior Landmarks according to regions from going from
superior to inferior, remember the following:
1. The Cephalic Region, “CFON, BOM” [as in ‘Sipon, Boom’] (Cephalic, Frontal, Orbital,
Nasal, Buccal, Oral, Mental)

PREPARED BY : MARIE VONNE OLIVAR-VENUS,MAED

 2. The Cervical, Sternal, and Abdominal Regions, “SuC SAM TUmAb ” [as in ‘Suck si
Sam hanggang Tumaba’] (Supraclavicular, Cervical, Sternal, Axillary, Mammary,
Thoracic, Umbilical, Abdominal)
3. The Upper Limb and Manus, “U CuBra A! Ma, CaPo Pa!” [as in ‘You make kubra
ah! Mama, Capo Pa!”] (Upper Limb, AnteCubital, AnteBrachal, [Ante], Carpal,
Pollex, Palmar/Volar)
4. The Pelvic ,Lower Limb, and Pedal Regions, “IPe, Cox Pa CruLL sa TaMeD HaPe”
[as in ‘Ipe, Cocks pa! Cruel sa Tam*d pero Happy’] (Inguinal, Pelvic, Coxal, Patellar,
Crural, Lower Limb, Tarsal, Metatarsal, Digital, Hallux, Pedal}

On the other hand, these are the following Posterior Landmarks (from head to toe)
including the regions.
1. Otic (Cephalic) – Ears
2. Occipital (Cephalic) – Posterior
surface of head
3. Acromial (Upper Limb) – Point of
shoulder
4. Brachial (Upper Limb) - Arm
5. Olecranal (Upper Limb) - Elbow
6. Scapular (Dorsal) – Shoulder Blade
7. Vertebral (Dorsal) – Area of Spine
8. Sacral (Dorsal) – Area between hips
9. Gluteal (Dorsal) - Buttock
10. Perineal (Dorsal) – Area between
the anus and external genitalia
11. Metacarpal (Manus) – Between
wrist and fingers
12. Digital (Manus) – Fingers
13. Femoral (Lower Limb) - Thigh
14. Popliteal (Lower Limb) – Posterior
of Kneecap
15. Sural - Calf
16. Fibular/ Peroneal – Lateral part of
leg
17. Calcaneal - Heel
18. Plantar – Sole of feet

PREPARED BY : MARIE VONNE OLIVAR-VENUS,MAED

 Anterior and Posterior Body Landmarks (adapted from Marieb & Hoehn, 2013, p. 13).

According to Marieb & Hoehn (2013), the following are the Body Cavities, in the
Anterior and Posterior positions:
Anterior/Ventral Posterior/Dorsal
 Thoracic Cavity  Cranial Cavity
 Abdominopelvic Cavity  Vertebral or Spinal Cavity

Furthermore, Thoracic Cavity is composed of the bilateral Pleural Cavity (Lungs), and
the medial Mediastinum, which houses the Pericardial Cavity (Heart).
The Thoracic Cavity is separated by the Diaphragm from the Abdominopelvic Cavity.
This is somewhat a misnomer because there is no structure that separates both Abdominal
Cavity and Pelvic Cavity.

PREPARED BY : MARIE VONNE OLIVAR-VENUS,MAED

The following are the Nine Regions of the Abdomen:

Nine Abdominal Regions (adapted from Marieb & Hoehn, 2013, p. 20).

1. Right Hypochondriac Region – Right Lobe of Liver, Gall Bladder

2. Epigastric Region – Left Lobe of Liver and Stomach
3. Left Hypochondriac Region – Spleen and Diaphragm
4. Right Lumbar Region – Ascending Colon of Large Intestine
5. Umbilical Region – Small Intestine and Transverse Colon of Large Intestine
6. Left Lumbar Region – Descending Colon of Large Intestine and Small portion of Small
Intestine
7. Right Iliac Region – Cecum and Appendix
8. Hypogastric – Small Portion of Small Intestine and Urinary Bladder
9. Left Iliac Region – Initial part of Sigmoid Colon

On the other hand, the following are the Terms Related to Movement, according to
Venus (n. d.):
1. Flexion – Creation of an angle by bending
2. Extension – Straightening a body part
3. Lateral Flexion – Lateral movement of a trunk in a Coronal Plane
4. Abduction – Movement of a limb away from the midline in a Coronal Plane
5. Adduction – Movement of a limb toward the body in a Coronal Plane
6. Rotation – Movement of a body part around the long axis (Axis containing the
Sagittal and Coronal Plane)
 Medial Rotation – Movement where the Anterior surface is facing medially
 Lateral Rotation – Movement where the Anterior surface is facing laterally
7. Circumduction – Successive performances of Flexion, Extension, Abduction, and
Adduction.
8. Forearm Pronation – Medial Rotation of forearm where the palm of the hand faces
in a posterior position.
9. Forearm Supination – Lateral rotation of the forearm from the pronated position,
where the palm of the hand faces in an anterior position.

PREPARED BY : MARIE VONNE OLIVAR-VENUS,MAED

 10. Protraction – Forward movement
11. Retraction – Backward movement
12. Inversion – Plantar Flexion towards the median plane
13. Eversion – Plantar Flexion away from the median plane

Lab Report # 3 LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

NAME: ___________________________________ Date: ____________

Year and Section:___________________________

I. Give the specific organs located on each regions of the human body:

A. Umbilical Region _________________________________________________________________

B. Right Hypochondriac Region __________________________________________________________

C. Left Hypochondriac Region ___________________________________________________________

D. Epigastric Region ___________________________________________________________________

E. Hypogastric Region __________________________________________________________________

F. Right Iliac Region ____________________________________________________________________

G. Left Iliac Region _____________________________________________________________________

H. Right Lumbar Region _________________________________________________________________

I. Left Lumbar Region ___________________________________________________________________

II. MATCH COLUMN A WITH COLUMN B

____1. Caudal A. Pelvic

____2. Calcaneal B. Palmar

____3. Sural C. Posterior kneecap

____4. Coxal D. Big toe

____5. Sternal E. Tail

____6. Gluteal F. Thumb

____7. Inguinal G. Heel

____8.Antebrachial H. Eyeball

PREPARED BY : MARIE VONNE OLIVAR-VENUS,MAED

____9. Volar I. Calf

____10. Hallux J. Cephalic

____11. Occipital K. Hips

____12. Pollex L. Buttock

____13. Brachial M. Forearm

____14. Orbital N. Thoracic

____15. Popliteal O. Arm

III. IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING DIRECTIONAL TERMS. C. ______

A. ______

3.

1.1.
4.
5.
2.

B. ______
6.

Directional Terms Relating to Anatomic Position ( A ) ANTERIOR VIEW ( B ) LATERAL VIEW OF THE BODY
(adapted from RIZZO,2016 p.4 )
References:
Marieb, E. & Hoehn, K. (2013). Human anatomy & physiology (9th Ed). USA: Pearson Education.
Marieb, E. (2003). Essentials of human anatomy & physiology (7th Ed). Singapore: Benjamin Cummings.
Rizzo, D. (2015). Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology (4th Ed). USA: Cengage Learning.
Tortora, G. & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy & physiology (15th Ed). USA: John Wiley & Sons.
Venus, MVO ( 2020 ), Human Body: The Easiest Way. Website: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kourF-oXAKQ
Venus, MVO ( 2020 ), Human Body: The Easiest Way. Website https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbGyRnwiqX0

PREPARED BY : MARIE VONNE OLIVAR-VENUS,MAED

PREPARED BY : MARIE VONNE OLIVAR-VENUS,MAED