May 29, 1923.

456,909
M. I. PUPN
WAWE CONDUCTOR
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 Patented May 29, 1923.
UNITED STATES
MICHAEL IDWORSKY PUPIN, OF NORFOLK, CONNECTICUT, ASSIGNOR. To WESTINGHouse
ELECTRIC AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, OF EAST PITTSBURGH, PENNSYL
VANIA, A CORPORATION OF PENNSYLVANIA.
WAVE CONDUCTOR.
Application filed October 10, 1918, Serial No. 257,570. Renewed September 1, 1922. serial No. 585,834.
To all whom, it may concern:
IBe it known that I, MICHAEL L. PUPIN,
a citizen of the United States, residing at
Norfolk, in the county of Litchfield, State
s of Connecticut, have invented certain new
and useful Improvements in Wave Conduc
tors; and I do hereby declare the following
to be a full, clear, and exact description of
the invention, such as will enable others
10 skilled in the art to which it appertains to
make and use the same. m In the drawings, Figure 1 represents, 60
This invention relates to apparatus for
balancing in phase and amplitude pulsating
or alternating electromotive force waves,
5 and has for its object the provision of an
apparatus of this character. For the sake
of simplicity, I will, throughout this speci
fication, designate the apparatus as a wave
balance.
20. The balancing in phase and amplitude of
a pulsating or alternating electromotive
force wave, and in particular of high fre
quency waves, has many practical applica
tions, certain of which will be hereinafter
25 described in connection with the wave
balance of the present invention. In its
broad aspect, the wave balance of the present
invention comprises a wave conductor hav
ing substantially uniformly distributed in
30 ductance, capacity and resistance associated
with secondary circuits so arranged that
the electromotive forces induced therein, by
an alternating or pulsating electromotive
force impressed on the conductor, can be
35 relatively varied in amplitude and time
phase. The balancing in amplitude and
phase may take place directly between the
electromotive forces induced in the second
ary circuits, or may take place between the
40 electromotive force induced in one of
these circuits and an electromotive force
modified or influenced by the electromotive
force induced in the other circuit. Thus, the
invention contemplates the provision of a
45 wave balance having a wave conductor by
means of which induced electromotive forces
of predetermined amplitude and phase are
produced from a given impressed, alternat
ing electromotive force, together with means
1,456,969
PATENT OFFICE.
for the utilization of these induced electro 50
notive forces for the purpose of modifying
the electromagnetic reactions in electrical
circuits, which are subject to the action of
the impressed electromotive force.
The accompanying drawings, which form 55
a part of this specification, represent, dia
grammatically, the essential features of this
invention
tlOns.
and Some of its practical applica
diagrammatically, the component parts of
a wave conductor suitable for high frequency
electromotive forces; Fig. 2 represents, dia
grammatically, the wave conductor of Fig.
embodied in a wave balance of the present
invention; Fig. 3 represents, diagrammati
cally, the employment of the wave balance
for determining the wave length produced
in the Wave conductor by an impressed
simple harmonic electromotive force of O
given frequency; Figs. 4 and 5 represent,
diagrammatically, the employment of the
wave balance of Fig. 2 for determining the
an)lifying power of a vacuum tube ampli
fier, and the ratio of transformation of a 75
transformer, respectively; Fig. 6 represents,
diagrammatically, the arrangement for de
termining experimentally the attenuation
culve of a wave conductor for a simple har
monic electromotive force of given frequen 80
cy; Fig. 7 represents, diagrammatically, a
Wave balance having a modified form of
Wave conductor particularly adapted for
low frequency electromotive forces; Fig. 8 85
represents a curve expressing the relation
between the frequency of the impressed elec
tronotive force and the wave length on a
Wave balance; and Fig. 9 represents curves
which express the relation between attenua
tion and position of the secondary coil on 90
the Wave balance.
Referring now to Figs. 1 and 2 of the
drawings, there is diagrammatically shown
a hollow cylindrical core or support 10 of
insulating material, surrounded by a layer
of metallic conducting material 11, such, for
example, as tin-foil. A layer 12 of a suitable
dielectric, such, for example, as paraffined
 1,456,900
paper, surrounds the conducting layer 11. tor. This characteristic will be expressed
An electric current conductor 13 is Wound by calling this wave conductor a “true'
around the dielectric layer 12 and has its wave conductor.
two terminals extending respectively through The following approximate formulae will
5 apertures in the end flanges of the insulating prove useful in the design of the wave con
support 10. The conductor 13 is surrounded ductor :
by a layer 14 of dielectric material, and the Let
latter is then covered with a layer 15 of me ...total inductance of the coil in henry's,
tallic conducting material, such as tin-foil,
10 which serves as an electrical screen for exter
C=total capacity between the coil and
the tin-foil layer's in far ads. 5
nal conductors in the vicinity of the wave R=total resistance of the coil in ohms.
conductor 13, that is to say, the tin-foil layer p=2 it f, f being the frequency of the im
15 destroys the electrostatic coupling between pressed E. M. F.
the wave conductor and outside conductors. l-length of the coil.
5 The tin-foil layers 11 and 15 should be i-terminal impedance in ohms. SO
lanninated by suitable cuts parallel to the =r. Wave lengths in terms of las unit.
axis of the core 10, as indicated by the thin b - total attenuation constant, so that
lines running parallel to the axis of the e equals total attenuation factor
cylindrical core. The two layers of
20 and one terminal of the coiled conductor
tin-foil over the length of the coil.
85
13 are connected together at 16, and when
the apparatus is in operation, the point 16 is
usually grounded. This grounded terminal
will be referred to as the “end” and the oth
23 er terminal will be called the “beginning'
of the wave conductor. The coiled conduc
tor 13 has, substantially, a uniformly dis
tributed inductance, resistance and capacity
and will, therefore, react against the action
30 of a variable electromotive force approxi
- 'I(LY/ii
(3) + (,Y
is determined by the use of the 5
mately like an ordinary wave conductor of Wheatstone bridge, and b and are
the form of a long telephone wire. (letermined in a manner which will
For the purposes of illustration, I will be given further below.
describe a specific construction of a wave in order that the wave conductor exhibit
35 conductor which I have successfully opera a continuously varying change in tine phase 00
ted, but it will, of course, be understood difference of potential and of current, such
that I do not intend to limit the invention as an infinitely long wave conductor ex
to the particular dimensions mentioned in hibits, it must for all frequencies for which
this example. In the construction referred it is to be employed have approximately the
to, the core 1() is a hakelite tube of approxi following condition fulfilled: 05
mately 25 cm. length and 2.5 cm. externai 2pis R.
diameter. A layer of tin-foil is wrapped
about the core, and upon the tin-foil are That is, it must possess so high an attenua
wrapped two layers of paraffined paper tion for its length that the reflected wave is
4. 5 forming a dielectric of about 7 x 10 cm. too feeble to form with the incoming wave 0.
thickness. One layer of number 36 calido an appreciably stationary wave. it will
wire of high resistance, having about 0.8 also be an approximately aperiodic, or, at
ohm resistance per cm., is wound upon the any rate, a very highly damped wave con
paraffined paper. The wire coil is then cov ductor. The fulfillment of these conditions
50 ered with another layer of paraffined paper is desirable for the successful employment 5
like the first, and over this paper is laid an of the wave balance in the manner proposed
other layer of tin-foil. The wave conductor by this invention.
so constructed gives a wave length of about, The wave length, the attenuation constant,
-40 cm. and a total attenuation factor of and the terminal impedance of the wave
6.5 approximately e” for a frequency of 50,000 conductor, hereinbefore described, can thus 20
p. p. S., and a terminal in pedance of ap be calculated, as indicated by the foregoing
proximately 2,200 ohms or the same fre formulae, from the inductance, resistance,
(quency. The wave conductor has such a capacity anci frequency of the impressel
strong attenuation that a wave of fre
60 (uency from 10,000 to 200,000 p. p. s. re
electromotive force, and these constits,
again, can be calculated from the dimensions 25
fiected at the “end” will not appreciably of the apparatus and from the electronag
affect the phase distribution along the first netic properties of the materials employed
half of the conductor. Hence the distribu in its construction. These calculations will
tion along the first half will be just as in give results which are rough a proximations,
the case of an infinitely long wave conduc but when the apparatus is finished, the wave 30
 1,456,909 8
constants can be determined accurately by in comparison with the impedance of the
a Wheatstone bridge and by other experi secondary coil. The resistance 20 has an
mental methods certain of which will be de adjustable contact or terminal 20, and func
scribed hereinafter. tions, in effect, as a non-inductive poter.
Referring now to Fig. 2, two secondary tiometer having large resistance in compari 0.
circuits 17 and 18, are there represented in son with the impedance of the secondary
ductively associated with the wave conduc coil 17. An alternator, or vacuum tube os
tor 13. Each secondary circuit comprises a cillator, 21 impresses upon the wave con
cylindrical spool surrounding the conductor ductor 13 an alternating electromotive force
10 13 and arranged to be longitudinally moved of a frequency for which the wave length is 75
with respect thereto. Equal secondary coils to be determined. The secondary coil 17, to
are wound on the relatively movable spools, gether with an adjustable portion of the re
the number of turns of these secondary coils sistance 2), are included in a series circuit
being determined by the character of the with the primary winding of a transformer
s practical application for which the Wave 22. A heterodyne receiver conneeted to the 80
conductor is to be employed. A scale 19 is Secondary winding of the transformer 22
fixed to the outer tin-foil layer 15 for de will detect the presence of a current in this
termining the relative positions of the sec Series circuit. The secondary coils 17 and
ondary coils with respect to the Wave con 18 are connected to ground by a common
20 (luctor. conductor 23. One terminal of the source 85
In applications of the wave balance in of alternating electromotive force 21 and the
which the capacity between the Wave con point of connection 16 between the wave
ductor and the secondary coils should be re conductor 13 and the tin-foil layers 11 and
duced as much as possible, as, for example, 15 are also connected to ground through the
when employing the Wave balance as a nega common conductor 23. O
tive resistance compensator in a selective am The Series circuit including the secondary
plifying apparatus, as described in my co coil 17, the primary winding of the trans
pending application Ser. No. 257,572, filed former 22 and a portion of the resistance 2()
()ctober 10, 1918, the distance between the will have a resultant Zero electromotive
30 outer tin-foil layer 15 and the secondary force when the coil 17 is positioned at a
coils should be as large as practicable. Fig. distance of one-half wave length (with re
2 of the drawings shows certain details of spect to the frequency of the electromotive
construction of the secondary circuits of a force impressed on the conductor 13) from
wave balance which I have successfully op the coil 18 and the adjustable contact of the
erated. In this case, each secondary coil resistance 20 throws into the circuit a re
has about five hundred turns of No. 39 cop sistance drop equal in annplitude to the elee
per wire wound in six layers which are sepa tromotive force induced in coil 17. The bal
rated by several thicknesses of parafine pa ance is indicated by the silence of the tele
per in order to reduce their mutual capacity. phone 58 in the heterodyne receiver. The
40 The innermost layer of the secondary coil is
distance apart of the secondary coils 17 and 15
wound on a cardboard support or partition 18, when this balance is effected, is equiva
57 separated from the adjacent outer cylin lent to one-half the wave length to be de
drical surface of the spool by as wide an air termined.
space as is practicable. Referring now to the curve of Fig. 8, the
45 It is obvious that the electromotive force abscissae represent the frequency of the in 0
induced in the secondary coil 17 is differ pressed electromotive force in kilo cycles,
ent, both in phase and in amplitude, from and the ordinates represent the half wave
that induced in the secondary coil 18. length corresponding to these frequencies
When the coil 17 is positioned at a distance expressed in scale divisions of the scale at
50 of just one-half wave length from the coil tached to the wave balance. The curve was
18, then the phase in the former differs from obtained experimentally by the method just
that in the latter by 180 electrical degrees. described.
The ratio of the amplitudes of the electro The attenuation curve of the wave con
motive forces induced in the two secondary ductor 13 for any given frequency may be
55 coils depends upon the attenuation constant
of the Wave conductor.
determined by the arrangement of appara
tus represented in Fig. 6. In this figure,
Referring to Fig. 3, it will now be shown the wave conductor 13 is connected to-the
how the wave length of the wave conductor source of alternating electromotive force 21
13 may be experimentally determined. In as in the arrangement of Fig. 3. A double
60 this figure, the inner layer of tin-foil, the throw switch 25 is attached to connect either
wave conductor and the secondary coils are the ungrounded terminal of the secondary
symbolically represented by the same refer coil 17 or any point of the resistance 20 to
ence numerals as in Fig. 1. The terminals a grounded galvanometer 26. A Duddell
of the coil 18 are connected by a suitable re hot wire galvanometer is convenient for this
35 sistance 20. This resistance should be large purpose. When the adjustable contact of
13a
 s 1456,909
the resistance 20 reaches a certain point so the grid 28, and is reproduced in amplified
that the galvanometer 26 gives the same de form at the plate 31, and will there produce
fiection for both operative positions of the an alternating current through the primary
switch 25, the drop of potential across the winding of the transformer 34, condenser O
5 adjusted portion of the resistance 20, which 33, secondary coil 17 to ground and back to
is impressed upon the galvanometer 26, is the plate 31. When, however, the electro
equal to the electromotive force induced in motive force induced in the secondary coil
the secondary coil 17. in this manner, the 17 is of opposite phase and of equal allpli
ratio of the amplitudes of the electromotive tude, no current will flow in the circuit just
O forces induced in the secondary coils 17 mentioned, and the heterodyne detector will 75
and 18 are determined, and this ratio de be silent. This silence is, however, pro
duced by adjusting the amplitude of the
termines the attenuation factor for any dis electromotive force impressed upon the grid
tance between the two coils. Having de
termined this ratio for a sufficiently large the 28 and by moving the secondary coil 17 until 80
5 number of positions of the coil 17, while re phase relation is properly adjusted so
taining the coil 18 at a fixed position near as to produce silence in the detecting tele
the beginning of the wave conductor, the phone. The amplifying power of the vac
attenuation curve for the frequency under uum tube amplifier may then be calculated
consideration can be plotted and forms part from the potential impressed upon the gril
and from the position of the secondary coil
of the calibration of the wave balance.
Referring to the group of curves in Fig. 17 by means of the attenuation curve foi' ille
9, which were determined experimentally by frequency under consideration. It is oil
the method just described consider any one vious that the position of the secondary coil
of them, say the one marked 50 K (5 (K () 17 also determines the phase relation e
2 5 meaning kilo-cycles). The abscissa of any tween the electromotive force impressed il)-
point on that curve represents the scale ill on the grid 28 and its amplified reproduc
vision on the scale of the wave balance and tion on the plate 31.
the corresponding ordinate represents the in Fig. 5 of the drawings, a transformer
ratio of the electromotive force induced in 35 has been substituted for the vacuum tube
the secondary when it is at that scale divi amplifier and its associated parts repri:- 95.
sion divided by the electronotive force in sented in Fig. 4. By impressing a potential
duced in it when it is at the beginning of the difference upon the ungrounded end of the
wave balance, this ratio being multiplied by primary of this transformer, such as wits
100. This curve is then the attenuation curve impressed upon the grid 28, and by coilnects
3 of the wave balance for a frequency of it), ing the ungrounded end of the Secondary of 00
000 p.p.s., (50K C3). Fig. 9 represents thé" the transformer in the same manner is the
attenuation curves of the wave balance for plate 31 was connected in Fig. 4, we can
a plurality of different frequencies ranging obtain, by means of the wave balance and
from 20 K (3 to 30 K (-3. in the manner just described, the ratio of
in Fig. 4, "have represented an ari'ange transformation and the phase shifting of tile O t
ment of apparatus for employing the wave secondary electromotive force of the trans
ibalance to determine the amplifying power former, which determinations are of great
of a vacuum tube amplifier. The wave bai value in operations with very high fire
ance and associated parts are represented by quency electromotive forces.
4.5 the same reference numerals as in the pre it is obvious that in its operations, so fai’
ceding figures. The grid 28 of the vacuum described, the true wave conductor consti
tube amplifier is electrically connected to tutes a wave balance. It is also clear that
the adjustable contact or terminal of the re in all these operations with high frequency
sistance 20. The hot filiament 29 is connect electromotive forces, the greatest care in 1st
5 ed to a low voitage source of direct current be taken that extraneous disturbances be i
energy 30, while the wing or electron cir avoided by electromagnetic Screening.
cuit, including the filament 29 and plate 31, All this is indicated in the diagranls (f
is connected across a source of direct curren, Fig. 1, where, in addition to the Screening
potential 3:2, in the usual manner. The provided by the tin-foil layers, there is 3i.e.
ungrounded terminal of the Secondary indicated he screening provided for the
coil 17 is connected to the piate 31 through terrainal in the beginning of the wave coi
a condense?' 33 and the primary winding of ductor and also the screening provided is
a transformer 34. The secondary winding the metal box in which the wave balance is
() he transformer 34 is connected to 8. placed. Thus, it will be noted that 8 he
heterodyne receiver. The pondenser 33 pre ungrounded terminai of the conductor 3 1. 2
vents the potential of the piate 31 establish the outer tin-foil layer 15 extends over the
ing a D. C. c 1 Frent to ground. By means shoulder of the intasiating support it!
of the adjustaioie contact of the resis: 3.ce 20 shields the portion of the conductor pr
3. suitable fraction of the voltage induced ance ing through this shoulder. The WCVe is Ci
is the secondary coii i3 is impressed upon.
ty. is enclosed. ii. 8, box. 55 of condu.3%ing
 1,456,909
material, preferably magnetic, to provide
electrostatic and electromagnetic screening. finitely long wave conductor when its end
is connected to an impedance which is equal
The box may advantageously be constructed to the initial impedance of the wave con
of sheet steel. The ungrounded terminal ductor, its length being supposed to be in
if the conductor 13 projecting through the finitely long; because, in that case, there is 70
box is further shielded by a covering of con no reflection of the electrical wave at the
ducting material, such as a braided or flex end. IBut this condition can be fulfilled for
ible wire 56, insulated from the conductor, one frequency only and would have to be
and preferably grounded by connection to adjusted with each change of frequency. I
O the box. 55, which is itself connected to
ground. prefer, therefore, to employ highly attenuat i 5
ing wave conductors as true wave conductors
When a wave conductor is to be employed because they do not need any adjustments
for low frequencies in the manner hereinbe with change of frequency and also because
fore described, a modified form of construc they are practically aperiodic. IBut in all
5 tion can be adapted which is diagrammati
cally represented in Fig. 7. Referring to to practical applications described above and SO
this figure, the spool or support 40 may be of even be described in other patent applications
date, I claim this other type of wave
of seasoned wood, hard rubber of bakelite, conductor as an equivalent.
and is provided with suitable recesses as in I claim:
20 dicated. In these recesses are wound equal
1. A wave balance, comprising a con
coils 41, 42, 43 . . . of high resistance wire, ductor having substantially uniformly dis
each coil having several layers to give tributed inductance, resistance and ca
it a sufficiently high inductance. These coils pacity, and secondary circuits inductively
are connected in series. The junction of ad
25 jacent coils are connected by conductors related to said conductor and relatively OO
movable with respect to each other and to
44, 45. 46 . . . to grounded condensers 4. the conductor.
48, 49 . . . The conductors pass through 2. A wave balance, comprising a conduc
the interior of the insulating support 40 and tor having substantially uniformly distrib
should preferably be metallic covered to
30 screen them from each other. The coln uted inductance, resistance and capacity.
and a pair of secondary circuits inductively
densers 47. 48, 49 . . . are of equal capacity asSociated with said conductor and arranged
and each is grounded as indicated. to be positioned with respect thereto so that
The wave conductor thus obtained is a sec the electromotive forces induced in said cir
tional wave conductor. Twenty sections will cuits are of predetermined amplitude and
35 suffice to make it available for an interval
phase relation with respect to each other ()
of frequencies in which the lowest frequency and with respect to the electromotive force
is about one-tenth part of the highest fre impressed upon the conductor. -
quency. For the lowest frequency, the whole 3. A wave balance, comprising an insulat
length of the wave conductors should de ing support, a layer of conducting material
40 velop a little over one-half of the wave
surrounding said support, a conducting wire OS
length and for the highest frequency there wound on said layer of conducting material
will be a little more than three halves of the and separated from it by a dielectic, a second
wave length as indicated by the mathematic layer of conducting material surrounding
cal formulae hereinbefore given. There will said wire and separated therefrom by a
45 be for even the highest frequency consider dielectric, the two conducting layers being 10
ably more than ten sections per wave length conductively connected to one terminal of
and the wave conductor will behave even the wire, and a pair of secondary circuits
for the highest frequency just like a uni inductively related to said conductor and
form wave conductor. The wave conductor relatively movable with respect to each
50 is covered with paraffined paper 50 over other and to the conductor.
which is wrapped a heavy laminated layer 4. A wave balance, comprising a conductor
51 of tin-foil to screen the coils of the wave having substantially uniformly distributed
conductor from external electrical fields. inductance, resistance and capacity, a shield
55
The “end” of the wave conductor is con of conducting material surrounding said
nected to the tin-foil layer 51 and then conductor for reducing the electrostatic O
grounded. Relatively movable secondary coupling between the conductor and adjacent
coils 52 are wound, as indicated, upon in conductors, and secondary circuits induc
sulating spools surrounding the wave con tively related to said conductor and rela
ductor. The same principles apply here as tively movable with respect to each other
30 inin theFig.case1 offorthe making
wave conductor illustrated
it approximately
and to the conductor.
5. A wave conductor, comprising an in
aperiodic and equivalent to a wave con sulating support, a layer of laminated con
ductor of infinite length. ducting material surrounding said support,
I am aware that a wave conductor of a dielectric surrounding Said pnducting
83
small attenuation can also act like an in layer, a conducting wire wound on said
 4.5 6,909

dielectric, a dielectric surrounding said con tor10.having

A wave balance, comprising a cond lic GO
substantially unifornly distrib
?luctor, a second layer of laminated conduct uted inductance, resistance and capacity,
ing material surrounding the last mentioned
(lielectric. and a pair of secondary circuits and possessing a sufficiently high resistance
3. inductively associated with said conductor and capacity to make it a true Wave con
and relatively movable with respect to each ductor and to render it practically aperiodic,
and secondary circuits inductively related to
other' and to the conductor.
(5. A wave balance comprising a conductor said conductor and relatively movable with
having substantially uniformly distributed respect to each other and to the conductor.
incluctance, resistance and capacity, second to11.having A wave balance, comprising a conduc ()
substantially unifornly distrib
ary circuits inductively related to said con
ductor and relatively movable with respect uted inductance, resistance and capacity,
to each other and to the conductor, and a secondary circuits inductively related to said
non-inductive potentiometer, the resistance conductor and relatively movable with re
5 () f which is large in comparison with the im spect to each other and to the conductor, a
pedance of the secondary circuit, connected non-inductive potentiometer the resistance
across one or both of said circuits. of which is large in comparison with the in
7. A wave balance. comprising a conductor pedance of the Secondary circuit connected
having substantially uniformly distributed across one or both of said circuits, and meang
inductance, resistance and capacity, second for balancing both in phase and in ampi
alry circuits inductively related to said con tude a harmonic electromotive force im
ductor and relatively movable with respect pressed upon a definite point of a system of
to each other and to the conductor, a non conductors against that generated at sonne
inductive potentiometer, the resistance of other point of the system by the action of
25 which is large in comparison with the im the impressed electromotive force.
pedance of the secondary circuit connected 12. A wave balance, comprising a conde
across one or both of said circuits, a system to having substantially uniformly distrib
of conductors electrically associated with uted inductance, resistance and capacity, a
said circuits, and means for balancing in pair of secondary circuits inductively related
30 phase and in amplitude by the electromotive to said conductor and relatively movable 0.
force induced in one of said circuits a sec with respect to each other and to the con
ond electromotive force impressed upon a ductor, a system of conductor's including a
defi.ite point of said system. vacuum tube amplifier associated with said
8. A wave balance, comprising a conduc circuits, means including one of said circuits
3.5 to having substantially uniformly distrib for producing a pulsating electromotive
lated inductance, resistance and capacity, force on the plate of said amplifier, and
and a pair of secondary circuits inductively means for balancing in phase and amplitude
associated with said conductor and arranged by the electromotive, force of the other cir
to be relatively positioned with respect cuit the pulsating electromotive force pro
thereto so that the relative amplitudes and duced on said piate.
time phase relation of the electromotive 13. A wave balance, comprising a conduc 00
forces of a predetermined frequency induced tor having substantially uniformly distrib
therein can be varied. lated inductance, resistance and capacity,
9. A wave balance, comprising a conduc and secondary circuits adapted to be elec
5 tor having substantially uniformly distrib trically associated with said conductor and
uted inductance, resistance and capacity, a to. be adjustable with respect to each other
pair of secondary circuits inductively asso and with the said conductor.
ciated with said conductor and arranged to 14. A wave balance, comprising a conduc
be relatively positioned with respect thereto tor having substantially uniformly distrib
50 so that the relative amplitudes and time uted inductance, resistance and capacity,
phase relation of the electromotive forces and possessing a sufficiently high resistance i ()
of a predetermined frequency induced there and capacity to make it a true wave condiue.
in can be varied, a system of conductors tor and to render it, practically aperiodic,
electrically associated with said circuits, and and secondary circuits adapted to be elec.
5 5 means for balancing in phase and in ampli trically associated with said conductor &nd
tudes by the electromotive force induced in to be adjustable with respect, to each other 5
one of said circuits a second electromotive and with the said conductor.
force impressed upon a definite point of said In testimony whereof affix my signature.
System. RAICHAEL IDWORSKY PTPN.