“VI Sem : B.Sc., - PHYSICS - VII Evershint EVERSHINE MODEL PAPER | PHYSICS- VII ‘Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics . n,and ”, are known as radial & azimuthal quantum numbers resp. * Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 79 " They take only positive values such thatn,+ n, =n where nisthe otal PART-A ey ty PC a + ; . piincipal qiantum number. : Answer any five of the following questions. Each question carries eaght marks. (5x8=40) For the elliptical path, iy, 1. a) Whatare the limitations of Bohr’s atomic theory, Cs b) Explain the concept of elliptical orbits of sommerfeld’s atomic . os model. (246) “= G| Wherea.—semi-majoraxis™ ", x 3 2) i) Bohr’s model is valid only for single electron system. ; a ii) Itcouldnot explain the fine structure of spectral lines, Zeeman Didliaineacta st) ‘The above condition determines the allowed elliptical orbits, The effect and stark effect. | 7 x ' if Ncoutnot explain te intensity of pect ines, allowed orbits are those which have major & minor axis given by iv) According to this theory, the orbits are circular whereas the two integers n & 14. Sinceb AE is tye“. =) +Av ‘ie: themolecle gins energy fom the photon and jumps to higher state, “-¥\> 0s ithe frequency of scattered photon ness than that of incident photon. These will give rise to stokes ines, 8) ICE, > E,AE ~-ve ie the molecule may bein an excited state and lose energy tothe photon, -& loVi sem b pase. PHYSICS VHT vray eave sobs TIishMOWTSS Geiger Nyy of natal law whichis expressedas log. =A+BlogR where A & Bare constants. emit o-panicles with high ener chatthe graph oflog &08Risastaig, ‘Thus mocleides with shorterhajg sand vice versa The expression shows line with the slope B. E Theprocessinvhichan «pace isspontaneously ejected fg, the nucleus is called a - decay. _ ‘The a disintegration energy isthe total energy emitted during g decay In c-decay. the total number of nucleons, total char ‘and linear momentum are conserved. The reaction is Xa, YM Hel. (I) Where X isthe disintegrating nucleus, Yi the residual nucleus ang a.- particle is ejected | From mass energy conservation, } M,C=M,C?+Mg C?+Q | Qisthe energyreleased Q=(M,-M,-Mg)C ‘Thus a disintegration energy is defined as.the sum of the KE, of the a. - particle and the recoil nucleus 12MgVq'+ 12M, V? locity of a - particle V,= velocity fresidual nucleus From conservation of momentum a Every "hy Vi Sem : B.Sc, - PHYSICS - VIE But I/2Mq Vq?=KE. of a particle= Eq ., disintegration energy=E=Eq. ( Evershine +Ma My ‘Where M,=mass of daughter nucleus Mg, =mass of o -particle. Describe the construction and working of a Geiger-Muller counter and explain the features ofits characteristic curve. 8 Construction : Geiger Maller counter(GM counter) is cylindrical inshape. The outer cylinder functions asa cathode and consists of acentral anode made of tungsten wire, 0.lmm in diameter. Ade. poteatial of 1000V is applied between the electrodes and a high resistance R is connected in series. tis filled with 90% argon & 10% ethyl alcohol or halogen gas. Working : When acharged particle (or radiation) passes through the counter, itionizes the gas atoms. The central wire attracts the electrons, whereas the positive ions are attracted by the outer oylinder. Due to the high voltage applied, the electrons gain high kinetic energy and cause further ionization of gasatoms. in the Gas counter Gas Wire electrode (anode) Metal tube. (cathode) ieee! To counter 2= paysics- ¥iT Evershi, Jectron produces acascade of ‘every primary and: secondary ¢l of wer i cain Sa cconral iestin ane bi poaeel TS Vis very large electric field it a distance from the wireis very high. The rg. b) field Fata distance’ fromthe ceri ‘given by VI Sem : BSc. VI ‘ 2) oe Where b radius of cy Fo otha) ying, 1a radius ofthe anode wing Characteristic curve of GM. counter: “The counter reainsinoperaveutl ie Unesholdvoage (yj, 6) ed voltage is increased, the curve rap, i reached. As the appli roe fat portion aed te plateau, Here the counting ae sfae, Thecountrisavaysoperated inthis region, Ty, veag comespondngto meceni ofthe plteavistakenasiy petngveltage. Hertie pulse produced by apatite isn pendent of ei amber ofon pis producedintke coy oo discharge I ‘jo s00 1000 > Applied volage (V) } Ifthe voltae is increased beyond the plateau region, the appli electric field is so high that a continuous. discharge takes placein ‘the tube and the count rate increases very rapidly. It doesnot require ‘any ionizing event for this to happen, hence the tube is not usin thisregion. | | B } ‘Sem : B.Sc., - PHYSICS - VIE Evershine a) Distinguish between endoergic and exoergic nuclear reactions. Derive an expression for the threshold energy ofan endoergic nuclear reaction. (+6) A reaction in which energy is absorbed is called endoergic reaction Here Q value ofthe reaction isnegativeie. E,> E,. A reaction in which energy isreleased is called as exoergic reaction Here E,> E,and hence the Q value is positive. Here the KE. of the products of the reaction is greater than KE. of the reactants. “Threshold energy of endoergic reaction: The minimum K.E. hata projectile must have to initiate the nuclear reaction isknownas the threshold energy (E,). “The threshold energy is supplied in the form of the K.E. of the projectile. Butall this KE. isnot available forthe reaction. Apart ofits absorbed to give the K.E. of the compound nucleus. -_ Energy availabe forthe eaction= K.E. of projectile—K.E of ‘compound nucleus Let and, be the massand velocity ofthe projectile and M_ and Vb te mass and velocity ofthe compound nucleus, Then by law of conservation of momentum, ea K.E. of compound nucleus = Me VeVI Sem: BSc., - PHYSICS - VIT vers) by=-0f 8, What are elementary particles? Explain their classificatio with examples. a Elementary patclesarethose microscopic elementary cones of which all matter in this universe is made of, Elementary particles are generally classified according to thir Anieractions ‘Since there are four types of interactions, there are fourtypes of elementary partite. Tey are. i) Gravitons ii) Photons iii) Leptons iv) Hadrons ) Gravitons : These are supposed to give ive rise othe gravitational fi ieeape ae ‘gravitational field, however, 15 ‘VI Sem : B.Sc.,- PHYSICS - VII Bvershiine ii) Photo) ‘A photon isa quantum unit of radiation, Matter absorbs or emits radiation inthe form of an integral multiples of photons. Each photon hasanenergy E = hu &massis ivenas "4/2. Thusitpossesses mass by virtue ofits motion, Itisa bosom haying zero.or integral spin, iii) Leptons :Leptons are the lightest particles which can interact by weakinterations.Theirmassesare smaller than the masses of pions & have half integral spins. Hence they are Fermions. Examples: Electrons. positrons, neutrinos, muons. Muons are particles which are eavier than electron with rest mass eal to 207m, i) Hadrons : The particles which participate in the strong interactions are called as hadrons, They are further divided into ‘nwo groups ~a) Mesons & b) Baryons. ‘Mesons are hadrons with rest mass in between | the rest mass of tlectron & that of proton. It varies hetween 250 m, and 1000 m. “They are Bosom eg. Pions, [1-mesons. K particlesete. Baryonsare Hadrons whose rest massare equal to or greater thant the mass ofa proton. They have | half integral spins & hence are Fermions. Baryons are further divided into two classes ~ i) Nucleons Protons and neutrons belong to this group i) Hyperons Their masses are greater than those of nucleons. They obey F Dstaisties, : Eg, Lambda particles. sigma partiles. omega patible PART-B - | Answer any five problems. Each problem carries 4 marks: ” | 9. The experimental value of Bohr magneton is 9.21810"! 31 " = 16VI Sem : BSc, - PHYSICS MII & Planck’s constant i of (e/m) of the electron. y= 9.2.x 108 ITH: eu atm, (im, e329 a4 10" Ke! 63x10 J-S ate, ace m, 6.63 x 10" 10. In a Stern - Gerlach experiment, silver atoms traverse distance of 0.1m through a non-uniform magnetic field y gradient 60 Tm’. Ifthe separation between two tracings, the recording plate is 0.15mm, find the velocity of silye, atoms." (Given; masvof silver atom = 1.79 x 10 kg + Bohymagneton = 9.28 x 10" JT ') tin; 2 =cotm he Olms B= 6oTm m= 1.79x 10% kg; y= 9.28x 19ST! 2d =0.15 x 10° m = d=0.075 x 10°m (as\e@(4) 2m) dy\v (2)(5) (0.1) 1, 9.28x 10 ol ——— 179% 10 *"* 0075 x 10" | 7 B Yer yt Sem : B.Se.,- PHYSICS - VIL 63x 10°" +. Calelat the ya, Evershine 9.25 x60x 01)". sgt 2x 1.79 x (0.075) v?= 206.67 x 10" v= 4.546 x 10'ms" = 454.64ms! 11. Determine the value of the rotational constant of H-F molecule from the following data. Reduced mass of H-F eclece le $500 0107 KB Bond length of H-f molecule = 1.2A‘ 6.63 x 10 JS , h Rotation constant =r; 2x 10m Planck’s constant wr? = 9.583 x 10% x (1.2x 10 = 13.799 x 10 ke m? ® . 6.632 x10" + Rotational constant = 305 149)F x 13.799 x 10™ x3 x 10" 6.632 x10 x 10% “Bx (3.142) x 13.799 x3 002028 x 10°= 2028 mx! 12.Inagiven radioactive sample, the counting rate of particle {s47 perminute. After S minutes, the counting rateis reduced to27 per minute. Find the decay constant & half life of the sample. aN, : Initial counting rate= [+= 47.5 perminute wy Final countingrate= “>= 27 per minute t= Sminutes 184 VI Sem : BSe., « PHYSICS - VI ee syisems serie a! 4 aN aN, 2475 M=t°0. Gy AN, aN att=Smins, as 7 2 Bat N= Me™ ON, ar 30flog47.5~H0827) oie En erar-1914 | 4=0.1129/ min 0.693 _ 03. .6.138min | WA 0.1129 13. Find the threshold energy forthe reactions ,O"(p,n),p% Half life =%, sven the Q value the reaction to be 2.742 Mev. Use ty followingdata— Mass of ,0"'= 17.9916 u Mass of proton = 1.00783 u Mass of neutron = 1.00866 u Mass of ,F"= 18.00095 u 0 17.99916 + 1.00783 ->1.00866 + 18.00095 + Q Or Q=-0,00262 u Q=- 0.00262 951.5=-2.44MeV 19 tiple FO ™ ais 1 oe) 17.9916, E,,= 244 (1 + 0.5599) = 2.5766MeV. ‘Threshold energy ofi-2| Ew 14.Acyelotron with dees of radius 2m has a magnetic field of {L.75T. Caloulate the maximum energies fowhieh (3) Proton (b) denterons can be accelerated. Given : m,~ 1.67 x 10" kg, m, = 3.34 x 10 kg Maximum energy= Ena 2 B=0.75T qa 16x 10"C (1.6.x 10") x (2)? x75)" “2 1.67 x10" Bg ™ 1-72 10" = 107.8Mev. (6x 10")! x OF x 0.75% (6x 10"y' x 2) x 075)" 3344 10" R=2m; (@) Forporton, En 1) Fordeuteron, Eau =F * 0.8623 x 10 16x 10" 15.Asself quenched GM counter operates at 1000 V & has 4 ‘pive of diameter 0.2mm. The radius ofthe cathode is 23 10 ‘mn, Whats the maximum radial field produced? y=1000V ;a=0.1x10"m b=2x 10°m ‘Maximum radial electric field produced will be v 000 i See E,= 1.887 x 10° Vin" 3.89MeV 20VI Sem: BSe.,- PHYSICS: the Q value “Ver rh vl Feagy, or endoergiey of the 16, Calculate Mass of , He'= 4.008874 0 Mass of , C = 12,003316 u 008986 Mass of « " Q (Be +, He 9, Cty +O 5060 + 4,008874 > 12,003316 + 1.008986 +Q 3.023934 > 13.012130 + Q = Q= 0116320 Q=0.011632 x 931.5= 10.835 Mev ‘Thereactonisexoergicas Qispositive PART-C Answer any five questions. Each question carries two markg 6x4 17.) The alkali cia lara bydoges-ike spectra gy? ‘Because alkalimetalshavesingle valence electron inthe outem orbit, they have hydrogenlike spectra a 1) Aredoublets observed in alkali spectra? Explain, 9 1 2 Yes, Allkali metals have one valence electron. The next state say) : D ~shell with J = 94 and Vf andisa doublet very close to eah other. The transitions are two => "P,, > ©) Are therotational energy levels ofa equally spaced? Explain, No. The rotational energy levels of rigid diatomic moleculesare us rey igid diatomic molecul ot equally spaced. The separation goesan increasing with increasing | wd | ar 21 | valve of. The separation is piven by AE ‘Sem : BSc., - PHYSICS - VII Evershine ‘Are Raman seattering and Rayleigh scattering similar? Explain, Raman scattering s due to inelastic collision and Rayleigh scattering is due to elastic collision. In Raman scattering Stoke's and antistoke's lines are seen along with the original line, whereas in Rayleigh the scattered photon has same wavelength as that of the incident photon. Electron of target atom are not ef particles. Justify. «a paricles (= 4m, =7344 me) are much heavier thanancletron. Due to very smafi mass electrons are unable to deviate ar particles. ‘Why do we call the electrons emitted during radi B= particles? ‘Toshow that this electron is coming out from the nucleus. one of the electrons surrounding the nucleus ‘What is the signifaene of negative sign of Q in nuclear reactions? The Q value gives a physical verification of conversion of mass into energy & viceversa. I'he Q value is negative, the reaction is called as endoergic reaction ie. the process is accompanied by absorption of energy. Does conservation of parity hold good for strong and weak _ nuclear interactions? Explain. Conservation of parity holds good for strong nuclear & clectromagnetic interactions but is violated in weak interaction fective in seattering o’- joactivity as cits not 2EVERSHINE MODEL PAPER i PHYSICS- VI Atomic, Molecular and Nucl Physics ‘Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks. PART-A Answer any five ofthe following questions. Each question gy, cight marks, (Sates 1. 4) Writea nteon') spatial quantization) spin of ele ) Obtain an expression forthe maximum number of clectr that can be filled ina shell. Space quantization:-The bits arequantsed Ws. 10 magnus Giese and shape) according o Bohs theory But acco, to quantum theory the orbits should be quantized Ws. to drei (444 . or orientation. To specify the orientation there is @ need for, reference axis, The direction of applied extemal magnetic fel, taken as reference axis. The permitted orientations of an, ‘election onbitare determined by the fact thatthe projections ofthe quantize nbs on the magnetic field direction must themselves be quanti This is called space quantization, Spinning electron hypothesis:- The electrons which move round ‘the nucleus of an atom in their orbit. «also spin about an axis of their ‘own according to this hypothesis. Both orbital and ‘Spin Motions of | : — are quantized wrt both magnitude and direction, | ‘onsider an orbit with principle quantum number n & orbital 2 VI Sem : B.Sc. - PHYSICS - VII Evershine quantum number I To find the number of electrons ina subshell since n & remain the same. the values of m, and m, should be considered, Forany given value of J there are (2/ +) values of m, and for each value of m,there are two values of m,, Hence the ‘maximum number of electrons ina shelis given by Nom = Y, 22141) 1434547 + ot An- N41] ua =2] 1 +02n-0}] = in ms 2. a) What is Bohr magneton? Write its unit, b) What is anomalous Zeeman effect? Explain? ©) What is meant by )L-S coupling i j-j coupling? (H+) 14) BohrMagneton (1, ) isthe smallest unit of magnetic dipole moment and its value is 9.274 x 1017" bb) The phenomenon of spliting up ofa single spectral ine into four or more spectral lines when observed in the presence of a weak magnetic field isknown as anomalous Zeeman effet. tis called ‘anomalous Zceman effect because it could not be explained onthe basis of classical physics, Eletron spins involved in anomalous effect. tis observed in elements like Na, Crete aL, Here all the spin vectors's' combine to form aresultant $ and the orbital vectors “7 combine to form a resultant L. $ & L. then ©) i) L~Scouplingor Russel ~ Saunde!’s coupling combine ofrom4. Phe total angular momentum = ies 24PHYSICS ~ ©" Vers hi, VI Sem : B.Sc., - PHYSICS - VIT eee with the wavelength ofthe incident ight, the scatterings called as sues! Rayleigh scattering, ~ Here the intensity of scattered light (1)is inversely proportional 10 [qT+0A the fourth power ofthe wavelength of incident light. F has (2S +1) valuesif L25 & VI Sem : B.Se.- Evershine three vectors 5,2 are quantized Allthe| ta Yi QL+lyvaluesif L paysics- VT = Moment of inertia i= (5 Fs myst emer (mem) as (mem) ae m, Wee = ane Reduced mass of the molecule 1 wisthe angular velocity £, ofthe molecule are, L= Tw. & baby | oaton.then he angular moms L& rotational KE. 4,2) What are the assumptions of Rutherford’s theory ofp scattering? | ) Obtain the relation between the impact parameter an scattering angle in cay seattering experiment, (2+) a) Assumptions of Rutherford’s a:scattering theory: | 1) The entire mass & positive charge of the atom ‘are concen, trated within a very small central region which is called asthe nucleus. The entire negative charge is uniformly distribued ‘around the nucleus in the form of a sphere. n ‘V1 Sem : B.Se..- PHYSICS - VIT Evershine 2) Thenucleus & a-pantcles are considered as point charges. 3), The only force acting between an a-particle & an atomic nucleus isthe force of repulsion, 4) Thenucleusis so massive that remains stationary during the ineraction, Letan a, particle of charge 2 direction AOB be incident on a nucleus of chara C. tis repelled by a coulomb potential given by ye* and mass M, traveling along the + Ze placed a dexZe Ze Vi= ane, ~4ne,F ‘Where ris the distance between the two charges A Dueto coulomb repulsion. the ©: particle goes longa Hyperbolic pathas shown. The scattered a.- particle follows the direction ‘OD making an angle @ withthe original direction AOB. Impact parameters the minimum distance to which an o: particle ‘will approach the nucleus in the absence of any foree between them. Thus CG = impact parameter =p. Letinitial velocity ofthe a. ~ particle bev. minimum at H, the closest distance of approact ‘AtH the KE. of @tparticle= potential Energy a that point. ‘The velocity becomespuysics- VT Every, "1 Sem : B.Sc, - PHYSICS - VII Evershine VISem BSC. Inthe fig OH =06~ V2 _ sin’ (1-cos? 2) co 4 = = In 660.6050" CO” 3 Vi (It cosa? (1+ cosy V2 _ (I4e0sa)(I-eosa)_ 1+ c08@ co. ater Vi (tesa) 40s ord=acesa han" OO sino 2 jonofangularmomentumat pig But Y= 1-— “Applying the law ofeonservation PISGy ve A H 1b» Leese. (MV)p=(MV,)5 1s Ie0sa a F 1 bsing I-cosd Ww: 8 p(I+cosa) I¥e0sa i pts G Applying belawofeonseraionofenewsv1PSCRH 6 ing L-eoso) _ Ie080 - I¥c0s@ we ea = 24 —— p(I+cosa ) (I+c0s@) l4cos@ Vi= 12 MV, + = anes bsing — _ 20080 p(i+eos@) ‘1 + cos b —sing = 2cosg P tan p= tang Bus =a+d=a+acosa a(1+c0s) 2 x (1+6080) sing “Vv, _ p.sing | sina “V pllteosa) 1+ cos ‘Squaring thiseqa. we have 29 But from the fig, @=11-2@ or @=/2- 0/2 or tang =tan (11/2 - @/2)= cot 6/2 b = cot 9/2 Where b= ———— ae ne, MV? ‘This is the relation between impact parameter p& scattering angle 6. 8) a) What are the different types of beta-decay? }) What are the salient features of beta -ray spectrum and how arethey accounted for by neutrino hypothesis. (3+5) 305- VI & Vesa BS PAIS pichmassnnber ko which mass number A i as decay press in whic of 12 ae sdbut the atomic number Z changes ig remains change 4 pedecay. “There are thre types ot B decay. They are | is “decay orelectron emission (iiy8* decay or positon emission (ii Orbital electron capture, L {i 8" decay-When anucleus hasan excess of neutrons oy, of protons itisunsable & henee undergoes 2B “decay, emission ofanelectron. The reaction is xebes ae : wae Electron emission (6" decay) corresponds to the conversion ioaproton &anclectronite. nuclear neutrot oi pre | (i) 6° decay orpositron emission: When a nucleus has an ees of protons over that of neurons, itis unstable. This results ing emission of a positron (B* decay) when an excess proton, changed into neuron according to the equation, pthe alt yet : ie. Xt eg. C'!_—+ BM + ef (iii) Orbital Flectron capture: When unstable nuclides are richit proton (high z value). the coulomb barrier sometimes doesne allow the emission ofa positron. Then the unstable nucleus tran: 3 tug W! Sem : B.Sc., - PHYSICS - VIE Evershine forms into stable nucleus by transforming the proton into.aneu- ‘ron with the capture of an orbital electron by the nucleus. This process is called as an orbital electron capture. Thus pte — sn XP je! —+,,Y4 B -ray spectrum consists of €g, Be’ +e! + Li? @)acontinuousspectrum with energy ranging from zerotoacertain ‘well defined limit called as “end point energy”. (@ aline spectrum consisting of a number of discrete energies superimposed on the continuous spectrum. Thelinescomespondto discrete energies of -particles whereas, the continuous spectrum is due to a continuous spread of energy among the 6 particle having a max —energy E max. ‘The line spectrum is due to electrons ejected from the outer orbits ‘ofthe atom bythe process of internal conversion and the continuous spectrum is due to the electrons ejected from the nucleus. However explanation of the existence of the continuous energy spectrum presents some difficulties which were overcome with the help of neutrino hypothesis. ‘Toovercome the inconsistencies & violations of conservation laws, Pauli proposed that a the time of B-decay of a nucleus, a new Relative no of ope particles Emax ~> Energy in Mev nV1 Sem : B.Sc. - PHYSICS = 0 a formed & emitted along with g. NVI Sem : B.Sc., - PHYSICS - VII Evershine ly particles simultaneous!) ae 7 called as neutrino (' ete emission, Tis particle Was balance of energy E, = Ean” PB d esi doesnothave ny carb ene CRATES Conse isnotdisturbed. } a Newsnohasaspin's?& obeys Feml-Dirzestaisieg angular moments ii) Theenergy conditions! eed that the neutrino should have, ero magneticmoment Henge Workin; zero rest mass & neatly am : trino isnot easily detectable, Thus the reactions are ‘When the dee D, is negative, the dee D, is positive due tothe RF noptety — Where y ~antineutrino oscillator. nonte +2 & vb neutrino ‘The +ve ion from the source gets accelerated towards D, . When it €” > positron. enters the dee, itistumed through a circular path of radius. Let #y) Ineach f-clecay the end point energy is shared betyag.” _‘v’bethe velocity ofthe fon. Then Bev = "ie. the magnetic c r _ecoilnucleus, particle & the neutrino. At the end pin i t__field provides necessary centripetal force the nentrino has zero energy & - particle has maximum g, we ia cexgy. Hence the continuous spectrum. Dy 4 a) With the help of a diagram, describe the constructy c and working ofa cyclotron. 6 b) Arriveat the expression for energy of the emerging partck what areits limitation? 6) a) Acyclotron consists of two flat D shaped semicircular metal bos D, &D, called dees, They ae aranged in vacuum tank whichis’ ee kept between the polepieces of an electromagnet. An ion soure 2 (O) is kept in the gap between the two dees. A very hi very high AC ee i i ‘voliage ofthe order of 10K V is applied between the dees froman ee oscillator of frequency 10'Hz. a | 4v_ Be “= Angular velocity= "= "T- = iy time peiod T# BE * a “ste fequene ofteossilatorisaduted insucha yg, srrtime ken bytheionto deseribeasemicircle is equ, time forbalfacycle- ‘Thus everytime the fon reaches the gap between the dees polaris change in such way halt gets attracted tua, : ther dee &entrsit witha larger velocity. Hence it traces te circular path of larger radius. Imespeciveof the radis of hepa theion reaches the gap in the same time interval 1/2 th, “Thusthe ion tavelsalong espiraling path of increasing radius, ratinsbecomesequalt the radusof the dee. By then tags suena enn isthenejeed utontothe get tay window. Max. energy oftheion= Yom Where m => massoftheion &y, = max. vel. ofthe ion. BeR j= “SA. where R = Rais ofthe dee ; 1__Be Frequency of the oscillator= f= == >—— ‘requency of the oscillator = f+ T BeR 20m Bek)" 2 E=12m x (#) ~i2mx4n’( ) ees (lal E=2y?mR? (%) =2q?mR?P 35 VI Sem : B.Sc., - PHYSICS - VII ee ‘Thisis the expression for max. K.E. attained by the ion. [tis inde- pendent ofthe a. voltage applied & depends upon mas, radius ofthe dee & frequency of the oscillator. Limitation: “Theenergy to which anion can be accelerated is limited due tothe relativistic increase inthe mass of the ion with velocity i. “The frequency of rotation of the ionis = 57-5 G as mass m' ofthe ion increases, f decreases. Hence jon takes a longer time to travel inside the dee & hence lags behind the ap- plied ac. Finally they ae not accelerated further. Hence the enersy ‘of ions produced by the cyclotron s limited. a) What are direct nuclear reactions? Write their 1. characteristics. b) What are compound nuclear reactions? Write their characteristi ayy "Those nuclear reactions which occur without the formation of any ‘compound nucleus arc called as direct nuclear reactions, These reactions include 1) stripping (eg. When a neutron is stripped in (4 p) reaction 12) pick —up (eg, When a neutron is picked upin(p.d) reaction. 3) breakup (eg. A+B > A*C+D) “4) knock ~outeg,arcaction in which a single nucleon ora small clusters removed from the projectile during collision) Characteristics of direct reactions : ) Theyare fast a 36Vii 8&.- ea" a 4) They require higher energiesi-e. they require projectile, ii) They happen on the surface rather than in the volume of y, interacting nucki | iv) Angular distributions of direct reaction products depend the momentum transfer & parity change during the reactions, +b) Those reactions in which a projectile & atarget nucleus ae with, the range of nuclear forces forsome time interval, thereby allo foralarge number of interactions between thenucleonsare knoyy, ‘as compound nuclear reactions. Eg. a+ XC’ +b+D | The time scale of compound nuclear reactions is ofthe order 10s. Here the projectile is captured by the target and together they form a highly excited compound nucleus. ‘The excitation energy is shared uniformly among the constitnent nucleons. Characteristics of compound nuclear reactions : ) They involve many nucleon-nucleon interactions il) They are significantly slower than direct reactions as energy equilibrium needs time, ii) The compound system releases energy by the emission of neutrons, protons —partclesr-rays & have a lifetime of the order of 10s Eg. p+ Cu = yn = Zn +n» 8. a) Explain the various types of interactions between fundamental particles. 'b) What are quarks? How many types of quarks are there? Name them. (444) 7 VI Sem : B.Sc, - PHYSICS - VIT Evershine 8) There are four fundamental types of interactions that can take place betwen fundamental particles. They are~ 1) Gravitational interaction ii) Electromagnetic interactions ii) Stoiginteractions 'v) Weakinteractions }) Gravitational imteractions ae the weakest interactions. They ‘are attractive in nature and have infinite range. This interaction * depends only on the inertia or miass of the particles. It varies inversely as the square ofthe distance between the interacting particles, The are very important in case of macroscopic particles but are negligible in sub atomie particles but are negligible in sub atomic particles. The quantum of gravitational field is known as graviton which has not be detected so far. i) Electromagnetic interactions oocurinal charged particles. They |__canbeattractiveas well asrepulsive depending upon the nature of |_ charges, They vary inversely as the square of the distance between | the particles, The quantum of electromagnetic field is a photon. ‘The magnitude ofthis interaction is much greater than that ofthe ‘gravitational interaction but less than nuclear interaction. It plays a. ‘very importantrole in various phenomena of observable world. fi) Strong interactions take place in stable nuclei. This isatype of nuclear interaction and is strong enough to overcome the large + Tepulsive forces between the densely packed protonsin the nucleus. Strong interactions are charge independent and extremely short * range (= 10" m). They donot obey inverse square law. The ‘quantum of field isthe [1 -meson or pion jv) Weak interactions have a range less than 10"""m and characteristic time ~ 10°. The weak interaction has such a short 38————— Sure such particles should be more that 3, °° oka ermiaiscbooon, iis interaction is a € cigs Tin sesso Wich B=12T £1.76 x10°C Ke : A oe ena os Ber? _ Be lachangl andspin + V, cach. The, Zeemanshift= 44 (E) ection banjo mubesand sin * 72 C2 Thy atin ~ acl tee ssfavor", “charm” & "colour", assigned propertissuchas “favor “ age 12% (680x 10")! i a reererapesorqus. Tyee DUROD ADIN, OARS Gort 76x 10") re . & vi) bottom (b). T vy top (0 “ ) bor ce ferea = 95918 10*= 0.2594" it NG IL. The force constant of CO molecule is 187 Nm’, Find the frequency of vibration of CO molecule and spacing between charm (c),iv) strange (®) corresponding ant-quarks labeled u, PART-B s.Each problem carries 4 marks; the vibrational levels. (The reduced mass of CO moleculeis ‘Answer any five problems c 1.145 x 10° kg) 9. Calculate the value of Bohr magneton Given :m,=9.lxjy Force constant = K = 187N m* : 145 x 10 Kg b= 6.625 x 10 Js Reduced mass ch Set eee ime 2M Vu 2x3.142 V1.145 x 10% kg j= 1.6 x10"C diy =Bohar magneton Zr], 1.6 x 10" x 6,625 x10 = 0.09268 x 10 Bre 10” Hea 3142x9110" 6.28 e ¥= 2.0335 x 10 Hz My = 927K. ‘Spacing between the levels = AE = hy 10. Calculate the Zeeman shift observed in the normal Zeemy effect when a spectral line of wavelength 680 nm is subjecty 6.625 x 10™ ¥ 20335 x10" 5, 1.6x 10" toa magnetic field of lux density 1.2 T. Given: (£}o1.76x 10" he" aga {2.8m a~ particle of energy 10 MeV is moving towards gold 9), Calculate the distance of closest approach. 40 4 = 680nm = 680 x 10%m 39VI Sem : B.Sc.,- PATON" a, nye ny = 10MeV= 10x 10% 16x 10 16x10) | z=79 | | | particle is Distance of closest approach of an— Part 1 ate, 1 2x79x(1.6 x10") x esi Fuad x8.85x 10 1.6 x 10 = 9x 10x 252.8% 10% =2275.2 x 10'7= 2.275 x 104m 13. Acarbon specimen found in excavation contains X% asmy C!asan equal amount of carbon in living matter: Caley, the approximate age ofthe specimen, given half feof cx 5568 years. Given Ty, = 5568 years for C'* 0.6931 _ 0.6931 Ty 5968 Peryear j VI Sem : B.Sc, - PHYSICS - vi Evershine =8= Atlog,e=log.8 A= 2.30310 8,8 2.303 x 0.9031 03931 * 5568 = 16708 years. 14. Thorium -228 emits alpha particles of energy 5.42 MeV. Calculate alpha disintegration energy. M, =228-4=224;°M, =4 4 228 w = 5.42/14 |= 5.42 8 |= 517: (+4) s4o( 228) "Py > “Sy, & °F, How does the finite size of the nucleus affect the value of Rydberg’s constant? Explain. ‘The finite mass ofthe nucleus changes the value ofthe Rydberg constantslightly. 1 -: Ry we M Where R, isthe Rydberg constant assuming nuclear mass to be infinity. m —» mass of electron and M —> massof nucleus. Since Moom, Ry Re: Why all diatomic molecules donot show rotational spectra? Molecules such as H,, 0, ete donot have a dipole moment & hence no radiation takes place due to pure rotation. Hence non polar dictomic molecules (like H,,O, ete) donot exhibt rotational spectra. Only polar molecules such as HCI, CO ete. exhibit rotational spectra. Why does the rising sun or setting sun appear red? Atsunrise or sunset, the sunlight travels a great distance through the atmosphere to reach our eyes. Since scattering intensity Ja Yj2 most of the blue light is seatered away. The least 4» — yy esour eyes and appears to, nd reaches our ‘y' = scattered lightis red a” from the sun. The’ red and other particles ‘Are most energetic a= No. it is because the: energy o! ol itshalf life (i<8.0 Tr sitterstonglived? Explain, fare isiverely proportion.» short lived. : 5 : ‘Wy is Quenching necessary in a GM tube? Explain, jee should be compl ischange caused by Une previous Parti! le, record ihe reading corel. Hence quenching iS Necessary jn, GM. tube. Can a photon Justify youranswer. | Yesaphoton can be usedinanuclearreaction e, transmutation, induced in some nuclides ifthey ae bombarded with high eneny photons. This process knovmas photodsinezaton. The en ofthe incident photon must be greater than or equal 0 the binging energy ofthe target auclide. Py H+ ot! Thisreaction requiresa 7 ~ray photon of energy 2.225 Mey, peused asa projectile in a nuclear reaction, 45 Answer any five ofthe following questions, Each question ca colourisenbaneedty ePrserceory” EVERGHINE MODEL PAPER III PHYSICS- VII Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics TE ) Heneenestenergeti¢ @—Criters Time 3 Hours ‘Max, Marks : 70 PART-A. eight marks. (Sx8= Explain the different quantum numbers associated with vector atom model. ‘ 8 ‘The different quantum numbers associated with the veetor atom ‘model are— Principal quantum number (m) Orbital quantum number!) Spin quantum number (s) ‘otal quantum number (j) Magnetic orbital quantum number (m) 1) Magnetic spin quantum number(m,) a) 2) Magnetic total quantum number (m2) 4) Principal quantum number (n) denotes the principal orbit or shell o which the electron belongs. Itcan take integral values ie, 1,2,3 Iteannot take zero value. by Orbital quantum number (2) defines the shape of the orbit occupied by the electron and the orbital angular momentum of theelectron, 46a Svershy ° momentum +h pe fon = fais+0 omentum quantum number) EPRESen = ia vrbial angular momentum and Spin ang vveetorsumo! ‘momentum. | 4d j J } Thetota angular momentum=p,= VJ +1) h | Magnes oil quantum murberm/FEFESNIS I Proj, onthe magnetic Hild fel ‘makes values from +/ to ~1through zero, ) represents the project, Magnetic spinquantum number arzorsenbe eset field direction. m,takes values 2s) fiom sto +sexcluding eo. Since sis always equal to ay never ero, m, can have only two values Vy and -Y, cular momentum quantum number ny Magnetic total an : : esas the projection ofj on the Field directions, I take, (Qj+1) values from +) t0—j excluding zero. Describe with a diagram the stress and Gerlach experiment Write the importance ofits result. 6 “The experimental set upisas shown in the diagram O isthe ovenin which metallic iver is heated to produce anatomic beam of ser This beam is collimated by the shits S, & S,, It is then passed 47 * Evershine VI Sem : B.Se., - PHYSICS - VI a <> itor tt pen ‘through highly inhomogeneous magnetic field M and then falls on the photographic plate P, To produce an inhomogeneous magnetic field, one of the pole pieces has a knife edge shape and the other has a groove cut in it as shown inthe figure. When B = 0 (i.e. magnetic field is zero), the beam travels ‘undetected, falls onthe plate P and produces. straight trace When {Ue magnetic fields switched on, two traces ae produced as shown inthe fig. Theory :Every atomisan atomic dipole having a magnetic dipole moment 41. Letts polestrength be p and length be J. Let the dipole ‘make an angle 9° withthe magnetic field as shown in fig. (i) avit a 4B J gos8 | where s, the §, a Gl de Me fig gion : The foree actingat P= PB piso) The force actingat Q=P|"* de thedirection ofthe field, tory fore along the dire a ee me anges BBS al 2B Bj cos= p 10050 G Ere ae (gee if 3 bem éeletbeits velocity ina drei py field I Listhelengthof the magne, Z a Let the mass of the atom De perpendicularto the magnet field then the time of fight 4cos6| mm the field direction is ‘Acceleration of the atom = 4= __ Displacement ofthe atom alon sre fldstengibatthepolep, VISem: B.S, PHYSICS Yur Evershine 4B Knowing Dx,m, (2) |. L&v.* 1 forsilvercan be calculated-It \was found to be one Bohr magneton Result twas found thatthe atomic beam split into two trace. In case of silver atom, the electron is in’s’ state and hence its orbital angular momentum iszer0 as /=0, The entire magnetic moment is due to the spin of the electron. i Here j= 1+ % : m has (2) +1) orientationie. (2x Y4 +1 orientations. Hence the beam splits into two in the presence of ‘magnetic field. Thus the experiment isa direct proof of the idea of space quantisation suggested in the vector atom model. a) Name the different kinds of molecular spectra. Obtain an expression for energies of various vibrational levels. G45) ‘There are three types of molecular spectra. They are (i) Pure rotational spectrum, (ii) Rotational vibrational spectrum, (iii) Electronic spectrum. : Letus consider the vibrational motion of adiatomic molecule. Let ‘m, and m, be the masses of the atoms & rbe the distance between them. es ‘The molecule vibrates along the line joining the two atoms. Asit vibrates, arestoring force F comes into play. Iti propostional to the displacement x ahd directed towards the centre of mass. Fa-x 1 F=-Ke 50——_—_ -. vit ysics vi sem : BSc. PAH a ysizameiors oft ae ical ns According tO NEWEN'S Seon n ‘of the bond betwee | lawofmoion | | Fema= lecule, the liney’ acting on he mo in asters rot ns donot remainconstat ae ae sof mass. Such a two ody oscillator the positio re the motion of cequivalentto| repeat sass is equal tothe reduced MISS mgs ae ng lasiel means ~Theffequency ofthe vibratig body will be { ik [otionieo] | mV a a i Acconingo quantum mechanics the vibration energy levels sho be quantized, given by the equation, sl ae ‘VI Sem : BSc.,- PHYSICS - VI Evershine 1 Baa (ort ng Where v = 0,1,2,3 + isknowas the vibrational quantum number ground state enerey Ex = Yo hy when v=0 Firstexcited state E,, = 34 uy =when v= 1 Substituting for vy, we get Vibrational energy En 4. a) Define the half life ofa radioactive substance. simple harmonic oscillator Why, b) Explain the theory of successive disintegration of radioactive substance, 246) 4) Thehalflif ofaradioactive substance is definedas the time required yy for one half of the substance to disintegrate, ie. at ¢ N=NOf whereNoisthe original numberof atoms. 'b) Weknow that each parent nucleus decays intoa daughter nucleas, which in tum decays into a grand daughter nucleus & so ontilla stable end product (generally an isotope of lead) is formed, Letusconsidera parent element P decaying into adaughter element (Qwhich in tum decays into a grand daughter element R.& soon 1. POR vrsoun > X (Sable) Thisis known as successive disintegration . Letattime t= 0,No be the number of atoms of the parent element. Letat some time t=1,N,,N,,N,......ete be the no. ofatoms of 32of these elements: “tron the rate dsinegration Rate of formal ut sond elements exainsiN? et ate of formation of Ns (AMA) dt But N= Nee™ Be cane AN a AN, =ANee a Maltiplying both sides by « ate have Biase Amen a Fs diye) =ANye” L (nye) = AM on Ge") Integrating both the sides Aya ja A Ny mea) But at t= 0,N,=N, &N, 0 3 re fist element =F -= jonottreatomso jelementatie rate ites be the decay consi esecondelememt 25, | atoms of the second elemen, ‘VI Sem : BSc, - PHYSICS - VIT Evershine A t-ayere 4 } N, ( -Ay* Substituting the value of C, we get >C= Nea A. A) omega Maca wld o Tyna Mle ‘Theabove equation gives the number ofatoms of the second element (Q) present after time t’ IRincreases with increasing t & attains a maximum at some instant 4, which can be determined by differentiating the above equation 34» a) ») 1 by Fa the range ino hypothesis: (444) paricletravelin the pas be ge ofan a particle? Derive a) What is ne ‘genergy of a particle, relation betwee Outline Pauli’s neu" ican Teta wan oxen te B38 icaleg isenerey e factors such ye depends upon some a a cage inate THE es iain Poet of he inital enerey of pressure of the gas articles, of a- particle ; i mn the range & eneTRY fe protect aril directly Proportion, : 2 of B= yt ec iyvie Boy 8208810 He : therange Ran bereiaed tb yarelaion ence ‘a’ jsaconstant 24, where i — timid energy range, isknovn Thisempirical relation, valid in “Geiger'slow. ‘Atlower ranges, Ravy ‘Athigherranges, Rave! & RaE, norder'o overcome the inconsistencies seenin he characteris af ray spectra and votaion of conservation laws, Pau proposed the neutrino hypotheris. Ha Rak*. 55 “| VI Sem ; B.Sc, - PHYSICS - VIE Evershine According to it, at the time of 2—decay of a nucleus, a new particle is simultaneously formed & emitted along with the emission ofa particle. Thisnew particle was called as neutrino (v), which carries the balance of energy. (EU = En, Ey). The properites assigned to neutrino are }) They havezero charge i) In f ~ decay, the parent & daughter nuclei have the same mass number & hence they obey same statistics. Their nuclear , angular momenta differ only by zero or an integral multiple of p . Since electron obey F-D statistics &chave a spin of "4 , the nertrino ‘must also obey F-D statisties & have a spin of "7 to conserve statistics & angular momentum, ii) From energy considerations, neutrinos must have zero rest ‘mass & nearly zero magnetic moment. That is why they are not easilydetectable. in) Since f° particle (electron) & ° particle (positron) are antiparticles, by analogy, nentrino also has an antiparticle called antinentrino (5). v) The end point energy in each - decay is assumed to be shared between the recoil nucleus, f particle and the neutrino. ‘The neutrino carries contrinuourly varying energy & hence there is ‘continuous variation in the energy of particles. At the end point, the nentrino has zero energy & - particle has maximum energy. This explains the continuous - spectrum, conservation of energy & linear momentum. The three decay processes are ~ 56vical : Sem : BSc.,- PHYSICS. vir Evershine p(s ae : poihee +B __ being heavier, move slowly towards cathode. : i aol pr decay) A graph of ionization current versus applied voltage sas shown in pion! ta reoton captie) fig). 4 et a ont ty (eee ith a diag te snamaber? Explain with! MA8ran. ionization 6. WhatisaBioni pid voliage, gt Tmz variation oon? “nuclear radiation deter, which An ionization cham uatomic parces can nize | on the principle that pe nature & velocity ofthe ps le ‘The ionization ced ty measuring the number of igg 1 lonization | which can be calcul ' charts oy ee current with applied voltage, on eri Variation of ionicatio ——— Applied vottage AB ~ ionization chamber region : JoamPlier BC > Proportional counter region oma Da 5 Geipa Muller Winter region EF continuous discharge ‘The curve can be divided into three ‘important parts. ') Region AB (Ionization chamber region) : When the voliage reaches a sufficiently high value (v, the loss fiions due to recombination becomes negligible and all the electrons reach the Z ‘anode, Hence the ionization current attains a constant value. This Jpamber consists ofa thin wire as anode placed region (AB) is known as ionization chamber region & is generally isofacylindrical gas filled chamber. The chambers ysed for the detection. of heavily ionizing particles such as a - an cata pressure of 1 amore panicles & other heavy ions eee froma radioactive sourceenters the chamber ji) Region BC (Proportional counter region) : When the Hone rye electrons produced duetoonization, move yehage is increased beyond V. the leciore getaccelerated & 5 sone pehenumberaclectrons formedate Yuin energy increases. These energetic efectrons produce additional towards ba parr by directionization. The positiveions, ionization by colision with other eas molecules, This isknowas point insi 37 58 Figg Agasionization dlSe Everyy, _ paysics” vil i proportional tothe ing jer the cu joo to tne gas mull OS potonal COUN eign reposurement of weg vi sem: 886 PT tion gas mle ‘ rane of ese nad see te a jsused for ein Ene themultipicat : joni stages ter ine ‘iy! sveen te ionization eure Ifthe voliage the proportion es vega (CD) a mm saPPea xed forany measurement, rater counter reRion) : Wi (DE) (GeiBeT ne ionization CUTER eco ey sendent of the electrons (N,), co Ta and ae rcoutrogion disused 6 dey is! knowns Geiger rays 7-1 age beyond V.) ests in continugg A further increase in VO discharge in’ the detector. 1. Write short notes Of a) Elastic: seatering » Inclastie scattering | 9) Radiative capture J & Photo-disintegration «) Elastic scatering accion cungntnecy| A melear prose’ onlychangeindiectioncceuriscaly care ial kinetic energy isconserved,itisknown, ees incident on the target nucleus “X" the elastic scatering, 39 VI Sem : BSe.,- PHYSICS - VII Evershine atXaXea 8: Hel + sy Au!” > Au” + Het 4) Inelastic scattering : ‘fina scatering process, the outgoing particles donot have the same energy as that of the incident particles, the process is known as inelastic scattering, Here kinetic energy is not conserved. atX 3X ta atk Xa Where represents exited nucleus & g* represents an outgoing, particle with higher energy. ee L+\H' 4 (,L7) +H Radiative capture : |In such reactions, a low energy incident particle such as a ‘neutron or aproton is captured by the target nucleus which ‘thereby transforms into a compound nucleusin a highly excited state, The compound nucleus decays to the ground state with the emission of one or more 7 -rays. Ee: C+ HL WT Way Li + Het [8] +a! 4y Photo ~disintegrations : Nuclear reactions that are brought about by high energy radiations are known as photadistingvation. The energy of the incident photon(= hy) must be greater than the bindingenergy of the target nuclide. 60.rahi 2.225 MeV. The region f enerey A i. so ndsto energies HOM 10"T0 10% the conservation laws why, sate explain wth getions is " sntary P™ govern es eh eitaing ‘Conservation of ass: forclementary Particle, Prov. momentum (0FSPi8) ld goo the relativistic conection s™ action, the total ch Conservation of charge? Inany We ay i) Conse 0 ornate Fg. inantiproton production pep prprrt?) ber | Total chee qustum na a aed orl the ri seid values of total charge quantum number y i.e the ini : ie om 2 (L) ~Inany reactio iy ion of Lepton number 7 1 Comer fs EH IPM Pte total numt ny ler ‘counted as +1 lepton whereas each ant particle is counted as.) 7 into th lepton. Eg, consider the decay of #1 into fe correspondig particles. ve 40,40. | charges -1=-14+0+04-1 | Lepton number +1=+1+1+¢D=41 } ‘Thus charges & lepton numbersare conserved. | ity Conservation of Baryon number: In every reaction, i él vi Sem : BSc.,- PHYSICS - ViT Evershne {otal number of baryon is conserved, Protons & neutrons arc counted as +1 baryon whereas anti proton & anti neutron are counted as-1 baryon, Eg.in pte +0. Baryan number +1 -+1+0+0=+1 Hence Baryan number is conserved. ‘Thus the conservation laws which are obeyed are i) Mass—energy => DE=constant constant fi) Linearmomentum = 0p ii) Angular momentum ~ 5-7 =constant wv) Electric charge = ¥ q=constant v) Lepton number => ¥ L=constant vi) Baryon number => 5 Apart froin the above, in strong & electromagnetic interactions, 2) iso-spinquantum number ‘b) Hyper charge c) Strangeness constant 4) Party arealso conserved PART-B Answer any five problems. Each problem carries 4 marks : (Sx4=20) 9. What are the possible orientations of J for & states that correspond tol=1? i=in Kala 2| y wolfe Te cme ach experiment sil TS tray Stern Geil i j 10¢In the Stern Jeimina non-hormogencods Magnetic distance of 0. Jocity of silver atoms is 4g a ofsiiver atom =1.79 x 10°KE Bobr magneton=9.2 10ST Berm! — L=0.15m m=179x10%K8 Hy =9.2X 10%) v=400ms! . (29 Separation between the two traces 2m \ ae ») 2 | : 8 05 1 o21107) oo () 2 15s 400 92x60 (0.15)" 19.=0,002168m 72(1.79)(400)" D=2.168 x 10m 11.Caleulate the Zeeman sit produced in normal Zeeman ef when a spectral line of wavelength 590 nm is subject t, 6B | a VISem : B.Sc, - PHYSICS - viz Evershine magnetic field of 0.ST: Assume the spegific charge ( < Joe m | the electron is 1.76 x 10°" ekg, 2=590x10' = BeosT Ye =1.76x 10" CKg! — Bea? __ 0.56590 x 10%)? a =: (1.76.x 10") 4xB.142x3 x10" ime = 9:5(590)?"x 1.76 x 40" x 10" x 10 4x31 x3 dA = 8124.55 x 10 = 0.08124 x 10% ah 12. Determine the value of the rotational constant of H-F molecule from the following data, Reduced massof H-F molecule = 9.583 x 10" Kg. Bond length of H-F moleéuje* 1.2A Planck's constant = 6,632 x 10S, 1 =9.583x 10" Ke 2A 38:25 10"m=r Bond lengt f= 6.632.x 10 Js Rotational constant = Se pr? = 9.583 x 107*X(1.2 x10 9.583 x (1.2)? x 10% x 10% 1= 13.799 x 10** Kem? “4ql shine 6,632.x10" ‘yl Sem : B.Sc.,- PHYSICS - VI Evershin 513.7910" X3 x jgr | Given : Halflife of U= 4.5 x 10° years Hall life of U>*= 7.13 x 10" years | | 6931 |. Tyeasxio st 2g, = 0.5931 | 5x 10? ys. for UM 2A, = asa Per year 0.6931 Tye - | Ty 7.13 x 10" yes for US, == sys ge Perea a {s 8.02 MeV. Caley, iis bombarded on old nya ra through 90° or more, a apMeV= 802% 10°% 1.6 10%) 2.30308 9(140) a 06 il 2.303 x 2.1461 0.6931 x 0.114 x 10" _ 15. Determine the threshold energy needed to initiate the 0.14694 10 = 142410" | reaction P (n,p) Si Given: m, = 1.00814 u, m,= 1.00898 The iotopes of U™ & U™oeeurin ehe nature inthe ray 8M, = 30.98356 u, M, =30.98515 u. There that atthe tine oft fOMMALON yy = 1 081 4u; M, 30 98356 u svere present in equal aio, make am estimate ofthe agey theearth. (1,6 10)" x08 45 tied oem > Fyaya x8.85x 10" 88.02 sm, = 1.00898 u M,=30.98515 u 65 .Vi sem: BSe.- PHYSICS - VT The reaction can be written 26 Ph gat St PAD 3.98356 + 1.00898 = 30.98515 + 1 00814 + Q nce = 31.99254—31.99329 = 0.00075 -. Mass differet But I amu (oru)=931.5 MeV. 6986 MeV. (2) 1.00898, 0690/1 i535 } = 0,00075 x 931.5 Threshold energy 40.719 MeV 16.A cyclotron accelerates protons to 4 MeV. To What energy will the cyclotron accelerate cz particle? Given : m, = 1.674.107 kg 1m, = 6.64832 x 1077 kg Enefgy of proton Energy of a particle ‘VI Sem : B.Sc., - PHYSICS - ViT Evershine 14g? xR xB 2m, A 2m, PRE Joseae Bene ) m 4 x 167x107 0 "5 64852 x 107 *4 £,=4019MY PART-C Answer any five questions. Each question carries two marks : (Gx2=10) 17.a) What is the direction of magnetic moment of an electron b) with respect to its orbital angular momentum? Explain. ‘The direction of magnetic moment is always opposite to the direction ofthe orbital angular momentum of the electron. This is because electron isnegatively charged. Does L-S coupling exist in heavy atoms? Explain. ‘No. L-S coupling can exit only in light atoms containing many valence electrons, The electrostatic interaction between the electrons is large. In heavy atoms only j-j coupling exists due to large spin-orbit interaction, Why does the normal Zeeman effect occur only in atoms with an even number of electrons? For even number of valence electrons, the net spin (spin up + spin down) is zero. Hence normal Zeeman effect (for which electron. spin should be zero) is observed only in atoms such as Ca, Cu, Zn ete which have even number of valence electrons, Are Raman scattering and Rayleigh Scattering similar? Explain, ‘Raman scattering is due to inelastic collisionand Rayleigh scatering is due to elastic collision. In Raman scattering Stoke's and 68vl ° 2 ) BSc. - PHYSICS: 1 Sem eoriginal line, Where, | : seen alo, wi ME ea antistoke’s lines are S ons sare wavelnBh 2 that pq) Rayleigh. the satered incident photon. ‘What is the decay The decay constant on Ee oa ae are not? d j, while protons an¢ ie / neil S reigh iningen= 8 MEV). When, a pales Dav a energy is reeased: Hence rem vile Fothe emissiono protonsand neu i ‘pe supplied from outside the nucy re emitted by radioag is energetically poss more energy will have © sy i itisnotenergetic ol ; tenet couater detec! neutrons? ExPIs ee raneretsbeing marFl Pretest Yo. tis beta eas wen pss ought Henee MEY CHnNOY beds, gas by G-M counter : “ cleus stateis possible » anown as quasi-stationary s ‘Compound nus s Justify eis absorbed by the if reactions. projectile e Incompound es dsibuted randomly mong yof the projectile Th ngs Hence mingle ncleon of thee neve comeout immediately. Aferarelativey Jong time (= 10"s) wh Tongerthan the natural mlear ime (= 105) €n0Ugh energy recente on one of te nucleons enablingitt0 escape from target. Thus. though the compo still disimegrate by ejecting one or more nucl tobe in quasi-stationary state und nucleus exists fora longer ime, i leons. Hence iis » o 8 Time: 3 Hours VI SEM B.Sc., MAY/JUNE 2019 PHYSICS- VII Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Phys Max. Marks : 70 PART-A Answer any five of the following questions. Each question carries cight marks. 5x840 a) State and explain Pauli’s exclusion principle. Obtain an expression for the maximum number of electrons ima shell. ant ‘Statement : “No two electron in an atom can occupy the same ‘quantum state, Or, in neutral atom, al the four quanturn numbers ‘can never be identical for two or more than two electrons.” ‘The quantum state of an electron is specified by four quantum xnumbersn, l,m, and m, Each electron must havea different set of quantum numbers, ic., iftwo electron have same values of the first three quantum numbersn, fand m, the fourth quantum number, must be different. Otherwise. one of the two electrons will be excluded from entering the configuration of the atom. Hence the name “exclusion principle.” ‘Consider an orbit with principal quantum number n & orbital ‘quantum number /, To find the number of electrons ina subshell, ‘the values of m, and m, should be considered. For any given value 7’ s-V ne forever value of ad Foren Myth V1 Sem BSE ranere ae 1) at arena values of rcaenenee zivenby ence the maxima Wi =D 2+) a7e3+5tT*e : y, a{georo)-™ : eesti uaa su effect? ormaland anomalous Z&ST0 fy 2a) What is Zeeman by Distinguish between Give the Quantum theory of Normal Zeeman effect, 1434 a ‘ap of spectral lines produced presence ofanentemal magne, a) The phenomenon of spins light source whenkeptin the field is knowmas Zeeman elect 5) Refer Evershine Model Paper Par A,Q.No.2(b).. | 9 th efer Evershine Mode! Paper. art, Q.No. 2(@).. 3.) What is Raman effeet? Give (he Quantum mechaniey explanation of Raman effet b) Distinguish between Stoke's and Antistoke’s lines. 2444) 2) Refer Evershine Model Paper Part, Q No. 3(@). 1 Stoke's ines are those which have feauencis less thant Frequency ofnidentligh. Aske ineshavefequeneis peg than the frequency of incident light. 1 + PHYSICS - VIE Bvershine e's lines is always greater than the number of antistoke's lines, Antistoke’s lines are fainter than Stoke's ines. 4. 2) State the assumptiosn of Rutherford’s theory of a —ray scattering, b) Obtain an expression for Rutherford’s scattering formula. 246 a) Refer Evershine Model Paper Il, art A, Q. No. (a) 1b) Therelation between impact parameter P* & scattering angle 19's givenby pa Zend hy «i ‘Rutherford’ scattering formula gives usthenumberof a -partcles that get scattered through an angle @. Thus any ar-particle approaching a target nucleus with an impact parameter from O 10 Pill be scattered through an angle of or more. Thus an ce ~ particle directed anywhere within the area [Ip?around a nucleus will be scattered through @or more. Where 6= Cross section interaction =o = Tip? (2), erent n JPHYSICS - 0 VI Sem : BSc. Let A —yareaof god fol > thicknessof gold fil 1 —pno. ofgoldatms/ volume “No.of target nucli/area=Pt “= Particle incident upom area will encounter nAtmucle, «Total corss section for ‘Scattering thr’ = nid = miATIP 9 Ormore “Fraction of -paricle seated through @ ormore= Total cros: ection for sttering Total area of the particle scattered between 9 nj «. The fraction of incident uation, {9-+d9 isobtained by differentiating the above ea Yl x cot cosci?2. df =-nitl| 2x ~ x cot cos: =o yal eg) reboots ‘The-ve sign indicates that f decreases withincreasine @ B VI'Sem : BSc, - PHYSICS - yyy af Bvershine Letthe a particle sea attered be of sphere of radius R whose: eau eee ‘The zone radius=Rsing «= Area struck by scattered a -particles = ds =(2T1R sin (R48) ds = 201R’ sin@do Busin9=2sii 2 cos? 22 ds =4TR* sin 20052 a9 2 2 Ifatotal of, cr particle strike the foil during the course of the expt The number scattered into gg at 9 isN, df No.of particles Striking he sereen = 1(0)= “A "- PHYS VI Sem : B.Sc. | VI Sem : B.Sc., - PHYSICS - vir Evershine ato Gamow gave atheoretcal expression forthe decay which 2 YB rosect ede thatthe decay constant 2 and predicted ze 4) oot coset” 5 mace ege thehalflifeshould vary stongly 2 an sin 200s 40 ©) Raneeof parce depends upon 4 g i) Initial energy (or velocity) ofthe cr ~particles iS ‘i) The nature of the radioactive element ‘ @ Nymtz'e' 4-d0 = reser | iii NO" Gare ER 2 i) The nature ofthe material through which they pss. vg scattering formula. ba risisnnmasatos=e | memes to) 5, a) Whatis a—decay? = | 6.2) What is decay? by Outline Gamow’s theory of @ on 1) Mention th 6) What are the factor’s on walsh (Re range of para,” Mention the pes of decay. ben 2t44q) ©) Givetheimportant features of fray spectrum. 14245 spontaneously ejected fron} a) Thespontaneous decay process in which mass number A of nucleus remains unchanged but the atomic number zis ee ‘number inereasesby one unit bb) Refer Evershine Model Paper Il, Part A, Q. No. 5(2). ‘) Refer Evershine Model Paper Il, Part A, Q.No. (b). 7. 2) Explain endoergic and exoergic types of reactions. b) What is threshold energy? Derive an expression for the 2) The process in whichan particles the nucleusis called —deeay- 'b) Gamow's theory of deca? = that the ar—particl: In er-decay classical calulations show destiny miniraum energy 126 Mevto overcome the potential bag pe eee of U2, But tis found that U™ em ‘and escape from the nucleus of i Mev. ‘This discrepancy was explained by i 4 es Stent bor. He suggested hat cr bis escapes from the nucleus by tunnel M 44 “The basic notions ofthis quam theory = 2) Refer Evershine Model Paper, Part A,Q.No. 7(a) as an entity within a heavy nucleus b) Refer Evershine Mode! Paper I, Part A, Q.No. 7(b). 1) An qr-particle may exist 2) ‘tisanconstant motion and bounces back & forth from Barrier walls. At every collision with “wall” there isa fin probability thatthe particle can Jeak through the barrier. 5 8. a) What are elementary particles? b) What are the board categories into which the elementary particles are classified? 246 16rah, ysics- VIE Vi Sem : BS. - PHYSICS Q.no.8 ViSem: BS, PHYSICS. yyy jel Paper! Part Evershine 2) Refer Evershine Mo w hows rar ata aNO _ a fees al Zeeman effect, the sodium 422.6 nm line splits | into three components separated by 0.025 nm ina magnetic parT-B i field of ST. Calculate the specific charge ofthe electron. ‘ uestion cary, “Anowerany feof te ftowing uessans Each USNON reine " " four marks. 7 oe 9. Find thewaveenghoflightemited when B= DY een a a * dergees transition from theS™orbittO2" 47% stung hae tobe 13.6 eV. ionization potential for bydrogen 10™ °° - d=" _¢ 4Tind > /m ps n=5 ne 6x1.6x10)" jal = 13.6¢V = 13.6% 1 £, Ionization potential 13.6eV = 43.142 x 0.025 x 10? x3.x 10" lonizat = SRSA? x 0.025 x 10? x 3.x 10" e | m 3x 422.6 x 10°F = 4x3.142 x 0.025 x3 x 10" x 10! 3422.67 = 1.759 x 10x 10" .759 x 10" CKg" 11. The force constant of CO bond is 187 Num“, Find the frequency of vibration of CO molecule given mass of C= 1,99 x 10 kg, and 0" =2.66 x 10° kg, Also find the spacing between vibrational levels. Force constant = Mass of C? =m, 2 AC x100_6625x 10% x3x10' x10 2E, 21 x 13.6x 1.6 x 10” Mass of O'* =, pu $1625 83x10" 10" _ 9.94349 x 10° Reduced mass © Dx 13.6 x 1.6 1,99 x 2.66 (1.99 + 2.66) 1 B = 4349 x 10m = 4349A" x 10™= 1.14 10% kgVI Sem : B.Se.- PHYSICS = °° & ration “"~ 21 V A Frequency of vbr 187 ysixioe + et he Y= T3142 VAT x 10 y=2.04x 10" Hz Spacing between the levels = ae 625 x 102.0410 13.515 x 10°F 13.515x 107g 44x10 16x10" 12.1g of a radioactive substan centigram. Find is hal ife period Mass ofradioactve substance=m=18 t=50s Suppose one gmbas Nomuclel L Mass which ecaysin 5087 59g 8 “008 +, No. of nuclei which decay =0,01xNo Remaining muclei=No-0.01 No=0.99No ‘We know that Nene :.0.99N, = Nye = 502 =1og100—log 99 =2.303[ log 100-1og10”] 2 stance takes 50 8 £0 lose og, | ‘yj Sem : B.Sc., - PHYSICS - VIL Bvershine 504 = 2.303(2-1.995] = 0.01005 0.01005 _ . | Aap =2040x 10 | 0.693 0.693 A 20.10% 107 s Half life=T, aa 13. Calculate the particle potential barrier in case of Rn”. | A=222;Z2=86 2y2e ater, ca-particle potential barrier = Vos nuclearradius of Radom | n= Ra WhereR, .2x10%m 12 x 10%(222)% _9x2x84 (1.6) x 10% x 10" x10 1.2 x 6.055 6 x 10" 1.6 x10” 32.94 x 10° eV V,=33.294 MeV 14. C¥ undergoes ~decay transition to N¥. If the end point ‘energy of the transition is 0..156 MeV and the mass of the 80i Eversh,| paysics- Vil hig VI Sem : B.Se.~ ors amo, find sass of the final atgy inital atomis 14 End point energy =0.156MeV Md=Mass of daughter (inal) t0™ Interm of tomicmass unit, webave 2-156 _ 14.00768-M, 931 .00768-0.0001675 ulate the Q value of the reaction FV (4, n),He” Give,| + (0141 amu, ,He?=3.0160 amu, ,b!= 1.00866 amu, , it exoergic or endoergic? (He=3.0160amu \HP=2.0141 amu H#=2.014] amu (00866 amu ‘Thereactionis P+ IP > Het n! +Q Q=(m,+m,—m,-m, x 931.5 MeV = (2.0141 +2.0141 ~ 3.0160 ~ 1.00866) 931.5 SC. - PATYSICS - VIE .00354 x 931.5, Evershine Q=3.2975 Mev Since Qis positive the reactionis exoergic 16, When target Lithium (,Li’) of thickness 0.025 mm is bombarded with a beam of intensity 10! protons per second, 10° neutrons are produced, ‘Calculate the cross-section of the reaction. Given density of Lithium =500 kg/m, ‘Thickness of Lithium =0.025 x 10°m=25 x 104m ‘Number of incident protons /sec, 10 Number of neutrons produeed = dN = 10° Density of Lithium = § = 500 kg m-3 Number of atoms of Li perm? is f i 500 Mm =7xTgexioF ~43x 10" Cross section of reaction = 10° x 108 43x25 10° ' 1 © 43 x 10" x 25x10" 82 EEE eee ener———< 7 29.38 10% x10" 13 x 10° x 10° o=93X 10°) m? PART-C “Answer any fiveof the following questions. Each questi can twomarks. Sux 17a) The Alkali metals have by ine Model Paper, PartA, Q. No. 17(a). yydrogen like spectra. Exp, | Refer Evershi ‘normal Zeeman effect observed ina strong magn, Inasvong magoetic field, thecoupling between & Sis loosen, creven broken. Hence vector Jlossits significance and it econ, recessary to consider the precessions of L & Sabout B Further, for atoms with even numbered electron independently. ‘5 =0. Hence only L becomes significant «)_ Why is red light used in danger signals? ‘A danger signal should be seen distinct from a far of dstanc Since red has longest wavelength, itis scattered minimum (1a y..)- Hence it reaches the observer. 4) Electrons of target atoms are not ffectivein scattering alph particles. Explain. Refer Evershine Model Paper, Part, Q. No. 17(¢). 83 a Ve i Evershine ¢) Electrons do not exist in them ee lucleus, How it emit itemitted during p-decay? emission from the nucleusas.a result of weak the nucleons ofthe nucleus, of weak interaction benween Eg. In f° decay, a neutron is oa electron is emitted, nverted into @ proton and an In decay, aprotonis converted i oe into aneutron and a positron is Ipha ray. is i Alpha ray spectrum is characteristic of the nucleus while (B-ray spectrum is not. Explain, ‘The ar ~ray spectrum shows the discrete energy level structure of nucleus. Hence it is emitted by a given nucleus only with certain discrete energies. Whereas in -decay, along with the 2 - particles, chargeless, masslessnertrinos are also emitted. The total energy is shared by the two particles inal possible ways. Hence the continuous Spectrum is not characteristic ofthe nucleus. What is the significance of positive and negative sign of Q values in nuclear reaction? ‘The positive value of Q in a nuclear reaction indicates that the reaction is accompanied by the liberation of energy. Itisknownas exothermic or exoergic reaction. The negative value of Qin a nuclear reaction indicates tha itisaecomparied bythe absorption of energy. Itis known as endothermic or endoergic reaction. 4aeeendnmatie V1 Sem : B.Sc» | lal PHYSICS: i -, conserved in inclastic seattering. Explain, kinetic enersy b) Is ced in inelastic scattering. A part ory, serv is not con No.K. aken up by te target nucley, . Ieist m. B.Sc. energy of the inde at sate and ater decays th, vi Se ss Sep.-2020 which is excited eee inthe formof-Tay Photon, (CBCS) (Fresh + Repeaters) (2018-19 and Onwards) ground tateraciating : sta PHYSICS - vil vases Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physies —— 7 ‘rime :3 Hours Max, Marks : 70 PART-A Answer any five of the following questions. Each questions carries ight marks: (5x8=40) 1, a) Explain the concept of spinning electron, b) Write a brief note on spectral terms and their notations. a) The concept of spinning electron was introduced in 1925. According tit the motion ofthe electron is analogous othe spinning of a planet about is own axis along with ts motionin an elliptical orbit around thesun. Thus an electron spinsabout itsown axis, According to quantum mectanies, the spin motion jsalso quantised, Hence a quantum number known as spin quantum number S) is introduced. Itcan take two values ~* and—¥. The associated magnetic moment is called as spin magnetic momentu b)_ The total orbital angular momentum L of anatomis denoted as follows- F Orbital angularmomentum(L)=] 0] 1] 2] 3] 4] Designation =|S}P|O H ee :Vi Som BSE 2 a) » a) » a) physics - VIE ee “rmatonis mato wHtenee™, Where rae foroncofteletersSoR DsF ee dePeing Ne a a supeseip number before he ele, oo edwin beri ofthestate Forex) or of different possible orientations op the number iTerent possible values of J. Ip 35a mitt is equal to 2S +) Here 1 takes ce eet E+ $ovedlnn b ~ 81882 Cythera inequalo QE +1), Thetolal angular momentum number) is used asa subscript after the leer. i ia ample the special em coresponding 0 L-=1 and vearewrittenas ?), & {. Here L=1 hence letter “Thespectral term which is i T and § and hence the di Pisused, Multiplicity of the state = ax Jetlaltl=2 ‘Thismuliplicity is denoted asa superscript. TeLe$ 1 Jat Y= 3h and Ke Hence Jf or 34 areused as superscripts. “These designations are called term symbols. Describe with relevant theory Stern-Gerlach experiment, ive tsi Distinguish between normal and anomalous Zeeman effect. Refer to question No.2, EMP-IIl (Page 47) Refer ‘o question No.2(b), EMP-I Page 5) What are Molecular spectra? Obtain an expression for energies of ‘vibrational levels and show that they are equally spaced. x7 ——— oo Ever dhine Distinguish between Rayte h scattering and Ra seater ‘The spectra that arise due to transitions betwen ll energy states of mole wih he emsioncr semis a ration, ae called ss molecular spectra. The ae ol a3 () Pure rotational spectrum (i) Rotational vibrational spectrum (ii) electronic spectrum, “vs Consider the vibrational motion of adiatomiie molecule, Let 1m,andm, bethe masses ofthe somsand et rbethedistance bberwoenthem, Asthemolecute vibwatesalong the ins ning thetwo atoms, thedistaneerbeiweenthemchanges. ‘As the diatomic molecule vibratesa restoring once comes into play. This forces proporional othe deviation (r.—1) from the equilibrium positions, Here r, isthe istantancous separation between the two atoms, Fa-(,-1) Let 1, Fa-x = P=-Kx where K -> force constant 1 Pema= m3 9m $ Ky daa Las ar) Since this two body problem (diatomic mokeule)iseyuivalen to the motion of a simple harmonic oseillator, the mass nis equal to the reduced mass H.oe ic VE Sem : BSc. + Physics « VAT yp sem : B.Sc, - Phystes « yyy : Evershine ») Rayleigh seatt ing i) Wis an elastic searing from small particles whose size is ofthe same orderas that ofthe wavelength ofthe photonoflight [2) The photon emerges out with the same energy as it entered, an scattering. ') Nisan inetasticscanering frommolecules, olving the differential equation, the frequency of vibration is, nby : 2) Photon emerges out wirh slightly different energy than the incident phot s to quantum mechanies, the vibrational energy levels fora diatomic molecules are given by =(v+ Yy)hoy where v = 0,15 2,3, ne 4:8) State any two assumptions of Rutherford’ theory of a- particle scattering. isan integer called the vibrational quantum number : =, 8) Give the theory of suecessive disintegration of a For v=0, Ey= /ghv, => Ground state radioactive substance and hence discuss the transient guilbrium, or v=1, E,= fiw, => Istexcited tate ane 2 4) Refer to Question No. 4(a), EMP-II (page 27) For u=2, £,= 34h», => 2ndexcited state 1b) Refer to Question No. 4(b), EMP-IIl (Page 52) forthe theory of successive disintegration ofa radioactive substance. ‘Transient equilibrium:- It is established between the ‘numbers of parent and daughter nuclei after a time long Compared tothe half life ofthe daughter (t>>T,), Hence 2,42> 1, thereby ¢-' becomes negligibly small compared to ‘©, Therefore the equation of successive disintegration YAvw, = 3rd excited state AB=hv, 49 aVi Sem B.Sc, « Physiew = VI Evershine a) What is range of an alpha-particle? Write the relation between the range and energy of a-particles b) Explain the different types of beta-de ‘example for each, 4a) Refer to Question No. 5(a), EMP-III (Page 33) b)_ Referto Question No. S(a), EMP-II (Page 30) jonal counter? of a linear accelerator with a neat iaygram a ry theory. . a) A proportional counteris a gas filled electronic device used for the detection of x-rays. 7-rays & other ionizing radiation and the counting of ebarged particles. Here the output pulse is proportional to the radiation energy absorbed by the detector due oan ionizingevent, b) A linear accelerator isa device which accelerates charged partiles or ions along a straight line in multiple steps by an oscillating electric field, i RF Oscillator Th 91 iy with an, hollow lengths, ‘connected, seney oscillator tooneter tinal onnected to the othér terminal of tothe two terminals of RF ‘ supply of high fi ie. theeven numbered elecrodsare connate and the odd numbered are ¢ the oscillator ‘Working : Let the source § produce a positive ion which passes through the aperture A and moves ina straight line along the axis ofa series ofelecrodes. An accelerating potential is applied a number of times so that the ion is accelerated along its path ‘The ion is accelerated towards E, and after entering the electrode, travels witha constant velocity as the electric field inside the electrode is zero, The length ofthe electrode E, is such that when the ons emerge fiom it the phase ofthe RF altemating voltage is reversed. Hence the ions are futher accelerated towards the electrode B, by the potential benween E, and E,, The ions gain energy equal toqV wher isthe charge on the ion and V is the applied voltage. The velocity » ofthe ion on reaching electrode E, isgivenby ol) ‘where mis the mass ofthe io “Again the voltage changes its phase by x when the ions emerge fiom E, nto the gap between E, and E, Hence the ions in 2Vi Som : BSe.- Paste peter eee ay QV and S0 theit eng rerthe third electrode E,, of ene! an additional amount of as they em becomes 24s pe 2V2M, (2) ™ : ae ‘Thustheionsentrand tel wilt Ooty v, ( ) toy ye out of E,, again the E hey emerge out oFE;, theelectrode E,. When! 5 changes by wand they Bet accelerated ie & ae srr they have enersy eave 34V: Herice they tray with velocity v, through E, whichis given by PEAY - .y, ou) : m fat y equal toqVat each successi ss way, the fons gain energy ea ee Inthis way, emerge after nth Bap, they haye i ing and when they : pa EE Si ol ™ Since the ions travel with gradually inereasing (but constan ‘elociy tough the successive electrodes it isnecessary increase the lengths of successive electrodes t0 maintain the resonance condition. The time taken by the ion to traverse through the electrode at any stage must be equal to half he time period (T) of the accelerating voltage. JE, i the final ‘locity ofthe ions, etme of passage tough henth electrode ofength L, isgiven by utd CTH HO ‘where ‘isthe frequeney ofthe oscillating field. te 93 yi" ee Derive an expression using the energy-mom b) Distinguish betwees compound nuclear reactions, of Qvalue of nuclear reactions rentum conservation, 'n direct nuclear reactions and a) Ya ome reste i > 0 (esteem 2a g Residual nucleus ; pam, Let us consider an incident patil (projectile) of mass m,, linear momentum p, and Kinetic energy E,, strkinga target nucleus of massm, Leta particle ejctle) of mass m, linar ‘momentum p, and Kinetic Energy E, be ejected outand let the residual nucleus be of mass m,, momentum p, and Kinetic Energy E,,ashown nthe figure. Bylaw of conservation of energy, €,+m,e)+ me = (m,e+ B+ (m+ B) (1) ‘where m?, m,c2,m,¢? and m,¢? are rest mass energies. om,)C=B, +6, -£,=Q SQ) (i, ¢m5~ ‘where Qis the disintegration energy ic. 9VI Sem: B.Sc. - Physics - VIE Q ileal omentum, By applying law of conservationof linear . Ever shing PP +P, ‘The components of momentum along X-axis are me 43) ‘The components of momentum along y-axis are oO. 6) According to non relativistic relations, p= mE 2 080+ p, cos sind —p, sing Hence we can write equation (5) as mE, = mE, cos0+ (6, cost in &, = mE, cos0+ Jim,6, cosh mE, ~ JinE, cos0 = jB, cos ..(7) Similarly equation (6)can be writen as 0= /2m,E, sind - /2m,6, sing or fin,B sind = fim,6, sing snn(8) squaring equations (7) and (8) we get mE, +,E, cos 0-2fmngE,E, cos0=m,E, e084 ..(9) (10) ‘Adding Equation (9) and (10) we get, fand mE, sin? me,sin’ "9, #1, (cos! 0+ sn) ~2 xm EF, c0s0 =m, (cs? 0+ sin’) mE, +m,E, ~2Ynm,E,6, cos8=m,6, Me Mp 2 50 or By= Te, +E, - Yim, Bi6, on 95 yi Sem : BSc, - Physic Miu Bvershine alue of substituting the y ineqaiong) 5 B)wege, (+3) (8) Sm my “This isthe expression for Qvalue ofc nergy ad momenta, - actions using conservation ») Pirestadlesr vette’ | Goapecal nuclear reactions 1). The nuclear reactions that ‘occur without the formation ofany compound nucleus, 1) The nuclear reactions in \hichacompound nucleus “is formed in the intermediate stage 2) Theprojctileandhe ager are within the range of huclear forces for a very short time (2107's) allowing foranineractionof single nucleon only 2) The projectile and the (arget are within the range of nuclear forces for a longer time (210s) allowing for alae number of interaction between rucleous. 3) Direct reactions are fast, 4) A¥B5C+D 3)_ These reactionsare stow 4) a+X 3 Ct b+D* 8. -a) Write a brief note on exact conservation laws obeyed by elementary particles. b)_Giveany two properties of quarks, 8) Referto question No.8, EMP-tIl Page 61) 'b) Refer to question No.8(b), EMP-I (Page 37) 96pee ene Evershine Evershine | sq, Caleulate the frequencies of VI Som : BS, - Physies = VIE the adjacent lines in no mal ‘ Zeeman effect, ifthe frequency of the central line is 4.30 x PART- bes 10° Hz and the magnetic fig applied is ST, Given e/m = Solve any five of the following problems. Each pro! 6x4 =20) ee eae ated filets fearmatest : entral ine=v,= 4.3 14 aroma ofL,Sand J.Find the possible values | © ' i 9. Obtain L.§ a i B=5T; % =1.76x 190 Chg" of 1.8 forL=1andS=%. Oo I ¥ 43x10" = 977 x10 ny dg = 697710 m pr --8f] = YEU +1)-L(L+1)-s(s+1)] (6977x10-")" ForL=1 and $= 4 eT trots af J=L28=12 4 = YY. € AA =41.136%10%m ForJ= 34 Ny +A = 6977 x10" +1.136«10" ES= YL H(3441)-1041)- 444] 3 3 4st] = xn? 2, =6978.136310"%m ae 20910" x10" 6978.136x10" 29910" He. ForJ= AR = 697710" 1.136% 10 MUAVSr)-009)- Uo] oe Vi(-a)=-" h =43005%10" He 98 ”sem = BSc - Plysies ~ vay Brershine oe VI Sem: BSe..- Physics « FAL i pistance of loset approach = iain €iptHiment aman effect using mercury ; "mena tht, | ae ae een radiation of $46.1 nm, a st ia Srraner SSL¢um vas bverved. Find Ramanshinandwancength |” 8 (gn) ae corresponding to anti-stokes line. Given €= . ; : Incident wavelength=2, = $46.1 x 10m X79x(.6x10-9} sat “RT TT c_ 3H + Incident frequeney= °=5-= 346 1210" 291410" x 10% 493 x 10" H2 £0.2914x10"m = 291410 ie Peat so Imp paameser=b= Deord 1v,= 0.005409 x 10!” Hz» $.409 x 10 Hz LIL aay eee + Raman shift = v,~ v_= (5.493 5.409) 10" 2 2 ATAIONm Av, = 0.084 x 10" Hz : fi Pa oa 13. Caleulate the a particle potential harrier in MeV for ,U™ ‘requency of antsto ii nucleus. Given R,= 1.2 x 10m ¢,=8.85% 10-" Fm" and = (5.493 + 0.084) 10" = 5.577 x I and e= 16x 10 C, Ry=1.2% 10m; €,7 8.85 «10? Fm? . For ,U" = A=238 and Z=92 ‘Weknow thatthe radius R= pa 5937.9 x 10? m= 537.9 am 210" (238) =1.2%10" <6.197 1.436 x 10" m 12, a gold nucleus Calculate the distance of closet approach to 2 (Z=19) ofan partsteof kinetic energy 7-8meV andalso find the impact parameter to produce scattering angles > 90°, Given ¢, = 8.88 x 10"? Far! and and €= 1.6 «10 C. io 1, ____2(92-2)(1.6x10") 12.48 x 10 100 09Vi sem : BSe., - Physics ~ VIE an a 10” protons per secong, AS a produced calculate the crosysuey Bail re tion ofthe = 280%.) x10" RDB Given density of tithing, = yp he neato ny eal Thickness = dk=0.01 mn = yop 2D = 16 Vv Number of incident proundseie ime 110%, 0.557107" Number eemge Ve = 0348x10! =34.8x10¢eV Fe of neutrons producéd= aN = 18 x10 Density OfLithium= p= 500g, V=34.8 Mey, : M, = 1.661649 o Number ofatoms of 7 OMS Of LL? perm? wi 14. Find the amount of energy in joules released during the we mas Process in which 0.001 kg of radium is converted into lead jg Tex F the following reaction, adie saan Ra Pb” + Set Given masses Ra® = 226.0955 amu Cross-section ofreaction=.g = WN. Pb™ = 206.0386 amu oh nde, and a - particle = 4,003 amu. Beem ae ee eee 43.10" tnt? = 10x10 10x10 a3 6 =0.2325x102m a= He! =4.003 amu ee Ra — Po™ + SHe!+Q" ee ' 226.0955 = 206.0386 +5 x 4.003 +Q 16. Verify whether the following reaction are allowed or *. Q=226.0955 — 206.0386 - 20.015 forbidden, i a ag P+P—yn+P-+I1 using conservation laws. Q=226.0955 -226.0536= 0.0419 amu eee ae Q= 0.0419 x 931.5 MeV = 39.0298 MeV nef Charge conservation => 1 +1 -0+1+1 Q= 39.0298 x 10% 1.6 x 10°? = 62.447 x 10°? J Charge is conserved, Lepton number => 0+0->0+0+0 15. When target lithium (,Li’) of thickness 0.01 mm is bombarded Hence Lepton number is conserved. with a beam of intensity. 102 eee ee lolVi Sem: B.Se Baryon number Physics = VE pao itl oitleo nserved. t ’ Hence Baryon number iseo" ‘ 010704040 Strang. Hence strangeness is tlso conser ¥ Henec this reaction wil beallowed- i PART-C — a “Answer any’ ofthe folowing questions. Fach qbesin carrey ‘ovo marks: Greig s 17. a) Does Bohr Magneton have any physical ificance? Exphiin, » 9 Yee, Bohr Magneton has a physical significance. Is the _ eh ig igi ' #4) Atomicmagnetic ‘moments can be expressed as muliplesof the Bohr magneton, ‘moment ofthe atom, i ai shows thatthe magnetic : rman ete.,is quantised 1 ved in alkali speetra? Explain, ne valence electron. The next slates Are doublets obse Yes. Alkali metals have on a'p' shell with = 34 and 4 andisa doublet very close to cach other. The transitions tha can take place between the two terms of the’p' state and the single gem ofstatare two Mey By and My TY “These two transitions give rise toadoublet, Hence doublets are observed in alkali spectra ‘ ‘Are rotational spectra observed in themierowave region? ZO Explain, ey Yes, rational spectra are observed in icro-wave region, ‘This is because ational energiesare very small. The rotational energy levels are separated by energy intervals of about (0.001 eV. Hence the spectra lie in the miero wave region. : 1 i ——~ “Number ofineident protans/see = wee * vyisein: BSc. Physies- vip : F Evershine 102 protons per second. As a result 10° neutron produced ealeulatethe erossscetion ofthe reudtion in tang caction in barn, Given density of ithium =500 kg a ‘Thickness = dx. me mp 1 mm=0.01 «10m 0° 0 66 10 =1x10'm kg. Numberof neutrons produced = dN Density of Lithium =p=500kgm? m/= 1.66% 107 kg. = Number of atoms of ,Li” perm? will be gah. + A 7x1.66x107 =As10" 2430102 ‘Choss-secti fesction= ’ . oh, ome Ai 43x10" x10 ox lO xo toni B aseio%e'd OK o= 0 =2325x10"m? 16. Verify whether the following reaction are allowed or forbidden. P+P-+n+P+I1* using conservation kins. S1Hl s0+141 V Cepon nmber>0 40-0500 ‘Hence Lepton number is conserved. ee rim etVI Som : B.S, Piysies - VHT Evershing Baryon number => 1 +1 > 14140 Henee Baryon number is conserved. Strangeness =2 0 +0-9 0+0+0 Hen Stranyeness is also conserved. ence this reaction will be allowed. PART-C Answer any five of the following questions. Each question earrigg bwomarks: 1a) fl S ») (r2=10) Does Bohr Magneton have any physical significance? Explain, te 7 Yes, Bolir Mayneton has a physical significance, Its the eh i nal witofnageiemament (=; Atomic en ‘moments can be expressed as multiples ofthe Bohr magneton ‘shows that the magnetic moment of tie atom, like charge, man ete.,is quantised. Are doublets observed in alkali speetra? Explain, Yes. Alkali metals have one valence electron. The next statis” a'p'shell with = 34 and 4 andisadoublet very close to each other. The transitions that can take place between the ‘wo terms of the’ state and the single term of state are two Py Sy and *Py > 7Sy. ‘These two transitions give rise to adoublet. Hence doublets are observed in alkali spectra. Are rotational spectra observed in the microwave region? Explain, ‘Yes, rotational spectra are observed in micro-wave region, This is because rotational energies are very'small. The rotational energy levels are separated by energy intervals of about 0.001 eV. Hence the spectra le in the micro wave region, 103 sem | BS. Physics « yyy 9d ° Sune TBctic a-enfittert long lived? Explain,‘ areshontlved, Hp statmycnenicuemics . r Is quenching necessa : ‘Yes, quenching is neces thatthe ischargecainedby te po ‘Vacuum chamber in Comment. “The inner surfce ofthe vaccum chamber in Beaton iscsted ‘witha thin layerofsilverto avoid the a ra accumulation suace Betatron is coated with silver? Does conservation of linear momentum in nuclear ‘scattering imply conservation of kinetic energy? Explain, No. Inelastic scaring, the kinetic energy isnot conserved ‘though the linear momentum s conserved. A partof the energy ‘ofthe incident particles taken up by the target nucleus which | is excited toa higher quantum state and later decays to the ‘ground state, radiating excess energy inthe form of y-ray ton, I Isphoton an elementary particle? Explain. ‘Yes. Aphoton isa quantum unit of radiation. Each photon has * an energy E= hy .Itcan exist only when ittravels with the speed of ight and according to Einstein's mass-energy ation E=m@, the mass of photon is 2 ="Y/.. It takes part in clectromagneti interaction. tis a Boson.” e) hy) Are most energetic. No. Therelationbetweendhehan ne Mee? Explain, he hal ite for energy ofthe apart a ieordc cn stat mostene aaa Nhat most enerystic diners Js qucuching necessau Mh x GM counyer ‘Yes: quench) y MH counter’sExpiain, ng ISMecessary ina GM ewan that the discharge caused Pent OM um Comment. “The inner surfon: with ati layer of sity With silver? ‘tthe vaccum chamber in Betatronis coated 'e loavpid theaccumulation of surface b Docs conservation of linear momentum in nuclear scattering imply conservation of kinetic enetgy? Explain, No. Ininclastic scattering whe kinetic energy ishotconserved though the linear momentumis conserved, partof the energy of the incident particle is taken up by the target nucleus which is excited to higher quantum state and latej decays to the ground state, radiating excess energy in the fdlm of y-ray photon. charges. Is photon an elementary particle? Explain. ‘Yes. A photoniisa quantum ust of radiation. ac photon has an energy E = hu . It can exist only when it travgls' ‘With the «speed of light and according tb Einstein's mass-energy relation B= me? the mass gf photon is m=HY/.. rakes par in electromagnetic iteragyon. tisaBoson. —' i] b ' 2 Sy fh to LF)Sere ee eee VI Sem. B.Sc. Exam, Sep/Oct.-2021 (*R) (BCS) 2018.19 & Onwiray) PHYSICS -yqy ‘Atomic, Molecular and Nucteur Physies Time :3 Hours Instructions: 2, ABSWEr any Ove questions from each Par 2 Non programmable scientific elevates ore allowed. Max Marks =70 PART-A = Answer any FIVE questions, Each Question carries EIGHT : marks: (Sx 8<40) 1 (@) State and explain Paul's ‘exclusion principle, ee Ans. Refer QNo, I(), May/lune 2019 (Pg 70) (©) Obtain an expression for the maxima umber of electrons in a shell, G+5) Ans. Refer to QNo. (6), EMP (Pg23) 2. (@) What are the two ‘main features of the vector atom model? ‘Ans. The two main features ofthe vector atom ‘model which characterise it are © The ‘concept of quantization of direction or the “spatial quanisation’ s ‘The concept of spinning electron. ad (©) Derive an expression forthe Bohr magneton. (2+ 6) 4 Ans. Let us consider an electton of mase ye . moving with a constant speed ‘v’ in at Pr circular orbit of radius “around the ‘nucleus as shown inthe fig, Let the time taken taken by the electron to go round the nucleus once be T, then = a 105Evershine VI Sem B.Se,, Physics - VIE {ts rotation around cle, Since electron is charged particles isu A the nucleus constitutes a current. Let Then < where ‘e’is the charge of the electron. T 2) ‘Such a current loop behaves like a magnetic shell having ‘a magnetic moment = y,=1A where ‘A’ (= #r) is the area of the current loop + Orbital magnetic moment = Hy = ba G) iu has a direction perpendicular to the plane of electron orbit and in the downward direction asthe electron is negatively charged. The orbital angular momentum p, is along the same line but acts in the opposite direction, The mapa of Bis (4) 106 vi Sem B.Se.. Physies . yyy Dividing can 3)by ean oo =) =) eh where b= 277, iscilled asthe Boh magneton, whose value is 9.2741 x 10 yp, Bohr magneton ty is the basic unit of atomic magnetic ‘moment. Thus atomic magnetic moments are expressed as multiples of Bohr magneton, 3. (a) What is anomalous Zeeman effect? ‘Ans. Refer to Q.No. 2(b), EMPLII (Pg 24) (b) Explain the phenomenon of anomalous Zeeman effect on the basis of quantum theory and derive an ‘expression for change in energy. 2+6) ‘Ans. Anomalous Zeeman effect can be explained only by sing the spin of the electron. An atom possesses magnetic moment, because its electrons have orbital () and spin (s) angular ‘momenta and associated magnetic moments 107Evershir vi Sem B.oc., Anysics - VIE Vi Sem B.Se., Physics - VIE 2 Evershir ‘The net value ofthe perpendicular . : ri ; «component ave Total angular momentum veetor= J=!* period of motion comes outta be erg, NSE vera ‘Magnetic moment due to orbital motion = " 7 goat more Effective magnetic moment = 4°, = ed + eh o . i, = cOmponent of ,° eat ; slong 7 + component of along 5 " ; Fis opposteto 7 due to negative charee of te electron Boo “Magnetic moment due tospin ofthe electron >t eh 2 __eh F ah : ) Fran !

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