r 

 
i

lAA Reports, No. 7

JERICHO
THE JEWISH CEMETERY OF
THE SECOND TEMPLE PERIOD

RACHEL HACHLILI
AND 

ANN E. KILLEBREW

With contributions by
E.  NETZER,  N.  LIPHSCHITZ,  Y.  WAISEL,  B. ARENSBURG  AND  P.  SMITH 

Ir ISRAEL ANTIQUITIES  AUTHORITY 
CIVIL ADMINISTRATION IN  JUDEA  AND SAMARIA­STAFF OFFICER OF ARCHAEOLOGY 
JERUSALEM  1999 

I
Israel Antiquities Authority Publications 

Series Editors:
Ayala Suss mann 
Ann Roshwalb Hurowitz 

Style Editor:
Inna Pommerantz  

Front cover:  Tomb H, Chamber A (photo by Z. Radovan).  

Back cover:  Wall painting, south wall, detail  (photo by Z. Radovan).  

Typesetting and layout: Phylis Naiman 
Graphics:  Natalia Zak 
Production and cover design: Olga Chertok 
Printed at Ahva Press 

ISBN  965­406­034­5 
© THE ISRAEL ANTIQUITIES  AUTHORITY  1999 
POB 586. Jerusalem 91004 
 CONTENTS 

ABBREVIATIONS  IV 

FOREWORD  V 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  V 

CHAPTER I:  INTRODUCTION  Rachel Hachlili 

CHAPTER II: THE TOMBS  5 
Description ofthe Tombs  Rachel Hachlili  5 
Mourning Enclosure of Tomb H (Goliath Tomb)  Ehud Netzer  45 
Architecture of the Loculi Tombs  Rachel Hachlili  50 
Classification of the Tombs  Rachel Hachlili and Ann E.  Killebrew  59 

CHAPTER III: THE FINDS  60 
The Wooden Coffins  Rachel Hachlili  60 
Timber Analysis  NiH Liphschitz and Yoav Waisel  88 
The Ossuaries  Rachel Hachlili  93 
The Pottery  Ann E.  Killebrew  115 
The Glass Vessels  Rachel Hachlili and Ann E. Killebrew  134 
The Coins  Rachel Hachlili  135 
I Miscellaneous Objects  Rachel Hachlili  136 

CHAPTER IV: THE INSCRIPTIONS  Rachel Hachlili  142 

CHAPTER V:  THE WALL PAINTING  Rachel Hachlili  159 

CHAPTER VI: THE NEFESH Rachel Hachlili  162 

CHAPTER VII: CHRONOLOGY  Rachel Hachlili and Ann E. Killebrew  164 

CHAPTER VI1I:  BURIAL CUSTOMS  Rachel Hachlili and Ann E. Killebrew  166 

AND CONCLUSIONS 

CHAPTER IX: CATALOGUE OF ARTIFACTS  Ann E. Killebrew  176 

APPENDIX: ANTHROPOLOGICAL TABLES  Baruch Arensburg and Patricia Smith  192 

REFERENCES  196 
 ABBREVIATIONS  

AASOR Annual of the American Schools o.f0riental JT  Jerusalem Talmud 

Research
Kil.  Kil'aim 
AJA American Journal ofArchaeology
LA Liber Annuus-Studii Biblici Franciscani 
'Atiqotr ES) 'Atiqot (English Series)
M  Mishnah 
'Atiqot (HS) 'Atiqot (Hebrew Series)
Ma'as. S.  Ma'aser Sheni 
BA Biblical Archaeologist
Mace.  Maccabees 
BAR Biblical Archaeology Review
Meg.  Megillah 
BASOR Bulletin ofthe American Schools of
MQ  Mo'ed Qatan 
Oriental Research
Naz.  Nazir 
BB  Bava Batra 
Ned.  Nedarim 
Ber.  Berakhot 
Nid.  Niddah 
BT  Babylonian Talmud 
OhoI.  Oholot 
EI Eretz Israel
PEFQSt Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly
ESI Excavations and Surveys in Israel
Statement
Hor.  Horayot 
PEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly
HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual
Pes.  PesaJ:!im 
lAAReports Israel Antiquities Authority Reports
Pliny, Nat. Rist. Pliny, Natural History. H. Rackham transI. 
IEJ Israel Exploration Journal (Loeb Classical Library). Cambridge, 
1938­1963 
INJ Israel Numismatic Journal
QDAP Quarterly ofthe Department ofAntiquities
JHS Journal ofHellenic Studies
ofPalestine
JJS Journal ofJewish Studies
RB Revue Bib/ique
Jos., Ag. Ap. Josephus, Against Apion. H. St. J. 
Sanh.  Sanhedrin 
Thackeray ed. (Loeb Classical Library). 
Cambridge,  1926­1965  Shabo  Shabbat 
Jos.,Ant. Josephus,Jewish Antiquities. H.  St.  J.  Sot.  Sotah 
Thackeray, R.  Marcus and L. Feldman 
Strabo, Geogr. The Geography ofStrabo. HL Jones ed. 
transls. (Loeb Classical Library). 
London,  1949­1969 
Cambridge, 1930­1969 
Ta'an.  Ta'anit 
Jos.,  War Josephus,  The Jewish War. H. St. 1. 
Thackeray transI. (Loeb Classical Library).  Tacitus, Ann. Tacitus,  The Annals ofImperial Rome.
Cambridge, 1927­1928  M. Grant ed. and transI. Harmondsworth, 
1971 
JQR Jewish Quarterly Review
Tos.  Tosefta 
JSOT Journalfor the Study of the Old Testament
Yad.  Yadaim 
JSOTIASOR Journal for the Study ofthe Old Testament!
American Schools ofOriental Research ZDPV Zeitschrift des Deutschen Paliistina- Vereins
Monograph Series
 FOREWORD  

This monograph  is the final  report of a series of salvage  the  final  printing of the  report took  longer than  antici-

excavations  which  were  conducted  in  the  Jericho  area  pated.  An attempt has been made to update the  original 
from  1975  to  1979.  The  rescue  work  was  concentrated  1994 manuscript in the 1999 published version. The final 
along  the  lower  slopes  of the  Judean  hills  west  of the  report  includes  detailed  plans  and  sections  of  all  the 
modem city of Jericho, where tombs from the Hellenistic  tombs dating to the  Hellenistic and Roman periods sur-
and Roman periods were being systematically robbed. In  veyed  and excavated  during  the  salvage  excavations of 
1979,  the salvage  excavations were discontinued due to  1975  to  1979.  The catalogue  at the  end  of the  volume, 
intense religious pressure.  along with the plans, enables the reader to reconstruct all 
Several  preliminary  reports  were  published  during  aspects of the Second Temple period Jewish burial cus-
and immediately following the excavations. Revised ver- toms preserved in the Jericho tombs. 
sions  of these articles  are included in  the final  report in  In spite of the modest scale of these excavations, this 
order to present a complete picture of the Jericho Jewish  proves to be one of the most significant cemeteries exca-
cemetery.  For  several  years  following  the  cessation  of  vated  from  this  period.  Due  to  the  excellent  state  of 
archaeological  work  in  the  cemetery,  no  financial  re- preservation of many of the  organic remains, the tombs 
sources  were  available  for  the  final  publication of this  have greatly enriched our acquaintance with Jewish bur-
important site.  The manuscript was  presented for publi- ial customs of the period and many aspects oflate Second 
cation in  1994, but due to a series of unfortunate delays,  Temple period material culture. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  

The  authors  would  like  to  extend  their  thanks  to  excellent  typesetting  and  layout  of  the  book.  Our 
Z.  Yeivin,  E. Damati  and  I. Magen,  who  served  as  appreciation is  expressed to  A. Sussmann,  Head of the 
Archaeological  Staff Officers  of Judea  and  Samaria at  IAA Publication Department. We are especially indebted 
various  periods of time during  the excavation,  research  to  the  graphic  gifts  of  N.  Zak,  who  completed  and 
and  publication  of  this  volume.  We  are  especially  computerized the architectural drawings and illustrations 
grateful to L.Y.  Rahmani for  his assistance,  interest and  for this publication, based on the field plans, sections and 
help during the excavation and research into the Second  sketches  drawn  by  D.  Bechar  and  A. Cleja during  the 
Temple  period  Jewish  burial  customs  at  Jericho.  Our  excavations. Finally, thanks are due to  A. Drori, director 
special  thanks  are  extended  to  I. Pommerantz  and  of the IAA, and I.  Magen, Archaeological Staff Officer, 
A. Roshwalb  Hurowitz  for  their  meticulous  and  for their support of the publication of this monograph. 
professional  editing of the  original  manuscript.  We  are 
grateful  to  H.  Davis  for  her  thorough  and  skillful 
proofreading of the manuscript and to P. Naiman for the  Rachel Hachlili and Ann E. Killebrew
Color PI. 1ll.1. Fragments a/ wooden Coffin 7  . Tomb 012 pit. Color PI. fIf.2. Imprint a/side, \I'ooden Coffill 59, Tomb 09 ­ 3.

Color PI. 111.3. Glass amphoriskos.

Color PI. V I. Wall paillling, /lorth wall, detail.

 CHAPTER  I

INTRODUCTION  

RACHEL HACHLILI  

Jericho is si tuated in  the Jordan Valley at 250 m below sea  Jericho  was  well  known  for  its  date  palm  groves  and 
level. The natural boundaries of the Jericho region are the  especially  for  its  balsam,  which  was  used  for  medicinal 
Jordan  River  on  the  east,  the  Judean  mountains  on  the  purposes  (Strabo,  Geogr. XVI  2,  41 ,  763;  Pliny,  Nat.
west  and  the  not1h  end  of  the  Dead  Sea  on  the  south  Hist. XII  54;  Jos.,  War IV  8,  3,  459­475;  Ant. IV  6,  1, 
(Mowry 1952:26­27). The Jericho region is characterized  100;  XIV  4,  1,54; XV 4,  2,  96;  War I  18,5,361­362). 
by steep mountains and deep valleys; the climate is hot in  Jericho was a royal estate and a garden town. Agricultural 
summer  and  pleasant  in  winter,  and  the  soil  is  dry.  The  plots were probably organized into estates, owned by the 
annual  rainfall  is  slight  (approx.  144  mm)  but  water  upper classes and the priests (1T Pes. 4,  1, 30c; BT Ta ' an. 
abounds  from  several  springs­'Ein es­Sultan,  ' Ein  ed- 27a). The estates may well have been cultivated by tenant 
Duyuq,  'Ein en­Nu'eima and  three springs in  Wadi Qilt  fanners.  The  Has moneans  erecled  winter  palaces  and 
diverted  by  aqueducts  (Netzer  1977: I).  As  a  result,  made  pussible  the  cultivation  of  the  area  by  building 
Jericho is an  oasis on the plai n of the Jordan Valley.  aqueducts  which  supplied  waleI' from  the  springs  in  the 
In  the  Early  Roman  period  Jericho  was  the  second  valley.  Later,  Herod  undet100k  extensive  building  pro-
largest  city  in  Judea,  with  a  considerable  population  in  jects in the winter palaces and their surroundings (Netzer 
the  town,  as  well  as  in  several  satellite  villagcs  in  the  1975b;  1977;  1982b). 
plain of Jericho (Strabo, Geogr. XVI 2, 41, 763).  During the Second Temple peliod  a  large community 
Jericho's importance is  due to  a number of reasons.  A  of priests who served  in  the Jerusalem Temple resided in 
major road  connected Jerusalem and Jericho:  it descend- Jericho and  probably owned estates in the region (M Pes . 
ed from  the  Mt~ of Olives through Wadi Qilt along some  4:8;  Finkelstein  1940:38;  Buchler  1966: 120­133;  Luri a 
of  the  aquedct~, until  it  reached  Jericho.  During  the  1973 :14;  Schwartz  1988).  " Twenty­ four  divisions  of 
Second  Temple  period  it  was  probably  used  as  a  priests  were  in  the  Land  of Is rael ,  and  twelve  of them 
main  link  between  Jerusalem  and  the  winter  palaces  in  were  in  Jericho"  (BT  Ta 'an.  27a).  The  Jericho  priests 
Jericho.  This  is  the  road  that  was  probably also used  by  were proba bl y  half of the divi sion  which  went to Jerusa-
the Roman army during the First War against the Romans  lem  to serve at  the Temple.  It  also  means  that the Jericho 
(67­­68 CE).  priests belonged to all twenty­four priestly courses (Luria 
Jericho,  as  an  administrative and  economic center for  1973: 14). 
the  region,  also  included  a  number  of villagcs  and  for-
tresses.  According  to  Josephus  (see  below),  it  was 
the  capital  of  one  of  the  five  administrative  districts  HISTORICAL  BACKGROUND 
(auv£bpux) of  the  country  at  the  time  of  tbe  Roman 
proconsuls (Schurer et al.  1973,1:268;  1979, II: 190). The  Jericho  was  resettled  in  the  Persian  period  by  the" 345 
population  of Jericho and  the Jordan  Valley at  that time  children of Jericho"  (Ezra 2:34;  Neh. 7:36). At that time 
has  been estimated at 80,000 (Byatt  1973 :56).  Jericho  was  probably  one  of  eleven  toparchies  in  the 
The Jericho region was the  most fertile  in Judea (1os. ,  district  of Judea  (1os. ,  War m 3,  5,  54­55).  It is  men-
War I 6, 6, 138) and was capable of great productivity by  tioned  in the Zenon Letters dating from  the third century 
utilizing  the  natural  springs  for  irrigation .  In  antiquity,  BCE.  Ben  Sira  (24: 14),  a  work  which  probably  dates 
2  RACHEL  HA C HLILI 

from  the second century BCE,  refers  to  the rose gardens  (Netzer 1981 b; Tsafrir 1982) and a hippodrome-theater in
of Jericho.  the south part of Tell es-Samarat (Netzer 1980).
The town  of Jericho  was  fortified  by  Bacchides  (160  Archelau s restored the palace in Jericho and planted a
BCE), together with other towns in Judea (1 Macc. 9:50- large palm grove (los ., Ant. XVII \3,340) .
53; Jos., Ant. Xli 1, 3, 15-17). The Hasmonean kings In 68 CE the Roman army conquered Jericho ; many of
built a winter palace complex (Netzer 1975b; 1977), as its citizens fled and many others were killed. Vespasian
well as fortresses around the city and in the region stationed Roman ganisons at Jericho (los., War IV 8, 1,
(Tsafrir 1982). 2, 449), and the city was probably almost completely
The country was conquered by the Romans in 63 BCE abandoned.
and Gabinjus (proconsul in Syria, 57 BCE) divided it into
five districts, with Jericho chosen as the admiillstrative
seat for the Jordan Valley (Jos., Ant. XIV 5, 4 , 90-91; DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE
War 18,5, 169-170; War 1I20, 4,567).
In 34 BCE Anthony presented the balsam plantations The Jericho cemetery is located on the east slopes of a
near Jericho to Cleopatra (los., Ant. XV 4, 2, 96-97; War chain of limestone hills bordering the Jordan Valley on
I 18, 5, 361; SchUrer et al. 1973, 1:288, n. 5, 298-300, the west, not far from the winter palaces of the Second
n. 36). In 30 BCE Augustus returned the Jericho region to Temple period and west of the presumed site of the town
Herod (Jos., Ant. XV 7, 3,217; Warl20, 3, 396). of Jericho at that time (Fig. 1.1). The borders of the
The Jericho projects were among Herod's greatest un- cemetery, which includes Hills A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H,
dertakings. The Hasmonean winter palace complex was seem to be Hill H on the south and Hills G and F (both
reconstructed and provided with new wings, and two new banks of Wadi Tasun, below the Quruntul monastery) on
palace complexes were built at the mouth of Wadi Qilt the north. Some of the hills (Figs. 1.2-4) are eroded and
(Netzer 1975b; 1977; 1981b; 1982a; Hachlili 1988a:34- bare like Hill C, while others are covered with soil , dust
37). Herod's garden city extended over a large area and and debris. Most of the tombs were not exposed before
was fed by a complex water supply system, with aque- our excavation but the tombs on Hills C and H and on the
ducts diverting the spring waters. Additional fortresses lower levels of Hills G and F had been discovered and
built by Herod include Herodium, Kypros, Phasael plundered over the centuries.

,~

Fig. 1.1. Map of the Jericho region.

 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 3

Fig. 1.2. Hill A, general view, looking south.

Fig. 1.3. Hill C, general view, looking east.

The cemetery extends over more than eight hills; rock-
cut loculi (kokhim) tombs may have covered these hills
almost completely, though our excavations could exam-
ine only a small part of this extensi ve area. If this assump-
tion is correct, the cemetery was huge and may have
served the people of the entire Jericho region. These hills
were chosen for burial because of their soft, workable
rock and their isolated location outside the population
centers, though still accessible from the city and the
villages. The dry climate of the Jericho area preserved the
tombs and their contents, which included organic materi-
als such as wood and leather.
SURVEY AND EXCAVATIONS
The site of the Jericho cemetery was previously unknown
and does not appear in any surveyor description of the
Jericho region.
Survey and salvage excavations were conducted at the
Jericho site in 1975-1976 during six terms of about two
weeks each, totalling about three months. Further exca-
vations followed our discovery of the walls of the Tomb
H courtyard while conducting a survey of Hill H. An-
other two weeks were devoted to the excavation of Area
4 RACHEL HACHLILI
Fig . 1.4. Hill D, general view, looking east.
H, mainly Tomb H and its complex (the "Goliath family
tomb"), in the winter of 197811979 (Fig. 1.5).
The survey and the sal vage excavation s were directed
by Rachel Hachlili on behalf of the Israel Department of
Antiquities (at present, the Israel Antiquities Authority) ,
and the Civil Administration in Judea and Samaria-Staff
Officer of Archaeology. Anthropologists Patricia Smith
(Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Labora-
tory of Physical Anthropology) and Baruch Arensburg
(Sackler Medical School, Depal1rnent of Anatomy and
Anthropology, Tel Aviv University) participated in the
excavations and were in charge of the anthropological
and anatomical study of the skeletal remains from the
cemetery. Ehud Netzer of the Hebrew University partici-
Fig. 1.5. Excavaling Tomb H.
pated in the excavation of Tomb H, its courtyard and
miqveh. Ann E. Killebrew assisted in the excavation of
Tomb H and in the preparation of the material for
publication.
More than one hundred tombs were surveyed and
excavated. Of these, 32 tombs were located on Hill C,
12 tombs on Hill E and 4 tombs on Hill H, which were
surveyed and only partly cleared. Seven tombs on Hill A,
4 on Hill B, 27 on Hill D, 14 on Hill G, 7 on Hill F and a
tomb-complex on Hill H were excavated. Most of the
surveyed tombs. especially those on Hill C, had been
robbed and reused in antiquity and late r times. The most
important and interesting of alilhe tombs in the cemetery
is the tomb on Hill H, known as the "Goliath family
tomb" because of its inscribed ossuaries.
Most of the drawings of the tomb plans , and of the
wooden coffins, coffin fragments, parts and reconstruc-
tions are the work of Dan Bechar; drawings were also
produced by Ana Cleja, Tania Slutzky and Natalya Zak ;
photographs were taken by Zeev Radovan, Joel Dzodin ,
Hava Salomon, Mike Smith and Roy Brody. Photo-
graphs of some of the finds are by Tzila Sagiv. The
expedition staff consisted mainly of students and volun-
teers participating during different periods of the excava-
tions: Anath Barzilay, Boaz Burda, Richard Deutsch,
Yehuda FJiedman, Rivka Gersht, Hili Govrin, Etti
Grabiner, !lana Gutz, Ann E. Killebrew , Nitza Lehrer,
Yair Lifshitz, Carol L. Lipscomb, Debra Mitchell , Jane
Olive, Frank Policastro, David Stacey, David Stone,
Mildred A. Teicher, Eli Shamir, Hayim Tal and Judith
Tumheim.
 CHAPTER II

THE TOMBS

DESCRIPTION OF THE TOMBS* slope (A 1, A2, A6) were excavated; three others (A3, A4,
Rachel HachliJi AS) were found robbed, and one (A 7) was only surveyed.
The entrances of all the tombs faced north.
Eight hills (A-H) were surveyed and excavated in the
Jericho cemetery (Figs. ILl , 2). Hills A-E and Hare
located on the east slope, west of the modern town of
Table 11.1. Location of Tombs
Jericho. Hill H probabl y form s the border of the cemetery
on the south , while Hills F and G (Fig. II.2) , located on Hill s A B C D E F G H Total

both sides of Wadi Tasun , border the cemetery on the Excavated tombs 3 2 21 4 4 35

north (Table 11.1). Ro bbed to mbs 3 32 2 3 5 45

Uncxca vated'
tombs 2 4 12 4 23
Hill A Tolal 7 4 32 27 12 7 9 5 103
Seven rock-cut tombs were examined on Hill A; of these, Other tombs I I 2

three tombs of Type III (see below, p. 59) on the north Singlr-klll;h to mhs 2 8 3 6 25

E110

E100

/ -85
E9 0

E8 0
oB4

o B3
oE7
o E6
/
/
E4
E1. -.E3
0

C
//</ < ." .. 2

°B1
06
oC17
/ .C18
C14 oC16
,/
, • -A4
1. 0

03 0 01 /
010 ••• -016
020

/'
0 oC15 ,/ oA3 0)9.D02e °P15 0 08
21~: I
/
oC13
013 ~;:"01 1
014!,1 0 Tomb
Aqueduct

) \
C10 017 Oi1 11< Steps
/ C8 ° 018 0022
0
C6 .- -Cg
\

r
C5: .C7 - ,a5~027
C30C4

·C2 ! .C1
"' oA6
o__ ~ =l
20 m

Fig. ll.l . Hills A- D, laeOliol1 of the IOmbs .

~ A cata logue of all the artifac ts a rra nged accordin g to to mb numbe rs a ppears in Chap . LX . All Cat. Nos. included in the le xt refer to thi s c atalogue .
6 RACHEL HA CHLI LI

"F1 •
F2·
'\ : 5,
·:_V/3 :
• ., ~.

\~
'"
U
• F4 '"
"'" '1;> '-aV if
' 7. '"
~ '? 0". AL 16
- ~
J ._ __ __ _ l- ' \

/. '1s>

~ C:J
'-'"1;>

.G6
.G5
.G4
.G3
..

~r
g~

\ ~ G9 ~ ,- ~ .-; 1",
~-'tO
G7 \
'"
~§
~
~
.G~ \
~

)
o,
) 10
·m
F7.
F6·
/

A-A
Fig. 11.2. Hills F-G, location ofthe tombs. ~_.,r-
. / ------ 3
Tomb Ai (Figs. 1I.3, 4). Due to its location on the slope,
the rock-cut tomb was badly eroded and had collapsed in
antiquity; the ceiling was missing but the pit, the benches
(
and six kokhim had survi ved. Seven ossuaries (Cat. Nos.
1-7) and a few potsherds were found in the tomb. Os-
suary 1, complete with lid, was uncovered in Kokh 2,
with a small jug (Cat. No. 10) next to it. Ossuaries 2-5 Fig. 11.3. Tomb Ai, plan and sections.
(Cat. Nos. 2-5) were found in the standing pit. Ossualies
6 and 7 (Cat. Nos. 6, 7) were placed in Kokh 6; next to
them stood two kraters (Cat. Nos. 8, 9), placed one on top
of the other.

Tomb A2 (Figs. 1I.5- 7). This tomb is the only one of its
kind. It is located west of Tomb A I and on the same level,
with the entrance in the north. The tomb contained a pit,
benches and six kokhim. Pa.l1 of the ceiling had collapsed .
The walls of the rock-cut kokhim were faced with clay ,
narrowing them into a kind of coffin contai ning primary
burials. Bones of infants and children, evidently secon-
dary burials, were found in the lower level of the pit. The
benches and the pit were plastered over, forming a sec-
ond floor level over the bones in the pi t. Traces of plaster,
which had sealed the kokh openings, were also found. In Fig. 11.4. Tomb A I, Kokh 6; Ossuary 6 (Cat. No.6)
this later phase the tomb consisted only of a small cham- and krater (Cat. No.8).
ber with benches and a shallow pit, 0.25 m deep. After
the kokhim had been sealed, Ossuaries 8-14 (Cat. Nos. later than the primary and secondary burials. The posi-
11-17) were placed on the plastered benches, with some tion of the ossuaries (Fig. II.5) indicated clearly that the
falling into the pit. They are, therefore, stratigraphically primary burials could not have been deposited in the
 CHAPTER U: THE TOMBS 7

(
..-"-
". 4
'"\
\
,"---,
\
I" 3
\
\
\ \ \ \
\ \ \
\

o....__ = ~ m

/'
---
/
/

4 3

r--
I
,
• 6
\
\ '- -~ - "'----
'- - - ' - - - - - - - - -......
10

A-A

Fig. 11.5. Tomb A2, plan and section.

8 RACHEL HACHLILI

The find s included a faience bead (Cat. No. 29) in

Kokh I, a complete Herodian lamp (Cat. No. 26) uncov-
ered on the skull of the upper burial in Kokh 5, a piliform
bottle (Cat. No. 23) and a fragment of a Herodian lamp
(Cat. No. 28) recovered under the plaster in the pit,
together with the infants ' and child bones.
The primary burials and the burial of the collected
bones in the pit mus t have predated the ossuary burials,
since the ossuaries were placed in the tomb only after the
pit, the benches and the kokhim had been pl<lstered over.
However, it is difficult to determine whether the time
span was short or as long as a generation or more (see
p.171).

Tomb A3 (Fig. II.8) . The badly eroded tomb had five

Fig. 11.6. Tom.b A2, K okhim 3-6 and piT, lookil1g souTh. kokhim and a pit.

Tombs A4 and A5. These tombs had one kokh each.

Similarly to Tomb A3, no artifacts were recovered in
these tombs.

Tomb A6 (Fig. II.9). This tomb, consisting of a pit,

benches and four kokhim, is located on a lower level than
the other tombs, with the entrance in the north. It was
partially disturbed a.nd destroyed , with only one broken
ossuary (No. 16; Cat. No. 31) remaining in Kokh I. The
other finds consisted of a glass bottle (Cat. No . 35) in
Kokh 4 and a few pottery fragments.

Tomb A7. Completely collapsed.

Two capitals, probably reused as sealing stones, were

found on Hill A (Fig. ILl 0).

Fig. II. 7. Tomb A2, Kokh 6.

kokhim after the ossuaries had been placed on the

benches and in the pit.
Debris, containing ossuary fragments (from Nos. XXI
and XXII) and scattered bones, later penetrated the kok-
him. In Kokhim 1- 3 and 6, the primary buria.ls were
found with the head s toward the pit. The scattered bones
in Kokh 6 were of children. They were covered by a kind _ _.----ii m
of plaster coffin containing the primary burial of a female
(Fig. U.7). Fig . II.B. TombA3,p/all.
 CHAPTER II THE TOMBS 9

Hill B (Fig. ILl)

Hill B is located west of Hill A . Remains of the aqueduct
from ' Ein ed-Duyuq, which carried water to the Herodian
palaces of Jericho (Tulul Abu el -Alayiq), can be traced
along the crest ridge . Two tombs were excavated on the
east side of the hill, with entrances in the east. Their roofs
I", had collapsed , resulting in debris-filled tombs with few
finds.

Tomb BI (Fig. n.II ). Seven kokhim. No finds were

-
o I
m
recovered.

r- 6-'I r-

:u
I 5
I I I

-~ I
3 I

Fig. II. 9. Tomb A6, plan and section.

r----- - - ---'
'--------,2( 'A
M :, ,'
t
I
'" r -~Il
-------, I
I
I
21
I
I
J

Fig. 11.11. Tomb BI, plan and section.

Tomb B2 (Fig. n.12). Three kokhim, as well as a smaller

kokh hewn on a higher level. Ossuary 15 (Cat. No. 36)
was found close to the collapsed entrance. There were no
other fj nds.

Tombs B3 and B4. The tombs had been robbed and could
not be excavated .

Fig. 11.10. Sea lin g stones on Hill A.
Hill C
For several reasons, Hill C differed from the other hills
surveyed or excavated in the cemetery : (I) The bedrock
was a much harder stone tha n chalk (soft limestone).
(2) Thi s is the only hill to the west of the aqueduct, which
extends through the cemetery (Hachlili and Killebrew
1983a: 112). (3) Hill C is the extreme southern and west-
ern hill in the cemetery. (4) It is the most heavily robbed
10 RACHEL HACHLILI

I
I

AI
>
LJ ,.~> .... '" ~
.J UG'>
)
C1 C2

f _~ A

- -........
f~ ~ I J ~'
I
ID

00 A-A
<:!J? C5·6

Fig. II.ll. TombsC I-C7. p lans.

Fig. 11./2. Tomb B2, pian and SI'Cfiul1.

hill in the cemetery. All the tombs on this hill were

robbed and looted continuously from antiquity until the
present day. The work canied out on this hill included
surveying, checking and preparing plans of all the tombs.
C8

~'"
TOll1h.\ CJ- C32. These are illustrated in Figs. 11.13-20.
Only special features or finds are li sted below:
Tomb C I (Fig. II. B): Fragmcnts of a small ossuary and a
C JJJ:rg C9U

blocking stone near the entrance.

Tomb C3 (Fig. 11.13): Fragments of a small ossuary and a
blocking stone. The chamber was filled with debli s. The
kokhim were empty .
Tomb C4 (Fig. II.l3): Scattered ossuary fragments.
Tomb C5 and C6 (Fig. 11.13): Probably a single tomb.
Scattered bones in the north kokh of C6.
Tomb C8 (Fig. II.14): Two blocking stone fra gments in
C10
pit.
Tomb C9 (Fig. II. 14): Unu sually large tomb, two level s Fig. 11.14. Tombs C8-C11. plalls a lld sectiull.
of kokhim; ossuary fragments.
Tomb C 10 (Fig. II.14): Ossuary fragments. Tomb C 19a, b (Fig. 11.17): Two tombs , one on top of the
Tomb CI4 (Fig. 1l.l5): Four single-kokh tombs next to other.
Tomb C15 (Fig. 11.15) . Tomb C22a, b (Fig. II. 17): Two adjoining tombs.
Tomb C16 (Fig. I1.16): A complete skull was found in an Tomb C23a, b (Fig. 11.18): Two adjoining tombs, with a
opening in the plastered floor (it may have been placed connecting kokh.
intention ally on a lower level). Tomb C32 (Fig. II.19): A few sc attered bones.
 CH APTER ll : TH E TO MB S 11

C19a

nJL
r C13
nn C14

_ _2. m

Fig. 11.15. Tombs C II a- C 15, plans and section. Fig. 11. 17. Tombs C 19a--C22b, plans.

[ 1 C24

2
~ m

Fig. 11. 16. Tombs C 16-C IB, plans and s('c/ion. F ig. 11. l B. Tombs C23- C27, plans and sections.
12
\l C28
~
dO",
Fig. 11.19. Tombs C28-C32 , plans and section.
Fig. H 20. Hill C, flight ofsteps.
Plastered steps above Tomb C30 (Fig. II.20), between
C31 and C32 , led to a miqveh, part of which has survi ved.
Hill D (Figs. 11.21, 22)
Hill D is located to the north of Hills A and B, between
Hills A, Band E. Twenty-seven tombs were surveyed
and most of these were excavated. All the excavated
RACHEL HACHLILl
tombs are located on the east-northeast slope, so that
most of the tomb entrances faced east. About half of the
excavated tombs were found undisturbed in their original
condition. Some of the excavated tombs had only one
kokh. Tombs 04, DS, D7 and D19 were surveyed and
mapped, but not excavated.
Tomb Complex D (Figs . 1I.21-23). Tomb Complex D
consisted of Tombs D2 , D3, D8, DIO, DII , 012, D14,
DIS and D16 (see below the descriptions of individual
tombs) . These tombs are grouped together and probably
constitute an expanded family complex. Most of the
tombs have only one kokh . All consist of primary burials
in wooden coffins, with the exception of D3, which is a
tomb used for bone-collection burials, stratigraphically
C30 and chronologically later than the tomb complex.
Sequence of Tomb Construction. At first a courtyard or
platform was cut into the hillside. Tomb D 12 was hewn
level with this platform. D2, above D12 and the steps
leading to it, was hewn after D 12, on the evidence of their
common walls. These two tombs are the largest in the
complex; the remaining group of single-kokh tombs were
probably added to the complex contemporaneously with
D2. DIS was hewn level with the platform and to its
north. Rock-cut steps led from the platform to Tomb
D 11, above D 12. South of D2, steps led to D I 0
(Fig. 11.23). Tombs D8 and D 16 were probably hewn
later on a higher level, above and to the north of the
complex. The last tomb hewn in the complex was prob-
ably D14, which was cut into the south side of the
platfonn, below its surface (Fig . II.23). Tomb D3, which
is later in date, is located above the entire complex, and is
stratigraphically the highest tomb. It was cut on top of
Tomb D2 and should be dated later than the complex,
also corroborated by the burial customs observed there.
This complex is especially important as most of the
tombs in it were found sealed and undisturbed.
Tomb DJ (Fig. 11.24). Tomb DI consisted of a pit,
benches, two kokhim on the north (one small) and one
kokh in the west wall. The south side had collapsed
completely, probably into Tomb D 17 below. The north
kokhim and part of the pit were hewn directly above
Kokhim 5 and 6 of Tomb D9 (Fig. 11.38), the northeast
corner of the pit and Kokh I damaging part of Kokh 6 in
Tomb D9. Thus Tomb D I is stratigraphically and
chronologically later than D9 (see p. 16).
 CHAPTER II THE TOMBS 13

~ , ' ,
, ................... "
")

Uncxa v a t~ /- )

~
" IJ '.
.....

"",-= _ =__'5 m

Fig. 11.2 I. Tom.bs on Hill D. plans.

-95 m
U 06
-96m -96
-97 -97
-98 -98

-99
r'
~

n 01 ~ ~
- -99

-100 -- 100

-101 1 013 j \. J ., (\1

l--..n ,.------- U 010 0 03 "- -101

2 U 01
O ~ -5-
017lcJQCS 023 "--'--LV 09 08 020 U
-102
021 / =\ 0 02
~
102
-103 ! ) 103
-104 L r0 019 I nJ 014 016 104

-105
022 U-.J / f"-, 105
) 0» . /
-'06 106
-107 107

-108 - -108
-109 -109
-110 -1 10
-111
027 -111
0 5
m

Fig. 1l.22. /:.'x('ul'lIled lombs on Hill D, section and elevations.

Ossuary 18 (Cat. No. 38), found in the damaged
Kokh I, contained the collected and an'angcd bones of a
woman (Fig. Vm.2). Two ossuaries placed one above the
other were found in Kokh 2 close to the opening: Ossuary
20 (Cat. No. 39), inscribed in Greek with name (Simon)
and age (see below, lnscr. 17, p. 157), placed in front of
Ossuary 20 (Cat. No. 40), which contained the bones of
Pela~y of Jerusalem, as inscribed on the ossuary (see
below, lnscr. 16, p. 157). Close to these two ossuaries, a
bowl inscribed in ink was uncovered on the debris (Cat.
No. 41) . The inscriptions, in Jewish script. both on the
inside and the outside of the bowl , mention lshma' el son
of Shim'on son of Palta from Jeru salem (see below.
lnsc r. 15a, 15b, pp. 155-156).
14 RACHEL HACHLlLl

At the end of Kokh 2 fragments of a bronze clasp of a

box (Cat. No. 47) were uncovered. Kokh 3 had been dis-
turbed; a small ossuary (Cat. No. 37) containing the bones
of a child and some scattered bones were found in the
kokh. Due to the collapse of the tomb, the pit was filled
with debris, as well as with bones of about nine individu-
als and pottery, including a complete storage jar (Cat. No.
44) , a Herodian lamp (Cat. No. 45), a funnel (Cat. No. 46)
and fragments of a decorated spouted jug (Cat. No. 42).

Tomb D2 (Figs. 11.25 , 26). The tomb entrance, facing

Fig. 11.23. Tombs D2. DIO and D14.
\ three individuals. In Kokh 6, a fragment of a wooden
east, was sealed with a blocking stone of the stopper type
(Fig. 11.84: I), fitted in place with small stones (see p. 51).
Tomb D2 had a pit, benches and seven kokhim. The two
small kokhim were probably added to the five oliginal,
larger kokhim. Tomb D2 had been disturbed and the
ceiling was damaged when Kokh 6 of Tomb D3 was
hewn above it (Figs. 11.26, 28).
Fragments of a coffin containing a plimary burial
(burials?) were found on the south bench , as well as two
globular juglets (Cat. Nos. 55 , 56) and a fragment of a
small jug (Cat. No. 57).
The five large kokhim contained poorly preserved
wooden coffins (Cat. Nos . 48-52). Kokhim 4, 6 and 7 had
been sealed with small stones, plaster and potsherds.
Two flat slabs, which had fallen into the pit, had probably
sealed Kokhim 2 and 3. Each of the coffins in the kokhim
contained the remains of the primary burials of one to
handle(?) (Cat. No. 60) was found.
The small size of Kokhim I and 5, as well as their
rounded corners, indicates that they were not intended
to hold coffins. The few scattered bones recovered in

ALI3 rf!(J 17 'A

'm

A-A

Fig.ll.24. Tomb DI. plan and section. Fig. 1l.25. Tom b D2. Kokhim 1-3. breach from Tomb D3.
 CHAPTER Il : T HE TOMBS 15

o
....._--====--J m

A-A

Fig. 11.26. Tomb 0 2, plan and sections.

16 RACHEL HACHLILI
Kokh 1 had probably fallen from D3 through the opening
directly above the kokh. In Kokh 5, bones of two to six
individuals were found. In view of the absence of coffin
remains, it is likely that the bones had been collected and
placed in the kokh.
Tomb D3 (Fig. 11.27). This tomb is stratigraphically and
chronologically the latest tomb of the complex and did
not contain burials in wooden coffins. The ent.rance fac-
ing east was found blocked by a large stopper-type block-
ing stone (Fig. 11.84:2). However, Tomb D3 had
previously been entered through a hole above the en-
trance, and had been disturbed.
This tomb consisted of a large, shallow pit, benches
and six kokhim. In the process of hewing Kokh 6, the
ceiling of Tomb D2 was damaged, resulting in the re-
working of Kokh 6 of Tomb D3 at a higher level than the
other, previously hewn, kokhim (Fig. 11 .28) Thus Tomb
D3 is later than Tomb D2, evidently the last tomb pre-
pared in this complex.
All the kokhim contained collected bones. There was
no evidence of ossuaries or coffins in the tomb. A large
pile of bones had spilled onto the south bench in front of
Kokh 5 (Fig. il.28). There were no blocking stones or any
indication that the kokhim had been sealed. The position
of the bones probably ind icates that these were secondary
burials of collected bones. Two bronze coins (Cat. Nos.
82, 83) of Agrippa I were found stuck together inside a
skull placed in Kokh I (pp. 135-136).
Tomb D6 (Fig. 11.29). This tomb, which had nine kokhim,
was the largest excavated on Hill D. The entire tomb had
collapsed and was filled with debris . Due to the condition
of the tomb, only three kokhim-4, 5 and 6--could be
excavated. Remains of coffins (Cat. Nos. 85-88) and
primary burials were found in all the excavated kokhim .
Kokh 6 had the lower part of a flat blocking stone still in
place, with traces of plaster; the head of the primary
burial faced the end of the kokh. Bones of a youth were
found in Kokh 5.
Tombs D8 and D 16 were located to the north of the
platform, with the entrance in the east.
Tomb D8 (Figs. n.21 , 22) This tomb probably contained
a wooden coffin, with the deceased lying with the head to
the back of the kokh. A storage jar (Cat. No. 91), bowl
fragments (Cat. No. 89) and a cooking pot (Cat. No. 90)
were found in front of Tomb D8, to the right of the
entrance,
Tomb D9 (Fig. 11.30). The tomb consisted of a chamber
and seven kokhim, without a pit or benches, evidently
because the ceiling was high enough to allow a person to
stand. Most of the ceiling had collapsed and only the
northwest comer remained intact. The preparation of the
pit and of the north part of Tomb D I (an ossuary tomb,
which lies stratigraphically above the southern part of
Tomb D9) damaged the ceiling, as well as Kokhim 6 and
7 ofTomb D9 (Fig . II.38).
Kokhim 2, 3 and 4 still had an intact ceiling; Kokh 3
was sealed with an unusually heavy and thick rectangular
stone, topped by a small semicircular stone, incised with
a curved line along the edge (Figs. 11.31-33, 84:3). The
large stone had been plastered over. Kokhim 2 and 4
were sealed with sun-dried mudblicks covered with mor-
tar, but not completely, as the upper paI1 had been de-
stroyed. The ceiling of the other kokhim had collapsed,
but parts of the wooden coffins and primary burials were
recovered.
Remains of several wooden coffins (Cat. Nos. 92-94)
were found in the chamber. In front of Kokh I the implint
of one of the coffins' narrow sides could be discerned
(Color PI. IILl). Close to the entrance a folded lamp
(Cat. No. 108) was found and storage jar fragments
(Cat. No. 103-107) were uncovered on the floor in the
southeast chamber corner. Coffins 102 and 109 (Cat.
Nos. 93 , 94; Fig. 11.34) stood on the chamber floor, No.
109 in front of Kokhim 3, 4 and 5, No. 102 in front of
Kokhim 6 and 7. Coffin 109 contained the remains of two
females facing each other and of a child(?), while
No. 102 contained one female and a globular juglet
(Cat. No. 97).
Kokh 1 contained the complete burial of a male with a
triangular hole in the skull; the head lay at the back of the
kokh (Fig. 11.35). A similar perforated skull was found in
Tomb D 12 (p. 22). Scanty fragments-mainly wood
dust-prove that the kokh had originally contained a
wooden coffin.
Kokh 2 was sealed by a stone topped with sun-dried
mudblicks. Inside the kokh some wood fragments were
collected and the imprint of the bottom of the coffin was
identified. A burial with the head toward the back of the
kokh was uncovered.
Kokh 3 contained the most interesting and well-
preserved coffin (No. 59; Cat. No. 92; Fig. IlL I 0) ,
 CHAPTER II THE TOMBS 17

4
4

-~ = '"

A A-A
2

En trance blocked
/

\
c-c
..
Fig. //, 27. Tomb D3, plan Clnd sec/ions.
]8 RACHEL HACHLlLl

apparentl y because of the partic ularly heavy sea l of the

Fig. 11. 28. Tomb 03, Kokhjm 5-6, breach info Tomb 02.
kokh opening (Figs . 11.31-33). When the kokh was
opened the coffin co llapsed (Fig. II.36). Several parts of
the chest and the lid were preserved; fo l/owing the exca-
va tion  of the  kokh, the  imprint  of the  coffin's  bottom 
could  be  observed  on  the  floor  (Fig.  1I.37).  A  large 
bronze ring fragment (Cat.  No.  109) lay next to one of the 
coffin's  lo ng boards. The burial  of a  female with a  fetus 
at  her  feet  lay  in  the  southeas t  comer  of  the  coffi n, 
accompanied by a small  wooden bowl (Cat.  No.  111 ). 
Kokh 4  was  sealed  with  bri cks.  Remain s of a  coffi n 
were uncovered  in  the  kokh . The primary  burial  lay with 
the head toward  the entrance and one hand restin g under 
the  head.  Fragments  of an  iron  instrument(?)  (Cat.  No. 
110) were found  clo se to  the  left  leg and  fragments  of a 
pottery bowl (Cat.  No. 95) next to the pel vis. 

5 

/  ,~f
l 4 C>

;4 ,/
" 
~
.... 1-

. 
... . .  
( .. 

l. t._ 
./ 
,-
~

~ \.-
.\' ....  .t"
[  q'  .~
,
\-
­ " 
t
~ ,
------- ,
-)J /~ I-~
2\

r - - - - - - -t ",',
9 
~ ­ l_ -------,
r  1 
.I
r------

16
/  ­ -----,
I  
I
"\J
~
\ (\ (j 
I 
1
J 

~
A ­A 

Fig. 11. 29. Tomb 06, plan and sec/ion

 CHAPTER II : THE TOMBS 19

"\ ~ ~-'
>-- ./ - ' -
7

Ioo.._-===' m +-
»
,

------
\
\

-
6

B-B

Fig. 11. 30. Tomb D9, plan and sections.

20 RACHEL HACHLILI

Fig. 11.31. Tomb 09, Kokhim 2- 5: nOll' Ihat Kokh 3 is sealed.

o 05
Fig. 11.33. Tomb 09, Kokh 3, upper sealing slone.
--==--==- m

Fig. 11.32. Tomb 09, Kokh 3: a. sealillg slone in place:

b. sealing slone a/iet' removal.

Fig. 11.34. Tomb 0 9, remains of Coffins 102 (Cal . No. 93) alld 109 (Cal. No. 94).
 CHAPTER II: THE TOMBS
Fig. 11.35. Tomb 09, Kokh I: l1oll' 5/.:///1 pr'ljoral ion
Fig. 11.36. Tomb 0 9, Kokh 3, Coffill 59 (Cli l. No. 92).
21
mI
!, ii
I
I
I
1
I1
_ -b
Fig. 11.37. Tomb 09, Kokh 3: a. cojlill 59; h. coffin ballam.
Kokh 5 contained the imprint of a wooden coffin and
the fragmentary primary burials of a male and a female.
Kokh 6 contained wood dust and the fragmentary
skeletal remains of a female and child in poor condition.
A complete globular juglet (Cat. No. 98) and fragments
of an alabastron bottle (Cat. No. 99) were also recovered.
Part of thi s kokh was damaged by the pit of Tomb D 1
(Fig. IU8).
K okh 7 contained fragments of a wooden coffin and
remains of a female burial , with the head placed at the
back of the kokh.
Tomb DiD (Figs. II.21, 22, 23). The tomb is located on
the upper level, above and slightly to the south of Tomb
D2 . Tomb DlD could have been hewn and entered only
before Tomb D14 existed, since it lies directly below
Tomb D I O. The entrance faces east. the ceil.ing is miss-
ing, and the tomb was filled with soil , debris and a few
scattered bones.
Tomb Dii (Figs. II .21, 22). This single-kokh tomb
was hewn on a higher level than the platform, and Tombs
D 12 and 015 were accessible by steps (see above, p. 12).
In front of the entrance facing east, an almost complete
storage jar (Cat. No . I 16) and frag me nts of another
(Cat. No . 117) were found. The ceiling had completely
22 RACHEL HACHLILI
Fig. 11.38. Tomb 01 above 09.
collapsed, but the cntrance was still sealed with a stone
(Fig. II.84:4), soil and plastcr. A few fragments of a
wooden coffin , which had contained one primary bur-
ial with its head toward the back of the kokh, were
recovered.
Tomb DJ2 (Fig. 11.39). The tomb entrance, facing east,
was still sealed at the time of discovery. A large, flat
blocking slab, with plaster and stones fitted around the
edges, closed the tomb entrance. The incised lines above
the arched entrance may have been intended to create the
impression of a masonry arch (Fig. 11.40).
The tomb consisted of a pit, benches and three kok-
him, two in the nOl1h wall and one in the west wall. No
kokhim were cut into the south walJ, which is a common
wall with Tomb D2. A total of seven wooden coffins
(Cat. Nos. 124-130) were found: two on the south and
west benches, one in the pit, one in Kokh I, two in Kokh
2 and one in Kokh 3. The coffins in the kokhim were in a
better state of preservation than those on the benches and
in the pit.
Pil and Bellcltes: Coffin No. 78 (Cat. No. 124,
Fig. ITT. 15) was placed on the south side of the pit
(Fig. 11.39). The coffin contained the primary burials of a
woman and a child. The objects placed next to the
woman's head included a bronze kohl stick (Cat. No.
144). with a bead (Cat. No. 143) at its end, a basalt weight
(Cat. No. 149), a bone spatula (Cat. No. 157), iron nails
(Cat. Nos . 145. 147), leather fragments including some in
the shape of flowers (buttons'); Cat. No. 153) and a
leather string. Close to the coffin a broken but almost
complete cooking pot was found in the pit (Cat. No. 133).
Three globular juglets (Cat. Nos. 135-137) and some
metal fragments (Cat. No. 146) were uncovered in the pit
close to the entrance. Parts of the wooden coffins and
skeletal remains on the benches had also fallen into the
pit (Fig. LIAI). Fragments of white plaster. which accu-
mulated in the middle and west parts of the pit 110or, may
indicate either that the pit had been plastered, or that
plaster fragments had fallen from the plastered blocking
stones of the kokhim.
Coffin 84 (Cat. No. 125). placed on the west bench,
contained the plimary bUlial of a male with his head
toward the south. The skull had a triangular hole
(Fig. IIA1; arrowhead wound?). Coffin 85 (Cat. No .
126). placcd on the south bench. contained the burial of a
child . Two complete cooking pots (Cat. Nos. 131, 134),
apparently unused, were discovered on the south bench ,
as well as a fragment of palm-fiber rope (Cat. No. 151).
Kokh 1: The plastered blocking stone and the surround-
ing small stones were found pushed out of place; stones
blocki ng the open ing of the kokh had fallen on the coffin,
crushing the skull of the deceased, while the large, flat,
plastered blocking stone was pushed toward the bench.
Fragments of wooden Coffin 103 (Cat. No. 128) re-
mained in the kokh. The primary burial in the coffin was
placed with the head toward the entrance. Leather frag-
ments, a leather sandal (Cat. No. 154) and grape seeds
(Cat. No. 152) were found in the coffin.
Kokh 2: A large plastered slab sealed the kokh (Fig.
11.42), and a cooking pot (Cat. No. 132) was found in
front of it. There were two coffins in the kokh , 104a and
104b (Cat. Nos. 129, 130); No. 104a contained the pri-
mary burial of an adult female with her head toward the
entrance, leather fragments (Cat. No. 155) and a sandal
(Cat. No. 156). Coffin 104b contained the remains of a
child, three or four years old . At the child's feet was a
glass amphoriskos (Cat. No. 142; Figs. 11.43, III.71: I).
This is the only instance at Jericho of a woman or a child
 CHAPTER II : THE TOMBS 23

~ -­ >

A-A

B-B

I
_ ~" n

Fig. JJ. 39. Tomb D12, plan and sections.

24
Fig. 11.40. Tomb D/ 2, entrance.
buried in an individual coffin . Two wooden vesse ls (Cat.
Nos. 158,159), one of them a bowl , and wood fragments
were found next to the ampholiskos.
Kokh 3: A blocking stone, secured in place with stones
and plaster, seaJed the kokh. Kokh 3 could have been
closed only after sealing Kokh 2, as part of the small
stones and plaster of Kokh 3 extended over the blocking
stone of Kokh 2. Cuffin 94 (Cat. No. 127; Figs . 11.44,
Fig. 11.4/. Tomb D12, col/illS on benches and in pit. NOle skull perforatioll oil/eli.
RACIIEL HACHLILI
IIL18), found in the kokh, contained the primary burial of
an adult male, with the head toward the back of the kokh.
Fragments of the coffin and p3.lticularly the coffin' s
bottom were preserved. The bottom consisted of three
short boards laid across the width of five long boards,
thus fastening them together (Fig. Il.45).
Tomb D 13 (Fig. II.46) . This tomb was almost completely
destroyed . The ceiling and most of the kokhim had col-
lapsed into Tomb 017 and only tile south kokh survived.
The fallen ossuaries (Nos. 23-26; Cat. Nos. 204-207)
and the large sealing stone found in Tomb 017 probabl y
belong to 013 . The squ3.l"e stone had a hole, evidently
facilitating the opening and closing of the entrance
(Fig. 11.84:5).
Tomb DI4 (Figs. 11.21, 22, 23, 47). This single-kokh
tomb was the last to be hewn on the platfonn. This must
have occurred after 0 I 0 and 02 had been sealed, because
access to these two tombs would have been difficult after
014 had been hewn. The tomb was sealed with small
stones, soil and plaster and contained a well-preserved
coffin (No. 113; Cat. No. 211; Figs. II.47, IIl.l-9), which
had collapsed in the kokh but could be reconstructed. The
primary bUlial of a male inside the coffin lay with the
head toward the entrance. The skull had been crushed by
the collapse of the coffll1. In front of the tomb was a
small, naITOW , rock-cut passage. The restorable storage
jars (Cat. Nos. 226-230) were found on the floor and in
the debris of this passage, in front of the entrance.
 CHAPTER II: THE TOMBS 25

Fig. 11.42. Tomb 012, sealed Kokhim 1-3, cooking pot Fig. 11.44. Tomb D12, Kokh 3.
(Cal. No. 132) infrollt ofKokhim 2-3.

Fig. 11.43. Tomb 012, Kokh 2, Coffin /040 (COl. No. 129) 1JI1. le/t, Fig. 11.45. Tomb 012, K okh 3, hottom a/ Coffin 94
Coffin 104h (Cat. No. 130) on right; gloss amphoriskos (Cot . No. /27 ).
(Cat. No. /42 ) in lower rig/II.
26
Fig. 11../6 71J/1/!J OJ 3, aho\'(' Tombs 021 (flld V23 , plans.
A~ jA
o
m A-A
Fig. 11.47. Tomb 014. p Ion (lnd s"Clio//.
Tomb D 15 (Fig. 11.48). This single-kokh tomb was on the
same level as 01 2, with the entrance in the sou th . It was
sealed with stones, earth and pl aster, part of which had
fallen. Coffin 128 (Cat. No . 238) , which was found in the
kokh, contained the primary burials ofthreeO) individu-
als. The head of the lowest lay at the back of the kokh. On
top of it, and at its side, lay a chiJd(?). The head of the
third indi vidual was toward the entrance. The skull had
been smashed by the fallen stone which had sealed the
e ntrance (Fig. II.49). Fragments of cloth adhered to the
RACI-fEL HACHLlLl
\\
o____====0. 5111
Fig. 11.48. T()mb V15. p/OII alld .H'cl i()lIlhmllgh el1lmll[ e.
skull (Fig. II .SO). In the coffin , sandal fragments (Cat.
No. 239), a wooden bowl (Cat. No. 241) and a pecan nut
(Cal. No. 240) were recovered.
Tomb D 16 (Figs. [I.2I, 22). This single-kokh tomb is
located north of Tomb 0 ] I, with the entrance in the
north. Most of the tomb had collapsed, but the lower part
of the sealed entr;.mce remained intact. Fragments of
storage jars (Cal. Nos. 242- 245) were found in front of
the tomb entrance. The wooden coffin had not survived ,
but its imprints were visible on both sides of the kokh.
Remains of one primary bUlial were found.
Tomb D17 (Fig. 1!.S1). The tomb entrance was ap-
proached from the east through a small, narrow , rock-cut
cOUityard or passage 'vvith a small, hewn bench. The
entrance was found scaled with a blocking stone in. situ ,
although the ceiling had collapsed into the tomb; on both
si des vertical grooves had been carved to ensure a closer
fit of the blocking stone. The tomb had six regular
kokhim and a s mall kokh opening out of Kokh 6. Some
 CHAPTER II: TH E TOMBS
Fig. 11.49. TombD15.
Fig. 11.50. Tomb D15. skull with cloth imp ress ion.
ossuary and skeletal fragments were found in the deblis,
in Kokhim 1-5 and in the pit, all probably originating
from 013, the collapsed tomb above 017 .
Kokh 1 contained only a few scattered bones close to
the entrance. Kokh 6 opened on its east side into Kokh 7;
its sealing stone had fallen into K okh 6.
Since the blocking stone was in place in the tomb
entrance and most of the fallen debris and ossuaries were
uncovered in the center of the tomb, it seems likely that
the ceiling of 017 had collapsed, bringing down the
contents of 0 13 and the south part of 0 1. Tomb 017 may
have been empty before the collapse, as no artifacts or
any indications of burial were found in the kokhim .
27
A-A
Fig. If. 51. Tomb D17, plan and section.
Other Hill D Burials
Tomb DJ8 (Fig. 11.52). Thi s tomb is located on a lower
level and to the south of Tomb Complex D. The block.ing
stone (Fig. II.84:6) was not in place and was found close
to the entrance. The ceiling of the tomb had collapsed. A
coin of Yehol)anan Hyrcanus 1 (Cat. No. 255) and lamp
fragments (Cat. No. 253) were recovered near the en-
trance.
The tomb had six kokhim . The arrangement of the
kokhim in this tomb is unusual-two on the north, three
on the west, and only one on the south, probably due to
the close proximity of Tomb D22 to the south (Figs.
11.21, 22). The kokhim were blocked with small and
medium-sized stones. Remains of wooden coffins with
primary burials were uncovered on the benches. On the
north bench lay coffin fragments and a burial with the
head to the west. Fragments of wood and skeletal re-
mains, with the head to the south, were found on the west
bench. A coin of Herod Archelaus (Cat. No. 256) was
found in the broken skull.
Kokh 2: Skeletal remains and wood fragments.
Kokh 3: A few bones and wood fragments.
Kokh 4: One skeleton (head missing) and wood frag-
ments.
 ·U01/JdS pLIO livid '8 1a ql!lo.L ·i':~ ·11 ·glj
.

v-v

I
-- -
I z
I
\

...... _- --

-- - - 9

-
--

I1I1H:J\lH TOI HJ\I~

8Z:
 CHAPTER 11: THE TOMBS
Kokh 5: Fragments and imprints of a coffin. A complete
burial with the head at the back was uncovered in the
coffin; on it lay three more individuals, with the heads
toward the entrance.
The pit contained a number of burials and a pottery
cooking pot (Cat. No. 246). These must have been placed
in the tomb last, as otherwise movement in the tomb
would have been difficult. This tomb was not completely
excavated.
Tombs D2J, D23 (Fig. II.46). These are single-kokh
tombs bordering Tomb D 17. D21 was full of collected
bones.
Tomb D23 was dug into the hillside at a slightly
higher level than D21. It contained only a few bones and
its burial type could not be detennined.
Tomb D22 (Fig. II.53). A small rock-cut courtyard ex-
tends in front of this tomb. A narrow passage leads to the
entrance, which was still sealed with stones and clay,
although the ceiling had collapsed into the tomb.
The tomb had six kokhim but no pit, probably because
the ceiling was high enough to allow a person to stand.
The kokhim were sealed with stones and bricks. On the
floor in front of Kokhim 1-4 several complete vessels
were found, including a flask (Cat. No. 277), bowls (Cat.
Nos. 266-268) and cooking pots (Cat. Nos. 269, 273).
T\.vo burials were found on the west side of the chamber
floor, with the heads toward the east, as well as two other
burials with the heads to the west. Among the remains
were fragments of pottery and wood.
Kokh I contained a plimary burial in the remains of a
wooden coffin. The head lay at the back of the kokh.
Kokh 2 contained fragments of wood and of cooking
pots (Cat. Nos. 271, 272), which had probably been
placed in the coffin. At the back of Kokh 3 were wood
fragments. The other kokhim were not excavated.
Tomb D25. A severely damaged tomb. The entrance was
identified and found blocked with stones; a rock-cut
corridor led to the entrance. Only the corridor was exca-
vated as far as the entrance.
Tomb D26 (Fig. 1154). The entire east putt of the tomb,
including the entrance, was destroyed by erosion. The
tomb could not be completely excavated due to its condi-
tion. Kokh I and the ceiling had completely collapsed.
The tomb had six kokhim which were full of earth
and rubble; none of the blocking stones was in place.
29
A blocking stone lay on the floor in front of Kokh 2
and another fallen blocking stone lay in front of Kokh 3.
Tomb D27 (Fig. II.55). The tomb was completely pre-
served and the blocking stone was still in place in the
east-facing entrance, effectively sealing the tomb. The
flat side of the blocking stone faced inward, the stopper
side outward (Fig. II.56). This may indicate that the tomb
had been opened and closed several times, as it was
easier to handle the stone in this position.
Tomb D27 consisted of a pit, benches and seven
kokhim. Three of the kokhim-3, 4 and 5-were sealed
with small and large stones reinforced with mortar and
potsherds. The stones in the upper part had fallen off; the
exception was Kokh 3, which was completely sealed. The
kokhim contained wooden coffins with primary burials,
with the exception of Kokh 7.
Kokh I: This kokh was not sealed; it contained a primary
burial, with the head toward the entrance. The skull had
been crushed by the weight of the blocking stones which
had fallen on it. Next to it, on the west side, and further
back in the kokh, was another burial, which seems to have
been pushed back. Some remains of skin were preserved
on the bones. This burial was accompanied by a piriform
bottle (Cat. No. 297) and some leather fragments.
Kokh 2: Coffin 184 (Cat. No. 289) contained an individ-
ual with the head toward the back of the kokh. Fragments
of leather lay under the body; remains of skin were
preserved on the bones.
Kokh 3: Close to the entrance of the kokh, in front of the
blocking stones, two iron nails were found (Cat.
No. 298), which may have some significance (p. 173;
Hachlili and Killebrew 1983a:115, 127-128).
Kokh 3 was sealed with stones, plaster and mortar and
contained remains of a coffin (No. 198; Cat. No. 293)
whose south part was preserved, while the north part had
disintegrated. The buried individual had evidently suf-
fered from arthritis. Leather fragments were found in the
coffin.
Kokh 4: Sealed with stones, plaster and clay, this kokh
held a well-preserved coffin (No. 190; Cat. No. 292,
Figs. III.31-35). The coffin fragments at the kokh open-
ing showed that the lid had been gabled. It contained the
burial of an elderly man with the head toward the back of
the kokh. Leather fragments (Cat. No. 30 I) were found in
the coffin.
Kokh 5 (Fig. 11.57): A complete cooking pot (Cat. No.
295), crushed by stones fallen from the seal, stood in
front of this sealed kokh. Kokh 5 contained a poorly
 ·SlO! I . Jd .~ I
pUO l II)d 'ua qw0.L ·[ nl
. "iil:]
.

y-y

--

w
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- - - /

-~I!:

........ - - .... ------.

----
Ld
I
I
I - ..:-I-

nn HJVH 13H.)V'II
Of:
 CHAPTER If THE TOMBS
I
I benches. The head of the burial on the north bench was
I
___f
5
A-A
Fig. //.54. Tomb 026, plan and .IeLfion.
preserved coffin (No. 185: Cat. No. 290) in which three
superimposed deceased had been bUlied: male, female
and male. The heads of the two lower skeletons were
directed toward the back; the third deceased was less well
preserved . Leather fragments (Cat. No. 300) were found
in the coffin.
Kokh 6: The seal of the kokh, part of which had falien ,
consisted of stones and clay. The kokh held a well-
preserved coffin (No. 187; Cat. No. 291; Figs.1Il .26, 27).
The comer posts of the coffin at the south end were
preserved, as well as one long board from the coffin
side. Coffin fragments indicate that it had a gabled lid
(pp. 78-80).
The kokh contained a primary burial, with the head at
the back of the kokh . A leather sheet and twigs (Cat. No.
302) were found in the coffin under the burial. Originally
this was probably a leather mattress filled with twigs.
Under the head were two sandals (Cat. No. 303; pp. 136-
137), one on top of the other.
Kokh 7: Thi s is the only kokh without any indications of
a coffin, but it held the fragmentary remains of 21 indi-
viduals. The burials were arranged with most of the
bones and skulls at the front of the kokh (Fig. 11.58).
Among the bones were fragments of wood and charcoal.
This kokh, the last on the south side, scems to have served
as a repository for the bones which had been removed to
make room in the coffins for later burials.
The remains of several individuals. which had prob-
ably been originally placed in coffins. were found on the
31
close to the head of the burial in the northwest comer of
the bench (Fig. 11.55). The head of the burial on the south
bench wa s oriented to the west.
The pit was empty, except for some bones of two
children found in the southwest corner. Tbe entrance to
thi s particular tomb was only 0.45 m wide and tbe coffins
could not have passed througb the narrow opening.
Therefore they must have been introduced in two pal1s-
the chest and the lid-and assembled in the tomb.
This undisturbed tomb demonstrates the position of
the primary burials in the last stage of use, i.e .. there were
five coffins in situ , one in each of the five kokhim.
K okh im 2, 3, 4 and 6 contained coffins with one primary
burial each , while Kokh 5 contained three indi viduals,
two of them probably placed on top of the original pri-
mary burial. In K okh 1, the body of a youth accompanied
by a piriform bottle (Cat. No. 297) was pushed further
back into the kokh to make room for another burial at the
front. Three bodies were placed on the benches, possibly
in coffins. For some rcason. thc corfins in this tomb seem
to have been reused severa l times . The leatber mattresses
buried with the deccascd may reflect the reuse of the
coffin. The scarc ity of finds, except for some cooking
pots and the pilifor m bottles, is notewortllY·
Hill E (Fig. Il.l )
Hill E is an elongated hil I of white limestone exposed by
the erosion of the topsoil. Twel ve tombs on this hill were
plundered and robbed; these were surveyed but not exca-
vated.
Three tombs, E I, E2 and E3, were single-kokh tombs
hewn into the south and southeast hillside, each with a
square rock-cut courtyard in front of the entrance. The
others were collapsed tombs, which survi ved only par-
tially. Two other tombs s hould be mentioned: EIO was
exposed by its collapsed ceiling so that it could be seen
from above, with the blocking stone still in place: El2
had a pit and nine kokhim, three on each side, except for
the entrancc side.
Hills F and G (Fig. II.2)
Hills F and G are located on opposite sides of Wadi
Tasun , which [}Ins below the Quruntul monastery . They
are the northernmost bills of the cemetery.
No traces of coffins or ossuaries were di scovered in
any of the tombs on Hills F and G.
32 RACHEL HACHLILI

4-
1

3
_ r:::=-=--.."--

4B

.. ,.~ -:
---
Hr ~ -
7
,->
",,-"'I
. ~

---
..--'
- ;:li"_

o
....._ _=== m

B-B

Fig. 11. 55. Tomb D2 7, plan. and seC/ions.

 CHAPTER II : THE TOMBS 33

Fig. 1£.56. Tomh D27. sea ling slOne. Fig. !l.5B. Tomb D27. Kokh 7.

Hill F (Fig. ]1.59)

Most of the tombs were destroyed and robbed.

Tomb F J (Fig. II.60). Two kokhim.

Tomb F2. A robbed, single-kokh tomb.

Tomb F3 (Fig. 11.61). A robbed, two-kokh tomb; kokhim

of unusual size, one being 4.10 m long and 0.95 m wide
(see Table II.5).

Tomb F4 (Fig. II.62). This tomb had nine kokhim and an

additional kokh on the outside. A deep pit in the center of
the chamber had steps leading into it. Two blocking
stones were found in the pit and another in the southwest
corner of the tomb . This tomb had also been robbed, but
bones and a large quantity of pottery, mostly cooking
pots (Cat. Nos. 310--349), could be recovered. No re-
mains  of ossuaries  or wooden  coffins  were  found,  indi -
cating  that  this  tomb  probably  belonged  to  Type  II, i.e ., 
secondary bone collection (see p.  169).
The tomb wall  between  Kokhim 3 and 4  preserved the 
faint  remains  of  a  charcoal  drawing  of  several  nefesh
columns (Fig. 1I.62, Detail B; p.  162, Fig.  VI.l). 
Fig. 11.57. Tomb D27. Kokh 5.
34 RACHEL HACHLlLl

Fig. !I.59. Hill F on right, looking south.

::·--
r
J

- ,~ =r - -I-=-- -
--
)
L }A

-~
----
, '~
__ ~ _-'l
1
m

A·A

Fig. /1.60. Tomb F / , plan and sec/ion . Fig. /1.6/. TUlIlb F3, plan alld sec/ion.

Tomb F5 . A collapsed chamber tomb of EB III (the only
early tomb found in this cemetery). Part of the entrance
has survived.
Tomb F6 (Fig. 11.63). Nine kokhim. The tomb had been
robbed and the excavation was not completed.
Hill G (Figs. I1.65, 66)
Hill G, on the sloping south bank of the wadi, contained
nine rock-cut tombs on two levels , mostly single-kokh
tombs. At the time of excavation the lower level was very
close to the base of the wadi bed; as a result most of the
tombs had been robbed or disturbed .

Tomb F7 (Fig. 1I.64). A chamber with one large kokh. Tombs GJ-G6. SingJe-kokh tombs, all robbed.
The entire chamber was full of bones and pottery , mainly
Tomb G7. Three-kokh tomb on a higher level.
cooking pots (Cat. Nos. 384-403), without remains of
Tomb GS. Two(?) kokhim.
ossuaries or coffins. The sealing stone of the kokh was
found in the chamber. Tomb G9. Three kokhim .
 CHAPTER II : THE TOMBS 35

~t .
.
,~
~ ".

., .... \

\
~

ll- ' .~ Detail

- ~ ~\' B
"
I)·
f_, ~ 10

, '" Detail B

"-
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./

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9 8

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Fig. 11. 62. Tomb F4, plan and seclion.

w ====-__,

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I a

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IlIlH:JVH 13H:J\fC! 9£
 CHAPTER II THE TOMBS 37

......_ -===fm

Fig. 11.65. Tombs GI-G9, plans.

Fig. 11.66. Hill G, looking north.

Hill H (Fig. II.67)
Tomb H is the most impOitant tomb in the Jericho
cemetery. Four tombs (H l-H4, Fig. 11.78) were identi-
fied on the lower part of Hill H, under the courtyard of
Tomb H. Their entrances are visible, but only excava-
tions will provide information concerning their form and
content.
Tomb H, the Goliath Family Tomb (Figs. 11.67-83). This
is the most intriguing tomb in the cemetery. A large
coultyard with benches is adjoined by a miqveh (see
below, p. 47). A corridor led to the tomb entrance, which
was blocked by two large stones secured with smaller
stones. The inner of the two stones which sealed the
entrance had been cut to fit the opening. This stone had
a round hole in the upper, light-hand comer, resembling
a door knob. The second, a rough rounded stone, rested
against the first blocking stone, hermetically sealing
the tomb (Fig. 11.68). The entrance, built into the rock-cut
opening in the hillside, consisted of a lintel and door-
jambs (Fig. 1l.70). This is the only masonry entrance so
far discovered in the Jericho cemetery. The tomb
contained two connecting chambers: Chamber A had a
standing pit, benches, eight kokhim and one bone
repository. A passage in the form of a kokh in the north
wall connected Chamber A to the lower Chamber B.
38 RACHEL HACHULl
Fig. 11.67. Hill H. viewfrom courrya rd Ihrough entrallce, looking sOUlh.
Chamber A (Figs . II.71-74): This chamber had two
kokhim in the north wall next to the passage. three kokhim
in the west wall , three kokhil11 in the south wall and a
bone repository (Fig. 11.71 :9) in the eaSL wall, next to the
entrance. The walls and ceiling of the tomb were plas-
tered white and the walls were decorated with painted
designs. On the north and south walls the paintings were
well preserved , while on the west and east walls very
little remained. The red- and black-painted design in-
cluded vine branches and leaves, birds and probably a
pergola (pp. 159-161; Hachlili 1983b; 1985).
Ossuaries I-IX (Cat. Nos. 759-767; Fig. II.7I) were
discovered in Chamber A. All but one were in Kokhim 1
and 2, or on the benches in front of them .
Kokh I: Ossuary V was found standing on Ossuary IV
(Cat. Nos. 762, 763; Fig. II.73).
Kokh 2: Ossuary VI (Cat. No. 764) stood on the bench in
front of Kokh 2, and Ossuaries VII and VIII (Cat. Nos.
765,766) stood one behind the other inside the kokh. The
lid of Ossuary V III had fallen to the side.
Kokh 3: Only scattered bones were recovered.
Kokh 4: Contained four ossuary fragments and some
bones.
Kokh 5: Empty.
Kokh 6: Several fragments of blocking stones and a few
bones were uncovered in front of Kokh 6.
Kokh 7: Sealed with a large stone and some smaller
stones securing it in place. A small ossuary (IX; Cat. No.
767) was found in the back. In front of the ossuary was a
primary burial of a female with her feet toward the kokh
opening.
Kokh 8: The bones of at least five adults were interred in
this kokh close to the entrance; they seem to have been
arranged in small piles, with the skulls placed next to the
wall.
Kokh 9 (bone repository), next to the entrance, was lower
than the kokhim and was cut deep into the rock with a low
ceiling (Fig. II.7I). It contained the bones of close to
100 individuals in a large pile ca. 1.10 m high, seemingly
arranged with the skulls at the sides and the bones in the
center. This is similar to the way in which the bones were
arranged in the ossuaries. Two pottery bowls (Cat. Nos .
770 and 772), a bead (Cat. Nos. 788) and a nail or key
(Cat. No. 790) were found in front of Kokh 9; three glass
bottles (Cat. Nos. 785-787) and an incomplete piriform
juglet (Cat. No . 777) were discovered in this kokh among
the bones.
 CHAPTER II : THE TOMBS 39

, I
1
/
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,- ....I "I, (
,\ ,
I I
I I
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-."
,

1= ~
-09 02
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''V
-9953
(~f t
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DO -9952 '.-/
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Fig, 11.68. Mourning enclosure, ge neral plan; courtyard. miqveh and tomb.
40 RACHEL HACHLILI

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·10 1 LQL
~ (J
B-B

Fig. 1/.69. Mourning enclosure, Seclions A-A and 8-8.

Fig. II. 70. Tomb H, Chamber A, view froll1 10mb il1lerior IOwaI'd entran ce. Kokhim 7-9 on the right.

In the pit of the chamber, the inscribed lid of Ossuary
VI was placed facing the entrance (p. 145). Two lamps
(Cat. Nos. 779 and 780) and a bowl (Cat. No . 773) were
also found in the pit.
Chamber B (Figs. 11.71 , 75-77): Chamber B was con-
nected to Chamber A by a kokh-shaped passage ending in
two steps. O ss uary X (Cat. No. 768) had been placed in
this passage. Chamber B had six kokhim , two in each of
the east, nOl1h and west walls. The ceiling was high
enough to stand , so that no pit was necessary. The walls
and ceiling were plastered white.
Kokhim 10 and II in the east wall were slightly higher
than the chamber floor, and were found empty. Kokhim
12 and 13 were also slightly higher than the chamber
floor; the lower part of a jug (Cat. No. 809) was uncov-
ered in Kokh 13. Kokhim 14 and 15 were ca. 1.5 m higher
than the chamber floor; Ossuaries XVlll-XXI (Cat.
Nos. 804-807) were located in Kokh 14 (Fig. 11.77) and
No. XXII (Cat. No. 808) in Kokh 15.
 CHAPTER II : THE TOMBS 41

] ~

-<:>
'C

""'\..)"
~

.,
~

1::
<:l

'<Y
'"
ts.
<:l

:r;'
~

\ ~
~

~
....;
.....
42 RACHEL HACHULI

~ ~
~ --
i'I .....
, . C~ ),. ~
Y
.~: , q~'
1 7

-J:J

II 2~1 ~ ~/
3

A-A

.\.. ., f · t~ - .. . ' '.

\{,.> /;.~ "'It, ,.-d'
1 .--:1:':. ~.
~ ~ 6
• ~ .} ~
5
I~ 0- - ~.
I

B-B
____==== m

Fig. II. 72. Tomb H. Chamber A. Sec/ions A-A and 8 - 8 .

Fig. II. 73. Tomb H. Chamber A. looking 110r/h, passage /0 Chamber 8. Kokhim 1-3.
 CHAPTER II: THE TOMBS 43

Fig. ll. 74. Tomb H, Chamber A, looking weSI; Kokhim 2--6, sealed Kokh 7.

Fig. ll. 75. Tomb H, Chamber B, looking north and \V('SI, Kolhim 11-15.

All the other ossuaries (XI-XVII; Cat. Nos. 797-803)
were grouped together on the floor (Fig. II.75) . Ossuary
XI stood between Kokhim 10 and 11, alongside the wall.
Ossuaries XII and XIII were close to the wall between
Kokhim II and 12. Ossuaries XIV-XVI[ were near the
west wall (the higher kokhim). The ossuaries seem to
have been disturbed and were probably moved from the
kokhim to the chamber floor, as shown by the way the
ossuaries were assembled in a group. A flat blocking
stone was found on the floor next to Kokh 14. Ossuary
XVI (Cat. No. 802), which stood next to the wall, on the
floor under Kokh 15, is similar to Ossuary XXII (Cat.
No. 808) in shape and inscriptions. and was probably
originally placed together with Ossuary XXiI in Kokh 15.
There were no kokhim in the south wall, as it was a
common wall with Chamber A. Scattered piles of bones
44 RAC HEL HA CH LILI

..
I'
',

G~ .fL
5

7
'1.....-------,
12
_____==== m

- --
13

0
14 12

10

D-D
Fig. /I. 76. Tomb H, Sections C- C (Chambers A and B); D-D (Chamber B).

lay on the floor, near the steps and next to Kokh 14 (close
to the ossuaries). An iron chisel (Cat. No. 811) Jay under
Ossuary XI.
This tomb secms to have been disturbed , as indicated
by the removal of the ossuaries from Lheir original places
in the kokhim, and by the lack of pottery (onl y a few
pieces were found ); the pottery vessels may have bee n
removed at some time in a ntiquity . However, thi s must
ha ve been done by someone who had entered the tomb
for a reason other than robbing, as the bones inside the
ossuaries were not di sturbed and the tomb was ca refully
rescaled.

Fig. JJ. 77. Tomb H. Chamber B, Kokh 14 with Ossu.aries

XVlIJ-XX1 (Ca t. Nos. 80~ O 7).
 CHAPTER 1I: THE TOMBS 45

MOURNING ENCLOSURE bedrock  on  the  west  (with  the  upper  gallery  and  its 
OF TOMB H (GOLIATH TOMB) passageway above). 
Ehud Netzer The  courtyard  was  sU1Tounded  by  rows  of  benches 
built  along  the  walls­three tiers  on  the  south  and  east 
Remains of a small complex were noticed during a sur- sides  (poorly  preserved)  and  at  least  four  tiers  on  the 
vey  of  ancient  water  channels  in  the  western  plain  of  north  side.  Three  benches  were  also  preserved  at  the 
Jericho;  these  proved  to  be  the  remains  of a  mourning  south edge of the west side of the courtyard; however, we 
enclosure from  the  Herodian  peliod .*  The excavation of  assume that these benches were integrated into a stairway 
this  complex  in  1975­1979  exposed  a  large  courtyard  leading  to  the  upper  gallery  (see  reconstruction  plans, 
sun'ounded by  rows of benches, adjoined by  a ritual  bath  Figs.II .SO,  SI). The benches were generally 0.40­0.50 m 
(miqveh). Subsequently,  Tomb H, the  tomb  of the  Goli- wide  and  0.30­­0.40  m  high.  Almost  all  were  built  of 
ath family which was entered through this courtyard, was  small  field stones and were plastered with relatively well-
uncovered (Figs.  Il.6S, 7S).  preserved white lime plaster. 
The  mourning  enclosure  included  the  following  ele- A  some what different si tuation  exi sted  along  part of 
ments:  the  west  side,  under  the  passageway  (leading  from  the 
All  the exposed walls were built of fieldstones joined  entrance  into  Tomb  Hand  nOlthward).  Here  there  was 
with mud mortar. The upper part of the walls, which have  only  one  bench,  ca. 1.0  m  high  above  the  floor.  It  is 
not  been  preserved,  was  probably  built  of adobe  (mud- not  clear  whether  it  served  as  an  (inconvenient)  bench , 
blick),  typical  of contemporaneous structures elsewhere  or as  a shelf for placing artifacts or utensils.  The beaten-
in  Jericho.  These  walls  were  coated  with  a  white  lime  earth  floor  of the  main  courtyard  sloped  slightly,  from 
plaster. The walls  vary  in  width between 0.50 m,  mainly  ­100.91  m  on  the  west  to  ­101.14  m  on  the  east. 
in the upper gallery, and 0.70 m in the main courtyard and  An  anomaly  was  recorded  on  the  east  side  of  the 
the  ritual  bath (refer to Figs. 11.6S,  69,  7S,  79,  SI,  S2  for  courtyard, close to the entrance. Here,  3.2 m south of the 
details in  the following disc ussion).  northeast comer,  the  east  wall  (W I)  ran  eastward  at  an 
1. The Entrance Square (Loci  H 13,  H20;  Fig.  1l.6S):  angle of ca. 30° (from here on designated as W7). A s hort 
Situated northeast of the main courtyard , it  was probably  perpendicular wall  (W 10)  was  built at the  turning point, 
entered  from  the  north  and  no  boundary  wall  may  have  covering the  two upper benches. (Originally it may  have 
existed in  that direction. The square was bordered by the  extended on top of the lower bench as well.) This change 
ritual  bath  and  WS  and  W9  on  the  west,  by  the  main  of direction  was  due  either  to  the  topography  and/or  to 
courtyard and W6 on the south, and by W7 on the east- the wish to enlarge the area which was apparently roofed 
the only wall which is not parallel or perpendicular to the  (see below). 
other  walls  (see  below).  The  main  courtyard  was  ap- 3. The Entrance Corridor: Length 3.8 m, width  1.75 m, it 
proached  through  a  1.5  m  wide  entrance.  A  second  en- served as  the entrance into Tomb H.  Since it was cut into 
trance  was  probably  located  at  the  southwest  corner,  bedrock,  it  was  originally sited  under  the  upper gallery. 
leading from  thi s square  into the ritual  bath.  Though the  The  con'idor  side  walls  were  rei.nforced  by  narrow 
doorway  of  this  presumptive  entrance  is  missing,  two  fieldstone walls (width ca. 0.2501 ). There is  no evidence 
steps  in  front  of  it  (Figs.  II.7S,  80*"')­probably  the  concerning  the  cOiTidor  ceiling.  Part  of  it  may  have 
bottom  of a  short  stairway­suggest  its  existence.  Thc  been  the  bedrock  and  the  east  part  may  have  been  car-
square was paved with beaten earth reinforced with small  ried  by  an  arch,  or  alternatively,  may  have  rested  on 
pebbles .  wooden beams. 
2. The Main Courtyard (Loci  H14,  H16,  H17,  HIS):  4. The Upper Galle!)1(Loctls HIS):  About 7.0 x  11.0 m, 
Measuring  ca. 12  X  12  m,  it  was entered from  the  north  it  is  situated along the  south  part of the courtyard 's west 
through  the  above­mentioned  entrance  situated  close  to  edge.  Since  it  was  essentially  an  annex  to  the  main 
the  northeast comer of the courtyard. The courtyard  had  courtyard , it resled  on  the  natural  slope and  was di vided 
masonry  walls  on  three  sides  and  a  wall  cut  into  the  into broad steps. Three steps were preserved at the  upper 
gallery's west end, each ca. 1.3  m wide. There may have 
bcen two more, apparently broader, steps at the gallery's 
* A survey wascJrried out in  1974 by the Hebrew l: niversity Ex pedition 
excavating  the  wi nlc r  palace.  complex  near  Wadi  Qilt,  directed  by 
lower east section. 
E. Netzer. E.  La ss was the first to  notice these  ruins.   5. The Passageway to the Upper Gallery: East  of WS 
""' All the plan s  in  this sec tion of the  report  were drawn by the author.   and  above  the  hi gh  bench,  it  was  situated  along  the 
46 EHUD "ETZER

u Q
---"- - r
,-., r1 r:·
//
-----::; :-."'~ ,
_.-i\

__:• '-oj r---C:~t.

:-
,
--,
.
;3J

AL JA
Bt ~ B

c-c

- U-+ -+
Q
H3
HI
(')
H2
(""\
n
D-D

H4
o I
....- -====:I m
r
Fig. If. 78. Mou ming enclosure, schemalic plan and seC/ions.

Fig. IT. 79. Mournin g enclos ure, looking /lor/fleasl, IowaI'd upper cou n yard and miqveh.
 CHAPTER Il: THE TOMBS
north part of the courtyard's west edge and measured
ca. 1.0 x 1.8 m. It probably began near the south entrance
to the ritual bath. Its floor sloped from ca. -99.00 111 in the
north to -98.00 m in the south, at the point where it
reached the upper gallery.
6. The Ritual Bath (Miqveh; Figs. II.82, 83; Loci H II,
H12, HI9): Approximately 5.0 x 8.5 m, it was placed in
the center of a rectangular chamber, located north of the
main courtyard. This chamber had two entrances, one on
the east, from the entrance square, and the second on the
south, from the main courtyard (from the passageway to
the upper gallery).
Although the surrounding walls on the west, nOlth and
east are not well preserved, their lines can be drawn;
there is some difficulty concerning the north wall (W9).
The west pool (1.8 x 2A m, depth 1.95 m) undoubtedly
served as a water storage tank, the o!ar (111N). The larger
east pool (2.6 x 3.3 m) is of the same depth. A stairway
(width 1.1 m), with a total of six steps, adjoins its east
wall. Both pools were plastered with a gray, hydraulic
ash-lime plaster. Although the top of the common wall
between the pools (width 0.50 m) has not been pre-
served-by analogy with some of the ritual baths in the
Hasmonean winter palaces complex, just one kilometer
~/ V
Fig. 11.80. Mourning enciusure, reconstruction ofcourtwml /lnd miqveh. looking west.
47
distant-it is possible to restore a narrow channel built
into the missing top of the common wall (see also Reich
1990: 119,279-280).
An important element in the chamber is a bench
(width OAO m, height ca. 0.50 m) running along the
east face of the west wall (W II). The bench is plastered
with the same hydraulic plaster as the floor and the
pools. This chamber probably served the bathers as a
changing room.
The pools were fed by a small channel, which issued
from the major water channel at Na'aran, located about
50 m to the west at a 12 m higher level (Figs. n.78, 82,
83). The channel ended just west of the chamber in a
small tank (ca. 1.0 x 1.0 m, depth 1.0 m). This tank
probably reduced the speed of water-flow due to the
difference in elevation with the Na'aran cunduit. The
channel entered the chamber at the south\. est corner,
inside the step which existed there, and continued up to
the west pool.
All along the north face of the north wall (W4) of the
upper gallery, a well-preserved plastered ' bench' was
exposed, which is located on the slope outside the com-
plex described above (Fig. II.68). It probabl, served to
protect the wall from rainwater runoff.
j
/
48 EHUD NETZER
Reconstruction and Function ofthe Complex (Figs. 11.78,
80, 81). The reconstruction plans, sections and isometlic
drawings of the mourning complex form an integral part
of thi s discussion. The basic lines in these plans follow
those exposed in the excavation, and the only recon-
structed elements are a few steps and benches (mainly
those which provided connections between the main
courtyard, the upper gallery and the south entrance into
the miqveh chamber).
There is no evidence of the courtyard being com-
pletely or partially roofed . In any case, there are no traces
of columns or other elements which could support a roof
in a structure measuring more than 12 x 12 m, surrounded
by relatively narrow walls. The only exception suggested
in the reconstructions is a covered section at the northeast
corner of the courtyard , where the east wall changed its
direction . This covered section, which seems to have
Fig. 11. 8}. Mournin g enclosure. reconsTrucTion of cou rTyard and miqveh, looking nOrTheaST.
been open toward the courtyard, could have offered some
shelter from the elements for at least a small group of
visitors (or a guard?). On the other hand, even though the
evidence is not sufficiently clear, there should be no
doubt that ritual baths were generally located in covered
rooms (e.g., in Jericho and Masada) .
At first sight, there is a striking similarity between the
main courtyard in Jericho and the synagogue built by the
Zealots at Masada (Netzer 1991 :402--403) and to a cer-
tain extent also with the synagogues at Herodium and
Gamla (Hachlili 1988a:85 , Fig. 1). However, while there
is no doubt that the structure at Masada was roofed, the
structure at Jericho was always open to the sky. The
functions were apparently different as well, with the
exception of the common function of gathering people
and performing ceremonies.
~"
,I
 CHAPTER n THE TOMBS 49

Fig. 1l.82. Mourning enclosure, Tomb Hand miqveh, looking east.

Fig. 11.83. Mournin g enclosure, clOSI'-IIP of miqveh, looking east.

In fact, the essentially closest structures to the one at
Jericho are the courtyards exposed above tomb com-
plexes Nos. 14 and 20 (and perhaps also 23) at Bet
She'arim (of the third-fourth centuries CE), accompa-
nied by the illustrati ve reconstructions of L Dunayevsky.
According to Avigad (1976:58-62,111-115,124), these
courtyards served for "".memorial day gatherings which
were intended for study, sermons and prayers." Avigad
also suggests that these courtyards occasionally func-
tioned as a 'house of assembly' mentioned in some of the
sources.
Z. Weiss (1989:96-100 ; 1992) posits that these court-
yards followed a tradition which originated in Judea and
should also be regarded as ' a mourning place' , an identi-
fication proposed by Hachlili (l988a:91-92). Weiss ar-
gues that this would be the place where the funerary
processions would halt; the structures, with the surround-
ing benches, are particularly suitable for this ceremony,
which requires the mourners to stand up and sit down
several times.
Although the mourning courtyard in Jericho extends
in front of the tomb, the upper gallery is located exactly
50 RACHEL HACHLlLl
atop the main tomb chamber, a fact which should nOI be
regarded as accidental. Probably. the intention was to
include the tomb, alleast symbolically. in the territory of
the mourning enclosure. In tbe three above-mentioned
examples from Bet She 'arim, the courtyard is not situ-
ated in front of the tomb, but exactly atop the first cham-
ber or chambers, which were entered from the entrance
cOUl1yard. The comparison with Jericho suggests the
possibility that there, too, these locations were not acci-
dental.
Nevertheless, the size of the Jericho coultyard and
its location at the soulh em] of the substantial cemetery
imply that it was intended for use by larger sections of
the community, rather than by the family of the de-
ceased. Weiss (1989:96-100; 1992) maintains that in
Bet She'arim the courtyards of tombs Nos. 14, 20 and
23 were al so meant to be used by the entire community,
rather than merely by relatives of the deceased . The
existence of the ritual bath in Jericho supports this as-
sumption. With reference to the miqveh in Jericho , and
its relation to the complex as a whole, it is of interest
to mention the complex known as the Tombs of the
Kings in Jemsalem, wherein one or even two ritual
baths were so dramatically integrated (Kon 1947:34--
38 ; the pool s probably functioned as ritual baths; see
also Reich 1990)
ARCHITECTURE OF THE LOCULI TOMBS
(Tables 11.2-5 )
Rachel Hachlili
Tomb Plans. The typical underground tomb in the
Jericho cemetery was hewn into the hillside and con-
sisted of a square chamber, often with a square, rock-cut
pit in the floor. The height of the chamber was usually
less than that of a person and a pit was cut only when the
ceiling was not high enough to permit a person to stand
upright (tombs without a pit: e.g., 09 , 022) . In tombs
with standing pits, benches were left along three sides of
the chamber and the kokhim (loculi) were hewn level
with the tops of the benches (Tables 11.2, 3).
The kokhim had roughly vaulted ceilings and were cut
into the walls, with the exception of the entrance wall.
Us ually there were one to three kokhim in each wall.
Some single-kokh tombs were also uncovered ; of these, a
number have a small open area in front of the kokh. Some
of the tombs have rock-cut courtyards in front of the
entrance. A large coultyard with benches and a miqveh
extended in front of Tomb H: smaller courtyards were
hewn in front of Tombs D2, D3, D12, D 17, D18 and D22 .
The small square opening was usually closed with a
blocking stone (Tombs 02, D3, 012, 018, 027, H). In
cases where the entrance was at a higher level than the
chamber /1oor, one or more steps facilitated descent from
the entrance down into the chamber.
The loculi tombs of Jericho are similar in plan and
execution to contemporaneous tombs in Jerusalem (Gall-
ing 1936; Avigad 1956:323; Rahmani 1961; 1967a, b;
K10ner 1980a:213).
Formation of Rock-Cut Tombs. Most of the tombs were
hewn into the soft, local, meleke limestone. The initial
work was probably carried out with a hammer and a pick
(such as those found in loculi tombs in Jerusalem:
Jotham-Rothschi ld 1952:26, 31; Rahmani 1961 : 100, PI.
XIV:2); the tomb chambers and kokhim were then
smoothed with a flat chisel measuring 2-3 cm in width.
Such chisels were recovered in Tomb H, Chamber B
(Fig. IIl.84: 1: for stone cutting see Nylander 1970: 22-
28, 47-53). Toolmarks are seen in many of the tombs ,
e.g., in Tomb s D2 and D 12 and the kokhim walls in 027
(Figs. UAO, 44,57 , 58).
After hewing the chamber and the pit (Table 11.3), the
kokhim were cuI in a counterclockwise direction, from
right to left. The following observations support this
opinion: In Tomb 03 Kokh I was the first to be cut in the
right (n0l1h) wall (p. 16, Fig. 11.27). However, on arriving
at Kokh 6 the workers realized that they had broken into
the top of 02, an earlier tomb. Thus. they had to cut the
last kokh (No.6) on a higher level than the other kokhim
(Fig. 1I.28). In Tomb 027, coffins were found in the
kokhim (some coffins had been probably reused for bur-
ial, p. 31, Fig. 11.55). Kokh 7, the last on the south
(Fig. 11.58), served as a repository for the remains of
earlier burials, which had been removed from the coffins
in Kokhim 1-6 wh en these were reused for new burials.
Thus the process of burial and reburial was obviously
followed from right to left and Kokh 7, the last on the
south, served to hold the bones collected from the earlier
burials.
Due to the irregularity in the number and location of
the kokhim, it seems likely that the entrance, the chamber
and the occasional standing pit were cut first and the
kokhim were hewn later, according to the requirements of
the tomb owners.
 CHAPTER II: THE TOMBS 51

Entrance-Orientation and Sealing. No particular orienta-
tion of the tomb entrances was observed at Jericho, where
they face all directions. On the east slope of Hills Band
D, the entrances of the excavated tombs face east, while
the tombs on other hillsides have entrances facing north
(Hill A) or south (Hill F; Fig. 11.59). The entrance is
relatively small and a person wishing to enter would need
to stoop (Table 11.4).
No consistent method of sealing the tombs could
be discerned. Several types of blocking stones were
identified:
1. Slabs specially prepared to block the entrance com-
pletely. These have a protuberant 'stopper' which fits the
size of the opening (Figs. II.27, 52, 56, 84: 1, 2, 6). It is
noteworthy that these blocking slabs are not of local rock
and must have been brought from another area. After the
blocking stone was fitted into place, the opening was
further sealed with small stones and plaster. The sealing
of the tomb was done in a way that blended with the
surrounding hi llside. Four tombs-D2, D3, D 18, D27-
have this type of blocking stone (Fig. 11.84: 1, 2, 6); D27
was closed with the 'stopper' outside (p. 29, Fig. II.56).
Several blocking stones found not in situ, but scattered on
Hills A and E, were reused architectural elements, prob-
ably taken from abandoned buildings or from where they
had been left as rejects (Fig. II. 1O:a, b). One of these is a
decorated capital, similar to capitals found at Masada
(Yadin 1966:71-72) and Kypros (Netzer 1975a: PI. B).
2. Flat blocking stones, either rectangular or with a
rounded top. The space between the blocking stone and

f:1
:I
I
I

: I
IJ~
I
1
J

,,
I ,

~-]
I, . (
~ ,, "1
.j
{
~ -

- - -~:. -
50
'-_~ _ _-" em

Fig. 11.84. Sealing stones afrombs: 1. D2; 2. D3; 3. D9 - 3; 4. Dll; 5. D13; 6. DI8.
 Ul
tv

Table 11.2. Excavated Tombs: General Information

H
TombNu. Al A2 B2 01 Chambers
A6 02 03 06 OH 09 010 011 012 014 015 016 017 018 021 0 22 023 D27 F4 F7
A B

Type III III 1Il III lH I II I I I I I I I I I IJI I II I II I II II III III

Dale ICE ICE:. ICE ICE ICE IBCE ICE IBCE IBCE IBCE IBCE IBCE I CE IBCE IBCE IBCE IBCE ICE IBCE ICE IBCE IBCE ICE ICE ICE ICE

No. of Kokh;m 6 6 4 4 3 7 6 9 I 7 I I 3 I I I 7 6 I 6 I 7 10 I 9 6
Blocking Slone x x x x x x x x x x ~
n
J:
Tool Marb x x x x x X tTl
r
J:
Pit and Benches x x x x x x x x x x X x x x »
n
Chamhcr x x x x x J:
C
Co ffins 5 4 I 3 I 7 I I I 7 3 5
C
--
Ossliaril::s 7 9 I I 4 4 10 12

POllery x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

M isc. Artifacts x x b x () x x x x x x x x x x x x
Tomh Entrance N N N E E E E SE E E E E E E S N E E E E E E S S E S I
- -
Tomb Decoration 1 x x
I
Di stll r belIrolllbs x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
I
. - -
 CHAPTER II : THE TOMBS 53

Table n.3. Dimensions of Chambers (em) the entrance was sea led with small stones and plaster
Chamber Central Standing Pit (Tombs 09 Kokh 3, 012, OJ 3,0 17 ; Fig. 11.84:3- 5). The
Tomb No. W w
entrance of 0 17 had a rece ssed door frame (Fig. II.51 ; for
L H L H
similar sealing of tombs in Jerusa lem, see Kloner
AI 2 10 230 100 150 170 33
1980a:213, PIs. 4, 9).
A2 215 250 IS5 - 220 140 135 70
3. A seali ng of small stones, bricks and plaster, in place of
A3 215 195 - 140 115
A6 200+ 2 10
the blocking stone (Tombs 014, 015, 016,022). Most
200 1l0+ 165
BI 230+ 170 160 180+ Ito 40
of these tombs are of the si ngle-kokh type.
B2 225 260 155 120-165 100 45 Methods 1 and 3 seem to have been used for the final
DI 200 350 - 200 130 40 sea ling of the tomb, while Method 2, with its easily
D2 225 250 150 135- 150 120 30 moved stone, may have been used to facilitate return to
D3 200 2to 130 11 0 110 20-30 the tomb for further burials.
D6 265 270 200
D9 325 3 10 210 Dimensions of Kokhim (Table 11.5). Kokh measure-
DI 2 265 245 165 2 10 145 40 ments are recorded in rabbinical sources, e.g., M BB, 6:8;
DI 7 230 250 170 165 120 25
Tos . BB 6:22; BT BB 100b-IOla: YJ.,N p.,N l':l1:::l;',
01 8 220 230 170 ISO 90 35
(c'mm) ;'1il7iZ7 pn,." (c'n~t» ;'YJiZ7 J~' nmN , "the length
D22 270 250 200
of the kokhim is four cubits, their height seven [spans]
D26 220 225 145 200 65- 95 25
D27 220 220 140
and their width six [spans)." The number of kokhim
140 95 40
Fl 190 200 0 which should be hewn on each side of the tomb is also
F4 365 360 130 255 120 75 mentioned, but seems ge neral and unrealistic, as the
F6 315 310 '1 number of kokhim and their measurements were deter-
F7 340 575 - mined by the needs, size and economic situation of the
H: Chamber A 385 255 200 140 100- 135 70 families (for Jerusalem, see also Kloner 1980a:231 ). In
H: ChamberB 305 280 200 Jericho, the sizes of the kokhim vary, even within the
same tomb.

Table 11.4. Dimensions of Entrances (cm)

Measurements Stoa ling Swne

Tomb No. L W H Seali ng L W H Access

A2 50 60 100
A3 - 65 -
B2 40+ 55 -
02 40 60 85 Sealing ., tone 40 30-60 85
03 55 55 70 Sealing stone 30-55 20-55 40-70
D9 40 75 100
012 65 62 40 Sea li ng Slone 20 63 35 Small couJl yard
014 35 50 100 Small stones 35 50 100 Cou rtya rd 95 x 230
DIS 40 55 95 Small stones
DI6 30 60 70 Slones
01 7 110 55-90 80 Scaling stone(?) Dromos
DI 8 45 50 90 Sealing Slone 40 55 Courtyard
022 40 50 90 Small Slone, bricks Courtyard
D26 30 50
027 50 60 95 Sealing Slo ne 80 45 95
F4 0 140 0

F6 50 70 0

H 40 60-80 80 Seali ng Slones: I 55-80 25 80-85 Courtyard, miqveh

Scaling ,lones: 2 2 20 100
54 RACHEL HACHLI.LI

Table n.s. Dimensions of Kokhim (em)

Tomb No. Kokh TomhNo. Kokh
and Type No . L W H Sealing ~Uld Type No. L W H Scali ng

Al I 180 54 80 C7 J 170 60
2 190 54 62-73 2 160 65
Dl 6 ISS 50 40-90 3 160 50
A2 I 200 62 4 175 60
2 200 60 5 160 60
III 3 200 70 6 160 45-65
4 2 10 48- 60 Pit
5 190 45-55 90 C8 I 180 xo 80
6 150 38- 55 2 160 70 70 Stone
A3 I. 4, 6 190-200 48- 50 3 190 65 70 rra gment
5 200 55-70 4 180 60 80
5 180 60 95
Pit 210 225
A6 I 11 0- 170 70 45-80
III 2 185 40-50 70 C9a J 60 35 20
3 180 45-55 80 lower level 2 60 55 40
4 160+ 50 70-RO 3 50 50
4 50 60
BI I 190 45-50 115 III 5 50 50
2 190 40 - 6 60 60
111 3 205 85 11 5 7 50 50 50
4 205 55 120
5 210 50 120 C9b I 180 80 85
upper level 2 180 75 100
6 200 45 -
3 180 90 100
B2 I - 60 105 4 180 90 120
2 - 65 105 Dl 5 180 70 100
3 160-180 45 95 6 180 80 JOO
4 130 50 90 7 170 70 85
CI I 100" 70 8 170 70 90
2 200 60 80 9 130 80 90
3 220 J20 Stone 10 170 60 80
4 180 70 60 II 130 55 90
5 180 70 30 12 70 20
Pit
C2 I 0 70
CIO I 230 100 100
2
" 50
2 240 100 100
3
4
"? 60
50 III 3 240 100 100
5 ? 40 4 240 100 100
5 240 90 110
C3 I 220 50 - Stone
6 250 90 120
2 210 70 11 0
Pit 130 90
3 i70 70 85
Pit JOO 80
III 4 190 65 90
5 270 55 110 C lla I 100
6 200 45 85 2 210 70
7 200 50 70 3 80 70
4 125 70
C4 1
2
200
190
"
75
60
80
5 30 80
6 125 150
3 140 110 90
III 4 200 110 80 CJlb I 180 80 70
2 180 80
5
6
190
180
70
70
"70 3 180 80
7 120 55 . 70 4 170 60 75
5 100 140 75
C5 J 220 90 90
6 180 120
la 100 90 90
7 70 65
C6 I 170 80 8 180 70
Pit 300 190
 CHAPTER II : TH E TOMBS 55

Table U.S. Dimensions of Kokhim (em)

(contd.)

Tomb No. Knkh Tomb No. Kok h

and T pe No. L W H Sealing and Type No. L W H Sealing

CI2 I 180 60 C20 I 180 60

2 180 60 2 180 45
3 180 50 3 220 50
4 180 50 4 100 60
5 150 50 5 200 60
Pit 120 100 6 200 60
7 170 60
CI3 I 180 90 65
2 C21 I 100 60
120 70 120
2 160 70
e lSa I 65 3 200 60
2 55 4 200 70
3 190-220 80 S 180 60
4 180-190 70 cna I 180 60
5 200 80 2 170 60
6 190 80 95 3 180 60
4 190 80
C I5b I 100 90
, C22b I 180 60
II 120 60
180 2 180 50
1Il 100 100
3 180 60
IV 180 100 130
4 190 60
C16 I 400 125 130 5 IRO 55
2 180 90 85 C23a 1 180 60
3 190 90 2 180 60
4 190 140 3 190 100
5 180 100 4 200 80
Cl7 I 160 60 85 5 190 60
2 150 50 80 6 190 50
3 150 50 80 C23b I 190 30
4 170 65 80 2 210 60
5 170 70 80 3 200 60
Pit 11 0 140 4 200 50 65
5 150 50 45
C18 1 80 60 80
C24 I 95 105
2 190 55 100
3 180 50 70 C25 I 70 30
4 200 60 90 2 180 100 50
5 200 60 90 3 180 80 50
6 190 60 90 4 160 50 50
7 200 60 11 0 5 150 60 20
8 190 60 100 C26 I 200 60 100
9 190 60 100 2 170 50 130
10 190 60 90 3 180 50 100
Pit 230 200 4 180 50
5 190 60
CI9a I 150 60
6 180 50
2 100 60
7 180 50
3 200 220 65
4 200 55 C27 I 200 60
5 140-300 60 2 no 65
3 50
CI9b I 60 Stone C28 I 125 70
2 210 70 2 190 50
3 210 60 3 190 55
4 210 50 4 190 70
5 200 60
I 5 190 60
56 RACHEL H ACHLlLl

Table IJ.5. Dimensions of Kokhim (em )

(contd.)

Tomb No. Kokh Tomb No. Kokh

and Type No. L W H Sealing and Type No. L W H Sealing
\
C29 I IRO 50 012 I 180 45-50 40 Slone
2 180 50
I
2 180 45-50 38 Slone
3 170 50 3 200 60 40 Stone
4 180 60
014 I 230 65 100 Small ~tones
5 100 80
I
6 200--250 100
015 I 220 55 95 Small stones
C30 I 125 40
I
2 150 40
3 125 100 016 I 210 55 70 Small stones
4 170 60 I
5 180 60 017 I Ill5 60 90
6 160 50 2 160 50 80
C31 I 190 60 3 185 50 70
Pit 200 145 III 4 195 60 70
5 180 60 75
C32 I 180 90
6 190 70 80
2 210 129
7 80 40 60
3 180 70
4 200 60 018 3 190 70 110 Slo ne
5 200 60 4 195 60 120 Small stones I
I 5 190 70 125 Smal I stones
01 2 485 60 175
III 3 180 60 75 019 I 200 60 90
02 I 30-70 45 90 021 I 120 60 -
2 200 60 75 II
I 3 190 50 70 0 22 I ? 80 100 Small stones
4 185 60 85 II 2 230 60 90
5 60 65 80 3 ') 60 ? Ston~
6 180 55 85
7 180 55 70 023 I IllO+ 55

03 I 195 45 70 026 I ? 70 85
2 195 50 70 2 ? 60 90
3 200 50 85 3 ? 50 100
II 4 200 50 60 4 ? 50 95
5 190 50 70 5 ? 55 90
6 190 50 80 6 200 60 90

06 I - - 027 I 210 60 93
2 - - 2 190 50 92
3 200 65 90 3 210 50 96 Small stones
) 4 200 I 4 200 50 96 Small stones
50 80
5 210 60 95 5 200 65 98 Small stones
6 200 50 130 6 170 50 95
7 21 0 60 90 7 180 60 100
8 200 30-50 80 FI I 170 45 110
9 200 55 85 2 170 55 70
09 I 2 15 55 100 F3 I 410 95 130
2 225 65 105 Bricks. 2 ') 110 140
3 220 60 115 stones
F4 I 190 60 95
I 4 215 70 120
2 190 45 95
5 220 55 11 5
3 200 60 95
6 220 70 100
4 195 65 95
7 215 55 90 [] 5 200 60 95
010 I 220 70 80 6 190 60 95
I 7
011
- 8
185
180
60
50
95
97
230 55 90 Small stones
I 9 100+70 60 95
10 2 10 50 95
 CHAPTER II: THE TOMBS 57

Table D.S. Dimensions of Kokhim (em) 1892:30; Klein 1908:69-82; Kloner 1980a:2 18- 219;
(contd.)
Ussishkin 1993:285). Evidently, cubits were used in
Tomb No. Kokh Jericho tombs as general guidelines; the dimensions of
and Type No. L w H Sealing the kokh were usually detelmined by the size of the coffin
or of the deceased. These ftt well the dimensions related
F6 I 'J 40
2 0
45 by the Mishna for the kokh length of four cubits, either of
3 0 90 the Egyptian long or short cubit (M BB 6:8; Tos.
4 0
40 BB 6:22).
5 225 45
6 0
50 The kokhim in Jericho first accommodated primary
7 0 4S burial s in wooden coffins in the first century BCE and
8 205 SS were later used for bone collection in ossuaries and
9 180 50
repositories in the first century CEo This evidence
F7 I 290 130 gains support from similar conclusions put forth for the
rr
Jerusalem necropolis, where kokh tombs were first used
GI I 205 60
for primary burials (Kloner I 980a:224-225). It has also
G2 I 200 60 been maintained (Avigad 1954:47; 1976:259; Lieberman
1962: 1235; Kutscher 1967:273-275; Meyers 1971:64--
G3 I 150 60
69) that the kokh tomb was used for ossilegium. How-
G4 [ 110 60 ever, it seems unlikely that a 2 m long kokh would be
G5 1 110 70 hewn for placing ossuaries measuring some 0.70 m. It is
much more probable, especially at Jericho, that the
G6 [ 0 75 5
kokhim were originally hewn for primary burial either in
G7 I 180 60 0 coffins or directly in the kokh (Kloner I 980a:224--225;
2 170 60 Hach1ili and Killebrew 1983a: 110).
3 175 605
The archi tecture of the tombs did not undergo any
G8 [ [70 60
changes in the first century CE, although the tombs were
2 [70 50
then also used for ossuaries and bone collection. The
G9 [ [80 60 0 Smal[ stones
2 190 55
kokh tomb was the common tomb in use during the
3 [ 70 50 Second Temple period, first for primary and later for
H [ [80 60 75 secondary burials.
Chamber A 2 215 60 80
3 230 60 80
4 230 50 75
DISCUSSION
1Il 5 240 50 75
6 250 50-70 80
7 230 60 85 Comparisons and Origins. Rock-cut tombs of the First
8 235 55 80
Temple period in Judea are relatively common. The
9 120-150 [ [0-[ 10 ) 10 Repository
tombs usually consisted of a passage leading to the en-
H 10 215 50 80
240
trance and a burial chamber surrounded by benches,
ChamberB II 60 95
12 225 65 105 which served as resting places. A repository pit for trans-
13 220 65 90 ferred bones was often present (Loffreda 1968; Ussishkin
l1l 14 220 70 85
1993:300--303). The most extensive necropolis of this
[5 200 65 75
period was excavated in Jerusalem, where the tombs
were hewn into the surrounding hilly terrain, and are
The Metrology of the Kokh Tombs. An attempt has been similar to tombs in other areas of Judea.
made to prove the use of a common set of dimensions- In the necropolis at Silwan, about 48 tombs of three
that is, the use of a standard cubit by tomb workers in architectural types were surveyed (Ussishkin 1970;
Jerusalem. Apparently, the common measure used was 1993:257-268): gabled tomhs; monolithic above-ground
the Egyptian cubit (long cubit = 52.5 cm, short cubit = tombs; and flat ceilinged tombs. A common feature is the
44-45 cm). The long Egyptian cubit had seven spans, the cornice carved in the join of the ceiling and the walls.
short one six spans; the span equals 7.5 cm (Petrie Repository pits are completely absent from the Silwan
58 RACH EL HACH LLLI
tombs. T ombs simil a r to Ussishkin 's third group are
found on hillsides around Je rusalem. The Silwan tombs
ere he wn in the e ighth century BCE (Ussishkin
1993:293- 294) and their architectural style can be
traced in Egypt and Phoenicia (Ussishkin 1993:316-
317) . Ussishkin (1993:328- 331) maintains that the
gabled and th e monolithic tombs were used for single or
double burials (at most three). probably of upper class
individual s, whereas tombs with flat ceilings were used
for a larger number of burin Is. pos.,ibly for a fami Iy.
T hese tombs are different from the loculi tombs of the
Second Templ e: period, but already point to the beginning
of individual bUlial in a family tomb, which characterizes
Jew ish buri al cu stom s in the Second Temple period.
Rock-cut loculi tombs were widespread in the Semi tic
world in the He llenistic and Roman periods, from ap-
proximately the second ce ntury BCE to the third century
E. The comparative material can be di vided into loculi
tombs w hich are earli er than the Jeri cho tombs. and those
contemporary with the Jericho tombs:
I. Tombs Earlie r than Jericho: Phoenicia (Renan 1871:
401 - 505. Pis . XX-XVI; P en-ot and Chipiez 1885: 149-
153,226) ; Egypt- A lexandria and Fayum (Noshy 1937:
21); Judea- Helle nistic Marisa, ca. 200 BCE (Peters and
Thiersch 1905: 81- 84).
2. Contemporary Kokh Tombs: Jerusalem (p. 172;
R ahmani 1961 ; 1967a. b; 1981; 1982; Kloner 1980a) ;
'E n Gedi (Hadas 1988/89:51: 1994); Dura Europos (Toll
1946:7- 19. 47): Nabatean tombs at Petra (mainly cham-
ber tombs and s harr tom OS, J aussen and Savignac 1909:
Tomh 820, Fig. 157 ; Tomb A3, Fig. 174; Tomb B6,
Fig. 183: Horsfield G. and A. 1938:93-115); several
NabateaJl ci st tombs containing wooden coffins at Kur-
nub (Negev l<nl:lI7-119, n. 41); Palmyra (Watzinger
1932:79- 80; Gawlikowski 1970: 107-128 ; Schmidt-
Colinl:t 1989) ; vari,:,! Syrian tomhs (Saltre 1989).
The loculi tomb in Egypt (Noshy 1937:2 I -22 suggests a
Phoenic;,m origi'l)----one of several types of bUlial-was
particularly pre valent in Alexandria, the Fayum and
Lcontopolis, a Je wi sh colony dated to the second century
BCE-first century CEo These Jewish rock-cut loculi
tombs consisted of a central chamber. which was prob-
ably sealed by stelae (Naville )890: 13; Griffith 1890:51 -
53), eighty of which bot:e Greek inscriptions (Frey
1952:378-381. Nos. 1450-1530; Lewis 1964: 145 ff.).
As relations are known to have existed between the
Jewish COl11m Ullitics in Egypt and Judea (los., War I 33;
VII 422-425; Ail/. X II 387; Kasher 1978:113-127), a
connection can be traced between the rock-cut loculi
tombs of the Second Temple period in Judea and those in
Egypt. especially at Leontopolis, though this does not
rule out the Phoenician oligin of thi s tomb-type in the
Hellenistic and Semitic wo rlds, both in Egypt (Noshy
1937 :22) and in Judea (Ma risa: Peters and Thiersch
1905:15-35).
The loculi tombs at Malisa and Palmyra are rectangu-
lar with the loculi arranged symmellically along a long
and nan'ow corridor, while the Jerusalem and Dura Euro-
pos tombs are centrally focused and arranged around a
square chamber. Moreovn, the Dura Europos tombs
have a dromos and loculi in the entrance wall as well, and
usually a larger numbe r of loculi.
The validity of the Egyptian vs. Phoenician origin can be
questioned on three counts: (a) basic differences in
ground plan; (b) a considerable time gap between the
comparative material and the Jewish tombs; (c) the burial
CUStOIl~ in these tombs.
a. Basic Differences in Ground Plan: Most of the loculi
tomhs in Phoenicia and Egypt consist of a natTOW cham-
ber with the loculi arranged symmetrically on either side;
many of the loculi in Alexandria had gabled ceilings, as
at Matisa. These tombs are generally higher and more
spacious than the Jewish loculi tombs. At Dura Europos
there is a dromos leading into the tombs, and loculi are
hewn on all sides of the chamber, including the entrance
wall (Toll 1946:7-8, Pis. If-XX). In the Jewish tombs the
locu! i were cut into three walls of a centra! chamber and
some of the tombs had a coultyard. The loculi had
vaulted ceilings.
b. Time Gap: The Phoenician loculi tombs are dated to
the Iron Age (eighth-seventh centuries BCE). Persian
and early Hellenistic loculi tombs were found at Sidon
and 'Anu'it (Renan 1871 :40 1-405, PIs. XVI, XVIII-
XX). In Egypt the loculi tombs first appear in the
Hellenistic period but were common in the Roman pe-
liod. They were all used for primary burial, and no
evidence of secondary burial or bone collection was
noted. The loculi tombs in Dura Europos are mainly
dated to the second-third centuries CE, although Toll
assumed that they began to be used in the second century
BCE (Toll 1946: 132- 139). Palmyrene loculi tombs are
dated to the second-third centuries CEoTheJewish loculi
tombs first appear in the late second century BeE, con-
tinuing into the late first century CE, with sporadic occur-
rences noted in the second century CE as well. They were
thus evidently contemporary with the later Egyptian
loculi tombs.
 CHAPTER II: THE TOMBS 59

c. Burial Customs: Burial practices in Palmyra and Dura sels, leather objects, glass and pottery containers, such as 

Europos were probably similar. Families may have hewn cooking pots, storage jars, bowls and lamps. 
the tombs but they also sold them to others as burial plots.
The basic characteristic of the Jewish loculi tombs, either Type II: Secondary Bone Burials 
in coffins or ossuaries, is the family burial. It should Secondary  bUlials  of  bones  were  found  in  two  large 
again be stressed that loculi tombs at Jericho (and prob- disturbed tombs (D3, F4) and  in  three single­kokh tombs 
ably  also at Jerusalem)  were originally  hewn for  burials  (D21,  D23  and  F7).  They consisted of piles of collected 
in  wooden  coffins  and  continued  to  serve  for  ossuary  bones deposited  in  the  kokhim and on the benches,  with-
burials.  out any  traces  of coffins  or ossuaries  being found.  The 
The  Second  Temple  period  Jewish  rock­cut  loculi  bones  had  been  systematically  gathered,  with  skulls 
tombs  in  Jericho  and  Jerusalem evidently  bear  regional  placed  on  top  of  the  bones  (D3;  see  also  Rahmani 
influence, especially that of the Jewish cemetery at Leon- 1967a:95).  A  much  more  limited  repertoire  of  grave 
topolis. The function  they fulfilled  at this  particular time  goods  was  recovered  from  these  tombs,  mainly cooking 
was a need for individual burial in family  tombs.  pots and ceramic unguentaria. 

Type  ill: Secondary Burial in Ossuaries 
CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE TOMBS   Tombs AI, A2,  A6, B2, DI, DI7 and H.
Rachel Hachlih and Ann E.  Kj]]ebrew   A  total  of seven  tombs  containing  secondary  burials  in 
ossu31ies  were  cleared.  These  tombs  were  identical  in 
The classification of the  tombs excavated  in  the Jericho  plan  with  tombs  of  earlier  types.  The  ossuaries  were 
cemetery  is  based  on  (1) burial  type,  i.e.,  primary  or  found  inside  the  loculi,  on  the  benches  and  in  the  pit. 
secondary, and  (2)  the  accompanying artifacts (i.e.,  cof- Most of the robbed and  reused  tombs of Hill C probably 
fins,  ossuaries, pottery, glass, metal and other objects).  once contained  ossuaries,  since ossuary fragments  were 
found in  some of the tombs. Tomb H was the only sealed 
Type I: Primary Burials  ossuary  tomb  of Type  1II.  However,  it  appears  that  the 
Tombs D2, D6, DS, D9, DlO, DII, D12, Dl4, DIS, D16,  tomb  had  been  disturbed  in  antiquity,  perhaps by  mem-
DIS,  D22,  D27  (Table  II.2),  possibly  A2,  the  earliest  bers  of  the  family,  since  several  ossu31ies  had  been 
phase.  moved out of their kokhim.
Thirteen  tombs  contained  primary  burials  in  wooden  Several features should be mentioned. Tomb A2 con-
coffins.  The coffins  were  placed  in  the  rock­cut  tombs,  tained a single primary burial in each of the  kokhim. The 
each kokh containing one wooden coffin, with the excep- secondary burials in  ossuaries uncovered on  the benches 
tion  of one kokh, which had  two coffins (D 12 ­ 3).  After  and in  the pit were probably later in  date. Tomb H  had  a 
the kokhim were filled, additional coffins were deposited  kokh of u nusual shape which contained a large number of 
on  the  benches. Exceptions are a coffin placed  in  the  pit  collected  bone  burials.  The  relationship of these  burials 
of the  burial  cave (Coffin 78, Tomb D 12 ­ pit) or on the  to the ossuary burials is not clear. 
chamber floor (Coffins  102 and  109, Tomb D9).  Tombs  with  ossuary  burials  contained  significantly 
The  grave  goods  recovered  in  association  with  the  fewer grave goods, including bowls, kraters, unguentaria 
primary  burials  in  wooden  coffins  include wooden  ves- (mainly glass) and a few  lamps. 
 CHAPTER
THE FINDS
THE WOODEN COFFlNS
Rachel Hachlili
Tombs containing wooden coffins were discovered in
Jericho only on Hill D. Several of the tombs probably had
coffins in all the kokhim, though only few have survived .
The one-kokh tombs, with the exception of D 14 (Coffin
113, fairly well preserved), contained only poorly pre-
served fragments of wood. About fOUlteen of the tombs
on Hill D seem to have contained wooden coffins.
Usually only one coffin was placed in each kokh, with
the exception of Kokh 2 in Tomb D 12, which held two
coffins, one of a woman and next to it a smaller coffin for
a child. Most of the coffins contained one individual;
however, sometimes several individuals were evidently
buried together in one coffin. (See Appendix I for details
regarding skeletal remains, and Table III. I for a sum-
mary of coffin types and dimensions.)
The deceased were laid supine in the coffins with the
head usually on its side, and arms close to the sides
(Figs. II.35, 39,41,55). The coffins in Jericho were used
only for primary burials (but see 'En Gedi, Tomb 1,
Hadas 1994:4, 57). It is noteworthy that at 'En Gedi
(A vigad 1962b: 180; Hadas 1994: 12, 18, 57) wooden
coffins were used for primary burial and often reused
(similarly to ossuaries?) for the burial of collected bones.
Eight species of timber used for the coffins were identi-
fied (cf. eight type s at 'En Gedi, Hadas 1994:49; for
discussion see below, pp. 88-92, Table m.2).
COFFIN TYPES
All the coffins consisted of two parts: chest and lid . The
chest comprised four corner posts whose lower part
served as legs, two long and two short sides and a bottom.
III
The coffin lids were of different types, gabled or hinged
(see Table III.l).
Three coffin types could be distinguished:
A. Chest with flat hinged lid (Coffin 113, one-kokh Tomb
DI4).
B. Chest with high gabled lid, constructed of side boards
and front and back tympana, secured by a ridge; red- and
black-painted decoration (Coffin 59, Tomb D9 - 3; Cof-
fins 78, 84, 85, 94, Tomb DI2).
C. Chest with gabled lid, constructed of back and front
tympana and side boards, secured by one or three ridges;
sides of chest framed by thin planks with incised designs
(Coffins 184, 185, 187, 190, 198, Tomb D27).
Conservation. Unfortunately none of the Jericho wooden
coffins could actually be reconstructed in its entirety. The
wood fragments began to disintegrate once they were
exposed. The only well-preserved parts were the wooden
hinges and the iron fittings of Coffin 113, as well as small
fragments of Coffin 59 and of some others. The wood
fragments were st udied at the Botanical Department of
Tel Aviv University.
Type A
Coffin 113. Tomb D 14 (Fig. IlL I ); reconstruction
(Figs. IIL2, 3).
H 70 L 190 W 50*
This coffin is the only one with a hinged lid.
Chest: The chest was constructed of four corner posts
connected by mortises and tenons to the lateral horizontal
boards. All four corner posts have survived (Fig. IlIA),
although some were in poor condition; one is completely
preserved (Fig. lIlA: 1). In another, the wooden dowels
*A Il measurements are in centi meters.
 CHAPTER Ill: THE FI:'-JDS 61

Table m.l. Wooden Coffins

Dimensio ns (em)
Coffin
Kokh Coffin with Lid Type of Lid Decoralion

Coffin Artifactl
Cofrin No. Type Tomb H L W H L W Hin ged Gabled Painted Incised in Coffin

59 (CUt No. 92) B 09- 3 115 220 60 77 190 50 X x x

78 (Cat No. 124) B 012- Pit 85 190 45 x x x

84 (Cat No. 125) B 012 - W. Bench x x

85 (Cat. No. 126) B 01 2 - S. Bench x? x

94 (Cat No. 127) B 012- 3 40 200 60 90 180 50 x? x

102 (Cal No. 93) B 09

103 (Cat. No. 128) 012-1

l04a, b (Cat. Nos. B 012 -2 x

129, 130)
109 (Cal. No. 94) B 09 - near
Knkhilll 3, 4

I 13 (Cat No . 2 II ) A 014 70 190 50 x

128 (Cat. No. 238) 01 5 x

184 (Cat No. 289) C 027 - 2 92 190 50 x

185 (Cat No. 290) C 0 27 - 5 98 200 65 x x x

187 (Cat. No. 291) C 0 27 - 6 95 170 50 81 190 52 x x x

190 (Cat. No. 292) C 027 -4 96 200 50 75 190 42 x x

198 (CaL No. 293) C 027 - 3 96 210 50 x x

a b

Fig.l!f.I. Coffin 11 3 (Cal. No. 2 11), Tomb D14.

'uiflm
- J(0
• ,(1/UiJd.IDJ ' Z'' UOlpn.I/SUOJiJJ
, '[ , [ l l UllfoJ
, 'z ,ll! 'iii.:!
'

I1I1H:) "'H ' J3 H')V(l (;9

 IIAPT oR Ill: THE. Fl DS 63

c::L

U L--

[-_-__5;0 ?:c= "!3

r-
- 1­

~ ~ == ~= = =~ ~ I -~
L­­ 2 

r= ~ - -. - -
, 0  ~_-",r __ t  __ ____ ____ _ ________ ___ _ 

1- -

­
-.:::::::..- 3
o 50
em 

Fig, /11. 3, COJfill 113, elel'olions: I, side.jrOIlI: 2.  lid, side: 3,  fr011l and bOflom views.

still exist. Each side of the chest consisted of three to four
horizontal board s pegged together. Two of the long lat-
eral boards have survived ; one (Fig. IlLS:I, 2) is nearly
complete; the lower board, which is joined to the bottom,
has depressions for the iron fittings (Figs. I1I ,3; S: I), Two
of the surviving boards of the ShOlt side indicate that a
shallow horizontal rece ss ran along the middle of these
boards (Fig, IIl.5:S , 6),
Lid: The most interesting features of this coffin are the
well-preserved board s and wooden hinges of the flat lid,
The lid consisted of two boards: a narrow board with
grooves for hinges on both sides (Fig. JU, S:3) inteflded
to connect the lid to the long side bua.rd (Fig, IlLS: 1) and
to the second, wider board of the lid (Fig. I1I.SA) , which
has grooves for hinges un one side only. Both side boards
and the narrower board of the lid bear four grooves.
 's/sod nU./O.J '[( I Lllj/O:) '17111 ·SI.:J

- , .
rJ

,
I
, ,

W ~ I I
Ot o

" e

zf <:I
11z
J
0

'---- rt .. .J
-+ ,
y
.. ~ --

~ ~ - -~

~
I l
I I
L "'--_...J
___

1111H:)'v' H 13 H :)~
179
 CHAPTER IU: THE FINDS 65

CD CJ o
~ - - - -~
c

"

::.r==:::;§:

e 'I I .' ~, -:W? ::

<= = = =L,

~ -~ ~- ~ -~ ~ ~-= ~ ~- ~~ -~ 3

4
o 20
I I em

I~ -- .
~.-l ~ ' i5
~ ' .
-~ ~- ;} ~ ~~ 6
I; 0
I
10
I em
.

Fig. Ill.5. Coffin 113: /-2. lateral boards; 3--4. lid boards and hinges; 5-6. side hoards,

indicating that four hinges had connected the lid to the wide; the long hinge is 20 cm long and its groove 0.4 cm
chest (Fig. IlL5: 1,4). wide. Some still bear part of the wooden strip which
Hinges: Ten round wooden hinges have survived, as well connected the hinges to the boards. Three of the
as one especially long hinge (Fig. III.6). All the hinges hinges are 'male', with projecting points at both ends
(except the long hinge) are 10 em long and ca. 2.5 cm in (Fig. m.6:3-5), two are 'female', with sockets at both
diameter; the grooves are 2.5 cm long and 0.6-0.7 cm ends (Fig. III .6: 1, 6) , and five are ' mixed' , with a socket
66 RACHEL HACHULI

@~ . )#1 ;.- ~ ~ ~ @ 1
0 9 \~ l ~@ .® 2

@4 1 ~ p ~1 ~ @ 3

G€) {' ~ I ~ p~ ; @ 4

G) rr{ l~ ~ IP ® 5

@::,-,: t·~ ~:J ~.: @ ~: .. ~ ·~t, .

6

@ ~ ~ l en] ~ : @ 7

p."  C
(2) I[  ~
,~
J~
. ~. .
.
p
@
Q  8
@
P "~ (:1J  i ~
-
.~
~
..:.~:. - -: .. ..--
-= -..
~ ~ ~ :.- - ~ ­­ "  g
o 5
~_" _ _.JI  em

~ ...... '­,  '" 

... . 
.,i 
'­
I 

@
.....  '\.  '.  ;)j:
" ' - ... ,..4. . 10

Fig. 111.6. Coffin 113, woodell hinges.

at one end and a projecting point at the other (Fig. III .6:2, (Fig. II1.3); seven hinges connected the two boards of the
7­10). The long hinge is also of this kind . lid (Figs. 1II.3; 5:3), totalling thirteen hinges. Probably
The grooves on the sides of the Iid and the long side of not all the hinges were preserved. The 31Tangement of
the chest seem to indicate that five hinges connected the hinges on this coffin is unusual ; in comparable wooden
chest to the narrow board of the lid, as well as the long coffins, the boards of the lid are connected by a row of
hinge (Fig. II1 .6 : 10) placed at one end of the coffin hinges pinned together end-to·end , and another row of
 CHAPTER III : THE FINDS 67

hinges joining the lid and the long side of the chest. They
usually have alternating hinge s with sockets and project-
ing parts (Watzinger 1905:24, Coffin No.1, Ills. 27-32;
p. 32, Coffin No.8, Ill. 56). The hinges of our coffin are
similar to those of Egyptian coffins and of coffins from
the Yuz-Oba Barrow (Vaulina 1971:58, Figs. 2, 3;
Vaulina and Wasowicz 1974: Fig. 43).
Though the row of hinges is incomplete, it is quite
celtain from the almost completely preserved parts of
Coffin 113 that the lid was workable even wi thout the fu II
row of hinges (Fig. lIL2 : I ; see also Hodges 1964:
Fig. 26).
Iron Fittings: Coffin 113 is also unusual in having iron
parts (Figs. IIl.7-9). Four iron corner sheets (Fig. III.7: 1-
4) and four iron nails, one fairly Ia.rge (Fig. 1II.9: 1-4),
may have been used to secure fittings for joining the
bottom boards to the lower long boards of the coffin
(Fig. III.3) . Similar bronze angles affixed to the comers
of wooden coffin s were found in tombs at Dura Europos
(Toll 1946:99). Each of the iron corner sheets has four
round protruding nails which probably affixed them to
the side and bottom boards .
The iron lock plate (Fig . III.8) with a perforated L-
shaped opening was probably attached to one long side of
the coffin as a decoration(?) or may have once been used
as a lock, if the coffin was originally a cupboard.
Iron nails were found in several tombs in Jericho, as
well as at other sites, usually in association with wooden
coffins (Avigad 1967:126; 1976:135; B. Mazar 1973:
128, Pis. 28, 28). In Jericho, some of the iron nails were
discovered in front of a sealed kokh, possibly alluding to
a special usage.

o 2
L..I_ ,---,I em

'''---- - - - - 3 4

Fig. 1/J.7. Coffin 113, iron corner sheets.

OJ] o

o o

o 2
1 • em

Fig. m. B. Coffin 113, iron pia/e.

68 RACHEL HACHLlLl

(y ( ";;.) ,) ,
o (§J

r
~ ~

!
'\ '~- ~

- I\ P21
~
~) ~
- ~
4
o 3
I I em

Fig. [11.9. Coffin J J3. iron /Jails: 1-4. large nails; 5. smal/nails.

TypeB
Coffin 59. Tomb D9, Kokh 3 (Figs. II.32, 36, 37); recon-
struction (Figs. III. 10, 11).
H45 L190 Lid H32 L190 W50
The reconstruction is based on surviving coffin parts and
on the imprints of missing pa11s left in the dust and debris
in the kokh and the tomb.
Chest: All four comer posts have survived (Fig. III . 12: 1,
2), as well as the long sides, though in poor condition.
The short side was traced from an imprint and a small
decorated fragment (Fig. III. 11:3; Color PI. III.2). The
bottom, whose imprint was preserved on the floor of
Kokh D9 - 3 (Fig. ill. 13), was constructed of fi ve hori-
zontal boards pegged together (Fig. III. 1 1: 1). Similar
coffin bottoms can be seen in fourth century BCE
Egyptian wooden coffins (Watzinger 1905: 27 , Coffin 2,
Ill. 37).
Lid: The lid is gabled ; the side boards are connected by a
decorated ridge (Fig. III. 12:3, 4). A similar Egyptian
fourth century BCE coffin has a central ridge on the
gabled lid (Watzinger 1905:30-31, Ills. 49-50). The
tympanum is constructed of three angular boards con-
nected by pegs (Figs. I1I.12:5 ; 14).
Decoration: This coffin was decorated with bands of
alternating red- and black-painted rectangles on the short
sides and on the lid's ridge. The tympana of the lid had
a black triangular frame and a central black band with
red paint covering the remaining areas (Figs. III. 1 1:3;
12:5; 14).
The lateral boards of the chest were joined by mortises
and tenons to the corner posts (Figs . III.J 1: 1; 12: 1, 2).
The short sides probably con sisted of two boards pegged
together with a projecting decorated frame. The legs are
shorter than in the other coffins.
Coffin 78. Tomb D12, pit (Fig. HAL) ; reconstruction
(Fig. Ill. 15).
H 85 (Coffin 40 + Lid 45) L 190 W 45
Chest: The chest had four thick comer posts
(Fig. III .16: 1) and horizontal boards forming the short
and long sides (Fig. 1II.16:6-8), which probably con-
sisted of three horizontal boards pegged together with
wooden dowels. They were mortised and tenoned into
the corner posts.
Lid : The gabled lid consisted of horizontal boards
pegged together; a long board forming a decorated ridge
connected the boards (Fig. 111.17:2) . The triangular pan-
els of the tympana in the front and back of the lid
probably consisted of four horizontal panels pegged to-
gether with dowels (Fig. IU.17:6 ; individual pieces, see
Fig. III. 17:4, 5, 7- 9).
Decoration: The preserved parts of the lid indicate
that the tympanum boards were decorated with black-
and red-painted bands (Fig. III.17:6-9; Color PI. JIll)
and the ridge with two narrow, horizontal red bands
(Fig. III. 17:2). All the boards were pegged together with
wooden dowels.
Preserved Parts: One corner post (Fig. III.l6: 1) ; a frag-
ment of another, L 27 W 7 cm; three fragments of lateral
boards; one ridge fragment; six tympanum fragments
(Fig. llI.l7:4-9); two fragments of a narrow plank
(Fig. 111.16:2, 3).
 CHAPTER HI: THE FINDS 69

Fig. 111./0. Coffin 59 (Ca t. No. 92), Tomb D9 - 3, reconstruction.

~ ,
Side View A

b -&
~
-"'"
P \:i

~
:<L!!.I ~

o 50
L I-~ _ _ --J! em

Fig. 111.//. Coffin 59, elevations: /. coffin, bOllom, upper view of coffin with lid; 2- 3. decorated side boards.
70 RACHEL HACHLILI

1-1

~
1i ~I
I

:
I , ~ l\ \ \ . \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\\ '
L r - - lJ ~
- - I f[ ~ 2-2
1
I
2i
[
I (j /
I
L h
-+
:1 . ~ L~J:_ ­
I I
I

8 ~+. ­
,
I
,-t __ ____ _ --J
I 5
I 2 oI I em
-.t

3-3
II 4-4
o
M
3

e~Y-O.: ~ ~ _~ .~ O ~: ~ ~

t!!. _ I -.

1 ~ - -~ · .:­ ~
4

10 ==-
=--
L...-_-,-_ _ I em

5 ~.

o 10
'-------''----.11 em

Fig. 111.12. Coffin 59: 1-2. corner POSH; 3-4. decorated ridge; 5. decorated lid parIS.
 CHAPTER IIJ : THE FINDS 71

Coffin 94. Tomb D 12, Kokh 3 (Fig. 11.44); reconstruction

(Fig. III. 18).
H 90 (Coffin 50 + Lid 40) L 180 W 50
A rectangular coffin with a gabled lid . Few parts were
preserved.
Chest: The chest had decorated corner posts
(Fig. II1.l9: 1-3), side boards (a small fragment is still
s tuck in a corner post; Fig. III. 19: I); the bottom board s
have surv ived (Fig. m.20: 1--6). The preserved fragment s
indicate that the coffin was decorated with narrow,
painted planks on the chest or lid. The bottom was con-
structed from five or six horizontal boards connected
below by three cross bars at both ends and in the center
(Figs. 1II.18:3; 20: 1- 6).
Lid : The lid was probably gabled; only one part of the
tympanum has survived (Figs. III.18: 1; 21:2-8).
Decoration : The corner posts were painted with a verti-
cal band of alternating black and red rectangles
(Figs . III.l8 :2; 19: 1,3). Two decorated framing planks
were preserved . Nan-ow planks with a small red drop-like
Fig. Ifl. /3. Coffin 59. bOl/om imprint. painted design framed the long side of the chest

~I /"' ~
~
_-.!Q e
~ '",#It/l I@ 1 ~

-
- ~

o 5 ,
_ _ -'_~ , em ,

[
1
fifo,

1 "1/,1/1/1/'

/
/
/
3

Fig. lII.14. Coffin 59, decorated lid parts.

72 RACHEL HACHLILI

Fig. 111.15. Coffin 78 (Cat. No. 124), Tomb D 12 - pit, reconstruction.

~ ] :.;;.J
.: -~2
-~", -= - ~ -~
3

[': ~4 D
] r.·.- ~ - 0 0 -------=
r-
11J·l 111
~ ~ ~
0

.J _ e
u·· I
.
o ,'
! :
,, ''

1·1
cO" L-_-'-_-" em
~

c:::J

Fig. 111.16. Coffin 78: I. corner post; 2-8. lateral alld side boards; 9. lid part.
 CHAPTER Ill: THE FINDS 73

-~
~
Y-O 1 D ~ 2

3
' - -_ _', em

10
- - - - - . J em

f;: ~ -; ~ ~

"C [f [I ~ )~ -.
5
_ -,---"I em

Fig. 111.17. Coffin 78, decorated lid parts including triangular tYlllpana.

//
/ /

a_ _ _ _ ~
wem
_ _ __'!

2
,1- -]
Fig. 111.1 8. Coffin 94 (Cat. No. 127), Tomb D12 - 3, reconstruction.
74 RACHEL ,I,\CHLILI

1t III
rF
0
.~= ,

J2 8

(II
,U. \ :11b

'
•
. () I U •
i
:1 '--_ __ --" 2
!

.
lJ 4a ~m
~
2·2 3·3
)1 •
0 3
em

(
I 4' \-
.4
I·
l
~
~
4-4

o ~ :\ ~:; I
:' I We:! I 3

Fig. III. /9. Coffin 94, comer posts.

(Fi g. III.20:7- 1O); a band of alternating black- and red-
painted rectangles on the planks framed the shol1 sid es of
the lid or chest (Figs. III .20: 11-13). The planks of the
first type were pegged flat to the boards of the lid or
chest. Planks of the seco nd type were probably used
either on the upper part of the shol1 side or on the lower
part of the lid (Fig. IIU8).
Preserved Fragments: Three comer posts, two of them
decorated (Fig. 1lI.19: 1-3); one side board fragment,
stuck to a corner post; six fragments of bottom boards
(Fig . IIl.20 : 1-6); decorated parts of the chest or lid
(Fig. III .20:7- 13); three angular tympanum parts
(Fig. III.2l: 3,7,8); three wooden dowels (Fig. lIUI :9-
I I).
Coffin 84. Tomb 012, west bench (Figs. lIAI ; 111.22).
Parts of the ga bled lid were preserved (Fig. III.22:3-9):
triangular, with a band of altemating black- and red-
painted de sign (Fig. lII.22:4), as well as two board frag-
ments (Fig. III.22: I , 2). Another fragment of sycamo re
wood was fOLlnd together with a narrow rope made of
date-palm fibers; Table 111.5).
 CHAPTER Ill : THE [,INDS 75

o ~ .

J
z:. - - ~ 5
6

5? " ~ 1:: ~ ..

~ __ 7

o 5
I I em
~ ..
'

.CP? II" # (
.r • - """J 10

..

? /"
" ~ J. c- I!Jj
~
. ~
f¥*> §+~W%jmw& i 12 ~A:m WiJm --=:J 13

Fig. 111.20. Coffin 94: 1-6. bollom boards; 7- 13. decorati ve parts.
76 RACHEL HACHLILI

-L?o~-= .~
. 1

~ :-{J ~n
t] 3 \! ~ J -::-i=J' ~ 4

I
7 ':Y~ l. 2

/
c:=~
-==,- ~
.. :Jl
~
5
-~

~
08-1:
6
c
~ =
~
~ 7

"
87, . >t::::.
8
~
o
I
9
5
. em
~
~ 10
o
=-- 11

Fig. 1/1.21. Co.Jji'n 94: 1--8. lid pOrTS; 9-11. dOll'els.

I I
rLJ', ~
r
~ - ;1 r,
C__ I -- ~ -! = ____ QI , §

/<£''< '~\3 c=: -==-=- W$//h t.~ :::J 4

_6 ,
p - =-:. ~
-:!E-=6, -~
c:=- - ~ -=::;
7

< - : ~

o
em
c~ Sg
Fig. Ill. 22. Coffin 84 (Car. No. 125), Tomb D1 2 - wesr bench: 1-2. boards; 3-9. lid parrs.
 CHAPTER [([ THE FINDS 77

Coffin 85. Tomb D 12, south bench (Fig . III.23).
Merely a few fragments of this coffin were preserved: one
corner post, L 54 (unusually long) W 9 (Fig. IlI.23: I); a
side board (Fig. II 1.23 :2) and another wooden fragment
(Fig. IlI.23:6).
Fragments of the lid's ridge have survi ved, decorated
with alternating black and red paint (Fig. m.23:3-5).
This ridge is similar to the ridge of Coffin 59
(Fig. Ill. 12:3, 4). The lid was constructed of several parts
pegged together with wooden dowels.
Coffins 104a, b. Tomb D 12, Kokh 2.
Both were in poor condition and most of the wooden
boards soon disintegrated into dust. The few preserved
fragments were drawn (Fig. IlI.24). Although it is diffi-
cult to classify these coffins, comparable coffins in the
same tomb indicate that they probably belonged to
Type B.
Coffins 102, 109. Tomb D9, chamber floor (Fig. II.34).
This part of the tomb was largely destroyed; the coffins
had disintegrated and generally only their imprint wa s
preserved on the floor.

--- -. zld 2

~ 4
5
em

{:r J
--
--
f-" ~@
5 ~ - -_-'" =r 6

Fig. 111.23. Coffin 85 (Cal. No. 126), Tomb DI2 - SOLllh /)('lIch : I. corner po.fl; 2. side hoard:
3-5. lid's ridge; 6. miscellaneous ll'Oodcll parIs.
78 RACHEL HACHLILI

L<~ 1] 1

c
c::::=:=
~

~
~ r--r
~2 E ~ ~ ~ 3
[ , G
=:J ~ 4 o
l
5
-'--.J em
c: J ~~ 5

Fig. 1/1.24. Coffins 1040, b (Cat. Nos. 129, 130), Tomb D 12 - 2, fragment s.

TypeC with thin, narrow planks decorated with incisions

Coffin 187. Tomb D27, Kokh 6 (Figs. 111.25, 26); recon -
struction (Fig. 111.27).
H45 Lid: H 36 L 190 W 52
The coffin parts, which survived mainly in the middle
and the back of the kokh, sufficed for reconstruction.
Chest: Two corner posts have been preserved
(Fig. m.28: I, 2). The sides were probably constnIcted
from two boards pegged together (fragments of long and
shOl1 sides: Figs. II1.28:3- 8; 29: 1- 5). The chest is framed
(Fig. 111.30: 1-13).
Lid: Several fragments have survived. The lid had three
ridges: a central ridge decorated with groups of three
incised lines at 8.5 cm intervals (Fig. 111.29: 11) and two
lateral, plainO) ridges (Fig, 111.29:8-10, 12). The pedi-
ment fragments (Fig. 111.30: 14, 16) indicate that the cof-
fin had a gabled lid. Board fragments of the lid panels
were preserved (Fig. 1lI.30:5-ll), each side probably
consisting of two boards pegged together with dowels.

3B
5~
48
lD
<V
o 6B
o'--_ _ ~_-'
40
. em

Fig. 111.25. Coffin 187 (Cat. No.. 291), Tomb D27 - 6. Fig. 111.26. Coffin 187, Tomb 027 - 6.
 CHAPTE R IJI : T HE FI N DS 79

Fig. JJ1. 27. Coffin 187. reconstructioll.

I -r-1 j
~-
J
3

4
IB
~1
o 2 5

o 10
_-'~,
LI em 8

Fig. [[1. 28. ColJiI/ 187: [-2. comer posts; 3- 8. boards.

80 RACHEL HACHLILI

- ~''T
_L3cL_
H
' ., ' ~
'
II
0
' 1

L U - C

[ It
~

P 3

~ ' I n
.:
I,
I,
;,
.
I'
;'
I'

r:
"
"
'1

"
II
I

::"

""
" ~L- ____________________~ l 4

~ ~
J
b~ L
]

CJ . ,:' · :
.:
:o
"
; '. ... _--' 6 \'

--: : 7
f""=C: C

~- " -.J D. [~ -'==«' 9

e
5
--.J em

"" y - -,;
~ '~ \ ' \~ , -. ~ 10

:r=Iil III III :II III

'-'0 il ill eli il ~ 1
./ 'J.
~
~y ~
a 10 ~ 12
~ em

Fig. JIl,29. CoJtin 187: 1-7. boards: 8-12, ridge parIS.

Fragments of boards with grooves (Fig. Ill .29:6, 7)
suggesting hinges seem to have formed part of the lid ,
Hinges are not necessary, however, as thi s lid had three
ridges (though no actual hinges were found).
The lid of tills coffin is noteworthy (Fig. 111.27: I). A
similar lid was found on a wooden coffin at A bu sir
(Egypt), dated to the fourth century BCE (Watzinger
1905 :7-8, PI. III ). The coffin there is also decorated
along the top of the chest with groups of three incised
lines similar to the decoration of the framin g planks of
Coffin 187.
 CHAPTER lfI : THE FINDS 81

"

[j II II

o 5
_--'------'I em
- ~ -­

{I!
-~ -6
n , 11] I I II I' ll I ! II [LIIIII1

-~­

L--- 9
-_2P!\~ 110

?3~ " u~ [L ~,
_C ,'~; ~
o 5
" - - _ - ' -_ _ em

Fig . m .30. Coffin 187: 1-13. planks for decorati on; 14, 16. lid parIs; 15. dowel.

Coffin 190. Tomb 027, Kokh 4 (Figs. 1II.31 , 32); recon-
struction (Fig. III.33).
H 40 Lid: H 35 L 190 W 42
Chest: Only a few pieces of the chest have survived
(Fig. III .34: 1-4).
Lid : Parts of the gabled lid are in better condition. Both
pediments have survived (Fig. III.34:5-8). Both have
side dowels which probably pegged them to the lateral
boards of the lid. Fig. 1Il.35:1-3 may belong to lid
boards; board fragments (Fig. 11135:4-6) have grooves
for hinges, but no hinges were found. A similar fragment
belongs to Coffin 187 (Fig. III.29:6). These fragments
are comparable to an Egyptian fourth century BCE
coffin (Watzinger 1905:26-27, 70, Ills. 33, 34, 127),
which had a central crest of hinges connecting the two
sides of the lid . These were probably the upper lateral
boards of the lid pegged to the lower board s
(Fig. III.35: I, 2).
82 RACHEL HACHLlLl

Kokh 3

~
o[ 40
em
~
~
Fig. 111.31. Coffin 190 (Ca t. No. 292), Tomb D27 - 4 Fig. 1!I.32. Coffin 190, Tomb D27 - 3 wul4. wooden parIS.

o 5
~ em

o 50
em

Fig. 111. 33. Coffin 190, reconstructiol1.

 CHAPTER Ill: THE FINDS 83

,
[1 " "
!~ _ !J"

\
\,
(

-__Lb _ _ __ ~r,- r _-_ -_ _ _ _ _ _ J 2

~ o ____________~ O~ - ~ 2
~

/'-\
\ L-~
\ / r- ~
\ I \
/ .
/
I
.,
/.
, t r
J
(

I ~1
:'
/
5
[ e rc= 6

o 10

DLJ 8
L---t...- em

Fig. IIr34 . Coffi ll 190: 1-4 side boords: 5-8. lid paris; 9. doweL

Decoration: The decoration is similar to that of Coffin
187 - incised narrow planks whjch may have decorated
the lateral board of the chest, below the lid (Fig. III.35:6,
7). It is also possible that these served as an ornamental
cornice along the sides of the lid (Fig . TII. 33 ).
Two conjectures are feasible regarding the shape of
the lid : either it was hinged , as grooves are present,
(Fig. III.35:3-5) or it had a central crest which connected
the two lateral boards. The two pediments (Fig. Ill.34:5,
6) have lateral slanting dowel grooves, indicating that
they were pegged into a lid frame or into side boards.
Thus, the side boards and the pediments could be con-
nected either by a truck long board-the ridge--or by a
line of hinges as in Coffin 113 (Fig. 1lI.2: I) .
Similar gabled lids with a central ridge of hinges
are found on an Egyptian coffin (Watzinger 1905 :27-28 ,
84 RACHEL HACHLILI

~ d
L ~ 2
=:3
- ~- - ~ ,- - '

/' 1
j
~ ~ -:~

o
L0 4 5

(7 0 ?
-~
ITIT'TTDS-- 6 o 10
I I em

o <0

r-- -- - --::-'-=-' Ir--r-.--. -,,-·I' LD- l= r- --= -=- 7

Fig. 111.35. Coffin 190: 1-5. lid parts; 6-7. planks fo r deco mtion.

Coffin No.2, Ill s. 33- 36), and on a wooden coffin from
the Yuz-Oba Barrow (Vaulina 1971: 57, Figs. 1-3), both
dated to the fourth century BCE. They clearly show the
const1l.lction and function of such a lid .
Coffin 184. Tomb D27, Kokh 2 (Fig. II.55) .
The surviving fragments of the c hest side and bottom are
drawn only on the tomb plan.
Coffin 185. Tomb D27, Kokh 5 (Figs. II.55 , 57; IIl.36).
Thi s coffin was poorly preserved. Fragments present at
the beginning of the excavation were recorded on the
tomb pJan. Only three fragments could be drawn in detail
(Fig. 1II.36): pan of the lid ridge and two fragments of
thin decorated planks, incised on their narrow part. They
probably belong to the lid or chest as in Coffins 187 and
190 (Figs. III.30:1-13 ; 35:7).
 CHAPTER 1lI: THE FINDS 85

-'C 0 -----=:::::,. ______ 2 _ " _ ~

~- -~ ~ ~- - '- - - - ~
_.cr= =~ _ LL ," 1 1 1 1 1 :-=_' _-:' -:' -=_"O, ~ :r1 :I:
I ==::J 2
\
1"- -.
o 10
em

Fig. 111.36. Co/fin 185 (Car. No. 290), Tomb D27 - 5, jragmenls.

Coffin 198. Tomb D27, Kokh 3 (Figs. ILS5; III .37: 1-7). porarily , bound with a rope.  After depositing the chest in 
Fragments of the coffin were found in the south part of the  tomb,  the  lid  would  have  bee n  placed  on  the  chest, 
the kokh; other fragments of the lid and side of the coffin with the rope possibly adhering to it. 
were not preserved. The surviving fragments include
what is probably a corner post (Fig. III .37 : 1), two frag-
ments of the gabled lid (Fig. III.37:4, 5) and a fragment of  CARPENTRY
an  incised  narrow  plank  (Fig.  III .37 :3)  which  had  prob-
ably decorated the coffin, as  in Coffins  187 and  190.  The standard of the carpentry as observed on  the Jericho 
coffins  is  fairly  ad vanced and  varied , and  is comparable 
Undetermined Types   to the carpentry of the fourth­third century BCE woode n 
Coffin 128. Tomb D IS  (Figs.  IIA8; IIU7:8­1O) .   coffins  found  in  Egypt  and  South  Russia  (Watzinger 
This coffin,  in  poor condition,  was  discovered  in  a  one-  1905;  Vaulina  and  Wasowicz  1974;  for  ancie nt  carpen-
kokh tomb.  One  fragment  may  belong  to  a  corner  post,   try,  see  Richter  1926:94­95 ,  154­155;  Singer  et  aL 
others  may  be  wooden  dowels,  parts  of a  lateral  board   1956:233­239; Hodges  1964: 112­122 ; see recent exca-
and framing planks.   vations at  'En Gedi,  Hadas  1994:45­49), though ofsim-
pIer workmanship. 
Wood Fragments. Tomb D2 (Figs.  11.25;  I1I.37: 11,  12) is 
clearly a  tomb which  had  wooden coffins in  the  kokhim. Chest. The sides were made of two or three long horizon-
Unfortunately  the  tomb  was  open  to  Tomb  D3,  which  tal  boards and  two or three s hort hOIizontal  boards;  their 
was broken into sometime in  the  past.  Consequently, the  ends were shaped  as  a  tenon,  a flat projection to  fit  into 
wood  was  in  bad  condition,  and  much  of it had  disinte- the  morti se  of the  post  (Fig.  IlI.27 :1).  All  the  mortises 
grated into dust.  and  tenons were secured with wooden dowels. The hori-
Two  preserved  boards  are  illustrated  (Fig.  IlI.37: 11,  zontal  boards were  pegged  together with  round  wooden 
12):  one is  part  of the  coffin  lid,  probably  the  ridge,  the  dowels. 
other  a  decorative  framing  plank,  indicating  that  this  The chest parts were joined by mortising and pegging. 
coffin  presumably  belonged  to  Type  C. The  rope  of  Each  of the  four  well­carved  corner posts  has  two  mor-
date­palm  fibers  attached  to  one  of the  wooden  board s  tises (sockets) on two sides, into which the tongues of the 
and  similar instances of a rope across the lid  of Coffi n 84  long  and  short  chest  sides  were  inserted  (e.g., 
(012)  and  a  coffin  in  Jericho  Tomb  G81  (Bennett  Fig.  111.2:2);  each joint is  secured with  wooden dowels . 
1965:532), as well as the ropes binding the lid to the chest  One  coffin  had  decorated  corner  posts  (Coffin  94: 
of  some  wooden  coffins  at  ' En  Gedi  (Hadas  1994:  Figs.  I1U8 :2;  19: 1,  3).  The  mortises are  clean and  well 
Figs.  4,  33,  42),  suggest  that  ropes  were  used  to  tie  cut, presumably with a very sharp  mortise chiseL 
coffins. 
The  entrances  to  the  Jericho  tombs  were  not  high  Corner Posts. These differ in size and form from coffin to 
enough  for  introducing  coffins  covered  with  lids.  The  coffin. 
coffin  pal1s  had  to  be  carried  in  separately  and  the  lid  Type A:  Coffin  113  has  corner posts  rectangular in  sec-
was  subsequently placed on the chest. On  the  way to the  tion (6 x 14 cm) and  ca. 70 cm long. The moni se (length 
cemetery,  the  lid  may  have  covered  the  chest  tem- ca. 47  cm,  depth  1.5­2.0  cm)  is  cut  ca. 7  cm  from  the 
86 RACHEL HAC HLILI

--f -=-
~ ~ -=;--:J,
~ o
=====

\ () ,)() ~ ~

~
, f

:, ~
I 1~

:'•1\ '6
\ ,

4
~ J
~ ~
06 CJ,
c ~ r­­­­- -- ==a ' 

c=-~ ~ ~8 tt
/~ ~ :"'- ­­- ; ~"
~ .; 7 '   , ,~ - ~ ~-
t­­­­­­­­­ ­­- .­:J  
~
- - .- ~ ­ .-
­ 12 
o 
L
10 
em

Fig. 111. 37. Co[fin 198 (Ca t. No. 293),  Tomb 02 7 ­ 3:  I. corner post; 2.  board; 3.  de co rated plank; 4­7.  lid parts.
Coffin 128 (Cal. No. 238), 015: 8- IO.fragmellts. Tomb 0 2: II , 12. woodfragme/ll.l.

top.  At  the  bottom  end  of  the  post  is  another  small  Type  B:  Coffin  59  has  com er  posts  ca. 42  em  lon g, 
morti se  (length  3  em,  depth  1.8  em ;  Fi g.  IlIA :1-3), measuring ca. 8 x  J 0 em in  sec tion (Fi g.  III. 12 : 1.  2). The 
which  may  have  served  to  insel1  bars  for  carrying  the  legs were short. The morti se begins at least 2 em from the 
coffin. This coffi n also had  iron supports.  bottom and  is  1.5 e m deep. 
 CHAPTER Ill: THE FINDS
Coffin 78 has a square post measuring 6.6 x 7.0 cm in
section; the mortise, ca. 1.2 cm deep, begins I cm from
its bottom (Fig. III.l6: I).
Coffin 94 has corner po l measuring 6 x 9 cm in
section. The mortise (depth 1.0-1.2 cm) begins 3 cm
from the bottom. Fig. III. 19: 1-3 shows the method of
joining one of the horizontal boards to the leg: its tenon
had two holes for the securing of dowels. The size of the
preserved board fragments indicates lhat this chest side
consisted of three boards; if all the boards were similar,
each was ca. 14 cm wide (Fig. III. 18:2).
Type C: Coffin 187 has two preserved corner posts.
These are rectangular in section; one (Fig. III.28: I)
measures 5.5 x 6.0 cm; the mortise begins ca. 1 cm from
the bottom and is I cm deep; another (Fig. III.28:2),less
well preserved, measures 5.5 x 5.5 cm in section; the
monise begins ca. 2 cm from the bottom and is 0.7 cm
deep.
Some of the corner posts and the ridges were probably
turned on the lathe (Singer et al. 1956, II:232-233;
Hodges 1964: 117-118).
The holes into which the wooden dowels in all the
coffin parts were inserted show marks of a dlilling tool
(Hodges 1964: 116--117). Dowels were also used to
strengthen the joints of the mortises and tenons
(Figs. III.2:2, 14: 1,3 ; 20:3). All the wooden dowels are
small and round (Figs. III.21:9-ll; 30: 15; 37:9-10).
Lids.
Type A: Coffin 113 has a flat lid made of two horizontal
boards, the upper wider, the lower narrower, connected
by wooden hinges (Figs. III.2: 1,3; 5:3,4).
Type B: Coffins 59, 78,84,85 and 94 have a high gabled
lid with side boards and tympana. The lateral boards
along the gable top are pegged together by a ridge with
black- and red-painted decoration (Figs. III. I 0; II; 12:3,
4; 17:2; 23:3-5).
The tympana are triangular panels composed of three
(or more) horizontal boards, pegged togelher with dow-
els (Fig. III. 14: 1-4) and joined to the laleral boards
diagonally with dowels (Fig. III. 14: I, 3). The tympana
are decorated with painted bands (Figs. III. I 0; 12:5;
14:4; 17:6--9; 22:4). The sloping lateral boards are some-
times also decorated (Fig. III.20:7- 13).
Type C: Gabled lid with lateral boards and tympana.
Coffin 187 has three ridges on the gabled lid (Figs. IlI.27;
29: 10-12): a top ridge and two ridges joining the side
boards of the lid; these were probably glued, since no
87
dowel holes were found . The central ridge was joined
with dowels to the side boards. The tympana boards
were pegged together with dowels (Fig. III.30: 14, 16)
and on Coffin 190 the boards covered these joints
(Fig. III.34:5, 6).
Coffins 187 and 190 have boards with recesses for
hinges which are difficult to explain (Figs. IIl.29:6, 7;
35:3-5).
COMPARATIVE MATERIAL
Wooden coffins which are most similar in construction,
decoration and other details to the Jericho coffins of
Types A-C were found in Egypt and South Russia
(Watzinger 1905; Edgar 1905; Minns 1913:322-329;
Vaulina 1971). Most of these coffins were much larger
and more elaborately decorated; they were constructed of
four comer posts mortised and tenoned into the side
boards of the chest. These coffins usually had gabled lids
with one or three ridges or with hinges which enabled one
sloping side of the lid to open (Watzinger 1905:24-28,
30-31, 43-44; Ills. 27-50, 56, 76--78, 127; Edgar
1905 : 1-2, PI. III; Vaulina 1971:57-58, Figs. 2, 3;
Vaulina and Wasowicz 1974:35-75, Types I and II).
These coffins are dated to the fourth-third centuries
BCE, and may have served as prototypes for the Jericho
coffins.
Some wooden coffins were also found in the Dura
Europos cemetery. They had gabled lids, boards and
corner posts probably joined by dowels (Toll 1946:99-
10 I). Some bronze angles were discovered nearby, ex-
plained by the excavator as fixed at the top and bottom
corners to secure the joints. Some of the coffins were
decorated with a layer of painted plaster (Toll 1946:
Fig. 6, PI. 58). They were probably in use until the sec-
ond century CEo
Several wooden coffins have been found in this coun-
try: e.g., at Kenyon's excavations at Jericho (Bennett
1965:532-533, Tomb G.81). The Roman period coffins
seem to have had gabled lids, with doweled boards on the
chest. Although few details have been published, these
coffins were probably similar to the Jericho coffins dis-
cussed here.
Wooden coffins were found in the 'En Gedi area, in
two of the Nahal David caves. In Cave I the coffins had
completely disintegrated. A coffin found in Cave 4 was
decorated with inlays and had a gabled lid. The side
88 RACHEL HACHLlLl

boards of the chest were dovetailed (Avigad 1962a: 182, tary  to  identify  in  tell11S  of  structure.  In  summary,  the 
PI. 22A). The coffin is contemporary with the Jericho Jericho coffins  most closely resemble those  from  Egypt 
coffins and is dated to the first century BCE. and  South  Russia  in  construction  and  quality  of work-
A large assemblage of wooden coffins was recently manship. 
uncovered at 'En Gedi by Hadas (1988/89; 1994:4-5, 18,
22,24-32,34-36,45-49,3*-4*, Figs. 71-78). The cof-
fins  are  simple, constructed  of thin  boards,  one board  to  TIMBER  ANALYS[S  
each  side  of the  chest,  doweled  together  at  the  comers  Nili Liphschitz and Yoav Waisel  
and pegged into the inside of the corner posts. The gabled 
lid is constructed of two boards pegged to  both triangular  Timber analysis  was  carried  out on  each of the  wooden 
pediments.  These  coffins,  usually  of sycamore,  should  coffins  discovered  in  the  Jericho  tombs.  Samples  were 
probably be dated  to  the first century BCE.  taken from comer posts, side boards, bottom boards, lids, 
One coffin  and  remains of wooden  coffins  were dis- planks,  angular  parts,  dowels  and  unidentified  parts 
covered in the Qumran cemetelY, in two of the individual  (Tables  III.2­5).  Fragments  and  debris  found  in  these 
tombs (de Vaux  1973:46­47). Though the data are insuf- tombs were also sampled. All the coffins and timber were 
ficient  for  a  description,  the  wood  fragments  and  the  preserved  in  their  natural  conditions,  i.e. ,  not  charred. 
imprints, as well as the structure of the tomb, indicate that  Several charred  pieces of wood  found  in  the tombs were 
the coffins were rectangular.  also  collected.  Altogether  194  samples  were  taken  for 
In  the  Nabatean  necropolis  of Mampsis,  some  shaft  examination. 
tombs  (Negev  1971: 117­118,  Fig.  6,  PI.  248,  Tombs  Samples of 1.0­1.5 cu  cm  were aspirated  in  absolute 
Nos.  100,  I 12,  117,  I 18,  121)  yielded  several  wooden  ethyl alcohol, dipped in  methyl benzoate celloidin for 24 
coffins. The best­preserved coffin from Tomb 100, made  hours,  rinsed  in  benzene  and  transferred  to  50­55°C 
of  cedar  wood,  is  described.  In  size  (L  205  W  60  paraffin  for  72  hours.  Cross and  longitudinal,  tangential 
H  85  cm)  it  is  larger  than  the  Jeticho  coffins,  and  the  and  radial  sections  were  prepared. The  paraffin  was  re-
corner  posts  are  dovetailed  to  the  side  boards,  like  the  moved,  and  sections  were  stained  with  Safranin  and 
Nahal  David coffins.  The decoration  is  a simple, incised  mounted  in  Canada  Balsam.  The chan'ed  sections  were 
design.  The tombs  and  the  coffins  are  dated  to  the  first  not stained.  Analysis of the  timber was  made  from  these 
century BCE­second century CEo  sections.  The anatomical  three­dimensional  structure of 
A fairly  well­preserved wooden coffin of cedar wood  the  wood  was  examined  by  microscope  and  compared 
was  found  at  Yotvata  in  the  Negev  (unpublished,  illus- with  reference  sections  prepared  from  systematically 
trated  in  Zevulun  and Olenik  1978:91, Fig.  233).  It  was  identified  living trees.  Identification  was made  up  to  the 
constructed by joining the corner posts to the side boards.  species level. 
Iron  nails  and  some iron  comer pieces were  found  in  As  can  be  seen  from  the  results  (Tables  III.2­5),  the 
the  Bet She'arim  necropolis (third­fourth centuries CE;  timber  of  the  coffins  came  from  eight  tree  species: 
B.  Mazar  1973:  Appendix  B,  Pis.  28,  38)  and  recon- Ficus sycomorus (sycamore) ,  Cupressus sempervirens
structed  there  as  parts  of wooden  coffinsC),  or even  as  (cypress),  Populus euphratica (Euphrates poplar) , Phoe-
wooden  ossuaries,  a  reconstruction  unsubstantiated  by  nix dacrylifera (date  palm),  Ziziphus spina christi
material  evidence,  particularly  since  wooden  ossuaries  Uujube,  Christ­thorn),  Olea europaea (olive),  Pinus
were  never  found  in  this  country.  As  can  be  observed  halepensis (Aleppo  pine)  and  Pinus brutia (Calabrian 
from the Jericho coffins, iron  nails and  fittings  may have  pine).  Only  charred  pieces  of wood  were  found  of an-
been  used  as  supporting  elements  of wooden  coffins- other tree species-Quercus calliprinos (kermes oak). 
used  for  primary  burial­though  in  a  manner  different  Most  coffin  parts  were  of  sycamore­77  samples 
from that described in the reconstruction at Bet She 'arimo  (Fig.  IlI.38),  followed  by  cypress­44 samples,  Christ-
The local  wooden  coffins discussed  below, though  con- thorn­ 33  samples  (Fig.  III.39) and Calabrian pine­ 18 
temporary in  time and culture, differ in  construction; the  samples.  Few  parts  were  of other  woods:  Aleppo  pine 
Jericho  coffins  were  joined  by  mortises  and  tenons,  and  Euphrates  poplar­­6  samples  each ;  0live­3 
decorated with either paint or incisions and had a variety  samples ; and  pine~ samples (the  species could  not  be 
of  lids.  In  contrast,  the  other  local  coffins  were  either  identified due to poor preservation). One charred piece of 
simply joined  or dovetailed  and  some are  too  fragmen- wood was kermes oak. 
 Table m.2. Timber of Wooden Coffins

C H EST LI D fRAGM ENTS, M IS e.

Corti n Lc1!s Side Boards Bottom B nn rJs Pcdimcll( Ridge Hin ges Planks. Fram ing Mi sc. Dnwcb
N" , Cor/ll:r PO"I, p;u'!l., Dccor:Hio ll Peg...

f---59 C hr i~t - thn rn

I S} camon:'
Pill e sr,
Sycamore C ) f pr
SYC~ l no
c."~
rc
Sycn l11 0 re Syc;lrn()!"c C hri,Hl1orn
E uphrates p"p l" r

78 Sycamore Syca more Syt:unu re Sycamore SYl:ullwrc

K a mes oak
(c1mrcoa l)
ChriSl-l holll

84 I Sycalllore Sycn11lole I Sy",,,n orc - t SYC' ''lIlo rc D ;ILC palm (!\Iring) I C hri ~ ( - Lh o rn
S) "a lll"l'c

85 Syc all1on: CYr rc~s Syca morl! Sycamore c uph ralC> p" pl ar Chri ~ t - lh o rn

Pi ne ~ p , n
::c
(cham),)I) »
"'0

94 Sycnmon.: Sycamore Sycnmore Sycamore C lrri" -Iho rn ;V

Cypr ~ ' ::::
>-I
102 Sycamore ::c
pj ne "' p. m
::r1
' .'

It)j (, hrj 'I-, ho,-" C

(,/)

11)4 SycalnorL' S YC"'JIIlOI'C SycLlnlOl'C SYCillnon.: Eu ph,.tcs ,,"p hu

ld1:lrcoal) Ch ri' l-l holll

1m I -- -
CYrn,,,

11 :1 (,h ri,t·,ho rn Aleppo Ili ne Cypn.. : "o.; Cy p r ~", O li ve Cyp rc,s.<

O live CyP"""s J:.uph nuc" po rl ar Atlantic ph.ladll o ChrisH hom
SYC,-l IllOf'C
I 'r:tmaris k

12)0; Cyp rc" Syc"Jtlorc

I Pin ~ 'P, (,h ri" -l h,)m

1l!4 Sycanlorc Cy p res~

18) S y~a m u fC Cyprc:-.s

187 C hris t-thorn Ch ri st- thorn

Ca l" hriun pine
S ycamore Cal"brra" pme Euphmtes po pl ar
Calabrian pine
C hri st thorn
C al rtbrian pi lle
Culubrran pine
I Chrb t-Ihorn ('''Jis t-lho rn

I 'Xl Syt.:anH}rt:: I Cyprcs-, Syca more C ypr"" C)'p,."", Sycamore Cyp re;, CYIUt:S\ I ChriS l-tho rn

19K Syta murt" I SyCCt tnVfC Sycamore Syca llllJl'c Sytumore S ycam ore ,S ycamore 00
\0
90 NIL! L! PH SCHITZ A:-':O YOAV WAI SEL

Table 111.3. Timber Samples from Jericho Tombs (Liphschitz and Waisel1975a; 1976)

Tomb No. Kokh Nu. Syc:.1mon; C yp r e ~s Christ·Tbom Euph.rates Popl ar Aleppo Pine Oate Pal m

02 x
02- 2 x x x x Stri.ng
02 - 1 x
02- 4 x X X x
02- 5
02 - 6 x x x
02 -7 x x
S. Benc h x
W. Bcncb x

06 x
O()- 4 x

09 0 9- 2 x
D9 - 4 x x x
D9 - 6 x x

0 22 x
0 22 - I x
0 22 - 2 x
022- 3 x

Table III.4. Timber Samples from Jericho Tombs Table IlI.5. Timber Samples from Jericho Tombs
(Liphschitz and Waisel1975a) (Liphschitz and WaiseI1976)

Timber No. Tomb Lab. No. Timber Jericho No. Tomb Lab. No. Number

Sycam ore 19 02- 4 B-1 3 157 Cyprc " 52 D9 - 4 13889 49

Syclmorc 19 02- 4 C-13157 D~ - 4
Cy press 52 13890 50
Sycamore 18 02- 3 A-1 3 158
Pine sp. D9 - 4 1389 1 51
Sycamorc 18 02- 3 B- 1l 15S
Cyp ress 53 D9 - 4 13 892 52
S) "::J lllOrl: 18 0 2- 3 C- 13158
A leppo pine D9 - 2 13S'n 53
S)"':t morc 21 02-7 A-1 3159
Cypress 52 D9 - 4 13897 57
Syc amore 21 02- 7 B- 13 159
Sycamore D9 - 4 13898 58
SycamorL' 21 0 2- 7 C- 13 159
Aleppo pine D9 - 2 13899 59
Sycamore 21 02- 7 0-1 3169
Sycamore 17 0 2- 2 B- 13161 Cyprl'ss 52 D9-6 13900 60
Sycamore 17 0 2- 4 0 - 13 161 Sycamore D9 13901 61
SYCi.llrJ()rc 20 02- 4 B- 13 162 Cyprcs> 54 D6 13902 62
Syc amore 20 02 - S. Bench A-1 3163 Sycamore 68 D6 - 4 13904 64
Syc am ore 20 02 - S. Bench B- 13163 Cyprcss D6 - Debri s 13905 65
Sycamore 20 0 2 - S. Bench C-1 3163 Sycamore 128 DI5 13903 63
Sycamore 20 0 2 - S. Bench 0 -1 3 163 D1 2- Pit
Chr ist-thorn Charcoal 139 10 70
Aleppo pine 31 0 9-4 A-131 60
Sycamore D 12 - Pi t 139 12 72
Aleppo pine 31 0 9-4 B-131 60
Sycamore 167 D 12 - Coffin 84 139 16 76
Aleppo pi ne 31 09-4 C-1 3160
Oate palm 167 Dl2 -Coffin 84 139 17 77
Ch rist -thorn 17 0 2-2 C-1316 1
String
ChriSl-thom 21 0 2-7 E- 13159
Cypress 149 D22 - Debris 13906 66
Christ-t horn 17 0 2-2 A-1 3 161
Sycamore D22 - 1 13907 67
Euphrates pal'l ar 19 0 2-4 0 -13 157
Aleppo pi ne 164 0:11 1 13808 68
Euphrates poplar 20 0 2-6 A-13 162
Sycamore D22 - 3 J:l90'J 69
Oate palm 19 0 2-4 A-1 3 157
 CHAPTER III: THL FINl)S 91

Fig. 111.38. Three-diI1lClIsirJllll/ slmClllre U!sYCCllllorc .mod, SUlllple No. 131578 (Nus. J, 3, 5: x /OO ; Nos. 2, 4. 6: x390):
I, 2. cmss seclion ; 3, 4. IOl1gcnliallol1gillldinu/ sectiol1;5, 6. radililiollgillldinal s('('lion

Close examination of the results reveals that in all
coffins, except one, most of the boards, the angular pans,
the comer posts and the planks were of either sycamore
or cypress timber, which is easily worked. One of the
coffins was mainly of Calabrian pine (Coffin 187, see
Table III.2)-a softwood species whose timber is suit-
able for carpentry. Christ-thorn timber, which is very
hard, was used in many coffins for dowels; 14 out of the
33 samples of Christ-thorn were taken from dowels.
Sycamore trees grow north of Jericho; Euphrates pop-
lar is one of the main trees which characterize the banks
of the Jordan River in the vicinity of Jericho, and Christ-
thorn, as well as date-palm trees, also inhabit this region.
Therefore it can be assumed that the timber for the
92 NIL! L1PHSCHITZ AND YOA V WAISEL

Fig . 11/. 39. Three dil1lens ional Sfructure ojChrisf-thorn lI'ood, Sample No. 13161A (Nos. 1, 3,5: x IOO; Nos. 2, 4, 6: x390):
I , 2. c ross section ; 3, 4. tGn genliallongifudirwl seClion;5, 6. radial long itudinal section.

coffins made of th ese four tree s pecies was taken from
the neighborhood of Jericho. Cypress trees grow natu-
rally in the closest vicinity to Jericho. Kermes oak, olive
and Aleppo pine grow in the Judean mountains ; presum-
ably these four species were brought to Jericho from
these regions. Calabrian pine does not grow in Israel.
TIlis species appears naturally in Turkey , Syria, Lebanon
and Gilead, and the timber must have been impol1ed
from one of these regions .
The use of sycamore for coffins is known also from
the excavations at 'En Gedi, where all the coffins were
made mostly of thi s wood (Hadas 1994:49; Liph schitz
1996). Sycamore ti mber was common Iy used to make
coffins in Egypt, and timber analysis of an Egyptian
coffin in the Dayan collection showed that it was made of
this species (Liphschitz and Waisel 1975b; Werker
1994:70--71 ; Liphschitz 1996).
 CHAPTER [[[: THE FINDS 93

THE OSSUARIES* name,  indicating  that  the  lid  belonged  to  the  inscribed 
Rachel Hachlili ossuary (Fig.  III.47:VIII  [lid]). 
In  size,  style  and  decorative  motifs  the  similarity  of 
The majority of ossuaries of the Second Temple period the  Jericho  ossuaries  to  those  found  in  Jerusalem  is 
discovered in this country come from Jerusalem. Small clearly  evident.  Several  explanations  for  this  affinity 
groups of ossuaries were found in the 1950's in Judea have  been  offered:  all  were  made  in  Jerusalem  and 
(six ossuaries in the Jericho cemetery, north and north- transported  to  Jericho;  artisans  and  apprentices  came 
west of Tell  Jericho;  Bennett  1965:516­517), as  well  as  from  Jerusalem  workshops  to  work  in  Jericho;  local 
in  Samaria, Galilee and the Jezreel  Valley.  Jericho  artisans  had  learnt  their  trade  in  Jerusalem;  all 
Ossuaries were shaped from  blocks of limestone with  artisans followed  a common  pattern  book. 
hammer and  chisel,  usually as  a  rectangular  box  resting  Inscriptions  in  Jewish  and/or  Greek  script  were  in-
on four short legs.  No standard dimensions seem to have  cised or ink written on some of the ossuaries (see Inscrip-
been  used.  The  stone  lid  was  flat,  vaulted  or  gabled.  tions,  pp.  142­158). 
Some  ossuaries  were  decorated,  usually  on  the  front 
and  sides  (see  Rahmani  1994:3­7, Materials,  Form  and 
Artists of Jel1Jsalem Ossuaries).  OSSUARIES  FROM  HILLS  A,  BAND  D 
A smoothed surface is  found  only on  ossuaries which  (Table  111.6)*"'* 
exhibit  quality  workmanship  or  a  special  decorative 
scheme. The  marks of the  cutting tools  are  often clearly  Tomb Al  
visible,  showing  that  two  tools  of different  widths  were  No.1 (Fig.  IlIAO). Front: four­line frame;  incised design  
often  used  (for  example,  Figs.  lIIAO:3L;  43:18;  44:1;  of three  circles,  each  consisting  of  four  concentric  cir- 
46:V; 48:X; 49:XI1I). The designs were  usually  incised,  cles, four half circles and four qualter circles.  
seldom painted**  Lid:  Vaulted. Tool  marks on ail  four sides.  
Drilled  holes  are  apparent  in  some  of  the  ossuaries  Skeletal Remains: M  50 yrs.  
from Tomb H (Nos. II, XV, XXII). These were evidently 
intended as a means to secure the lid to the box (with rope  No. 2  (Fig.  IIIAO).  Front:  two­line  frame;  two  six- 
or iron  rivets) . Incised  lines  or crosses (direction  marks)  petalled rosettes.  Each side:  frame and a rosette.  
indicate  the  place  for  the  holes  (Figs.  III.45:II;  49:XV;  Lid:  Slightly vaulted.  
51 :XXII).  Direction  marks,  usually  crosses,  appear  on 
Jerusalem  ossuaries  (Reich  and  Geva  1982:54:  Fig.  5;  No. 3  (Fig.  lIIAO).  Front:  two­line  frame;  red­painted  
Rahmani  1994: 192) and had at one time been considered  design:  two  six­petalled  rosettes  in  circles,  branch  be- 
as  an  early  record  of Christianity  (Sukenik  1947:12­15,  tween  them,  similar  branch  in  left  comer.  Uneven  tool  
21­26,  30;  refuted  by  Tzaferis  1970:27;  R.H.  Smith  marks on sides, front not completely smoothed.  
1974:65;  Rahmani  1982: 112;  1994:20­­21).  The Jericho  Lid:  Heavy, vaullcd,  with  hand  grips, two  painted bands  
examples support the contention that the marks served to  on  long  sides ,  incised  X  mark  on  lid,  corresponding  to  
indicate the  position of the  lids on the ossuaries , since on  incised line on side.  
the marks or next to them were the holes which served to  This  is  the  largest ossualY  in  the  Jericho  tombs;  it  is 
fasten  the  lid  to the  ossuary  with  ropes or metal  pieces.  one of the few with painted decoration found  to date and 
A  special  mark  or  letter  incised  on  the  upper  I id  of  the only one in  the Jericho tombs. 
No.  VIII  is  possibly  the  first  letter  of  the  deceased ' s  Parallel:  Painted  ossualY  from  Eshtemo'a,  Avigad 
1967: 137, Fig. 24:3. 
Skeletal Remains: One individual. 
*The ossuaries from Tombs A,  Band D are  numbered in  Arabic 
n'umerals: those from  Tomb  H in  Roman  numerals.  No.4 (Fig. IlIAI). Front: two chip­carved rosettes in four  
The  Jericho  ossuaries  are  Nos.  762­804;  Pis.  109­\ 18  in  concentric  circles;  two  pairs  of  vertical  lines  between  
Rahmani  1994. 
rosettes. Two grooves on ossuary rim for sliding lid (not  
**Mode  of decoration  is  refeITed  to  only  where  decoration  is 
other than  incised.  found).  
***The  ossuaries  are  indicated  in  the  figures  as  F  =  Front;  Parallels:  Frey  1952:302,  No.  1353;  Strange  1975:  
R =Right side; L =Left side; lid  =lid; B =Back.  Fig.  11:9,  13.  
 (plj) £

1£ :1£

:II

Jlllk)VH 13H::>\fC! "176

 CHAPTER III THE FINDS 95

Table 111.6. Ossuary Dimensions (em)

CHEST LID

L W H L W H

O"uary No. Cat. No. Tomb Top Bottom Top Bottom

I I AI 70 58 30 23 32.75 67.75 27 .5 4.5

2 2 AI 56.75 55.25 25 23 30.75 53 23.75 ,. 25
3 3 AI 62..25 64 3 1. 5 30 29.5 60 33 7.5
4(1) 4 Al 41.5 44 23.5 21.25 28 - - -
5 5 Al 56.5 52.5 2 1.5 19.5 29 15.25(1) 23 .75 4 .75
6 6 AI 51.25 48 20.25 18.25 26.5 50.5 1 ~.5 2.5
7 7 AI 59 50 24 .25 20.5 23.5 - - -
8 II A2 54 48.25 25 235 28.25 - - -
9 12 A2 60.75 51.5 24 .75 21.5 29.75 56.75 24 .5 3.5
10 13 A2 61.75 54.25 22.25 19.5 2X 61.25 22. 5 4.5
II 14 A2 35.5 26.5 18.25 12.25 18.75 34.5 18.75 2.75
12 15 A2 73 71. 5 21.25 - 24.5 - - -
13(1) 16 A2 28 - 23.75 - 27.25 - - -
14(0 17 A2 - 55 21 - 25.75 - - -
15(1) 31 A6 - 55.5 - 25.75 36 - - -
16(1) 36 B2 - 60.75 - 24 29 - - -
17 37 01 38 33 18 16.5 21 35.5 16.75 3.5
18 38 01 57 49.75 23 20.75 23. 75 57 22 3.5
19 39 01 54.5 51.5 25 23.5 3 1. 5 - - -

20 40 01 53.25 49 .5 23.2,\ 19.5 27 .75 54 23.5 3.5

21(1) 18 A2 - - - - - 37 19.5 3.5
22(0 19 A2 - - - - - - - -

23 204 013117 - 65 28 2lJ 34.2 5 - - -

24(1) 205 013117 55.25 53.5 24 22 30.5 24.5 24.25 1.5
25 (1) 206 o I.l117 59.75 - 25.25 24.5 29.25 57.2 5 23.25 5.5
26(1) 207 0 13117 - - - - - - - -

f = o:;:;uary fragment'.

No.5 (Fig. mAl). Front: double-h ne zigzag frame; two No.7 (Fig.  I1IAl ).  Front:  four­line  frame;  shallow  in-
six-petalled rosettes, each in four concentric circles, a cised design : three six­petalled roscltes e ncircled by three 
quarter circle in each corner of frame, half circles COn-  circles filled  with  a zigzag pattern.  Crude wo rkmanship , 
tiguo us  with  upper  and  lower  frame  in  center.  Rough-  tool  marks, varied  rosette petals,  lines not straight. 
hew n tool marks on four sides.   Skeletal Remains:  I F , 2 c hildren . 

No. 6  (Fig .  IlIA I).  Front:  frame  of  notc hed  palm  tree   TombA2
pattern; chip­carved design:  two six­petalled roscttes en-  No.8 (Fig. IlIA 1). Front:  crudely incised four­line frame; 
closed by a notched design inside two concentric circles;   zigzag pattelll in side base and top frame, schematic palm 
two  parallel  vertical  lines  of  notched  design  in  center   tree pattern along short ends;  incised design: two six­pet-
between rosettes.   alled rosettes in four concentric circles and zigzag pattern 
Lid: Fragme nts . Good workmanship.   separated by four(?)  parallel  vertical  lines. Traces of red 
Parallels:  Baga tti  and  Milik  1958 :  Nos.  58,  54,  107,   paint. Crude version of NO.6. 
PI.  24,  Photo  60;  Rahmani  1961 :  No .  5,  PI.  XIV:3;  
Avigad  1967:  PI.  2 1:2; Strange  1975 : Fig .  11 :2.  
'([[ 'oN "ID:]) 0/ .'LlIJnSSO .'( Zf 'oN "10:] ) 6 ,(lOnsso :( / [ 'ON "ID:]) 8,( llmH O .'( LON w:]) L ,(.lIJnssO
.'(9 'ON 'w:]) 9 ,{ItJI/S SO :(!;' 'ON 'II}:]}!;, ,(IIJ /IISO .'(/7 'oN '10:]) /7 ,CIIJII5'I'O '[/7}lf '1)1.:1

:J:O [

.::16 .:I 8

::IL

nnH::>VH 'l3H:> V~ 96
 CHAPTER Ill: THE FINDS 97

No.9 (Fig. I1IAl). Front: design similar to No. 1, but
with zigzags in rosette petals and frame; lower left corner
contains three diagonal zigzags covered with red paint
instead of the quarter ci rcle.
Lid: Vaulted, with hand grips.
No. 10 (Fig. IlIA I). Front: three unequal panels; frames
of parallel lines Ivith zigzag pattern between them. Two
panels contain six-petalled rosetlcs inscribed within four
concentric circles, with zigzag in each petal and circle.
Zigzags radiate from the circles to the corners and center
of frame. The smaller left panel contains three X-shaped
designs one above the other. X mark incised on left side.
Lid: Vaulted, complete, with hand glips; incised X mark
on left side corresponds to similar mark on ossuary.
Repaired hole.
Skeletal Remains: I F.
No. 11 (Fig. IIlA2). Young child's ossuary, crudely
decorated on front and sides: parallel lines with zigzags
between them.
Lid: Vaulted, with hand grips.
Skeletal Remains: I child.
(Rahmani  1967b: 190;  1994:259,  No.  896,  but  see  p.  9 
therein;  Haehlili  1988a: 112­114;  1988b :23)  in  the 
Jerusalem  area,  or  may  indicate  that  a  Jericho  artisan 
merely copied similar patterns (Hachlili  1997). The frag-
mentary side of Ossuary No.  12  probably had  the typical 
incised rosette enclosed by circles. 
No. 13 (Fig.  II 1.42). Small side fragment, frame of paral-
lel  lines  with  zigzag  patte rn;  one  six­petalled  rosette 
similar  to  No.  10,  crudely  executed;  diagonal  lines  and 
zigzags in corners in side frame. 
No. 14.  Similar in  style and  execution  to  No.  13.  Front: 
two  panel s  formed  by  two  sets  of  two  widely  spaced 
parallel lines; zigzag pattern between parallel  lines form s 
triangles. 
Tomb A6
No. 15. Plain . Front:  trace s of yellow paint. 
Tomb B2
No. 16. Plain.  
Skeletal Remains:  1 child.  

No. 12 (Figs. 111.42). Found on east bench in Tomb A2 in Tomb DI

damaged condition. Front: narrow outer frame, groups of No. 17 (Fig.  IIlA2). Child's  ossuary.  Front:  remains  of  
widely-spaced carved lines (metopes); closely spaced design:  zigzag frame  and  two sets of concentric  circles;  
inner frame 0(' lines, squarcs ill corners. Tripartite des ign: zigzag patterns  fill  the area inside the  border. Right side:  
tl','O chip-carved six-petalled rosettes with six small cir-  rosette  in  circle;  left  side:  zigzag  frame  and  concentlic  
cular depressions  hetween  petals  011  the outside;  in  cen-  circles; zigzag patterns fill  interior.  
ter, styli7.ed  fa<;ade  of three­columned porch surmounted   Lid:  Vaulted, with hand grips.  
by  a  zigzag­patterned  frieze  and  a  gabled  roof  with   Skeletal Remains:  I  child .  
square acroteria.  The fa<;ade  is  flanked  by  two columns,  
probably extended antae (Fig. 1I1.54:a) (see discussion of   No. 18  (Fig .  111.43).  Front:  two­line  frame  and  central  
motifs,  pp.  111­114) .   vertical  zigzag line ; two six­petalled rosettes;  remains of  
Inscription  18 (incised twice on the  upper part of ossuary   red paint on corner and  lower part.  
side):  ~O'i1 (Yehosef; Fig. IV.20)   Lid: Flat.  
Ossuary No.  12 should  be added  to  a group of ossuar- Skeletal Remains:  I  F.  
ies  found  in  Jerusalem  (especially  Rahmani  1994:  Nos. 
46 , 90, 185,318,711 , 891 ; alsoHachlili  1997). Compari- No. jC) (Fig.  IIlA3). Found  in situ in  Kokh 2.  Front:  
son shows that the Jericho ossuary has similar decorative  chip­carved  zigzag  frame ;  zigzag  vertical  line  forming  
elements  as  the  Jerusalem  ossuaries  (Hachli'li  i 988a:  tIVO panels,  each  containing  an  unfi~hed six­petalled  
113­114, Fig.  IV . 16),  though  with  some  variation in  the  roselle.  Left side:  incised inscription. Right side:  inci sed  
order of the  frames  and  in  the  rosetlcs,  which  have  true  N­shaped sign.  
parallels  in  the  Jerusalem  group  (Romema,  Rahmani  Inscri ption  16:  ~7iZn' 1~ l'\D7~ (Pela!ya  from  Jerusa- 
1994:  Nos. 46, 90, 711, 891). Moreover, all the ossuaries  lem; Fig. IV.18).  
in  this group bear architectural designs­ either columns  Skeletal Remains:  I M.  
or structures. 
The  above evidence  suggests  that  all  these  ossuaries  No. 20 (Fig. IIIA3). Found in situ in  Kokh 2. Front: zigzag  
have  a  common  source,  possibly  the  same  workshop  frame  design:  three  incised  multi­petalled  rosettes,  one  
'(f,E 'oN )O:)} L [ '(,lIJnn-o :(9 [ 'oN '/o:)} E/.I",lIJnssO :(C;/ 'oN 'w:)} Zf l ..lIJnsso :(fr[ 'oN w:) } / [ ,( IOnSSO --07"[[[ '81j

1LI :) L I

I1I1HJV H 13H::>'v'(! 86
 CHAPTER III TH E FI NDS 99

18F

19F 19R

20F

20B

Fig . 111.43. Ossuary 18 (Cal. No. 38); Ossuary 19 (Cal. No. 39); Ossua/}' 20 (Cat. No. 40).
100 RAC} IEL HACHLlLl

smaller than the others: some half-circles in between. In rosettes  (Fig.  IIT.S4:b).  Side:  incised  frame  and  six­pet- 
left comer above rosettes incised inscription . Sides: six-  alled rosette.  
petalled  incised  rosettes  in  zigzag  frame.  Back:  vertical   Parallels:  None  exact.  (For  similar  represe.ntations  of  
incised lines and zigzag in zigzag frame .   date­palm  plants  from  Jerusalem. see Mihk  1956­1957:  
Lid:  Vaulted.   Fig.  22:  for  discussion  see Rahmani  1982: I 15;  Figueras  
Inscription  17:  CIMWNOC  L  M/\  (Simon  aged  41;   1983:42.)  (Similar  roseUes:  Jerusalem,  Rahmani  1961:  
Fig.IV.19)   Ossuary No.2, PI.  XIV A.)
Skeletal Remains:  I M .  
Nos. 24, 25 (Fig.  111.44).  Plain ossuaries with lids. 
No.  19  stood  over  No.  20  (Figs.  11.24;  IV.16).  A  bowl  
(Cat.  No.  41.;  Fig.  IV. I 7)  rested  next  to  these  ossuaries   No. 26. Fragments. 
on  debris.  close  to  the  corner  of  No.  20.  It may  have  
originally  been  placed  on  No.  19  and  fallen  later.  
OSSUARIES  FRO:\1 To:\m  H 
Tomb 017 (DB?) (Tables  111.7;  IV. I) 
Ossuaries Nos . 23­ 26 found  in  Tomb  D I 7  probably fell 
from collapsed Tomb D 13.  Chamber A
No. J (Fig.  1I1.44a).  Front:  frame  of zigzag  lines:  tllfee  
No. 23 (Fig.  I1I.44).  Well­smoothed finish.  Front:  frame  incised  rosettes.  Short sides (one side  broken):  rosette in  
and central vertical line of notched trunk patte11l  forming  frame, similar to  fronl.  Back:  plain .  
two  panel s;  two  chip­carved  six­petalled  rosettes  en- Lid:  Vaulted, with hand grips.  
closed in  double frame decorated with  a shallow zigzag.  Skeletal Remains:  I F,  I infantO).  
Flanking  rosettes'  area  are  tilted  stylized  plants  (palm  In scription  I  (on  front):  MAPIAMH  ry  IOY~
trees')).  Three  small  inci sed  plants  on  base  line  under  crudely incised above the frame (Fig.  IV.3).  

II

.' I ;

23L 

t /
\ J
\/ 
24F  25F 

Fig. !If.44. Ossua rv 23 (Cm. No. 204); Ossuwy 24 (Cal. No. 205); Ossuary 25 (Cm. No. 206).
 CHAPTER 1/[ : THE FI NDS 101

[F IL

Fig. lll.4"(/. Tomb H: Ossllary I (Cal. No. 759).

Table m.7. Ossuary Dimensions (Tomb H) (em)

HEST LID

L W H L w H
-
Os uary 0. Cal. o. T op BOllom T op BOllom

Chamber A
[ 759 67 59.5 25.) 122 26 65 25.5 3.0
Buck Righi s ide Broken
n 7(10 52 45.5 20 16.5 23 49 20 3.0
UJ 7(1 1 54 52.5 22 20.5 23 Broken lid 21 5.5
rv 762 77.5 74.5 26 27 3 No lid
V 763 56 51 24 19 28 56 22 ~ .O

VI 764 57 5J 2) 20 25 57 24..) 2.5

VI[ 76:- 56.5 55.5 22 21 27 58 13 4. 0
V[[/ 766 595 55.5 24 23 31 0) 5X 23 10
b) 57.5 22 .5 1.0
lX 767 44 41 20.5 15.5 24.5 43 18 2.0
X 768 68 57 26.5 20 29 71.5 26.5 5.5
Chamber B
Xl 7')7 62 54.5 24 19.5 25 60 23 4.0
XII 798 54 45 22 17 24 55 22.5 4 .5
Xlll 799 58.5 56 27 21.5 "
- 57 27 3.5
XlV ~o 58 54 24 20 25 Broken lid 22 7.0
XV ~1I 1 54 26.5 23.5 22.5 26.5 53 24 .5 4.0
XVI 802 37 35 19.5 19 21 36.5 19 30
XVll 803 56 5-5 25.5 2:1.5 29 Brok"n lid 23 6.0
XV III 804 6, 59 24 21 29 63 24 7.0
XIX 80S 68 66 27.5 24 35 58.5 26 2.5
XX Xli ii 57 56.5 24 22.5 265 54 22 5.0
XXI 807 64 1).1.5 29.5 29 34 60 22 2.5
XXlI 808 32 31.5 16 15 19 33 17 5.0
Courtyard
XX III 8 14 42.5 39 23.5 20 26 49 24 2.Q
102 RACHEL HACHLlLl

No. /I (Fig. III AS). Front: zigzag frame forming two No. V/I (Fig.  III.47).  Front:  double  frame  with  zigzag  
panels, each containing incised rosette in circle. Sides: forming  three panels, each containing an incised twelve- 
zigzag frame and rosette as on front. Traces of red paint petalled  rosette.  Design  is  lightly  incised;  traces  of red  
on front and back. paint. Sides: single incised rosette within frame.  
Six holes in lid corresponding to six holes in ossuary Lid:  Flat.  
(two in each long side, one in each short side); incised Skeletal Remains:  I M  ± 40 yrs,  I F(?) ± 60 yrs.  
lines indicate place of holes. The holes probably served
for securing the lid to the ossuary with strings or ropes No. VIIf (Fig.  111.47).  Front:  double  frame  of hollowed  
(cf. Ossuaries XV and XXII) . dots, forming  two  panels containing circles of hollowed  
Lid: Somewhat vaulted. dots;  traces  of  faintly  incised ,  unfinished(?)  rosettes  in  
Skeletal Remains: I child, 2 infants. circles.  Right side:  single incised rosette with one carved  
Inscriptions (Fig . IVA): petal ; left side: single lightly incised rosette , traces of red  
2a (on lid): f1"l 1TV,l-\ P 1TV1il' paint.  
2b (on back): f1"l1TV,l-\ P 1TV1il' Two lids:  (Lower) flat  lid  carved to receive upper, heav- 
ier,  vaulted lid.  
No. /II (Fig. II1AS). Front: zigzag frame ; three rosettes; Skeletal Remains:  I M  50-60 yrs.  
zigzag lines in petals between circles and frame; front Inscriptions in  ink on back (Fig. IV.I :a,  b):  
covered with red paint. Sides and back: red-painted lines 3a 0EO~TY ATIEAEY ­ 0EPOY BAClAlCCHC- 
intersecting in center, same design as on Ossuaries X and ATPIIIITEINHC­COPOC  
XI, remains of red paint on edges. 3b  0EO~TY ATIEAEY0EPOY­ BACTAlCCHC  
Lid: Vaulted, with hand grips. ATPIITITEINHC  
Skeletal Remains: I M ± SO yrs. e
3c Mark on  lid; probably  (initial of Theodotos)  
(Fig. IV.I:c).  
No. IV (Fig. 111.46). Front: zigzag frame forming three
panels, each containing a six-petalled rosette ; series of No. IX (Fig.  IIIA8).  Small plain ossuary.  
half circles along base. Tlu'ee p3Itial rosettes on left Lid:  Flat, sliding.  
panel. Right si de divided into four squares by zigzag Skeletal  Remains :  3  children  11­12  yrs,  4--5 yrs,  5-6
frame; each square contains a lightly incised six-petalled months.  
rosette; traces of red paint.
Lid: Broken, with hand grips. No. X (Fig.  IIIA8) . Front:  double zigzag  frame  forming  
Skeletal Remains : I M ± SO yrs. three panels, each containing six­petalled rosette; zigzag  
lines  in  petals  and  between  petals  of  central  rosette;  
No. V (Fig. 111.46) . Front: zigzag frame; two twelve-  traces of red paint. Sides: each has a zigzag double frame;  
petalled rosettes,  filled  with  zigzag  lines,  between  them   rosette  with  zigzags  in  and  between  petals.  Back:  red- 
five­branched  menorah(?) ; semicircles above and below   painted intersecting lines.  
(Fig.  III.S4:f);  traces  of  red  paint.  Right  side:  rose tte   Lid:  Vaulted , with  hand grips.  
within circle and frame,  traces of red paint.  Red­painted ,   Skeletal Remains:  I F 20 yrs.  
intersecting lines on lid  and back.  
Lid:  Vaulted, with hand grips.   No. XI (Fig. 111.48).  Front:  incised zigzag frame enclos- 
Skeletal Remains:  I M  ± 60 yrs.   ing  three  rosettes  with  chip­carved  petals;  the  zigzags  
between the rosettes and in  the corners create a plant­like  
No. VI (Fig.  IIIA7).  Front:  zigzag frame;  lightly  incised   design;  covered  with  red  paint.  One side and  back: red- 
design:  three rosettes;  between them  four small, concen-  painted intersecting lines.  
tric semicircles; traces of red  paint.   Lid:  Vaulted, incised cross.  
Lid:  Vaulted  lid  found  in  the  standing  pit  may  have   Skeletal Remains:  I M 50 yrs, youth  16 yrs .  
belonged to  this ossuary (Figs. 11.73; 74).   An  iron  chisel  (Cat.  No.  811 ;  Fig.  III .84:3)  was  found  
Skeletal Remains:  I  F ± 40 yrs.   under the ossuary .  
Inscription 14 inside lid , in charcoal: ABf ~ EZ H0(?) <I),
Fig . IV .2)  
 CHAPTER III THE FI\ OS 103

IlF liB

II (lid)

IJIF IIlR
f

Fig. 1If.45. Ossuary II (Cae. No. 760): Ossuary III (Cal. No. 761).
104 RACHEL HACHLILl

IV F IV R

VF

VB

Fig. 1ll.46. Ossuary IV (Cal. No. 762): OSSU<1IT V (Cal. No. 763).

No. XII (Fig. III.48 ). Front: zigzag frame forming three
panels , each containing six-petalled roselle, with zigzag
line in petal s; slanting zigzags fill the corners. Sides:
zigzag rosette in frame . Traces of red paint on front and
sides.
Lid: Vaulted, with hand grips.
Skeletal Remai ns: 1 M 40 yrs, cri ppled.
Inscriptions (Fig. IV.5):
4a (front): IWEZPOC
4b (back): IWEZPOC ICMAHAOY
4c (inside lid ): IWEZPOC ICMAHAOY
No. XIfI (Fig. III.49 ). Front: zigzag frame divided by
geometric design into two panels, containing two rosettes
with zigzags in petals; between rosettes. two zigzag lines
ending in two semicircles: traces of red paint. Back and
sides: intersecting red-painted lines similar to Nos. III
and XI.
Parallels for design: Dominus Flevit, Bagatti and Milik
1958: Oss. 1 11, PI. 23, Photo 59.
Lid : Vaulted.
Skeletal Remains: 1 M , 18-20 yrs.
Inscription s (fig. IV.6):
5a (front): MANAHMOC
5b (side): CIMWN
 CHAPTER III : THE I'I'<[)S 105

Vll F

VIIl B VIH (lid)

Fig. 111.47. Ossllary Vf (C"'. No. 764); OUlIar.'" \IfI (Cal. No. 765): OSSllal,. VIII (Cal. No. 766).
 '(WOL. 'oN ,/0,J) fIX l,IJ)17SS'O .'(t:.6t:. 'oN 'w:») IX ,I ,/ IlIlYYO
.'(!?9t:. 'ON 'II1,J) X ,LIIJII"D .'(t:.9t:. 'ON 'IV:») XI ,\../iJi/'SO '8(7 '111 'Sl:J

(! lI X 3. IIX

l'll'l H::>V H 1 3H::>V(! 901

 CHAPTER III TIlE FINDS 107

XII! F

XIV F

XYF

XV B

Fig. 111.49. Ossuan' XIII (Clil .vo. 799); Ossuary X/II (Cal No. 800); OSSU(lJT XV (Cal. No. 801).
108 RACHEL HACHLlLl

No. XIV (Fig. mA9). Fronl: zigzag frame forming two Lid: Vaulted (lu·okcn). with handgri ps: traces of red­paint.  
panels containing two rosclles ""ith zigzags in petals, Skeletal Remai,ns:  1M  (F?) 40-50 yrs,  I child 3­4 yrs.  
circles and corners. Traces of red paint. Sides: one rosette
incised in zigzag frame, traces of red paint. Ossuaries Nos.  XVJlI­XXI  were  placcd  together in  one  
Lid : Vaullcd, with hand grips. kokh (14)  of Chamber  B  (Figs.  1I.71,  77). The  intetTed  
Skeletal Remains: I M 40-50 yrs. were  the  father  (No.  XXI)  and  mother (No.  XX) of the  
Inscriptions (Fig. IV.7): family,  their  son  (No.  XVIII),  his  wife.  and  their  two  
6a (fronl): CIMWN young children (No.  XIX).  
6b (left side): CIMWN
No. XV!II (Fi,g.  m .SO). Front:  two­line  frame  forming  
No. XV (Fig . IIIA9). Front: zigzag frame forming three two  panels  with  a  planl­I ike  design  in  center:  rosette  in  
panel s; the two side panels contain a rosette with con-  each  panel.  Traces  of red  paint.  Sides:  rosette  (same as  
nected  petals;  the central  panel  has  intersecting lines;  on   front)  in  inci sed frame. Traces of red  paint on back.  
bottom  front,  a  band  of double lines similar to  the frame   Lid:  VauILed , wilh hand grips.  
of No.  12  (Fig.  1lI.SS:d). Double drilled  holes  on  front,   Skeletal Remains:  I M 20­ 50 yrs.  
sides  and  back  of ossuary  and  double  holes  on  all  four   Inscriptions (Fig. IV.I 0):  
sides  or lid,  probably  for  securing  the  lid  with  ropes.   9a (right side): IWE ZPOC lWEZPOY rOAlA00Y  
Traces of red paint. Right side:  incised roselte in a zigzag   9b (right side):  Il'7~ .,TV1;"  P  .,iV1;"  
frame.   9c (lid): IOE7POC IOEZPOY rOAIA00Y  
Parallels for design: Jerusalem, Jacoby  1987: 140).  
Lid:  Vaulted, with hand grips.   No. XIX (Fig.  rrr.SO). Fronl:  chip­carved frame with sim- 
Skeletal Remains:  I F 40 yrs.   ple triangle pattern surrounding two chi p­carved geomet- 
Inscriptions (Fig. IV.8):   ric whirling rosettes (29 petals).  
7a (front):  lit'~7 7l"[J]m  n1J  ;"~ Parallels :  Roselle  at  Bet  'Ania,  Avigad  1967: 140,  
7b (back):  lit'~7 m  7l"[J]m  Il,.,J  ;"~ PI.  24: 1; on IAA No.  70.189 , Hebrew Univers ity Collec- 
7c (side):  n1J  ;"~ tion, Jacoby  1987:130.  
Lid:  Flat.  
No. XVI (Fig. IlI.50). Small ossuary . Front: double frame   Skeletal Remains:  I F 40--50 yrs, and  I child 3­4 yrs.  
of  short  perpendicular  lines  forming  two  panels,  each   Inscription in  thrce lines (Fig. IV. 11):  
containing  a roselle  wilh  chip­carved  petal  centers.   CMWMH I 'YNH IW EZPOY }'OAlAC­)OY  
Traces  of red  paint.  RighI  side:  circle  with  chip­carved   KAI ICMAllAOC YIOC  KA1 
I
rosette in  ti·ame similar 10 front. Traces of red paint on all   IWEZPOC YIOC 
sides.  
Lid:  Vaulted, with  hand grips.   No. XX (Fig.  III.S I) .  Front:  chip­carved  zigzag  frame  
Skeletal Remains: Child 4  yrs.   forming  IWO  panels,  each  containing  incised  rosette  in  
Inscriptions (Fig.  IV.9):   chip­carved  zigzag  circle.  Traces  of  red  paint.  Sides:  
8a (left side) : (?l"'JTl")  l"'Jj?l"  .,TV1;"  /  (?l"'JTl")  l"'Jj?l"  .,TV1;"   chi p­carved  frame  and  circle  framing  incised  rosette .  
8b (right side):  (?l"'Jil")  l"'Jj?!\   Back:  traces  of red  paint. Ornamentation  similar to Os- 
8c  (I id):  (?l"'JTl")  l"'Jj?l"  .,TV1;"   suary  19 (Fig.  III.43).  
8d  (lid):  (?l"'JTl")  l"'Jj?l"  .,TV1;"   Lid:  Vaulted, with hand grips.  
Skeletal Remains:  I F 50-60 yrs.  
No. XVII (Fig.  Ill.SO). Front:  zigzag frame  fOlming  two   Inscriptions (Fig. IV.12):  
panels,  each  containing  roselle  with  zigzags  in  petal s   II a (right side , top): CFAAMClOYC MHTPOC 
within  double  zigzag  circles;  zigzag  design  in  panel   IWEZPOY rOAlA00Y  
corners.  Traces  of  red  paint.  Sides:  rosette  in  frame.   II b (right side, bottom):  Il'7~ .,TV1;"  '1  ;'~l" 1'it~7
Back: red­painted  intersecting lines.   lie (lid): CEAAMClOYC MI­ITPOC IOEZPOY  
rOAlC~)Y
 CHAPTER lit THE FINDS 109

XVI F XVI R

XVI! F

XVlIl F XVIII R XV III L

XIX F

Fig. 111. 50. OSSUfl/y XVI (Cal. No. 802); Ossun,-.\' XVII (Cat. No. 803); Ossuary XVII! (Ca l. No. 804); Ossuary XI X ( Cal. No. 805).
'(808 'oN '/V J ) IIXX ,1..I VI1HO :(L08 'oN 'IVJ) I XX ,\"/ VI1SS O :(908 'ON 'lVJ ) XX ,1./011 SS0 'I n ll ':'It.:J

'1 IIXX ~ IIXX

8 IIXX d IfXX

1 IXX

lXX ~X

I1I1HJ'v'H 13HJ'v'CI OTT

 CHAPTER III THI , FINDS III

No. XXI (Fig. I1L5l). Front: fr ame of lines with chip-  OSSUARY  ORNAME  TATION 
carved  design  along  top  fra me  forming  two  panels con- 
taining  two  chip­carved  whirling  rosettes,  each  with  a   Technique 
small  six­petalled  rosette  at  the  center;  left  rosette  has   The designs are incised or carved in  the soft limestone of 
one  unfinished  petal.  A  pl ant  design  on  lower  part  of   the  ossuaries.  The  chip­carving  technique  is  frequently 
right panel.   used.  Some of the ossuary  sUlfaces are covered with  red 
Lid: Flat, sliding.   paint, but painted design s are rare. The main ornamenta-
Skeletal Remains:  1 M , 25­35 yrs.   tion  is  on  the  front,  while  the  sides  otten  bear  a  si ngle 
In scriptions (Fig.  IV . 13) :   rosege  in  a  frame . The  bac k  is  sometimes  decorated  or 
12a (front):  1T)7~ 1J 1T)T'il' bears an inscription, e ither inci sed or written  in charcoal 
12b (left side): EAEAZAPO(   or ink. 
The decorative technique (Hachlili  1988b:8; Rahmani 
No. XXll (Fig.  111.51).  Small  ossuary.  Front:  two­line 1994:25) is  similar to the special technique of local stone 
•
frame  forming  two  panel s,  each  containing  rosette.   carving  which  developed  in  the  Second  Temple  period. 
Traces of red  paint. Sides:  rosette in  frame.   Stone  masons  used  the  compass,  chi sel,  ruler,  straight 
Lid:  Vaulted. Four holes on each s ide of lid  and one hole   edge,  gouge  and  carving  knife ,  resulting  in  chip­carved 
on each side of ossuary, with inci sed direction marks (see   relief and  inc isions ,  which  are  charac teri stic  of ossuary 
/
O ssuaries  Nos.  II, XV; Figs. "'.45 , 49).   decoration  (Figueras  1983:27  ff.;  for  the  chi p­carving 
Skeletal  Remains:  Infant 5­6 months.   technique  see Rahmani  1988:56­62,  73­74) .  In  Jerusa-
Inscriptions (Fig.  IV . 14):   lem , s tone  carving developed  into  a  skilled  craft,  which 
13a, 2  lines (back):  KO'OJp (?K'JTK) K'JpK 1T)T'il' c reated  a  local  style  based  on  local  arti stic  traditions. 
l?K'JTK) K'JpK Stone  quarries  and  workshops  have  been  found  in  the 
13b (lid):  l?K'JTK) K'JpK Jeru salem area (Avigad 1983:165­183). Local stone ma-
sons  were  probably  responsible  for  architectural  ele-
No. XXll/ (Fig.  II1.52).  This  is  the  only  ossuary  found  ments  and  ornamention  of  items  such  as  lintel s,  tomb 
outside Tomb H,  close  to  the courtyard  entrance (Locus  fa~de s , sarcophagi  and  ossuaries,  as  well  as  stone  ves-
H 18).  Front:  chip­carved  zigzag  dOLlble  frame  forming  sel s  a ttested  in  the  Second  Temple  period.  The  work-
two  panel s,  each  containing  c hip­ca rved  rosette.  Plant- s hops could probably  have  advertised their repeltoire by 
like  carved  design  between  panel s.  Right  side:  incised  means  of a  pattern  book  of some  form  (Hachlili  1988a: 
circle with dot inside .  112­ 115). 
Parallels : For ossuary des ign  and execution  see Sukenik 
1947: O ss . Nos. 4, 9,13, which may poss ibly be ascribed  Types. The ossuary designs of Jericho and Jerusalem can 
to the sa me workshop; Hachlili 1988a: 113­114.  be  divided  into  three  main  types:  (1) Most  common:  a 
Lid : The flat lid found  with the ossuary  is  too large for it.  frame  of  inci sed  or  chip­carved  zigzag  lines,  usually 
divided  into  two  or  three  panels,  fi lled  with  rosettes. 
(2)  A LIipartite design consisting of two rosettes flanking 
a central  motif (Oss uaries  Nos.  12,  V,  XV ). (3 )  A  frame 
of zigzag lines (O ssuary No.  II ), with a  motif other than 
rosettes. 

Repertoi re of Motifs  
Geollletric Moti{I·. Rosettes,  concentric circles,  semicir- 
cles. lozen ges. zigzag lines and checkerboard.  

PLant Motifs. Acanthus  leaves,  palm  trees ,  palmettes,  

wreaths, ganlands , vines and grapes, lotus flowers,  pome- 
XXIIIF  granates,  almonds,  pine  cones,  lilies,  trees,  branches,  
Fig. til. 52. Ossuarv XXIII (Cal . No. 81 4) flowers , leaves.  
112 RACHEL HACHLlLl

ArchitecllIral MOlifs and Varia . Monuments or fa\=adcs, ArchileCllIral MOlifs. The stylized  structure on Ossuary 
nefesh columns, ashlar buildings. Other motifs include No .  12  (Fig.  III.54:a)  belongs  to  a  group  of ossuaries 
the amphora and kantharos, dagger and menorah . dccorated  with  identical  frames  and  rosettes  with a cen-
Rahmani (1977; 1994:25-52) defines the repertoire of tral motif of columns or structures (Hachlili  1997): 
ossuary motifs according to his interpretation of the orna-
mentation:  "the SQurce for the 311isans  were the tombs of  a. CO/lIl1lns
the Jerusalem necropohs,  their cOtll1yards,  gates,  monu- Two columns:  Bagatti and Mil ik  1958:  Oss.  J 18, PI.  21,  
ments, the  trees and flowers seen outside them and views  Photo  51;  Talpiyot­Sukenik  1947:12,  Fig.  9;  Dormi- 
of the  tombs  in sidc"  (Rahmani  1977:  XU;  but see also:  tion­ Goodenough  1953,  III:  No.  127;  Giv'at  Ha- 
Figueras 1983:72 ff.;  Hachlili  1988b:7). These motifs are  Mivtar­Tzaferis  1970:  Oss.  11 ,  PI.  16a;  Giv'at  
common  in  other  arti stic  media  of the  Second  Temple  Ram­ Ben­Arieh  1982a:65, PI.  XX, 4.  
period. No figurative motifs occur in ossuary ornamenta- Three  columns:  Mount  Scopus­Ben­Arieh  1982b:59,  
tion (Hachli Ii 1988a: 110­ 115).  PI.  XVII:4;  Hachlili  1988b:  Oss .  No.  29,  with  reversed  
frames similar to Jericho No. 12.  
Individual Motifs Four  columns:  Silwan,  IAA  69­114,  with  reversed  
Roseltes (Fig. I1I.53).  There is an  almost endless number  frames (unpublished).  
of variation s of the  geometric  rosctte.  (For rosette  carv- Five columns : (I) Jerusalem­ Rahmani  1994:  No.  250;  
ing see R.H. Smith  1973:73­75 ;  1983: 177­1 79.)  (2)  with  an'ow s  between  them­ Jerusalem,  Romema- 
The  main  types  of rosettes  are  shown  in  Fig.  IlL53.  Rahmani  1967b:190­191,  PI.  39:3,  Oss.  19 ;  1994:  
The  majority  of  rosettes  on  the  Jericho  ossuaries  are  No.  175.  
either  simply  incised  lines  or  lines  filled  with  zigzag  Seven columns: Abu­Tor­Rahmani  1994: No.  58.  
patterns. Some rosettes  are  chip­carved  (Ossuaries  Nos. 
4,6,  12, 23 , XVI, XXI). One ossuary has painted rose ttes  b. Schemalic Gale bervveen Two Columns
(No . 3).  (For a di scussion of rosette  types,  see Rahmani  Two ossuaries  from  the Mt.  of Olives and  Mt.  Scopus-
1977:70­80; Figueras  1983:36­41; Hachlili  1988b: 10 )  Goodenough  1953 ,  III:  Nos .  216 ,  219;  Jerusalem , 

/ 

Fig. 111. 53. Rosene designs 0 11 ass/wries.

 CHAPTER III THE F1NDS
d e
Fig. 1JJ.54. Various designs on ossuaries.
Romema-Rahmani 1967b:190; PI. 39:2, Oss. No. 18;
1994: No. 185; Kidron Valley- Avigad 1967: PI. 22:5 ,
Oss. 8; Jemsalem, Karm esh-Sheikh-Rahmani 1994:
No. 241.
c. Far;ades o!Structures
Jemsalem, its environs-Rahmani 1994: Nos. 46, 90,
711,891. This central motif is similar to the stmcture
depicted on Ossuary No. 12 (Fig. IlI.54:a).
Several different interpretations of the decorative mo-
tif presented in Fig. IIl.54:a have been proposed : a tem-
ple front (Avi-Yonah 1981:43; Figueras 1983:33), a
schematic gate with a pediment and acrotcria (A vi gad
1967: 139) or, and most acceptable, a tomb fa~de and a
tomb door (as interpreted by Rahmani 1967b: 190, nn.
27-32; 1994:28-29, 47) resembling structures in the
Kidron Valley , Jemsalem (e.g ., the Tomb of Zechariah).
This group of ossualies was possibly produced in a Jeru-
salem workshop (Hachlili 1988a:1l2- 114; 1988b:23,
1997; Rahmani 1994:234, No. 767).
113
III I I /J
~-
Plant Motifs. The palm tree(?) incised on Ossuary No. 23
(Fig. III.54:b) is accompanied by three small plants un-
der the rosette. Similar stylized plants are known on
Jerusalem ossuaries (Rahmani 1982: 115 ; Figueras 1983:
42,91-116). A highly stylized plant is incised on No.
XVlIl (Fig. III.54:c); a somewhat similar plant occurs on
a Jemsalem ossuary (Figueras 1983: PI. 11 :263). Os-
suary No. V has a five-branched menorah-like plant
(Fig. IIl .54:f; for discuss ion of the motif, see Rahmani
1994:5 L-52).
Geometric Designs. On Ossuary No. XIII, two inci sed
vertical zigzag lines end on both sides in zigzag semicir-
cles (Fig. III.54:d; cf. Figueras 1983: Pi s. 11:307,207;
12: 17, 185). No. XV has inci sed intersecting lines in the
center, between the two panels (Fig. IIl.54:e).
Frames (Fig. III.55) . The majority of the frames are par-
allel lines either incised or carved in a zigzag pattern.
Some frames consist of dotted incised lines. One ossuary
114
~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
a b
II II II
c d
l.\3L\ALlA
e that the ossualies were ornamented on the front (the long
~ )i>l»»»»))}>
9 h
"'" """""'" ~ :\OJ "'J "
C4.L::::..C;;;",C:,:['>G[ I~W
Fig. Ill. 55. Desiglls offromes on ossuaries.
(No. 12) has two frames; a double frame of chip-carved
zigzags is found on an ossuary front (No. XXIII). Elabo-
rately carved or notched frames occur on some ossuaries:
a palm-trunk pattern on Nos. 6 and 23, a simple tliangle
pattern on No. XiX , and a special carved design in the
upper frame line of No. of XXI.
INTERPRETATION OF MOTIFS
The meaning of ossuary ornamentation allows for a
variety of interpretations. Goodenough (1953, III : 119,
133; 1964, XI168) maintained that the designs possessed
symbolic value, possibly representing the hope for an
afterlife. Figueras (1983:78-86), following Goode-
nough, proposed that the decoration reflected eschato-
logical beliefs. Others have suggested that these designs
express Judeo-Christian concepts and detect hidden
mystic meanings (Testa 1962:426-513). Rahmani (1982:
115-118 ; 1994:25-28) has advocated the concept that
ossuat)' ornamentation represents contemporary funer-
ary art and architecture in Jerusalem, not connected with
Jewi sh everyday life. No symbols are depicted on our
ossuat-ies, with the possi ble exception of the menorah,
nor do any of the motifs allude to the Temple (Hachlili
1988a:llO-113; 1988b:8).
RACHEL HACHLlLl
Some of the designs on Jewish ossuaries are part of an
ensemble of decorative patterns CUITent in the art of the
Second Temple period, though somc of the motifs are
found exclusively in funerary alt. Since a vatiety of
II II desi gns is often found in the same tomb, the ornamenta-
tion seems to have been ·a matter of personal taste, fre-
quently exhibiting a differcnt design for each family
member.
Why were the ossuaries decorated,) It is notewol1hy
side), sometimes elaborately, although in most cases
nothing would be seen of the decoration aflcr the ossuar-
ies had been placed in the kokhim. The ornamentation is
probably related to the deep psychological needs of the
living and the prevailing ideas on death and resun-ection.
ORIGIN OF OSSUARffiS
An attempt has been made to determine the oligins of the
ossuaries by comparing them with earlier bone contain-
ers, going as far back as the Chalcolithic period (Meyers
1971 :27-3 1). This approach was justifiably refuted by
Rahmani (1973 :' 121-123), who also I1Jled out a possible
connection with Persia n bone containers (Rahmani
1986:98-99; 1994:55-59) .
The possibility of Hellenistic influence has also been
dealt with exten sively . Although Helleni stic individual-
istic concepts left their mat-k on Judaism , the "actual
concept of a physical, personal and individual resurrec-
tion as found in late first century BCE Jel1Jsalem is
clearly Jewish ... " (Rahmani 1986:99; 1994:53- 55).
Furthermore, the custom of ossilegium, as well as the
ornamentation of the ossuaries, is di st inctly indigenous
(loc. cit.) . The same is tl1Je of ossilegium at Jericho and
the ossuary ornamentation thcrc, as Jericho was part of
Judea. Jel1J salem probably strongly influenced the cus-
toms and practices of the Jew s in Jericho. Most of the
Jericho ossuaries seem to have been made locally,
though some (e.g., Ossual)' No. 12) might have come
from Jerusalem (Rahmani 1994:235, No. 773). Alterna-
tive ly, a Jericho artisan might have copied the pattern
and made his own changes in the ornamentation of the
ossuaries.
 CHAPTER 111: THE FlNDS liS

THE POTTERY Types  C  and  D,  dating  to  the  second  half  of  the  first 
Ann E. Killebrew century  CE  and  the  final  stage  of use  in  the  cemetery, 
were  found  only  in  Tomb  H  and  the  mourning  enclo-
The pottery assemblages associated with the burials of sure­ a complex  which  remained in  use  into the second 
the late Second Temple peliod (first century BCE-first half of the first century CEo 
century CE) at Jericho are significant as chronological
indicators of the use of each tomb and as evidence of Type A  (Fig.  III.56: I,  2).  A  small  deep  bowl  with  an 
burial practices during this period. The ceramics are incurved  rim,  divided  into  SUbtypes  All  (Fig.  111.56:1) 
discussed typologically and arranged according to burial with  a  flat  base  and  Al2 (Fig. 111.56:2)  with  a  ring  base. 
type: coffin (Type I), collected bones (Type II) and os- All  three  examples  of  this  type  of  bowl  are  found  in 
suary (Type III). The assemblage from  the courtyard and  Tomb Type I (Fig. 111.56: 1,2) or in  the debris associated 
miqveh in  the  mourning enclosure  on  Hill  H  appears  at  with  coffin  burials  (Cat.  No.  200).  Comparable  bowls 
the end of each ceramic type .  have  been  found  at  Jericho  (Kelso  and  Baramki  1955: 
Comparable  ceramic  evidence  from  other  sites  dis- PI.  23:A 7 1) and Qumran, Period Ib (Type AI I:  de  Vaux 
cussed  in  the  text  is  confined  to  well­stratified  pottery  1954: Fig. 3:2, 3;  1956: Figs.  I: 14, 2:3). Lapp (1961: 172) 
from  securely  dated  contexts  and  to  selected  examples  refers  to this  bowl as  Type 51  (200 BCE­ 70 CE), subdi-
from Secon9 Temple period tombs.  A detailed catalogue  viding it  into 51.1  (incLlrved  rims) and 51.2 (hemispheri-
listing  aJl  excavated  altifacts  from  Jelicho  according  to  cal). However, several of his examples are not small deep 
tomb  number or  locus  appears  in  Chapter IX.  The pub- bowls  but  shallow,  straight­walled  bowls  (e.g.,  Lapp 
lished excavations which are most relevant to our discus- 1961:  Type 51.1.h, j) and date from  the first century CEo 
sions  are  Second  Temple  period  Jericho  (Kelso  and  In addition, a number of his Type 51.2 bowls are identical 
Baramki  1955; Pritchard  1958). Qumran (de Vaux  1953;  to  his  Type  51.1  bowls  (see  e.g.,  Lapp  1961:  Type 
1954;  1956),  'Ein Feshkha (de Vaux  1959),  'Ein el­Ghu- 51.IJ, g,  h,  k),  all  dating to  the first century  BCE. Thus 
weir  (Bar­Adon  1977),  'En  Gedi  (Hadas  1994),  Hero- the  characteristic  features  of  the  earlier  (first  century 
dium  (Netzer  1981 a),  Aro'er (Hershkovitz  1992),  Wadi  BCE)  small  deep  bowl  (our  Type  A)  are  its  depth, 
ed­Daliyeh  (Lapp  and  Nickelsburg  Jr.  1974)  and  the  rounded sides and incurved rim. The small and shallower 
numerous tombs of the Second Temple period excavated  straight­walled bowls with incurved rim  (our Type  BII) 
in Jerusalem and its vicinity,' as well as the Roman period  are a  separate type, characteristic of the first century CE 
tombs excavated by Kenyon in Jericho (Bennett 1965).  (see below, Bowl Type B). 
Three publications dealing  with  the  pottery  typology  Bowl Type A  rarely appears  in  tombs  (Bahat  1982b: 
of  the  late  Second  Temple  period  are  relevant  to  this  Fig. 7: I, ossuary and bone repository burial). 
discussion of the Jericho assemblages. A general, though  Date: First century BCE. 
incomplete, study of pottery from Jewish ossuary tombs 
was  compiled  by  Kahane  (1952;  1953).  In  1961,  PW.  Type B (Fig.  III.56:3­5,  9­11).  A  shallow  bowl  with 
Lapp  published  the  corpus  Palestinian Ceramic Chro- straight  walls,  either  with  an  inverted  lim  (BIl; 
nology 200  B.C.-A.D. 70  which  remains  indispensable  Fig.  III.56:3­ 5) or a  vertical rim  (B/2; Fig.  III.56:9­11). 
for  the  pottery  of the  Late Hellenistic  and  Early  Roman  Type  B/l has been found  in  burial Types II and  III. Type 
periods.  More  recently,  F.  Dfez  Fernandez  (1983)  has  B/2 was  recovered  from  the  courtyard  of the  mourning 
traced  ceramic  typological development from  the  Helle- enclosure. Similar bowls have been found in first century 
nistic  through  Late  Roman  periods.  Reference  will  be  CE  contexts  at  Jericho  (Type  BI I:  Pritchard  1958: 
made to these typologies.  PI.  58:16;  Bennett  1965:  Fig.  277:2,  Area  NS.l;  Type 
B/2 : Bennett  1965:  Fig.  267: 1, 2, 3,6, 7  [ossuary Tomb 
K23]);  Qumran  (Type  B/I: de  Vaux  1956:  Figs.  4:5,  7; 
TYPOLOGY
5:7 [Period  II]; Type  BI2: de  Vaux  1953:  Fig.  4:1,  2,  9); 
Bowls   Herodium  (Type  B/2: Bar­Nathan  1981:  PI.  6:9);  'Ein 
Four  distinctly  different  types  of  bowls  (A­D)  corre-  el­Ghuweir (Type  B/I: Bar­Adon  1977:  Fig.  15:7­10); 
spond to the three periods of use in  the Jericho cemetery.   Wadi  ed­Daliyeh  (Lapp  and  Nickelsburg  Jr.  1974: 
Type A, found  in  coffin  burials, dates to  the  first century   PI.  28:15­16  where  they  continue  into  the  second  cen-
BCE.  A  second,  more  shallow  bowl  (Type  B),  was   tury  CE);  and  Aro 'er (Type  B/1: Hershkovitz  1992:310, 
recovered  from  the  collected  bone  and  ossuary  burials.   Fig. 4:2). 
116 ANN E. K1LLEBREW

~
~ 2

~ ~ , 1 ~

4
c;:I7
~
5

(I)
-
~

• /-3, ~ .. ...- c
= --
~ 9 Q
~ :? 10

o
./ . - - ~ ...
\ ~_

' -
~3-
;:~'f ' ,-
:) = = =-r-- ,,- 1
15
/ .~
' <~: . I ~- 14

¥ ,- 9 T 16
o 10
I J

Fig. 11/.56. Bowls.

Date: First century CE; Type B/2 dates mainly from the Qumran, Period II (de Vaux 1953: Fig. 3:6; see Lapp
second half of the century and later. 1961:174; Type 51.6).
Date: First century CE, mainly from the second half of
Type C (Figs . III .56:6-8, 12- 15 ; 70). A shallow carinated the century .
bowl with everted rim and flat base, found only in asso-
ciation with Tomb H and the mourning enclosure, where Type D (Fig. Ill.56: 16). A large deep bowl with a flaring
it is the most common type of bowl. It is known from rim and carinated body. Several types of these deep
 CHAPTER ITI: THE FINDS 117

Fig. 111.56

Na. Form Reg. No. Tomb Type Tomb No.lLocus Cal. No .

Type All 14711 D22 266

2 TypeN2 151 /2 I D22 268
3 Type BI I 4711 II F4 309
4 Type BI I II ][I DI 41
5 Type BII 354/5 II F7 383
6 TypeC 282 III H 770
7 TypeC 284 III H 77 1
8 TypeC 285 III H 772
9 Type B/2 2 11 Mourning enclosure HI3 510
10 Type B/2 227/8 Mourning enclosure HI3 527
II Type B/2 207 Mourning enclosure H2O 653
12 TypeC 249 Mou rning enclosure H2O 667
13 TypeC 233/4 Mou rning enclosure HI2 463
14 TypeC 308 Mourning enclosure HI2 467
IS TypeC 249/1 Mourning enclosure H2O 668
J6 Type D 215 / 1 Mourning enclosure HI3 513

bowls were found only in association with the mourning were found at Jericho (Bennett  1965:  Fig. 268:7 , ossuary  
enclosure. Deep bow Is with flaring or flat rims are known Tomb K23).  
from the second half of the first century CE at Herodium Date:  First century CE.  
(Bar-Nathan 1981: PI. 6: 1-3) and at Jericho (Bennett
1965: Fig. 267:8 from ossuary Tomb K23). Cooking Pots
Date: Second half of the first century CEo Cooking  pots  from  the  Jericho  cemetery  are  of  three 
main  types:  A  (Figs.  III.58;  59: 1­6,  9­11;  67­69:  re-
Kraters stricted cooking pots with two handles), B  (Fig.  III .59:7, 
All kraters from the Jericho cemetery were found in 8:  carinated,  cooking  pots  with  two  handles)  and  C 
Tomb Type III (ossuary) or in the mourning enclosure. (Fig.  IIL59: 12:  casseroles).  Type  A  has  four  SUbtypes: 
Type A kraters are plain, while Type B kraters are usu- All  (Figs.  m .58: 1­4; 67:  high­necked bag­shaped cook-
ally decorated with red­painted designs.  ing  pots);  A/2 (Figs.  IIL58:5­9;  59 :1­6;  68;  69;  low-
necked  globular cooking  pots  with  a  triangular­profiled 
Type A (Fig.  III.57: 1­ 3).  A  small,  plain,  globular  krater  rim) ; N3 (Fig.1I159:9: low necked, thin­walled globular 
with vertical  handles and a  triangular­profiled lim. Type  cooking pots with a grooved triangular­profiled rim) and 
All  has  a wide  mouth (Fig.  III.57 : 1,2) , while Type  AI2 A/4 (Fig. III .59: 10, 11:  low­necked, thin­walled globular 
has a smaller mouth with a groove in side the rim (Fig. III .  cooking pots with a ridged shoulder and rounded rim; see 
57:3;  Lapp  1961: 170,  Type  45.3,  dated  to  0­68  CE) .  Kahane 1952: 128­131 for a discussion of these types). 
Similar kraters  are known  from  first  century CE Jericho 
(Pritchard  1958:  Pis.  58:8 , 9,  15;  59: 14;  Bennett  1965:  Type All (Figs.  IIL58 : 1­4;  67).  A  bag­shaped  cooking 
Fig.  288:8  from  ossuary  Tomb  K23)  and  Qumran,  pot with a high neck, usually with a concave curvature on 
Period II  (de Vaux  1953:  Fig.  3:2;  1954: Fig. 4: 17 ; 1956:  the  interior  (Figs.  I1L58 : 1­3).  The  cooking  pot  in 
Fig. 5: 17).  Fig.  IIL58:4 is a transitional type, with features of Types 
Date:  First century CEo  All  and  A/2. Similar cooking  pots come from  Qumran, 
Period  Ib  (de  Vaux  1954:  Fig.  3:22;  1956:  Figs.  1: 16; 
Type B (Fig.  IIL57:4­­6). A  larger krater with  horizontal  3:5),  the  Jewish  Quarter  excavations  (Avigad  1983 : 
handles and a ridge on the shou Ider, sometimes decorated  111.59,  dated  to  the second­first centuries BCE), Jericho 
with  red­painted  floral  motifs.  Type  BII  (Fig.  1II.57:4)  (Kelso  and  Baramki  1955:  PI.  23:A173; Bennett  1965: 
has a tliangular lim , while Type B/2 (Fig. IIL57:5, 6)  has  Fig.  274: 10,  Tomb C I,  tomb  type  not clear) , Giv ' at Ha-
a  profiled  lim  with  a  grooved  interior  and  a  pinched  Mivtar (Tzafeli s  1970: PI.  lO:D, from Tomb II­primary 
scallop  design  on  the  outside.  Similar decorated  kraters  burials),  Jason's  Tomb  (Rahmani  1967a:  Fig.  16:2,  3), 
118 AN'" E. KILLEBREW

1 , .... 1
I'
, \
,,
,\
;r -- - -
..
-
3

o 10

~ 5

Fig. 111. 57. Kralers.

No. Form Reg. No. Tomb Typ e Tomh No./Locus Cat. No.
TYPE A l l 101 1 1lJ Al 8
2 Type All 251133 Mournin g enc losure H2O 683
3 Type Al2 23211 Mourning enclos ure H2O 68 2
4 Type B/ I 811 III AI 9
5 Type B/2 235/5 Mourn in g enclosure Hl 2 469
6 Type BI2 3 13 Mourn ing enclosure Hl 2 470
 CHAPTER III THE FI NDS 119

Jerusalem Tomb 4 - 2 (Kloner 1980a: Fig. 31 :10; no found  in  ossuary  Tomb  A6 and  in  the  mourning enclo-
ossuaries, second-first centuries BCE), Talpiyot (Bahat s ure.  This  rare cooking pot has  few  parallel s, the  closest 
1982a: Fig. 2:2, 3; no ossuaries, first half of first century being  two  cooking  pots  from  Herodium  (Bar­Nathan 
BCE) and the Kidron Valley (Ben-Arieh and Coen- 1981:  PI.  5:17,18, who relates  it  to open carinated cook-
Uzzielli  1996:74, Fig. 4.1:5 , 6).  All well­dated Type All  ing pots,  see  below Type  B).  At Aro'er, this cooking­pot 
cooking pots are earlier than the  first century CE."  type was dated to the late  first­­early second centuries CE 
Date: Second to  firs t centuries BCE.  (Hershkovitz  1992:317, Fig.  13:12). Due to  its restricted 
shape,  it  should  be  regarded  as  a development (probably 
T.}pe A!2 (Figs.III.58:5­9; 59: 1­6; 68; 69). Thi s is by  far  later) of our Type  A. 
the most common cooking pot found in  the Jericho ceme- Date: Second  half of first century CE and  later. 
tery.  It is  of squat globular shape with a short triangular-
profiled  rim.  Thi s  cooking pot  appears  in  Tomb Types I  Type B (Fig.  III.59:7 .  8).  A  slightly  restIicted ,  shallow 
and  II,  and  is  particularly  abundant  in  collected  bone  cooki ng  pot  with  a  ca rinated  shoulder.  The  only  two 
burial s (note that this type is not found  in our excavations  fragmentary  examples  found  in  the  Jericho  cemetery 
of  ossuary  burials  at  Jer,icho) .  It is  the  common  type  were associated with Burial Type II (collected bones).  At 
found  in  the  ' En  Gedi  Second  Temple  period  tombs,  Qumran,  it  was  found  in  Period  II  (de  Vau x  1954: 
especially  T\?mb  2  (co llected  bone  burial;  Hadas  1994:  Fig.  4: 13).  It  was  also  recovered  in  first  century  CE 
esp.  12­17, Fig.  22).  At Qumran  it  appears in  Peliods Ib  Herodium  (Bar­Nathan  1981:61,  Pi s.  1:8,  10;  5: 12­16; 
(de  Vaux  1956:  Fig.  3:9)  and  II  (e.g.,  de  Vaux  1954:  10: 12,  13)  and  at  ' Ein  el­Ghuweir  (Bar­Adon  1977:  
Fig.  4: 15).  It is  the  main  cooking  pot  type  at  Herodium  Fig.  14: 14).  It  appears  occasionally  in  Jerusalem  tombs  
(Bar­Nathan  981:60­61. III.  90, Pis.  1:9; 5: 1 ­9; 9:7­10;  of th e Second Temple period (e.g.,  Kloner  1980a:35: 16,  
10: II,  where  it  is  dated  to  the  late  first  century  BCE- first  century  BCE­first  century  CE  tomb­ossuaries  
mid­first  century  CE).  It  also  appears  in  the  Jell.lsalem  added  later;  Tzaferis  1970  Fig.  6:8,  Tomb  I­ primary  
tombs  of  the  Second  Temple  period,  though  rarely  in  burials; Jason' s Tomb, Rahmani  1967a: Fig.  16:7,8; the  
tombs  with  ossuaries  on,ly  (see  e.g.,  Kloner  1980a:  Kidron  Valley,  Ben­Arieh  and  Coen­Uzzie lli  1996:77,  
Fig.  31:11­16,  Tomb  4­2­no  ossuaries;  Fig.  33:7,  Fig. 4.3:10). Lapp (1961:190) refers to thi s as Type 72.2.  
Tomb 20­29­bone coll ec tion and ossuarie s;  Fig. 36: 12,  dating to 0­70 CE. One sherd appe ars  at Tel Anafa where  
13,  Tomb 29­pJimary burial s;  Fig.  30:3, Tomb 7­29- it  is  referred  to  as  a  'Judean  Type  B  Cook  Pot'  (Berlin  
ossuary; Jason's Tomb , Rahmani  1967a: Fig.  16: I, Photo  1997: 93­94)  
23a;  the  Kidron  Valley,  Ben­Ari eh  and  Coen­Uzzielli  Date:  Late first century BCE to first century CE.  
1996:75 , Fig. 4.3: 1­3) . Type  N2 cooking pots were also 
recovered  from  thc  first  century  Herodian  fortress  at  Type C (Fig.  III.59: 12).  A shallow, open casserole with a 
Aro'er (Hershkovitz  1992:310,  Fig.  4:9;  thi s exa mple  is  cut,  inverted  rim  and  a ca rination  near the  base . Type C 
identical  to  those  recovered  in  collected  bon e  burials  at  "vas found  only in  the mourning enclosure. One example 
Jericho, see Fig. IlI.59: 1­6 in  this repon).  of  this  type  of  cooking  pot  was  recove red  from  the 
Date:  Late first century BCE to  mid­first century CE o  first  century  CE  fortress  at  Aro ' er  (Hershkovitz  1992: 
Fig.  4:13  and  see  n.  14  for  unpubli shed  examples  from 
Type Al3 (Fig.  I1I.59:9).  A  shon­necked ,  thin­walled  Masada dating to the 73 CE destruction). 
globular cooking pot, recovered only from  the  mourning  Date: Late first century CEo 
enclosure. It appears to be a variant (perhaps slightly later 
in  date'))  of Type  N2 and  resembles  Late  Roman  (sec- Unguentaria
ond­third centuries CE) cooking pots. A similar cooking  Several differe nt types of small ointmen t containers have 
pot  wa s  fO Ltnd  at  Herodium  (Bar­Nathan  1981:  PI.  5:9)  been ass igned  to  this  general category. Type  A includes 
and at Aro'er (Hershkovitz 1992:317, Fig. 13:9­11, there  small  globular  juglets  with  th ree  variations:  flat  base 
dated to  the late first­­early  second centuries CE).  (Type  All: Fig.  I11.60:1 , 2;  Lapp  1961:163, Type  31.1, 
Date: Second hal f of first century CE and  late r.  dated  to  200  BCE­first  ce ntury  BCE),  rounded  base 
(Type  A/2: Figs.  III.60:6­9;  67;  Lapp  1961 : 162­163, 
Tvp e Al4 (Fig.  III.59:10,  J  I).  A  restricted  cooking  pot  Type  31.1,  dated  to  200  BCE­70  CE)  and  handleless 
with  a  short neck  and  a  slight carination  or  ridge at  the  (Type  A/3: Fig.  III.60:14).  Type  B  is  defined  as  flat-
shoulder.  The  rim  ha s  a  rounded  profile.  This  type  is  based piriform bottles, both sma ll (Figs.  IlI.60: 1 0,  11 , 16, 
 I I
O~ o

M31IH3T1J)! ·3 NNV Oll

 CHAPTER 111: THE FINOS 121

Fig. 1lJ.58

No. F on n Reg. N o. Tomb Type TOIIII> No. Cal. o.

Type A l l 8 1II Oil 133

2 TYr ~ Al l 921I 012 134
3 T y p ~ AlI 79/ 1 012 132
4 T y pe A l l 76/ 1 01 2 131
5 Type A /2 17611 0 22 273
6 Type A /2 18611 0 27 295
7 Type A /2 182/ 1 027 294
8 T ype A /2 19 JII 0 27 296
9 Type AI2 16311 0 22 27 1

17,21,22; 68) and large (Fig. III.60: 18, 23, 24). Note the with  red  paint.  The  shape  is  similar  to  a  plain  example 
appearance of paint on these bottles in collected bone from  Qumran, Period II  (de  Vaux  1954: Fig.  4:16; Lapp 
burials (Lapp 1961: 199, Type 92, dated by Lapp to 20 1961:165 , Type 34B). 
BCE--68 CE) . Type C is designated as alabastra Date: First century CEo 
(Fig. IIL60: 12, 13; see Kahane 1952: 176-182; 1953 for a
di scussion of unguentaria). Type Al2. A wide­mouthed squat g lobular jug, similar in 
Most of these unguentaria were fo und in Type I (cof- shape  to  All, except for  the  incurved  rim (Fig.  III.61:2-
fin) burials (Types A, B, C) or in Type II (collected bone)  4). The loop handle e xtends from  the top of the rim to the 
burial s  (Types  A,  B).  Only  a  few  fragmentary  pottery  shoulder. Two of the examples from the Jericho cemetery 
bottles  were  recovered  from  Tomb  H.  These  ceramic  have a red­painted decoration (Fig . 111.61 :2, 3), whi Ie one 
unguentaria appear at all sites of the late Second Temple  is plain (Fig. III. 6 I :4). A plain example of Type  N2 was 
period  and  are  common  in  tombs  of this  period,  espe- published from the 1951 excavations at Jericho (Pritchard 
cially those containing primary or co llected  bone buri als  1958: PI.  59:2; Lapp  /961 : 165 , Type 34A).  Fragments of 
(see e .g., Barag  1972; Kloner  1980a: Figs. 30­34; Hadas  this type of small jug were also recovered from Herodium  
1994:  Figs.  22:6,  32:8,  9  [with  coffins  and  ossuaries],  (B ar­N athan  1981 :5 9 ,  Bar­Nathan' s  globular  juglets,  
69:2,  3).  In  tombs  which  contain  only  ossuary  burials,  SUbtype a with a  'cup­lim' ).  
ceramic  unguentaria  are  less  frequent  and  appear  to  be  Date: First ce ntury CEo  
replaced  by  glass  bottles  (see  e.g. ,  Kahane  1961 :128-
131 ; Kloner  1980a: Tombs 21­1  and 9.28,  Fig.  30;  Ben- Type B. A  spherical  jug,  slightly  ribbed,  with  a  flat,  
nett 1965:TombK23, Fig. 269; and  below, p. 134) .  though slightly concave base (Fig.  III. 6 I :5, 6) . The neck  
and rim have not been preserved in our e xamples. Type B  
Jugs resembles  Lapp' s  Type  32.2 (spherical,  straight­necked  
Several  types  of  small  and  large  jugs  ·w ere  recovered.  juglets; Lapp 1961 : 164; note hi s parallels to Qumran and  
Most of the small jugs were found  in  the tombs while the  Jericho [Tulul Abu e l­ ' Alayiq]).  
majority of the  large jugs  were excavated  in  the mourn- Date: First century CEo  
ing enclosure . 
The small  jugs  can be  divided  into  two  main  groups:  Type C A  jug  with  piriform  to  ovoid  ribbed  body,  
squat g lobular jugs, often decorated , with  rounded bases  narrow  neck  and  a  raised  ridge  appro ximately  halfway  
(Type  A:  Fig.  III .61: 1­4)  and  small  spherical jugs  with  on  the  neck (Fi g.  111.61:7­10) . The handle  extends from  
fl at  bases  (Type  B :  Fig. III .6J:5 ,  6).  The large jugs  are  the ridge midway down the neck to the shoulder. The rim  
more varied and have been classified into five main types  is  everted.  This  jug  was  found  only  in  the  mourning  
(Types C­G : Fi g.  III. 6 l:7­1 4) .  enc losure,  where  numerous  e xamples.  including  one  
complete  jug  (Fig.  III.61 :7),  were  recovcred  in  the  
Type All. A  wide­mouthed,  squat  globular jug  with  an  miqveh. An identical jug was found at Qumran, Period III  
everted rim and a loop handle which springs from  the top  (de  Vaux  1954: Fig.  6:7 ; see also  Lapp  1961:160, Type  
of  the  rim  and  connects  to  the  body  midway  21. 2C).  A  similar shape  was  published  from  Herodium,  
(Fig.  II1.61: I).  The  exterior  and  interior  are  decorated  where  it  was  found  in  the  ' pool  complex'  (Bar­Nathan  
122 ANN E. KlLLEBREW

- - ~- .... ' ~

~ -

~ 7 8
~

o 10
l J

:) I ~
9
(( >
10
$:"E:: I ~ ..
11

Fig. TIl.59. Cooking p OlS.

1981: PI. 1:13) and from the Kidron Valley (Ben-Alieh
and Coen-Uzzielli 1996:78, Fig. 4.5:6, 7). Nanow-
necked ridged jars with the handle extending from the
ridge are also known from second century CE contexts at
Wadi ed-Daliyeh (Lapp and Nickelsburg Jr. 1974:53,
Fig. 28: 10).
Date: Second half of first century CE and later.
Types D (Fig. III.61 :11) and E (Fig. III.61: 12). These are
represented only by fragments . Both were found in
the mourning enclosure. Type D may be a 'cooking
jug' similar to those recovered at Herodium (Bar-
Nathan 1981:59, Fig . 4 : 14, 15), Giv'at Ram
(Hershkovitz 1987:316, Fig. I: J 9,20 and see compara-
ble material there) , Aro 'er (Hershkovitz 1992: Fig. 4:8)
 CHAPTER In : THE FINDS 123

Fig. 11/.59

No. Form Reg. No. Tomb Type Tomb NO.iLoclis Car. No.
Type A/2 4311 II F4 346
2 Type A/2 36/2 II F4 339
3 T ype A/2 36/ 1 II F4 338
4 T ype A/2 354/8 II F7 385
5 T ypeA/2 354/ 10 II F7 388
6 T ypeN2 354/9 II F7 386
7 Type B 3519 Il F4 333
8 Type B 36/5 II F4 340
9 Type N3 227/2 Mourning enclosure HI3 546
to Type N4 9/1 1lI A6 33
II Type N4 226/8 Mo urning enclosure H2O 685
12 Type C 255 Mo urning enclosure H2O 686

and Wadi ed-Daliyeh (Lapp and Nickelsburg Jr.
1974:52-53, Fig. 28:1-3).
Date: Second half of first century CE and later.
Type F. A strainer jug with a 'stepped' or 'cup' nm
(Fig. III. 61: 13), recovered from the mourning enclosure.
The handle is attached below the rim, just above the
strainer and at the shoulder.
Date: Second half of the first century CEo
Fig. m.62:3). This is  the  most common jar type found  in 
the  Jericho  cemetery;  all  examples  are  associated  with 
coffin  burials. Similar jars have  been found  at  Qumran , 
Period  Ib  (de  Vaux  1954:  Fig.  1 :2),  Jericho  (Bennett 
1965:  Fig.  276:5), the  Jewish Quarter excavations (Avi-
gad  1983:  lll.60)  and  Bethel  (Lapp  1968:78­79, PI.  69, 
where he dates it to  the Hellenistic period; see also Lapp 
1961: 146­­147, included in  his storage jar Type II.3). 
Date: First century BCE, probably beginning earlier. 

Type C. A spouted jug (Fig. 1ll.61:14) with a red floral Type B (Fig.  III .63: 1,  2).  Acyl indrical jar with  broader 
pattern painted on the outside, similar to decoration on shoulders  than  Type  A.  This  jar has  two  sub­types­a 
kraters . Found in Tomb D1 (Type III) . short folded­over rim (Type  BIl) and a long folded­over 
Date: First century CEo rim  (Type  B/2) . Fragments  of  this  jar  type  have  been 
found  outside coffin  tombs.  More  complete  examples 
Storage Jars were  recovered  from  Qumran  (de  Vaux  1953:  Fig.  2:5) 
Several complete storage jars were found in the Jericho and the Jewish Quarter excavations (A vigad  1983: Il1.60, 
cemetery, usually in association with coffin burials, first  century  BCE).  This  storage jar  belongs  to  Lapp's 
where they had been placed outside the tomb entrance Type 11.2 (Lapp 1961: 146­­147). 
(see e.g., Figs. 1ll.62, 63) , or in the debris of the miqveh Date:  First  c(;  tury  BCE,  perhaps  continuing  into  the 
in the mourning enclosure (Fig. III. 64:2-4). Six classes early first century CEo 
of storage jars have been defined, based primarily on
general shape and secondarily on rim profile. Types A-D Type C  (Fig.  m.63:3­5).  A  broad­shouldered  jar,  with 
are associated with coffin burials (Type I), Type E was handles  attached  at  the  shoulder  line.  The  shOtt  rim  is 
found in an ossuary burial (Type III) and Type F was simple or square  in  profile with  a ridge at  the  base. The 
recovered only in the mourning enclosure. most  characteristic  feature  is  its  gray  metallic  ware.  At 
Herodium ,  a  complete  example  and  fragments  of  this 
Type A (Fig. 1II.62). A bag-shaped jar with narrow shoul- type of vessel were found  (Bar­Nathan  1981 :56­­57, e.g., 
ders and  a broad, rounded  base. The handles are attached  Figs .  I : 1 ,2: II ).  Other examples of this  type come from 
below  the  shoulder.  Two  main  rim  profiles appear with  first  century  BCE contexts  (Jericho  Hasmonean  winter 
this  vessel:  a  short  collar  (folded  over)  rim  with  an  palace,  Qumran  Period  Ib  and  Jason's  Tomb;  see  Bar-
everted  profi Ie  (Type  All : Fig.  III.62: I,  2)  or  a  short  Nathan 1981:56­57 for a discussion of this type). 
collar (folded over) rim with a vertical profile (Type  Al2: Date: First century BCE to early first century CEo 
124 ANN E. KILLEBREW

en
~
~ .. JE}} " -
( ~/ Jl ( Li\ 3-
4

~ 1 ,~ _ iJ 2 ~
~ ~ ~.
5

~
~
?P
W ... ~ .1t.,.
CB ~
~

7 9

~ "
I .~

!'

~
.
,

10 12 \ 1/ 13

ffi 14 W 15 116 W" QJ18

@

~ f19

W20
21

o
ITL
10 24

Fig. 111.60. Unguenfaria.

 CHAPTER lIT: THE FINOS 125

Fig . l!l.60

No. Form Reg. No. Tomb Tlpe TOII/b No J LocIIs Cal. No.

Type Al l L651l 09 98
2 Type All 5/2 02 S6
3 Type A 2411 02 57
4 Type A L5111 022 274
5 Type A 129/3 012 137
6 Type Al2 129/2 012 136
7 Type A/2 51L 02 5S
8 Type Al2 8911 09 97
9 Type Al2 129/1 012 L35
LO Type B 179/L 027 297
11 Type B 1311 04 84
12 TypeC 165/2 09 99
13 TypeC 17111 022 275
14 Type Al3 354/2 II F7 404
15 Type A 36/4 \I F4 355
16 Type B 36/3 Il F4 370
17 TypeB 3411 II F4 363
18 Type B 3 III IT F4 360
19 Type A 244/6 Mourning enclosure H2O 687
20 Type A 231/6 Mourning enclosure HI6 61 9
2L Type B 16611 IJl ~\2 23
22 Type B 27511 III H 774
23 Type B 29511 III H 776
24 TypeB 3081l Mourning enclosure HI2 471

Type D (Fig. III.63:6, 7). A nearly cylindrical bag-shaped these  storage  jars  were  found  in  Cave  II  dated  to  the  
vessel, with a narrow shoulder, a long neck and a simple Second  Revolt;  Lapp  and  Nickelsburg  Jr.  1974:51,52,  
rim. A ridge at the join between the neck and body is one Pis.  24­27)  and  Aro'er (Hershkovitz  1992:  Fig.  5: 1,2).  
of the characteristic features of this storage jar. This type, Lapp  (1961: 152)  has  included  this  in  his  large  bell- 
with a variety of rim profiles, is the most common storage shaped jars, Type  12.3  
vessel found at Herodium (Bar-Nathan 1981 :57; for par- Date: Second half of first century CE, continuing into the  
allels to our Type D storage jar see  ibid.: Pis. 3:7, 9:3  and  second century CE.  
parallels  there  to  Jason's  Tomb,  Qumran  [Period  II], 
'En­Gedi and Masada).  Lamps
Date:  First century BCE to  first century CEo  Four types of lamps were found  in  the Jericho cemetery. 
Types  A  and  B  were  popular  during  the  first  century 
Type E (Fig.  m.64: I).  A  cylindrical  jar  of  unusually   BCE,  while Types C  and  D  were  more  prevalent during 
small size. It is  the  only example of this  type  of storage   the first century CE and  later. 
container found  in  the Jericho cemetery.  
Date: First century CEO).   Type A (Fig. UI.65: 1, 2). A folded  lamp.  It was recovered 
in  association  with  Burial  Type  I  (coffin).  This  lamp 
Type F (Fig. III.64:2­4). Cylindrical to bell­shaped, with  commonly  appears  in  first  century  BCE  contexts  (see, 
a  rounded  base  and  a  ribbed  body.  It  is  the  commonest  e.g.,  Lapp  1961: 192, Type 81;  the  Jewish QUUl1er  exca-
storage jar found in  the mourning enclosure, with several  vations:  Avigad  1983:  Ills.  58,  59,  first  century  BCE: 
almost  complete  examples  from  the  miqveh. Complete  Barag and Hershkovitz 1994: 11­13) and in Jewish tombs 
examples  have  been  published  from  the  Jewish  Quarter  which  contain  primary  burials  (e.g.,  Rahmani  I 967a: 
excavations  (Avigad  1983:  Ill.  212),  Qumran  (de  Vaux  Fig.  9: 1­3;  Kloner  1980a:  Tomb  18.16,  29,  Fig.  36: J, 
1953 :  Fig.  2: 1,  3),  'Ein  el­Ghuweir  (Bar­Adon  1977:  second­first centuries BCE; Bahat 1982a: Fig. 2:7). 
Fig.  10: I),  Wadi  ed­Daliyeh  (where  large  numbers  of  Date: First century BCE. 
126 ANN E. KILLEBREW

•
2
-
3
.r- ~-
4
o 2
L-..L.-.J

cere 10

JrC
9
~ r 12

- Y
~ 0
!
10
! ~ 14

Fig. III.6/. Jugs.

No. Form Reg. No. Tomb Typ e Tomb No./Locus Cal. No .

I TypeNI 311 III AI 10
2 TypeN2 37/5 II F4 372
3 TypeN2 37/6 II F4 373
4 TypeN2 21817 Mourning enclosure HI2 478
5 Type B 27411 III H 809
6 TypeB 24 1/3 Mourning enclosure HII 431
7 TypeC 24211 Mourning enclosure HII 435
8 T ypeC 223/3 Mourning enclosure HI2 476
9 TypeC 31911 Mournin g enclosure HII 441
10 TypeC 239/2 Mourning enclosure HI 7 633
II TypeD 244117 Mourning enclosure H2O 696
12 Type E 244118 Mourning enclosure H2O 697
13 TypeF 218/1 Mourning enclosure HI2 472
14 T ypeG 25/ 1 III DI 42
 CHAPTER II1 THE FINDS 127

o 20
I I

Fig. 11/. 62. SlOraRe jars.

No. Form Reg. No. Tomh Type Tomb No. Cal. No.

Type All 9711 Outsi de D 14 226

2 Type Al l 98/1 I Outside 014 228
3 T ype Al2 10811 Outside 014 229
L

r I
Ol a

}-:'It .:: \
I
I 'II.:
,. I
f , Iij

~ :~ , ;.: ,

" , ,'
"~
, , .'

i\\3{1H3"D! '3 JNNV

Sll
 CHAPTER [[1: THE FINDS 129

Fig. 111. 63

No. Form Reg. No. Tomb Type Tomb No. Cal. No.

I T ype Bil 7 111 Out side DI 2 177

2 Type B/2 6111 Outs ide D1 2 172
3 TypeC 56/ 1 Outside D9 103
4 TypeC 143 /5 Outside D22 282
5 TypeC 87/3 Outside Dl2 183
6 T ype D 121I Outside D8 9l
7 Type D 6311 Outside D II Il6

Type B (Fig. I1L65:3) . A 'sunburst' lamp. It was found in was  disturbed in  antiquity and  that  thi s lamp, postdating  
the debris outside Tomb D2. This lamp is also usually the First Jewish War, may represent a later opening of the  
found in late second-first century BCE contexts (e.g., tomb.  Similar  lamps  have  been  found  in  other Jewish  
Lapp 1961:194, Type 83.2; Giv'at Ha-Mivtar: Tzaferi s ossuary tombs, which may have continued in use after the  
1970: Fig. 7 :2, Tomb III-primary burial s and ossumies; First Jewish War (e.g., Kahane  1961:  Figs.  3:24­26,4:6;  
Jason's Tomb: Rahmani I 967 a: Fig. 9:5, 7; the Jewi sh Bennett  1965 :  Fig.  267: 17;  Tzaferis  and  Yadi n  1982:  
Quarter excavations: Avigad 1983 : Ill. 58; Barag and Fig. 2: 1; Porath and Levy  1993: Fig. 2:4).  
Hershkovitz 1994: 13-14). Date: Late  first century CE to  second century CE.  
Date: Late second to first century BCE.
Miscellanea
Type C (Figs. nI.65:4-6; 70). Wheelmade knife-pared Flask (Figs.  III.66: 1;  68).  A  flask  with  an  asymmetrical 
(,Herodian') lamp. At Jericho it was found with ossuary body  and  two  twisted  handles.  It occurs  only  once,  in 
burials. This is the main lamp type of the first century CE Tomb D22. It is a well­known vessel found  at  most sites 
(at least until 70 CE) , which occurs at all sites of this of  the  Herodian  period,  continuing  into  the  late  first 
period (e.g., Lapp 1961: 193 , Type 82; Herodium : Bar- century  CE  (e.g.,  Qumran,  Period  I: de  Vaux  1954: 
Nathan  1981 :65, PIs.  1:20, 21;  8:1­5;  10:26, there dated  Fig.  3: 18;  Lapp  1961 : 161,  Type  29;  Jericho:  Bennett 
from  the end of Herod 's reign to  the  second century CE;  1965:  Fig .  277 : 14­­Roman  cistern;  Herodium :  Bar-
Aro'er:  Hershkovitz  1992:310, Fig. 5:6,7 ; for a detailed  Nathan  1981:  PI.  4 : 12,  13;  the  Jewish  Quarter  excava-
discussion  see Barag and Hershkovitz  1994: 24­58) and  tions:  Avigad  1983:  Ill. 68;  Aro 'er:  Hershkovitz 
in  association  with  ossuary  buri als  (e.g.,  Kloner  1980a:  1992: 3 10, Fig. 5:5). 
Tombs 9­26, 7­29, Fig. 30: 1,2; Jerusa lem, Sanhedriyya:  Date: First century BCE to first century CEo 
Rahmani  1961:  Fig.  5:24, 25;  Giv 'at Shapira:  Gershuny 
and  Zissu  1996:  Ills.  19:7,8;  32:7,  8;  Jericho:  Bennett  Cup (Fig. IIL66:2). An open vessel of welJ­Ievigated and 
1965:  Fig. 267:13­16­Tomb K23) .  fired  ware, with straight sides and a low ring base.  It  was 
Date:  Late first century BCE to second century CE.  found  in  Burial Type II  (collected  bones). Though  cups 
are  a common form during this  period , no  exact parallel 
Type D  (Figs.  IlL65 :7;  70).  A  round  di sk  lamp  with flat  could be found  for thi s example. 
base,  found  in  the  pit  of Chamber  A  in  Tomb  H. This  Date: First century CE(?). 
lamp is decorated with an ovolo pattern in relief.  This is a 
very common lamp of the late first­second centuries CE,  Funnel (Fig . III .66:3).  A  funnel  recovered from  ossuary 
which  appears  at  most  sites  of  this  period.  A  nearly  Tomb  Dl.  It is  a  unique  find  in  the  Jericho  cemetery. 
identical lamp was found  at Giv 'at Ram, a site attributed  Similar  funnel s  are  known  from  Qumran,  Period  II 
to  the  days  of  the  Second  Jewi sh  W ar  (Hershkovitz  (de  Vaux  1956:  Fig.  5: II,  12)  and  a  small  one  from 
1987:319,323, Figs.  11:5  and  13;  see parallels in  n.  46)  Herodium (Bar­Nathan  1981 :67, PI.  8:8; Ill. 94). 
and at Aro'er (Hershkovitz 1992: Fig.  13: 14, dated to  the  Date: First century CEo 
Second  Jewish  War).  We  have  suggested  that  Tomb  H 
130 ANN E. KILLEBREW

o 20
J

Fig. 11/.64. Sloragejars.

o. Form Reg. No. Tomb Type Tomb No/Loclls Cal. No.

Type E J41l 1II OJ 43
2 Type F 22311 M ou rning enclosure HI2 481
3 TypeF 318 Mourning enclosure HII 452
4 T ypeF 3 19/2 Mourning enclosure HII 455
 CHAPTER )[1: THE FINDS 131

,
"

'. ~ -

Fig , 111.65. Lamps.

No. Foml Re,g. No. Tomb Type Tomb No. Cal. No.

I Type A 741l 09 108

2 Tyr eA 72/3 OUlside DI2 199
3 Type B 42119 Ou tSide 02 79
4 TypeC 7IJ ]() A2 27
5 TypeC ISIl II1 DI 45
6 TypeC 30611 !II H 780
7 TypeD 298/1 III H 779
132 ANN E. KILLEBREW

~ . =
,~
... \~-
------J---?
\:,- ------
, -
,
o
s- .----/ 2 ,
• 'i
3 10

Fig. 1Il.66. Miscellanea .

10 . For", Reg. Nu. Tomb T )'p ~ TOlllbNo. Cll(. No.

I Fl ask 148/ 1 D22 277

2 Cup 31 15 II F4 374
3 Funnel 14/2 III Dl 46

SUMMARY

The assemblage of pottery presented here is of particular

importance because of the well-defined nature of the
assemblages. The artifacts from the Jericho cemetery can
be divided into three main groups: vessels dating to the
first century BCE (coffin burials-Type I; Figs. 1II.67,
68) , pottery dating to the first century CE until 70 CE
(collected bones-Type II, Fig. 1II.69; and ossuary buri-
als-Type III) and artifacts dating from the second half
of the first century CE into the second century CE (os-
suary burials in Tomb H- Fig. LII.70 and its associated
mourning enclosure).
Secondly, due to the excellent preservation and the
undisturbed nature of many of these tombs, it is possible Fig. 1lI.67. POllel)' assemblagefrol1l coffin (ombs. T)p e I.
 CHAPTER III THE FINDS 133

Fig. ff1.68. POllery assemblage fro m

coffin tombs, Type I.

Fig. 111.69. POllery assemb/a/Je from

colla' red bone burials. Type II.

Fig. Ill. 70. Pollery assemblagefrom

Tomh H, Type Ill.

to reconstruct a more complete picture of the burial pottery vessels , placed with the deceased during the first
customs during the Second Temple period . This is par- ce ntury BCE-first century CE (for detail s see below,
ticularly evident with regard to the burial gifts, including Chapters VIII and IX).

NOTES

J Most of the tombs excavated in the Jc.rusaicm w'ea were pre-
viously di sturbed and indicate a lon ge r pcriod of usc than the
tombs in Jericho. Only the most rele van t pottery parallels will
be mentioned in thi s di scussion .
2Lapp (1961: 184-188) includes our T ypes All and Al2 in his
ge ne ral group of glob ul ar coo king pots (Type 71.1), thus incor-
reetly dati ng this type to 200 BCE- 70 CE. When the two
sub-types are properly di sti ng uished, the high-necked globular
cook ing pots (Al I ) are clearly earlier than their s hort- necked
relative (Al2).
31n Lapp 1961: 152 it is erroneously refelTed to as Type II .
134 RACHEL HACHLILI AND ANN E. KILLEBREW

THE GLASS VESSELS main types of bottles were recovered. Fig. III.71 :2, found 

Rachel Hachlili and Ann E. Killebrew in  Tomb A6,  has  a  long  tubular neck and  an  outcurving 
rim.  Its  domed,  bulbous  body  with  a  slightly  concave 
One glass amphOliskos from a coffin burial (Tomb D12) base  is  about  one­third  of the  the  vessel's  total  height. 
and several glass bottles from ossuary burials (Tombs A6 This fonn has been tcnncd a 'candlestick unguentarium', 
and H) were recovered from the Jericho cemetery. comparahle  to  Isings'  Fonn  82  (Isings  1957;  Barag 
1972:24­25  and  n.  7; Hayes  1975:71,  dated  to  the  late 
Glass Amphoriskos (Fig. III.7l:l). The amphoriskos first­­carly  second centuries CE). 
found near the child's feet in Coffin 104b (Tomb D12, The second type of bottle (Fig. 71 :3­5) found  in  Kokh
Kokh 2) is of core-made glass with a pointed base fused 9  of Tomb H  is  smaller than  No.2.  It  has  a cylindrical 
to the bottom. It is dark blue, with an inlaid yellow thread neck bulging toward  its  base,  with a small rounded body 
wound around the vessel, usually forming lines, except and flat base. It is generally dated to the mid­first through 
on the upper part of the body where it fonns a zigzag the  first  half of the  third  century CE (Isings  1957:  Fonn 
(Hayes 1975:7). Originally it had two handles (one miss- 28; Barag 1972:24­25; Hayes 1975:89­71). 
ing) made of translucent blue glass.  Both  types of blown glass bottles belong to a group of 
Comparable vessels have been found  in  Bati, Myrina,  Roman  glass  vessels, which  first  appear during the  sec-
a necropolis of the third­second centuries BCE (Fossing  ond  half of the  first  century CEo T hey have  been  recov-
1940:  Figs.  92 , 93)  and  in  Cyprus (Harden  1968:55­­63,  ered  in  funerary  and  domestic  contexts  and  are  found 
PI. IVB:  g).  Harden maintains that much of the Hellcnis- throughout  the  Roman Empire, especially in  the eastern 
tic core­made glass was produced along the Syrian coast,  Mediterranean  region  (Barag  1972:25­28; for examples 
although  workshops  may  have  existed  in  Alexandria,  of  comparable  glass  unguentaria  from  rock­cut  tombs 
Rhodes  and  perhaps  Cyprus.  Usually  dated  to  the  sec- dating  to  the  second  half  of  the  first  century  CE,  see 
ond­first centuries  BCE (Hayes  1975:14,  No.  33),  our  Baramki  1935:  PI. LXXX;  Kahane  1961:  Figs.  3:9­17, 
vessel  seems  to  belong  to  these  groups  of  core­made  4:4,  10;  Bennett  1965:528,  Fig.  269;  Bahat  1982c: 
amphoriskoi.  Fig. 2:6­9 ; Porath and Levy 1993: Fig. 2:8, 9). 
The glass amphoriskos found in a coffin burial dates to 
BOllles (Fig.  III.71:2­5).  Several  blown  glass  unguen- the first century BCE. The glass bottles found  in  ossuary 
taria were found in association with ossuary burials. Two  tombs (A6 and H) are also dated to the first century CE. 

\~' ~
~
;\

~ "
w
o  2 
~\ 3  5 

'---'

Fig. lIf. 71. Glass amphoriskos and unguenlaria.

No. FOl?lI Reg. No. Tomb Type Tomb No. Cal. No.
Amphoriskos  96  D12  142 
2  Bonle  4  III A6  35 
3  Bonle  305  lH  H  787 
4  Bonle  294  lH  H 785 
5  Bonle  296  III H 786 
 CHAPTER HI : THE FI:\DS
THE COINS
Rachel Hachlili
Four coins were found in two of about fifty rock-cut tombs
examined during the excavation s. Two of the coins were
found in Tomb 018 (Tomb Type I), dated by its contents to
approx.imateJy the second half of the first cenmry BCE
(HachliJi and Killebrew J983a: 118; 1983c; 1986).
No. I (Cat. No. 255)
A coin of Yehohanan Hyrcanu s I (134-104 BCE;
Fig. III.72; Meshorer 1982, 1:141, PI. 35, Type Ma3;
1990-1991:106-107; 1997:31 ,35-39) was found in the
debri s at the entrance to Tomb D 18 .
Obv.: Inscription in wreath: Yehohanan the High Priest
and ~le ve r of the Jews.
CJ',,;'/';"Jm'7111;'/ j;'::>;'/ llm;,'jA
Rev.: Double cornucopiae, with pomegra nate between
horns.
Bronze, 15 mm, 1.216 gm.
o
or
Fig. III. 72. C(lill Ye/zolUliWIl HyrcwlIIs I
(Cal. No. 255), 7iilllh DIS.
No.2 (Cat. No . 256)
A bronze coin of Herod Archelaus (4 BCE- 6 CE;
Fig. III.73; Meshorer 1982 . II:31 - 34. 240, PI. 5:5;
1997: 73- 74) was found in the damaged sk ull of a coffin
burial in Tomb 018, on the west bench of the chamber
(Fig. 11.52).
Obv.: Prow of galley to right: inscription: H P W.
Rev.: Inscription in wreath: E<:-)N
Bronze, 14 mm, 9. 176 gm.
o (For a preliminary report on Jericho anthropological
Fig. III. 73. Coin ofHerod Archelaus ICal. No. 256), TombDl8.
135
Nos. 3,4 (Cat. Nos. 82, 83)
Two coins were discovered in Tomb 03 (Tomb Type II,
piles of secondary collected bones; Hachlili and Kille-
brew 1983a: 124-125, 128). The coins were found stuck
together in a skull uncovered in Kokh I . Both were
bronze coins of A grippa I (37-44 CE; Figs. 1II .74, 75)
dated to his sixth year (41-42 CE; Meshorer 1982, II :
51-64,249: 11, PI. 10: 110; 1990-1991: 109; 1997:88-90,
PI. 52: 120)
Obv.: Canopy; around, in scription BACIA£[WC]
ArPIITA Lower part of coin worn.
Rev .: Three ears of corn issuing from two leaves in field;
date [LJ ~ (year 6 = 42 CE).
Bronze, 16 mm, 2.258 gm .
Obv.: Same as abo ve. Left side of coi n worn.
Rev.: Same as above. Only partially visible.
Bronze, 17 mm, 1.7 16 gm.
o
Fig. 111.74. Coin of Agrippa I ICal. No. 82), Tomb D3.
o
Fig. 1f1.75. Coin ofAgrippa I (Cal. No. 83), Tomb D3.
Only one of the coins, that of Yehobanan Hyrcanus 1 in
Tomb D 18, was not in situ , and see ms to have fallen into
the entrance debris. The three other coins had intention-
ally been placed in two of the burial s.
As a rule, most excavated skull s, inc luding those from
Jericho, are found in a damaged condition, so that coins
could have been originally placed in any part of the skull.
data, see Aren sburg and Smith 1983: 136- 130, Figs. 1-
9.) The two cases of coins in Jericho associated with
136 RACHEL HACHLlLl

skulls and a similar coin of Agrippa I found inside the MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS
skull of a woman in the Caiaphas family tomb (Greenhut Rachel Hachlili
1992:70) were explained as coins placed in the mouth, as
a payment for Charon (Charon ' s abal), mainly because
the custom was well known in the Hellenistic world LEATHER
(Kurtz and Boardman 1971 :211; Toynbee 1971:49, 119,
124, 219, n. 16; Stevens 1991). As Jews were often Sandals
influenced by the sUITounding Hellenistic culture, on a. A left foot three-layer sole (Cat. No. 303; Fig. rn.76;
occasion they adopted Hellenistic practices and customs Coffin 187, Tomb D27 - 6) was found under the
(Hachlili and I(jllebrew 1983a: 127-128) without neces- woman ' s skull at the end of the coffin; thi s is one of a pair
sarily accepting their pagan significance. It is interesting of sandals placed one on top of the other (the second sole
that only two of the skulls were at all associated with was in bad condition) . The three-layer sole was probably
coins among the hundreds of skulls examined during the secured by stitching with fine leather thongs. The stitch-
excavations of the Jericho cemetery (see Rahmani ing (no thongs have survived) was done along the edges
1980b; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c:149-151; of the soles and along the center. Similar sandals were
1986:59-60 for further discussion) ; but see Rahmani
(1993:149-150), who maintains that the two cases in .. It_ " U
dI r-.J V ~
Jericho and one in Jerusalem can hardly represent a
custom that was practiced by Jews in Jerusalem and ~ \. ~'"
I'f I~
~ ~ 1 '"
. ~ " .. "."
V
".
Jericho. However, it seems more probable to conclude ~J, .. f ~
that, though rare, thcse are mani festations of pagan i nflu- o 2
L------'

ence on Jewish burial customs.

Coins Found in Tombs; Archaeological Evidence

During the past century, though hundreds of tombs
dating from the Second Temple down to the Late Roman
period s have been excavated or surveyed, coins are a rare
occurrence therein (Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c; 1986;
Greenhut 1992:71). In addition to Jerusalem and Jericho,
the use of coins in funerary rituals can be attested at only
two other sites in the country: 'En Boqeq and Mamshit
(Mampsis). ' En Boqeq is the site of a second centUlY CE
Roman fortress in the Judean Desert. The deceased
was found in an excavated burial with two silver dinalii
of Hadrian (ca . 113 CE) placed on his eye sockets
(Gichon 1970: 138 , 141). Nearby a coin of the Bar-
Kokhba Revolt was found. The excavator could neither
determine the nationality of the deceased nor suggest
whether he was a permanent resident, but assumed that
he was not Jewish.
In the excavations of two tombs (Nos. 100 and 117) in
the Nabatean necropolis of Mampsis in the Negev, two
silver dinarii of Trajan (ca . 117 CE) were found between
the teeth of the deceased (Negev 1971: I 19, 128), prob-
ably in line with the Greek custom of placing coins as
payment to Charon.
Thus, placing coins in tombs does not seem to have
been part of the custommy burial ritual, though it is
occasionally evidenced. It was no doubt an even rarer Fig. Ill. 76. Leather sandal sales (Cat. No. 303).
occun'ence among Jews. Tomb D27 - 6. Coffin 187.
 CHAPTER III : THE FINDS 137

found in the Judean Desel1, where they were dated to the

second century CE: Cave of the Letters (Yadin
1963:165-168, PI. 58); Nahal Hever, the earlier excava-
tion  of  the  Cave  of  the  Letters  (Aharoni  1961: 
Pl.  XXII: 1­4);  Nahal  Mishmar  (Bar­Adon  1961: 
PI.  15A);  Murabba 'at  (Benoit  et  al.  196 I:  PI.  XI);  ' En 
Gedi  (A vigad  1962b: PI.  19:4­6) and the Cave of Horror 
(Aharoni  1962:  PI.  28:B­ D). The sandal  soles  were  se-
cured with leather bindings threaded through two slits on 
both  sides  of  the  upper  sole,  near  the  heel  (Yadin 
1963: 167). 
Our sole  had  no  traces  of slits  or straps. These  may 
have been obliterated as they were in  the damaged upper 
layer; alternatively, the soles may have belonged to shoes 
rather than sandals (a child' s shoe was found  in  the Nahal 
Hever cave, Aharoni  1961 : Pl. XXIII:5). 
b.  Fragments of the sandal  sole (Cat. No. 303) recovered  
in  bad condition in  Coffin  187 .  Fig. 111.78. Lea/her sandal sole (Cal. No. 239).
c.  Fragments  of  sole  layers  (Cat.  No.  154;  Fig.  III.77;  Tomb D1 5, Coffin 128
Coffin  103, Tomb DI2­1), similar to  (a) and (b). 

Leather  Fragments  (Cat.  No.  302;  Coffin  187,  Tomb 

D27 - 6).
These  leather  fragments  were  found  with  twigs  in  the 
coffm,  indicating that  the fragme nts  may  have  belonged 
to a  leather mattress. 
Buttons(?)  and  leather  fragments  (Cat.  No.  153; 
Fig. III.79) found in Coffin 78, Tomb D 12­pit, may have 
belonged to sandal s, shoes(?) or leather gannents( ?). 

Fig. 111.77. Lealher sandal sale

(Cat. No. 154), Tomb DI2 - I . Cuffin 103.

d.  Fragments of sole layers (Cat.  No.1 56)  in  bad condi-

tion (Coffin  104a, Tomb D 12 ­ 2). 
e.  Fragments  of sole  layers  (Cat.  No.  239;  Fig.  III.78; 
Coffin  128, Tomb D 15). 
The  sandals(?)  in  the  wooden  coffins  seem  to  have 
been  placed there  as  part of funerary  rites  probably con-
nected  with  women  and  children.  In  the  best  preserved 
example (a),  the sandals were found  under the  woman's 
skull;  placing  the  sandals  under  the  head,  rather  than 
beside  the feet,  may  perhaps  have  had some meaning in  Fig. III. 79. Leather bUl1ons( /) andfragmenls
connection with lites of grief or mourning .  (Cal. No. 153). Tomb DI 2 - pil. Cuffin 78.
138 RACH EL J-IACHl..ILI

WOODEN OBJ ECTS e. Bowl , fragmentary (Cat. No. 241, Coffin 128, Tomb
DIS), similar to Bowl (b).
a. Bowl (Fig. III.SO:l ; Coffin 59, Tomb 09 -3), deep , Similar wooden bowl s were found in the Judean De-
with straight sides; lathe marks; incised concentric cir- sert C,I\CS (A haroni 1961: PI. XXIII. 4 ; Benoit et al.
cles on hase. A similar bowll was recently found in coffins 1961: PI. X; Yadin 1963: PI. 39: 9, 10, 14; and the ' En
at 'En Gedi (Hadas 1994:5"" Fig. 14 : 10). Gedi tombs, Hadas 1994:5*,5 I).
b. Bowl (I-"ig. m.SO :2; Collin 104a, Tomb 012 - 2), Also retrieved were a handle(?) and boxC) fragments
deep, with rounded sides and inverted rim. Similar bowls (Cat. No. 60; L 7 cm, Tomb 02 - 6), decorated with two
were found at 'En Gcdi associated with burial s in incised lines, and se veral small di sk -shaped depressions
wooden coHins (Avigad 1962b: PI. 18A; Hada s 1994:5*, on fragments. insufficient for determining the shape of
51,Fig. 50:16, IS). the vessel.
c. Bowl (Fig. III.80:3: Coffin 104b, Tomb 012 - 2).
small, dee p, straight sides; slightly everted rim; in cised
concentric circles at oUler edge of base. A larger compa- BRONZE
rable wooden box dated 10 the Bar-Kokhba period (sec-
ond century C E) was found in the Cave of Horror Clasp. Two pieces of a clasp for a chest or box
(Aharoni 1962: PI. 25, Fig. F) . (Fig. IlI.81 ; Tomb 0 I - 2). The bar has an angular twist
d. Bowl fragment (Fig. IIUlO:4; Coffin I 04b, Tomb 012 and ends in a square device which received the bolt of the
- 2). An unusuallwislcd fragment of wood. lock. The part which was connected to the box is plaited.

~- ' ~-.r" . ~-

'.
\
\
I

Dl
-(i'>-" '
,
, 1

\ -
• U" - 3

o 2

~ - ~ .:- "' '-

--
''--. - .......~ - - = .--.::::::. -
--'----'
~ .

Fig. 111.80. Woodell bowls.

o. F(lrnl Reg. No. To m" Tlpe T()IIl" No. em. No.

Bow l 60 09 I II
2 BQwl 10511 012 158
3 Bowl 11 2 012 160
4 B ow l (frag.) 105/2 012 159
 CHAPTER 1JI THE FINDS 139 

' En  Gedi (Hadas  1994:40, Fig.  62:31). These kohl sticks 

probably  se rved  to  prepare  the  cosmetics  as  well  as  to 
apply them. 

Cylinder (broad  ring')  (Cat.  No.  109;  W  18  cm,  Oiam. 

18  cm; Coffin 59, Tomb 09 ­ 3). 

Two  small  hell-shaped ohjects (Fig.  IfI.83;  Tomb  F7). 

Nail with round  head (Cat.  No. 793; Tomb H, Kokh 8).
Fig. 111.81. Bron ze clasp (L 6.5 ern, W 1.3, 0.6 em, Th 0.4 cm;
Cal. No. 47), Tomb DI.

A similar clasp was found in the Cave of the Letters

(Yadin 1963: No. 37, p. 90, PI. 25, Fig. 32, the Bar-
Kok.hba period, second century CE). 
o 
)€ 2 
2 
'­­'­­­­­' 
Kohl Stick (Fig.  III.82;  Coffin  78,  Tomb  012 ­ pit). 
Inc ised grooves and  bands at the top .  Fig. 11/.83. BrOll ze bells (H 1.6 em, Diam. 1.8 em;
Cal. No. 416), Tomb F7.
A  bronze  kohl  s tick  from  a  bUlial  cave in  East Talpi-
yot (Kloner and  Gat  1982:74,  PI. XXXlIl:8) has  incised 
rings and bands . A bronze stick similar to ours was found 
IRON
with  a  woman's  bones  in  an  ossuary  in  a  tomb  on  Mt. 
Scopus  (Kloner  1980a:  160,  PI. 30:  I) and  in Tomb  6  at 
Nails. Some of the  nails  recovered  in  the Jericho  tombs,  
designated  below  as  Group  a,  were  found  with  the  
~ "
wooden  coffins  and  served  to  join  their  parts.  Others  
were  found  in  front of kokhilll or the entrance. The nails  
were  probably  wrought ,  forged  by  hand  (Hodges  
1964: 119).  

Nails from  Coffin  11 3, Tomb 014:  

a l­ 5.  Group of large angular nails  (Cat.  No.  222) found  
with  iron  corner sheets  (Cat.  Nos.  2 16­ 2 18)  and  a  pl ate  
(Cat.  No.  219;  p.  67).  

Nails from  pit in Tomb 012 :  

a6. Two thin iron nails (L 6.5 em, Oiam. 0 .3­0.6 cm) and  
a nail­head (L 6.5 cm, Oiam. 2.0 cm; Cat. Nos.  145­147)  
from Coffin 78, of unclear function.  
Two iron nails  with remains of wood were found  in  a 
tomb on Mt.  Scopus (Tzafelis  1982:5 I).
The nails of Group b were not associated with wooden 
coffins.  They  may  have  been  used  for  inci sing  insc rip-
tions  like  the  iron chisels or they may have  had  a  ' magi-
o  2 
'---J
ca l'  function  (see above). 
Fig. 11/. 82. Bronze kohl slick ( L 17 em, Diam . 3 em;
Car. No. 144), Tomb D12.
140 RACHEL HACHLlLl

b 1. Nail fragment s (Cat. No. 254; L 2.5, 1.7 cm, Diam. Iron  nails  have  been  recovered  in  several  tombs  in 
1.3 cm) found near entrance of Tomb D 18. Jerusalem  (Rahmani  1961: 100,  106),  including  Jason's 
b2. Two large angular nails (Cat. No. 298) with round Tomb  (Rahmani  1967a:91 ),  an  ossuary  tomb  on  Mt. 
heads were found in Tomb D27, in front of sealed Kokh 3 Scopus  (Rahmani  1980a:53)  and  the  Caiaphas  tomb 
(L 7.0 cm, angle 2°, head diam. 4.5 cm). Their location is (Greenhut  1992:68,  suggested  to  be  used  for  incising 
unusual, and they seem to have been placed intentionally inscriptions on ossuaries). 
in front of the sealed kokh . This may be connected with
the custom of placing nails in cemeteries or tombs, a Chisels. Four chisels  were recovered  in  Tomb H: one in 
magical practice also known in burials (see p. 169; Hach- Chamber  A:  in  the  pit  (Cat.  No.  794);  and  three  in 
lili  and  Killebrew  J983a: 127­128).  Chamber  B:  one  in  Kokh 13  (Fig.  III .84:1;  L  10.0  cm, 
Diam. 0.4 cm); one chisel fragment on  the  floor in  front 
Nails from Tomb H:   of Kokhim 10­11  (Fig.  III.84:2);  and one under Ossuary 
b3.  Iron  nail­heads from  Kokhim 4  (Fig.  I1I.84:5)  and  6   XI (Fig . III.84:3). 
(Fig. III.84:6), respectively.   The  presence  of  these  chisels  in  Tomb  H  may  be 
b4.  Two angUlar nails or keys  from  in  front of Kokhim 9 explained as having been used for carving inscriptions on 
(Fig. m.84:4) and 6 (Cat. No. 792).   the ossuaries. 

Other iron objects:  
Tool(?)  fragments  (Cat.  No.1 10,  Tomb  D9 ­ 4,  p.  18).  
Fragments (Cat. No. 417; Tomb F7), probably ofa blade.  

V ARIED  OBJECTS 
4 
Bone Spatula (Fig.  III.85 ; Coffin  78,  Tomb D12 ­ pit). 
Bone objects are rare in  tombs.  A bone fork  and die were 
2  recovered  in  Jason's  Tomb  (Rahmani  1967a:90, 
PI. 24D). 
5 
Beads. Two  faience  beads  were  found  in  Coffin  94 , 
Tomb  D12­ 3  (Fig.  ITI.86:1)  and  in  Tomb  A2­ 1 

~
\'. 

3 

Fig. 111.84. lrol1l1aiis and chisels.

Reg. Tomb Tomb

No. Form No. Type No. Cal. No.

I  Chi sel 310  [II H 812 

2  Chi se l 31  I  III H 813 
3  Chi sel 274  III H 811 
4  Nail or key 288  III H 790  0 
290  '---- ~
5  Nail III H 791 
6  Nail 303  III H 795 
Fig. Ill. 85.  Bonespaluia (Car. No. 157;  TombDI2}.
 CHAPTER  III :  THE  FINDS  141

:.,
-
o 2

I€  ' 1

...,.' ~ '
' ~. ' , : ' :

o 
~
'

..
2 

Fig. 111.87. SlOne weighl (Cal. No. 461 ), f rom

mourning enclosure (Locus H II ). 

Fig. 111.86. Faience and glass beads.

Reg. Tomb Tomb Cal.

No. Form No. Type No. No.

Faie nce bead 100 Dl2 148

2 Faience bead II I III A2 29
3 Glass bead 7711 I DI 2 143
4 Gl ass bead? 353fl II F7 414 o 
I

5 Gl ass bead 35312 II F7 4 15

Fig. II/. 88. Obsidianflakes (Ca l. N o. 163; Tomb DI 2).

(Fig. III. 86:2); a glass bead in Coffin 78, Tomb D 12 - pit

(Fig. III.86:3); two glass beads in Tomb F7 (Fig. III.86:4,
5); and two faience beads in Tomb H, Kokh 1 and in front
of Kokh 9 (Cat. Nos. 789, 788, respectively).

Folded Lead Plaque (fragmentary ; Cat. No . 220 , Coffin

113, Tomb D 14 ). L 4.4 cm, W 3.2 cm, Th 0.3 cm. Some
folded lead plaques inscribed with omens, and some-
times  pierced  with  a  nail,  have  been  found  in  Greek 
tombs (Kurtz and Boardman  1971 :217,  PI.  45) . 

A  round,  well­made  stone weight(?) (Fig.  III.87) , found 

in  the upper pool of the  miqveh (Locus H 11).  Fig. 111. 89. Basall weighl (Cal. No. 149,' Tomb D12),

Two obsidian flakes(?) (Fig. 111.88), found  together with  Basalt weight or grinding stone, Coffin 78, Tomb D12 -

the glass bead , kohl stick, etc.  in Coffin 78, Tomb D 12.  pit (Fig . 111.89). 
 CHAPTER IV

THE INSCRIPTIONS

RACHEL HACHLlLl

INSCRIPTIONS FROM TOMB H: person, as indicated  by  their similar cursive Greek script 

THE GOLIATH FAMILY TOMB and their unusual position at the edge of the ossuary front, 
both written vertically from top to  bottom. The individu-
Inscriptions appear on the front , sides and lids of the als in  these ossuaries were father and son. 
ossuaries recovered at Jericho. They generally include Though each of the two ossuaries, Nos. XIII and XXI, 
the name of the deceased and his family relationship, held  the  remains  of  a  single  individual,  two  different 
with the exception of Inscriptions 3a, 3b and 14. Most of names  appear  on  each.  Inscription  5a  on  Ossuary  XIII 
the in scriptions were either incised into the soft lime- reads  MANAHMOC  (Menahem),  while  Inscription  5b 
stone  with  a  chi sel  (or  nail?),  or  written  in  ink  (Inscrip- has only CIMWN (Simon), which  also occurs in  Inscrip-
tions  3a,  3b)  or  in  charcoal  (Inscription  14).  Many  tions  6a and  6b on  Ossuary  XIV.  The individual  whose 
inscliptions are  repeated  on  tbe  ossuaries  at  least twice,  bones rest in  this ossuary  was probably Menahem, son of 
sometimes  three  or  more  times.  The  inscriptions  and  Simon. 
related  information, a translation and a brief explanation  Ossuary XXI bears Inscription 12a:  'Yeho 'ezer son of 
are summarized in  Table IV. I (Hachlili  1979b: Table  I).  Ele 'azar', while on the  side  of this ossuary,  Eleazaros is 
Seventeen  of  the  inscriptions  are  in  Greek  and  the  written  in  Greek (Inscription  12b). The name Ele'azaros 
remaining fifteen  are in  Jewish  script.  Bilingual  inscrip- was probably meant to stress that Yeho'ezer was the son 
tions  were  found  on  three  ossuaries,  all  from  one  kokh: of Ele 'azar (but see Mayer  1924:59, n.  I). 
Nos.  XVlH .  XX,  XXI.  Indeed,  the  occunence  of bilin- Inscriptions  7a  and  7b  differ  slightly.  Inscription  7b 
gual  inscliptions  on  ossuaries  is  not  uncommon  (Klein  indicates  a  three­generation  genealogy  where  bat prob-
1920:21,No.17 ; 24, No.47;Frey 1952: Nos.  1293,  1344,  ably means  'granddaughter'. In  7a the word  bal between 
1350,  1372,  1373 ,  1374;  A vigad  1962a: 10,  Fig.  16 ; see  Natan ' el and Shelamsiyon is lacking, perhaps due to lack 
also,  Rahmani  1994: 11­19).  of space. This inscription is unusual as Maria, of the third 
The bilingual  Inscriptions 9a­c and  Ila­c on Ossuar- generation, traces her ancestry back to a woman, Shelam-
ies  XVIII  and  XX  were probably  executed  by  the  same  siyon.  There  are  no  other  such  occurrences  in  Jewish 
hand.  In  Inscriptions  9a  and  Ila,  the  Greek  letters  are  funerary  inscriptions. (But see Ishma'el  bar  Pal~; bar in 
almost identical in execution. In  Inscriptions 9c and  Ilc,  this case means 'grandson', Hachlili  1978:45, 4S.) 
which  are  inci sed  lengthwise along the ossuary  lids,  the 
letters are crowded  and elongated. The style of the script 
and  the  spelling  are  similar:  in  both  inscription s  the  INSCRIPTION  3 
scribe  incised  an  omicron instead  of an  omega. Insclip- (Fig.  IV.l:a­c) 
tions 9b and  II b,  in Jewish script, are written in the same 
cursive style,  and  may  have  been  produced  by  the  same  eEO~TY AIlEAEY­0EPOY BACIAICCHC-
hand.  Inscription s  Sa­d  and  13a  may  also  have  been  ArPInnEI NHC­COPOC 
wlitten  by  the  same  hand . They consist of two  identical  Theodotos, Freedman of Queen Agrippina­Ossuary 
names  inscribed  on  children 's ossuaries,  Nos.  XVI  and 
XXII.  Inscription  13  has an additional name. Inscriptions  Inscriptions  3a  and  3b  on  Ossuary  VIII  are  the  most 
5a,  5b  and  6a,  6b  may  have  been  incised  by  the  same  interesting  in  this  tomb.  Both  Greek  inscriptions  were 
 Table IV.I. The Ossuary Inscriptions, Tomb H
In ~cr. 0", Location L nC ~I(io n F ig. N o.
No, No, (K = Kokh) on O:-;s uary in Tex t In scription T ra n, btion Co mlh .~ . nl:-.

Chamber A
Bl;! fore K I ;JnJ passage: From I V,:1 M AJ' I AMH II' IOYilOY MH ri am ~ wi rc or J lldah II' = nbbrevintion of rYl'-H
2a II Before KI Lid IV .4:" 11":>1 1T)I'7~ ]J 1Tl/ l;'1' Y ch o·~l.cr
:.on nf Ek 'al;lr Gnliath
:> b Bac k I V A: I> 11''7l 1TlI'7~ P 'TlIl;'1' Ycho'cL.er ! OIl or Ele"u7ar Gn liarll
14 VI Betwecn K I "nd K2, Insid" lid IV ,2 ABf fi
The lid 'ovall in IhL: pit EZ
HEl('!)
<l>
.1 " !l"ck (Icfl) I V , I :" 0 EOAOTOY Aill'AEY- 111CO<lO"" freedm an of Queen Agri ppin,,-
VIII In K2 tb.lck) J linc ~ 0 E r OY B ACIJ\ ](C H( - O" u:tr)
I\lPIn ru:!l NHC capoc
.1b Back (ri ght ; IV . I :b 0 EOL\OTOY AnEA EYflEPOY- 'rh f'odot os t'recdmall ofQll cen Ag rippina
'2 lin c ~ B AC 1A](!!C A rPIn tt EI NHC
n
:r:
Chamber B ;..
I
4a From IV ,5:a IWEZPOC Y eho'etcr
~
tTl
4b Before K 12- 1:1 Back t WEZ POC lCM AHJ\OY Yeha'c!.crson of I,hnllt ' el ;>:l
X II I V.5:1>
·le Lid (i nSide) IV.5 :c t WEZPOC IC Mi\HJ\OY Yeho' vcr son of I 'hma' cl I <
'ia P' run t IV. 6::I MANN-I t-IOC M cnul.1c m Two dliTerelli nal1le) onlhc 1
I
-l
:r:
5h X III On nON Si de IV 6:b CtMW N SimtHl ... n l ~ O... S l ~ ' lry tTl
I
6:. Ve rticall y ()Il rront IV,7 :" ( 1i'-,jW N Simon I Z
Vl
6b XIV Onfi ()or Side IV .7:" (lMWN Simon n
~
7u Fronl I V .8: a 1t!10'7l11 7 ~ (3 1 I1l 111J ;'1'10 Mari" da ughtcr of N:ui an id Shelamsi yon
7h B"ck IV. 8: b 1t!10'7t!1 I1J '7NllJI1l 11'1J ;'1'10 Maria <lnllgi1 ler of Nutl ani ul daughter of Shelllms iYlln ~
XV On t'i !)() r I\ t~:c
oz
7c Side 111.J ;]'10 M "riu cJ u l ~ h t~ r
Vl
8a Loft side IV.9:a (? ~'JI ) ~'JP 11111;'1 ' / (?K'JIN ) ~'JP 1 TlIl;;' Ycho'czcr A G"by" a \ A l ~ by ', '] ) f Ycho'l:lA: r A qaby" J (Alilby' , ~ )
811 On floor below K 15 Rig ht ,ide, inside ro'> ClI c IV .') :h (?~'JT ) ~'JP A q,lby' <t (Az,lby' a" ) Two na me" nn a ., ingle
~ c XVI L id, c nd I V.9 :c ( 1~ ' J T~) ~'JP 11111;'1' Y cho'cz<r Aqaby'a ( AZ3 b y 'a") o::..\ uary . refe rrin g to o ne
~d L id, end [V.9:d (? ~'JT ) N'JP~ 1TlIl;'1' Ye h,,' '''/cr A 'ln hY ' ~ IAI:tby' u?) illdi viuuul
'iu Side (1,,1') IV .IO: a I WEZPOC t WEZPOY rOA1AEJOY Ych(J'C7-l.! f '!> on of YehV'e./cr G, lli ulh
9b XV III In K 14 front , ri ght Side (bll!lom) IV. I (I:b 11''7l 1TlIl;]' p 1TlIl;'1' Ycho 't;/.t:.r ,... OJI of Y ehu 'ct.cr Goli ath
9c Lid I V . I O:c tO EZI'O( IO U POY fOJ\1AOOY Yeho 'clcr son of Y eho 'eJ:cr GO li ath
10 XIX In K 14 fronl, Icfl On fmnt , hel wecn I V. II CA t\ \\11\111 fYN H l W EZPOY fOi\J AOO Y SaloJnt' w ife (I f Y c ho\ ~l.c r Go liath and her son
two r o st: U(::::, K A 1IG\ili\HAOC YIOe KA t ],11 11111"1alld
t WEZPOCYJO( hl!f ~ Q Il Yeho'e.ter
Ii a Si dCUoJl) I V.1 2:a C£A AJlltClOY( MtlTPOC IW EZ.POY f 01\J.'\ OOY S hc l iJ m~l )' o l mmhl'r ur Y ch~ I't.: /l 'r r inliul h
Il h XX III K 14 bru; k (right) Si tl ~ (bonom) I V. 12:b r1'7l 1TlIl;'1 ' '1 ;'I 7.1 K 11'i77.1'7l11 Sll l.!' ium si yon Ilo ( h ~r o f Yl.!ho 'e:1e.r Go liul h
lie Li d I V . 12:, CE A A M ClOY( IvIHT POC IOEZPO Y ro AI A OOY Shulll m ... iyon tlH) l her I) f Y l'Il()' c/ cr Go liath
1211 XXI III K I 4 buck (left) Fro nt , curneT IV I L l lTI'7~ lJ 11111,1' Y~ l o ' t." .tc r I\o n or Elc'ul.ar E.xceptiolllli h ~ i gh l 1.8RS OJ
12h Sid" I V. I.J,h .E,\ EAZAPOC EIe 'al:lf
I)a Back IV . 14:" ~7.10li' (?~'JI) ~'Jil\ lTlIl;'l' Y t: h o ' ~, cr A qahy 'a {/\l.tlhy·a·n ci nnll illoll
XX II In KI'i ( ?~'JI l !"JP~ A qohy' " i t\/ahy 'u!)
.j>..
IJb Litl IV . 14:" (?N'JT!'l !<:.'.JPI\: \.<l _' n h Y';,i Awb )".l -~ ------ w
144 RACHEL HACHLlLl

written in ink on the upper corners of the back of the

ossuary. The inscription mentions Queen Agrippina-
the first time a historica l figure appears in an ossuary
inscription . It is particularly noteworthy that the Greek
for ossuary, COPOC , appears at the end of Inscription 3a
(Fig. IV . l:a).
Theodotos eEO~TY is the only Greek name in- a
scribed on ossuaries found in this tomb, where all the
other names are Jewish. [t is obviously the Greek transla- StOOOTOyArrEAC(~
tion of the name Natanel (Ossuary XV, In scriptions 7a,
7b; Table IV . I ; Fig. [V .8:a, b), Theodotos probably be-
eEYOYBACJAlCCHC ~
ing NataneJ' s serv ile name. The assoc iation between
these two names is supported by the fact tha t many slaves
Arl JITJT€JNHC-,--coJ'()(
acquired Greek names at the time of their enslavement 0E0t10TOY AllEAEY-
0EPOY BAClAlCCHC-
(Gordon 1924: 100, 105 ; Westermann 1955:96; Duff ArpmnEINHC-COPOC
1958:56). The letter e in scribed on the lid (Fig. IV. I :c) is o 5
probably the initial of Theodotos and assigned th e lid to ....J em

the ossuary.
AllEAEY8EPOY (freedman of) refers to Theodo-
tos' status, indicating that he was manumitted by Queen
Agrippina. (For other Agrippina inscriptions, see Weaver
1972:47 , 64-65, 72.) It is likely that he was taken as a
'political slave ' , si nce he came from a prominent fami Iy.
Jews were often sold into slavery following rebellions. b
(For an inscription mentioning a Judean captive in the
eE'Ol>. (),o~ . : :~ evo (" 0 VI-
reign of Claudius, see Bang 1910:233.) Josephus records
the selling of Jews into slavery , e.g., in the days of
g»-Cl >-" I.... ~ -c;>--, , -: . :-~ :. ~ ~ IN hI;.

Cassius in 53 BCE (War I 180) ; during the revolt in Judea 0E0t10TOY AllEAEY0EPOY-
BACIAJCCHC ArPmnEINHC
at the time of Varus, legate of Syria (Wa r H 39-54; Ant.
XVII 254-268, 269); and at the time of the Jew ish Revolt
o!
2
I em
(War III 62). ... -
'I
From [n scription s 3a, 3b and 7a, 7b it is clear that
TheodotoslNatanel , who belonged to the second genera-
tion of the family buried in thi s tomb, was en slaved after
the birth of hi s daughter Maria. However, we know
neither how long Theodotos was a slave nor hi s age at
o 2
manumission (Weaver 1972: 103-104, average age of em
manumi ss ion wa~ between 30 and 40).
Fig. IV.I . Insc riptions 3a-c (Ossua ry VIII) .
BAClAICCHC ArPfDITEINHC-Queen Agrippina
in this inscription is Agrippina the Younger (15-59 CE),
who in 49 CE married Emperor Claudius, her uncle
(Tacitus, Ann. XII 1-8) and in 50 CE acquired the titl e Agrippina maintained a good relationship with the
'Augusta '. She was the owner of a large number of slaves Jewish king Agrippa II and his family. By being freed by
in her own right (Weaver 1972 :64). It is bel ieved th at she Queen Agrippina, TheodolOs obtained Roman citizen-
poisoned Claudius in 54 CE in order to ensure the succes- ship and a special statu s reserved for those who were
sion of her own son Nero. In the first years of Nero's rule slaves of the Augustae (Hachlili 1979b:46 ; for the legal
she continued her coregency (Tacitus, Ann. XII 64; XIII, statu s of Theodotos as a freedman of Queen Aglippina
2 1-22). She was murdered in 59 CE by a freedman see Piattelli 1987 ; 1990) .
(Tacitus, Ann. XIV 3-9; Jos., War II 249; Ant. XX 148 , The style of this insc ription is customary for funerary
151 ). inscriptions of freedmen: it contains his personal , servile
 CHAPTER IV THE INSCRIPTIONS
name, Theodotos, followed by the status indication (his
manumission) and his patron 's name , Queen Agrippina.
TheodotoslNatanel was probably enslaved after being
taken prisoner of war (perhaps during a ci vii disturbance
in Judea). He may then have been taken to Rome, where
he acquired his Greek servile name Theodotos
(= Natanel). It is tempting to suggest that Theodotos was
in charge of Roman interests or property of the empress
in Jericho, though there is no clear evidence thereof
(Hachlili 1979b:63, n. 2). His manumission can perhaps
be related to Agrippina's close connections with Agrippa
II and his family. Theodotos returned to his home in
Jericho, where he died and was interred in the family
tomb; hi s ossuary was inscribed with a funerary inscrip-
tion, which indicates his status as an 'imperial freedman'.
Inscriptions 7a, 7b (on Maria's ossuary, No. XV) estab-
lished his position in the family : TheodotoslNatanel, the
freedman of Queen Agrippina, son of Shelamsiyon and
father of Maria (see Table IV.I and family tree,
Fig. IV . 15).
INSCRIPTION 14
(Fig. IV .2; Hachlili 1979b:47-48; I 984a)
ABfMEZ/H0(?)/cD
Inscription 14 was written in charcoal on a lid, which
probably belonged to Ossuary VI (Fig . IIIA7) . The lid
was found standing in the northwest corner of the pit,
with the inscription facing the tomb entrance (Figs. lI .73,
74). Sometime during the use of the tomb, the lid was
probably removed from the ossuary , the leLters were
inscribed and the lid was intentionally placed facing the
entrance.
The inscription is a Greek abecedary, consisting of
nine letters of the alphabet. Line I: alpha, beta, gamma,
delta; Line 2: epsilon, ze ta(? or nu?), following the alpha-
betic sequence; Line 3: eta and theta (an unusual form).
Under a horizontal line drawn across the width of the lid
there is one letter, possibly a phi or a psi.
Abecedaries have been found in Israel, but so far only
one similar inscription with nine Greek letters was found
at Bet She 'arim, dated to the third--fourth centuries CE
(B. Mazar 1973: PI. XVII, 1). Several incomplete
Hebrew abecedaries are of earlier date, appealing on
seals, ostraca and pottery vessels (Hachlili 1979b:47;
1984a:28). Outside of Israel, a few Greek abecedaries
were found in tombs of the Roman period (Dornseiff
1922:158-168, 163,No.14; 165; No. 28; 166, No. I; 168
No.9; Coogan 1974:62-63).
145
~7j
ff{f
=L~
r
0 5
L----<--_ em
ABit. EZ Be( ?) <t>
Fig. IV 2. Inscription 14 (illsidt' lid, Ossuary VI).
A number of abecedaries from the Second Temple
period have been found in Herodium, Gezer, Qumran,
Murabba 'at, Tell 'Eton and caves in Mikhmas (Puech
1980; Hachlili 1984a:28, nn. 7-9; Patrich 1985: 157-158;
Kloner 1986:128-129; de Vaate 1994:148-161). In the
Jerusalem Akeldama Tomb I, Chamber D, slabs cover-
ing a trough had the seven letters of the Hebrew alphabet
drawn in charcoal, one on each slab; the last slab had two
letters (Avni and Greenhut 1996:12). These abecedaries
are usually interpreted as writing exerci ses (Demsky
1977: 16; Hestrin and Dayagi-Mendels 1978: 161; Naveh
1992:64-67). Therefore, the Greek abecedary found in
Jericho is the earliest found in a tomb in Israel. Its having
been written inside an ossuary lid, placed facing the tomb
entrance, seems to indicate that it was not a simple scribal
exercise, but rather had a 'magical' significance, in-
tended to ward off intruders or perhaps relate to the
spirits of the dead (Hachlili 1984a:30). There is evidence
of the mystique of letters in the ancient world (Dornseiff
1922:20-23) and from the second century on, the Jews
were probably attentive to the Pythagorean concept of
the creative powers of letLers and numbers (Trachtenberg
1961: 82). It may now even be suggested that some of the
incomplete Hebrew abecedaries on seals be regarded as
amulets rather than scribal exercises. Though proof is
lacking for the 'magical ' interpretation, it seems to be the
most acceptable explanation for this unusual inscription
(Hachlili 1979b:48; 1984a:30).
146 RA( 'HLL HACHLILI

NAMES l"'Jj?K­ Aqaby ';}  appears  in  kwish script eight times 

(Hachlili I 979b:48-S3, Tables 2,3 ; 1984b)
Of the thirteen personal names appearing in the Goliath
famil y, the majority are common in the onomasticon of
ossuary inscriptions. Three names a ppear here for the
first time: N atanel, Aqaby ' a (Aza by'a) and Goliath.
Most of the names appear in contemporaneous sources
(see also Mussies 1994), often speJled similarly, though
occasionall y with slight variations (e .g., Shelamsiyon
and Yeho'ezer). A few names are written only in Jewish
script-Aqa by 'a (Azaby' a), Maria and Natan ' el, while
several names are written both in Jewish and Greek
scripts (Ele'azar, Goliath, Shelamsiyon and Yeho ' ezer)
(Table IV.I ).
Personal names will be di scussed alphabetically, fol-
lowed by  the di scussion of the family  name­Goliath .  in Inscriptions 8a­d and  13a­c. Puech therefore suggests
III Inscription s  8  and  13,  Ossuaries  XVI  and  XXII 
(Figs.  IV.9,  14). This name  is  added  to  the  proper name 
[Hebrew]  Yeho'ezer  Cfable  IV.I ,  Inscription s  8,  13). 
This  is  the  only  OCCUITence  of the  name with  an  alef at 
both  the  be gi nning  and  the  end  (Hachlili  I 9 79b:48). 
The  name  may  be  a  transliteration  of the  Greek  name 
AKUPlOS , Akabios, which  occurs  in  an  inscription  from 
the  Hauran  (Lidzbarski  1902: 219 ,  though  transliterated 
into  Hebrew \vith  an  'ayiil/Jj?Y , as  in  'Akiva;  see Milik 
19S6-S7:247, Fig. [ 6:2 )  Puech (1983:S09) suggests that 
the  second  letter  should  be  read  as  a  zayin. The  letter 
1.0.1'111 is usually inserihed as a single stroke as in  the name 
Yeho ' ezer  (Figs.  IVA,  9,  10:b,  12:b,  13:a ,  14:a),  but 
twice the  zayin in  the  name  Yeho'ezer has  an additional 
line  (inscliptions  2a.  13a;  Figs.  IV.4:a,  14:a), so  that  it 
looks somewhat similar to  the second  letter of the  name 
 
the  reading  K'JTl\,  Azaby'a,  similar  to  'son  of  Ezbai ' 
(l Chron.  11:37),  a  name  related  to  the  Hebrew  J1TK , 
hyssop.  (But  see  Rahmani  1994:242,  who  suggested 
K'JTl\  'The Ezobite', an  abbreviation of the  name of the 
village  Bethezuba.)  However,  the  name  Azaby'a  is  un -

!vW J~ rl1 o \i oY
usual. The yod-alef ending of the name al so occurs in  the 
name  Pel atya  l\'tI~ (inscriptions  IS a,  I Sb,  16  from 
Tomb D I, Figs. IV. I 7 :a , b,  18 ; Hachlili  1978:46), which 
MAPJAMH  rYIOY60Y 
o 
i-
5
em
I
is  rare  in  names  of the  Second  Temple  peliod ,  usually 
Fig. /\1. 3. ill scrip/ion /  (Oss u£lry 1). ending  with  yod-he as  in  ;'itI~ (Neh.  10:23;  I  Chron. 

a 

n';] lTD;~ 1J.  lTDlil' 

oI _ 5  em
_ _~_-

b j "­\11 
"' ).,'\\y\'( ~ \ \Y \
n';] lTJ;~ 1J.  lTDlil' 
-;J\ \

Fig. /V.4. /n scrip/iolls 2a, b (Ossuary /1) .

'.
 CHAPTER IV: THE INSCRIPTIONS
3:21; 4:42; Hachlili 1978:46; 1984b: 195). Several names
ending in alefoccur among the exiles who returned from
Babylon (Ezra 2:4S, 49, 5 1-55,60). (For other examples
of this ending see Klein 1920:28; Benoit et al. 1961:99,
223.) Both the yod-alef and the yod-he endings were
pronounced ya. Several names ending with an alef, simi-
lar to Ntl!;l!:l, occur on ossuaries, e.g., N"!:lil7, Shappira and
Nrl17J, Marta (Bagatti and Milik 1958:Nos. 136, 39) and
in some of the Bar-Kokhba lette.[s: Ntl'n, Hita and N!;llY,
'Egla (Yadin 1962:227-228).
The names Ele'azar, Judah, Menahem, Mariame,
Maria and Salome were all common in the Second
Temple period (Hachlili I979b:48-49, Table 2; for
names of Jewish women, see Ilan 1989).
ZrO
a I
Jv~
[\VEZPOC
a 2
IL _ _
lWEZPOC
ICMAHAOY
c
~ 1(0 ( I( A~( '!fM
IWEZPOC lCMAHAOY
Fig. 111.5. Inscriptions 4a--c (Ossuary XII).
147
ICMAHA-Ishma'el is inscribed twice in Greek
on Ossuaries XII and XIX (Inscriptions 4b, 4c, 10;
Figs. IV .5: b, c, II). The name is spelled in Greek as in the
LXX and Josephus. Ishma'el is rare in the onomasticon
of the period, but is inscribed in Jewish script on a bowl
from Jericho Tomb Dl (Fig. IV.17:a, b; Hachlili
1978:45, Figs. 3-5, 13) and in Jerusalem (Bagatti and
Milik 1958: Oss. 4).
11'il77J!;lil7-Shelamsiyon appears in a number of
variations (Hachlili 1979b: Table 2), both in the Jewish
script C11'il77J!;lil7, lil77J!;lil7, Nos. 7a, 7b, 11 b; Figs. IV.8:a,
b, 12:b), and in Greek (CEAAMCIOYCN, Nos. lla, c;
Fig. IV.12:a, c; apparently a genitive of the name with-
out the final nu, Clermont-Ganneau 1899:388). This
name is common in the onomasticon of the period (Frey
1952:1223, 1265, 1297, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1353, 1363;
Milik 1956-1957:240,241,245). The spe.lling of the
name in Inscriptions 7a, 7b and 11 b is unique in having
a sin instead of a ~ade. The name is rare in Greek and
is found on another ossuary from Jerusalem, though
with a different spelling. This name seems to have had
c
several variations in both Jewish and Greek script. Sin
instead of shin occurs in several names such as tl!;lil7
(Salome) at Murabba'at (Benoit et al. 1961:145) and
Sima (:17J'il7). Yadin (1983:8, n.29) suggests that sin
...J em
' replacing samekh indicates an early date (first century
BCE, see also Puech 1983:505; Hachlili 1984b: 191-
192; llan 1989:191-192).
b
5
O~ em L - - - - . l em
Fig. 111.6. Inscriptions 5a, b (Ossuary XIII).
148 RACHEL HACHLILT

a I
of",'1'("'1:~prJ!l)
;I~/"-V'
.,~ •
:,.,. ;
."
•

flf·i'··... ., ,,',"

k'~;:
'-"~1\,
fr;"'-I.~,
'1':1'. '.
;' .;~'
'
'. • .,\.
,."-r'~!:t;
I 'I .,
,.1 - " ., •

.. , ~)I,
I
'!;~·
,~ JR'.
~ ;,.> , ;l.t_~
'<, .:2;"'<'"
! 'c' 1 6'!f~\l<
.-;( ~ '.\f.;-'l'- :': ~ .. ~
:
) V,~·c
·:'I~.li
f.. ,. ~ ;
.;:;;

\Yl> ~ 'V ~ I (j)'i ~LC2 HI 16

a \ lWDtW iN[Jjm nlJ !l'lD

(~

\. ~l V\ ~
CIMWN b

) \Y D
\., 'f Q 1 ) V )(\J t\\ '1 ~ \1 I '-\ r\
V

CI ~ )
), lWDiw nJ iN[Jjm n'lJ !l'lD

b 1/1 1 c ~"' - dT:tzv;-: JigS!··

" ' i ;jA' I

r
\2\\'\6
nlJ !l'lD
CIMWN / o 5
em
o1 ~ cm
/
Fig. IV 7. Inscriptions 60 , b (Ossuary XIV). Fig. IV 8. Ins criptions 70- c (Os.luar)' X V).

CIMWN-Simon occurs in Inscriptions 5b and 6
(Figs. IV.6:b, 7) , both in Greek. It appears also on
Ossuary 20 in Tomb DI (Fig. IV.19; Hachlili 1978:
Figs. 10, II; 1979b: Table 2). CIMWN and the Hebrew
l1Y~W, Shim'on on the bowl from Tomb DI (Fig. IV . 17)
is one of the most common names in thi s period (Frey
1952:1254,1292,1297-1299,1317-1318,1 350-1352,
1354,1384; Milik 1956-1957: 242, 244, 246 , 247 ; Avi-
gad 1967:131, 135).
0EOt.OTOC-Theodotos (Nat[an]el), which ap-
pears in Greek (Inscriptions 3a, 3b, Fig. IV.!, means
'given by God '. The fonn Nat'el in Inscriptions 7a, 7b
(Fig. IV .8:a, b) is probably a shortened form of 7}{JI1J,
Natan 'e l or, as suggested by Cross, simply a slip. Theo-
dotos is the Greek translation of the Hebrew Natan' e1
(Klein 1920:102; Frey 1952:195; Mussies 1976:1052),
thus both referring to the same person (Hachlili
1979b:49).
1TYli1'-IWEZPOC-Yeho'ezer, the commonest
name in the Goliath family, appears in both Jewish and
Greek scripts (Figs. IVA, S, 9-14). Seven individuals in
this family were named Yeho' ezcr (see Fig. IV.15 ;
Hachlili 1979b:49 , Tables 2, 3).
NICKNAMES
l1'7l-rOJ\lA8-Goliath, is insctibed in Jewish and
Greek on four ossuaries. The inscriptions (bilingual
Inscriptions 9, II and Greek Inscription 10; Figs. IV.IO-
12) were incised on three-ossuaries, XVIII, XIX and XX,
found in Kokh 14 of Chamber B, Tomb H (Fig. II.77) and
belong to the mother of the family, her son and his wife;
on Inscriptions 2a, 2b of Ossuary II , Goliath appears only
in Jewish script (Fig. IVA:a, b). In both languages,
Goliath is spelled as in the Hebrew Bible and the LXX.
Goliath the Philistine is described in the Bible as "A
mighty man ... ofGath, whose height w~s six cubits and a
span" (l Sam. 17:4). In 4QSam a , as in the LXX (F. Cross,
pers. comm.), his height was 4 cubits and a span, ca. 2 m.
The Babylonian Talmud explains that "Goliath (was so
 CHAPTER IV : THE INSCRIPTIONS 149

In all the Jericho inscriptions, the name Goliath is

added to the personal name and family relationship
of the deceased. Goliath appears in Inscriptions 9a-c
(Yeho'ezer son of Yeho 'ezer Goliath; Fig. IV . IO), where
Yeho ' ezer Goliath should be identified with Yeho 'ezer
bar Ele 'azar of Ossuary XXI (Inscriptions 12a, b;
Fig. IV.13:a), who was exceptionally tall. Inscriptions 10
and II mention the wife and mother of Yeho'ezer
Goliath, and here refer to the second generation of men
named Yeho 'ezer, bUlied in Ossuary XVllI (Fig. IV . 15).

~ r" 1\)'-0 1 Thus it is likely that the persons named Yeho ' ezer both in
the first and second generations had Goliath added to
(?N'JTNl N'Jj]N lTDli"P their personal name. An additional occurrence of the
name Goliath in Inscliptions 2a, 2b (Fig. IV.4:a, b;
Yeho'ezer son of Ele'azar Goliath) refers to another
member of the family, Ele ' azar, bearing the same nick-
name, Goliath .
Clearly, the name Goliath is not the personal name of
an individual, but a nickname desclibing a physical char-
acteristic which became a family name (but see Naveh
1990: 118, n. 23). This interpretation is supported by the
skeletal remains of four male members of this family
who were identified as tall (Appendix 1: Table 2; Hachlili
and Smith 1979:67). The height of Yeho'ezer son of
Ele'azar (Inscliptions 9a, 9c; Fig. IV.IO :a, c) is estimated
at 1.885 m (Ossuary XXI; Table IV . I; Hachlili and Smith
1979:67), nearly that of Goliath's , referred to in LXX.
Nicknames and appellatives are known in the Second
Temple period (Hachlili 1979b:52-53; 1984b:196-197).
c (?N'JTNl N'Jj]N lmli"p
A nickname similar to Goliath is found in Ant. XVIII 103

~
, ')\Y\ \
d (?N'JTNl N'Jj]N lTlJli"P
0 5
! em
Fig. IV.9. Inscriptions 8a-d (OSS UOI ) ' XVI).
named), said R. Jo~an, because he stood with effront-
ery before the Holy One" (BT Sot. 42h); it also states that
Goliath means, as in the Bible, "coming from Gath"
(ibid.) . In later Jewish legends, Goliath is described as
"Goliath the giant, eeing the strongest and greatest of
Orpah' s four sons" (Ginzberg 1946, III:414; IV:85-88;
VI:250) . All the above references emphasize Goliath's
outstanding physical characteristic-his stature.
where Josephus mentions Ele ' azar the Giant: "Among
which included a man, 7 cubits tall , a Jew by race, named
Ele ' azar, who on account of his size, was called the
Giant.. ."
The use of nicknames by Jews in this period does not
seem to be an uncommon practice and these names often
described a profession or a physical feature of the indi-
vidual, but it was seldom passed on to other family
members. Goliath, although an unusual appellative, evi-
dently reflects a physical characteristic, i.e., the excep-
tional stature of the males in this family (Appendix 1:
Table 2; Hachlili and Smith 1979:67 ; for a comprehen-
sive discussion of nicknames and family names, see
Hachlili 1984b: 195-204).
~1;mUp-Cinao (endearment) in Inscription 13a
is a six-letter word . The inscription in two Jines reads :
~l1:Up ( ?l't'JTl't) l't'JPl" 1Tjl1;": ' Yeho 'ezer Aqaby'a (or
150 RACHEL HACHLILI

a
[\JJ1( Z ~OC J2> IvJCZ PO')f..ib rO).Jp-..8oY.-e-
IWEZPOC IWEZPOY rOAIA00Y
o
~
2
em

d] .~ , \>
~ r-

OJ ' \ y )~ ~ t\ Y \Y. f7....

n''t J lTDlil' lJ lTDlil'
o
~
2
em

~ tr~\l \Q eLf 0TI Q~It\fr 5

IOEZPOC IOEZPOY rOAIA00Y oI I em

Fig. IVIO. In scriptions 90-c (Ossuary XVJlI).

Azaby'a?) Kinamoma' (Fig. IV.14). The first and last
letters of this word are clear-a qaf and an alef respec-
tively. The four remaining letters are difficult to decipher
and the word may perhaps be read as Kinamoma--cinna-
mon (see Hachlili 1979b:56 for a discussion of a possible
Hebrew term l>\O'~p- , kufsa; but see Rahmani
1994:245, No. 803).
Cinnamon (Greek Kuvva.).lco).lov, Hebrew J'~P) oc-
curs in the Bible several times: Ex. 30:23; Provo 7: 17;
Song of Songs 4: 14; as well as in Ben Sira 24: 15 (for later
references see Levy 1879, IV:340). Cinnamon is a tall
evergreen tree, whose bark served for the manufacture of
spice or perfume (1os., Ant. III 197). Cinnamon at that
time was considered to be associated with a sweet smell.
(In the LXX and Theodotian, the word Kuvva..uCO).lOV in
Jer. 6:20 is translated as 'sweet cane'.) Examples of
personal names derived from plants and trees occur in the
Bible (Noth 1928:230--231), as well as in later times
(Hachlili 1979b: 56-47; 1984b: 199, n. 146).
The use of the alef at the end of the word l>\~mJP
marks the Aramaic form of Hebrew names (Cowley
1923: Nos. 24(64); 2(21); 2(18); 18(4); Hachlili
1979b:56). One occurrence is known of a similar name-
a Parthian king named Kuvva.).lco)lo<;, a name probably
derived from the Greek Kuvva.)lco).lov (Ant. XX:63-65,
but see McCown 1937:20, n. 3 there by Albright).
If this word in Inscription 13a is to be read ~mJP it
should be seen as a term of endearment (or pet-name) for
the child Yeho'ezer, intelTed in the ossuary. Perhaps it
can be translated as 'sw~et (as cinnamon smells sweet).
There are similar examples of this practice in the Bible:
t:llu:m ,DiU:::!' ,I1~iU:! (Noth 1928:223, who translates these
words as 'balsam'). This word may have been added to
the ossuary inscription both as an endearment and in
order to differentiate this Yeho'ezer Aqaby' a (Azaby' a?)
(Inscription 13) from the second Yeho 'ezer Aqaby' a
(Azaby'a?) (Inscriptions 8a, 8d, Fig. IV.9; see also
Rahmani 1994:245 ; but see Puech I 9&J:509-5 I I ).
 CH A PTER I V THE INSCRIPTIONS 15 1

5
'---'--_ - ', em

CAA WM H r YNH [W EZPOY rOAIA00Y

KAI ICM AHAOC Yl0C KAI
IW ·ZPOC YlOC

Fig. I V. I I. I llscriptirJII 10 (Ossl/{/ry XIX).

b ~ ~

<h 1\""\" ~ \ ,,\ <\!II- \,,1' 0' \"

CEAAMCIOYC MHTPOC IW EZPOY rOAIA00Y

o,_---'-,_ 5 o 2
------' em ~ em

c __________ ____ ___

CEAAMClOYC MHTPOC IOEZPOY rOAI A00Y

o 5
_ ~ em

Fig . 1V. 12. Inscriptiolls I lo- c (OsslIary XX).

~.- ~ ~
152
a '.( (\ \ b.->
r
'.
~ . :
b -" "' ~ . .
f f\ 0N; 'A~
EAEAZAPOC
Fig. IV. 13. Il1scripliollJ 12a, b (Ossuary XXI).
DISCUSSION
Names in the Goliath Family. The names of the male
members in the Goliath family (Ele'azar, Judah,
Yeho'ezer, Ishma'el, Menal1em, Natanel and Simon), as
well as the female names (Maria, Mariame, Salome and
Shelamsiyon; Table IV, 1), are common names in the
onomasticon of this period, Most are biblical names, with
the exception of Aqaby'a (Azaby'a?), which appears
here for the first time, and Yeho'ezer, which became a
common name in later periods (Heltzer and Ohana
1978: 169-173; for a discussion of names and nicknames
in the period, see Hachlili 1984b: 188-195). This group
of Jericho ossuary inscriptions is exceptional in the re-
currence of the names Ele'azar, Ishma' el, Yeho'ezer and
Yeho'ezer Aqaby'a (Azaby'a?). The name Yeho'ezer
recurs throughout three generations of this family, with
seven different individuals named Yeho'ezer (see
RACHEL HACHLlLl
.-.: /1
a
'f ~ ..) r \ ~ ty I
o ~ em ~ I~r
NDlDJjI (?N')TNl N')jlN lTDlil'
(?N')TN) N')jlN
~r
o
(m')TW N')jlN '-_~! em
c \( Fig. IV. 14, Inscriptions 13a, b (Ossuary XXII).
o , ~ em
Fig. IV .15). The custom of naming a son after his father,
even when the son was not born posthumously, seems to
have been prevalent during this period among the Jewish
priesthood and aristocracy , especially in the families of
the High Priests and in the Herodian dynasty, Originally
it was a foreign custom, used by the Hellenistic royal
dynasties, and was evidently adopted by the Jews (Hach-
bli 1984b: 192, 194-195). In the Goliath family, children
(Inscriptions 2a, 2b, 4b, 4c, 10, 13 ; Figs. IVA,S , 11, 14)
were also named after relatives, i.e., uncles or grand-
fathers , as is the case with the names Ele'azar and
Ishma'el(Fig,IV.15).
The name Yeho'ezer Aqaby'a (or Azaby'a?) occurs
four times (Inscriptions 8a-d, 13a, b; Figs. IV.9, 14) on
Ossuaries XVI and XXII. Each ossuary held the remains
of one individual, a child in Ossuary XVI and an infant in
Ossuary XXII (Appendix I: Table 2). The word ben (son
of) does not appear between Yeho'ezer and Aqaby'a
(Azaby'a?). Therefore, the name Yeho'ezer Aqaby'a
(Azaby'a?) should be considered as belonging to both
children inten'ed in these two different os\uaries, prob-
ably to differentiate between these Yeho'ezers and the
other Yeho'ezer in the Goliath family.
 CHAPTER IV: THE INSCRIPTIONS
o Male _ , Positi ve idcntili cati on
o Female - Probable identification
Yeho' c7cr
!:::, In fa nt - - - Possible identification son o f
El..: '37:lf
YOM'oUr Ycho 'czer Maria
50n o f .son of
h hma'd e':u;.;.lf
Goli.uh
Fig, lV15, Th e Goliath fam ily tree (numbers refer to the skelelollnos, appearing il1 the Appendix: Table 2),
The Greek Term for Ossuary, The word COPOC in In-
scription 3a on Ossuary VIII (Fig, IV , l:a) appears here
for the first time in an ossuary in sc ription (Hachlili
1979b:55), The coffin (P'~) used to transport Joseph' s
bone s from Egypt to Israe l (Gen, 50:26) is trans lated in
the LXX as COPOC (Hachlili 1979b:55), Thu s. COPOC
was a term for ossuary in use during the Second Temple
period and was equivalent to I"~ ' scription (No. lla-c ) refers to her as the mother of
The Family Relations in Tomb H (Fig, IV , 15). The family
relation s in this tomb are determined by the inscriptions,
the anthropological data and the placement of the ossuar-
ies, The third factor is problematic due to prior distur-
bance in the tomb, but the most important group of
ossuaries (Nos. XVIII-XXI) were all found in situ in
Kokh 14 of Chamber B, The family relalions are summa-
rized in the family tree (Fig. IV, 15), based on the abovc-
men'tioned factors, including a computer analysis which
established the probability of the family relations in this
tomb (Hachlili 1979b:56--58; Hachlili and Smith 1979;
Hachlili and Killebrew 1981 ),
The infonnation obtained from the inscriptions in
conjunction with the anthropological dala can be summa-
rized as follow s:
I, The tomb contained three generations of a family: the
found ers of the tomb, Yeho' ezer son of Ele'azar and
Shelamsiyon, and their six sons. The six sons and their
wives were buried here, as well as fourteen of their
offspring.
153
S h ~ la m siyo n
Simon Judah(?) \1ariam c
2
Ishma'd Yeho'czer Yc},o'cz-c r Ycho' ezer Mcnah cm
Aqaby'a I Aqaby'a /
A lllby'J Azaby'a
2. It is evident from this tomb tha t only the sons and their
families were buried with their parents, Daughters of a
family were considered members of their husbands' fam-
ily on their marriage, and were probably buried in their
husbands' family tomb.
3. The inscriptions reveal the prominent status of
Shelam siyon . the wife of the tomb's founder. He r in-
Yeho'ezer Goliath and does not mention her husband, as
is customary in funerary inscriptions of women, Maria's
inscription (No, 7) relates that she was the daughter of
Natanel, a nd the granddaughter of Shelamsiyon (but see
Rahmani 1994:242), These unus ual inscriptions can per-
haps be explained as follows: from the anthropological
examination, Yeho'czer son of Ele'azar died at approxi-
mately 35 years of age, while hi s wife Shela msiyon died
at the age of approximately 60. This may explain her
important status in the family-having outlived her
hu sband by many years, she was responsible for rai sing
the family. Therefore it is her name that appears in the
inscriptions of other family members, instead of her
husband' s,
Was Goliath a Priestly Family ? Literary sources mention
that a large community of priests resided in Jericho and
se rved in the Temple in Jerusalem (see BT Ta 'an. 27a:
"Twenty-four courscs of priests were in the Land of
Israel and twelve of them were in Jericho;" Luria
1973 : 13- 16 on the priestly courses, especially atJelicho;
154 RACHEL HACHLILI
Schwartz 1988). Several factors indicate that the Goliath
family may have been a priestly family:
I. The tomb was an unusually monumental tomb in com-
p31ison to all the previously excavated tombs in the
Jericho cemetcry. The tomb contains two large cham-
bers, one decorated with wall paintings, opening onto a
spacious courtyard surrounded by benches and with an
attached miql 'e h (ritual bath) (p. 47; Netzer 1978:58-59;
1982b). Th is coul1yard may have been used by the com-
munity as a ' mouming house' (pp. 45-50; Hachlili and
Killebrew 1983a:112-1I3). However, it may have
formed part of the tomb as this was a priestly family
which needed its own purifying bath.
2. The u.,e of the same name (Yeho'ezer) for three con-
secutive generations was a custom current mainly among
prominent Jewish families. especially the priestly olligar-
chy (Grintz 19(iO:340; Rahmani 1961: 107, n. 12; Hach-
Iili 1984b:I92-194).
3. Although most of the names of the family members are
relatively common in this period, they occur frequently
among priests (Stern 1961 :21 , n. 119, where he suggests
that the name Ele'a7.ar \ovas used mainly by priests; Hach-
lili 1984b:194-195).
PALEOGRAPHY
(HachliJi I 979b:58-60, Figs. 47, 48)
Jewish Scripl. The Jewish script in the Jericho ossuary
inscriptions combines cursive and formal elements, re-
sulting in difkrent forms of the same letter, often in a
single inscription (e.g., he, Inscliption 8; Fig . IV.9).
SOl11e of the cursive letters are peculiar in form and are
similar to those discussed by A vigad (1958: 8 J, n. 46):
the alefwith the lTIissing left leg, the bel in a shape similar
to the figure '2'; the 'reversed K ' he , the single-stroke
lamed, the 'N'-shaped hel, the triangular mem and the
looped law. The ligatured cursive 'ayin-zayil1 may per-
haps be added to this group of letters. Avigad defines
these forms as a ' Judean' local development of the cur-
sive hand.
No chronological order for the inscriptions can be
determincd because the differences in the script reflect
individual styles of the writers, but in light of the archae-
ological evidence and paleographic comparisons, these
inscriptions can be dated to the first century CE (Cross
1961 b).
Grcek Scripl. All the Greek inscriptions, with the excep-
tion of Inscriptions 3 and 14, were incised on the lime-
stone ossuaries. Inscriptions 3a and 3b (Fig. IV.I) were
inscribed in ink, in formal and well-executed letters.
Inscription 14 was written with charcoal and was roughly
executed. The remaining Greek inscriptions can be di-
vided into three groups according to their style. Inscrip-
tions 4c, 5, 6 and 12b arc cursi ve; a less cursive style can
be seen in Inscriptions I, 4a and 10; Inscriptions 9a, 9c
and Ila, 11 c were probably incised by the same hand.
Inscriptions 9c and I I c were incised in an elongated
script across half of the lid, resulting in exaggerated,
vertical and crowded letters.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Based on these inscriptions we can conclude that three
generations of a family were buried in this tomb, making
it possible to reconstruct the family tree (Fig. IV.15;
Hachlili and Smith 1979; Rimon 1979). The large nUlTI-
ber of Greek and Aramaic inscriptions discovered in the
tomb is significant and several conclusions can be drawn:
I. The most interesting inscription is that of Theodo-
tos, freedman of Queen Agrippina (Inscription 3;
Figs. IV.l:a, b). This is the first time that a non-literary
source mentions a Judean Jew who was probably en-
slaved as a result of the political turmoil in Judea at the
time, and was manumitted by a Roman empress. Thi s
inscri ption also provides an absolute datc and helps to
date the entire tomb.
Inscription 14 is also notewol1hy, since this Greek
abecedary was found facing the tomb entrance, suggest-
ing that it may have had a 'magical' purpose.
2. The names used by the Goliath family are Jewish
names, except for the name Theodotos, the servile name
of Natanel. Most of the names are common in the Second
Temple period. Many names appear both in Jewish script
and in Greek. The names show that Jews often used the
same name for several generation& of one family. The
different speJlings and variations of names in Jewish
script and in Greek should be noted.
Five ossuaries were inscribed with the name 'Goliath'
in addition to the name of the deceased. This is the only
use of this name outside the references to the biblical
'Goliath the Philistine'. The name Goliath can only be
explai ned as an appellative, probably based on the excep-
tional stature of several of the male members in this
family, which became the family name, particularly the
exceptional height of the father Yeho'ezer bar Ele'azar
(1.885 m; Hachli Ii 1984b:203). The anthropological evi-
dence (see Appendix I) indicates that the inscriptions
accurately reflect the sex and number of persons interred
in the ossuaries (Hachlili and Smith 1979).
 CHAPTER IV: THE INSCRIPTIONS ISS

3. A Greek terrn..for ossuaries- COPOC- appears for INSCRIPTIONS  FROM  TOMB  D1

the first time in these Jelicho inscriptions.
4. The paleography is similar to the general Jewish os- Two  inscriptions  were  written  on  a  bowl  and  two  were 
suary  scri pt  of Jerusalem  and  has  some  of the  peculiar  carved on  two ossuaries uncovered  in Tomb D I  in  Kokh
forms  which  can  be  considered  part  of  what  Avigad  2 (Hachlili  1978). The two ossuaries were found  in siru,
(l9S8:81) coined  the  'Judaean  local  development of the  one  (No.  19)  placed  on  top  of  the  other  (No.  20; 
cursive hand'. The advanced cursi ve hand of Inscriptions  Fig.  IV.16). The bowl, which rested on debris close to the 
9b  and  11 b  and  the  ligatures  which  appear  here  for  the  corner  of Ossuary  19,  may  have  originally  been  placed 
first time should be noted.  on  Ossuary  20 and  fallen  later on  the  debris.  The  bowl 
The inscriptions in  general  testify  to the use of Greek  and  Ossuary  19  were  inscribed  in  Jewish  script  while 
by  the  Jews  of the  Second  Temple  period,  and  Inscrip- Ossuary 20 bore a Greek inscription. 
tions 3 and  14 suggest that Greek was more common than 
Aramaic  (Sevenstcr  \1968: 148;  van  der  Horst  1991;  Bowl Inscriptions. Two  short  texts  in  cursive  Jewish 
1992:48; Fitzmyer 1992). The decoration and  workman- letters  (height  1.00l.S  cm)  were  inscribed  in  ink  on  the 
ship  of  the  ossuaries,  as  well  as  the  paleography,  are  bowl,  one  inside  and  one  outside.  Inscription  ISa 
indistinguishable from  the ossuaries found  in  the Jerusa- (Figs.  IV.17:a),  on  the  inside,  begins  with  a  slanted 
lem  area  (Hachlili  1978:48)  and  confirm  the  close rela- stroke,  which  seems  to  indicate  the  starting point of the 
tionship between Jericho and Jerusalem.  inscription.  It reads as follows: 
The  numerous  inscriptions  indicate  that  this  was  a 
literate,  bilingual  and  prominent  Jewish  family .  More- O,to"  (J7J)  N~':J ,:1 Pll7Jto  ,:1 'K)77Jto' 
over, the evidence suggests that it could have been one of  Ishma'el son of Shim'on son of Palta [from] Jerusalem 
the priestly families known to reside in  Jericho. 
Jericho Tomb H had the largest number of inscriptions  Inscription  I Sb, on the outside (Fig. IV.17:b), consists of 
in  one  tomb,  either  in  Jerusalem  or  in  Jericho  (see  two lines: 
Rahmani  1994:304­307, Table 2). 
All  the  Jericho  ossuaries  (except  Ossuaries  VI  [lid]  O,to"  17J  11117Jto  /  N~':J ,:1 'N)77Ji:7'  
and  XIX) have more than one inscription each.  Ishma' eJ  son of PaltaiShim 'on from Jeru salem  
The  inscriptions  indicate  a  clear  family  tree 
(Fig.  IV.I S) of about 28 family members. 

Fig. /V./6. Ossuary /9 above Ossuary 20 and inscribed bo.d (Tomb DJ).
 muml ul Lm~Q
LmuaN~ [L 5~GlN

LmuaN~ [L muml [L 5~GlN lUll Lm~Q

;Oh~ -;:~ />-O~\"L( CIl1\ I ! ~ 0,1 @

W~ , I
9 0

IlIl H:JVH lJ fU\fIi

9 ~l
 CHAPTER IV THE INS CR IPTIONS 157

qu e nt on coin s and weights (Heslrin and Israeli 1973:

Nos. 230-32), it is rare on ossuaries (Av igad 1962a:6-7,
Fig. 7, Ossuary 6).
All four insc riptions mention one or more of three
names (lshma'el, Shim ' oniSimon, PelatyalPalta) a nd the
fact that they are from Jerusa lem. The insc riptions also
indi ca te that al l three men were related and belonged to
the sa me fam ily (for similar famihes of three generations
li sted in funerary insc riptions, see Grimme 1912:530-
534; Frey 1952:286, No . 130; Av igad 1954:59-62).
However, the relation ship between them is evi dent only
from In scription 15a.
The genealog ical order is not the same as in the bowl
in scriptions. Inscription 15a seems to present the coo'ect
order of the family names: Ishma'el so n of Shim 'on son
of Palta from Jerusalem (Fig. IV .17) Inscription I 5b is
probl emati c: Ishma' el son of Palta/Shjm 'on from Jerusa-
le m (Fig. IV .17:b).
Insc ription 15a emphasi zes that Ishma ' el, the third
generation , IS 'from Jerusalem' . Inscription 15a
lTI ~'tl?9 (Fig. IV .17:a) mentions that the first generation Pal\a
o 2
TI?Wll' ~. ~ em
(whose bones were found in Ossuary 19) is also 'from
Fig. fIl1 8. Inscripliol1 16 (Ossuary 19). Jerusalem'. The Greek inscription on Shim 'on ' s ossuary
(Inscription 17; Fig. IV.19) gives only hi s name and age.
Perhaps Ishma ' el , the author of In sc riptions 15a and 15b,
rea lized that Inscription 17 did not mention the origin of
hi s father; therefore, he omitted the name Shim 'on,
which should have been in the first line of Inscription
15b, and added a separate second line with the informa-
tion tha t Shim ' on was ' from Je rusa lem ' (for the paleog-

.J ' J ( >( \
raphy of these inscriptions see Hac hlili 1978:49-55 and
T abl e 4).
" o_--'-_--',2
The main inscription seems to have been No. 15a,
which contained the complete genea logy and origin of
ClMWNOC L MA em
Ishma ' el, who had placed the bowl at the s ite of hi s
F ig. fV.19. Inscripliol1 17 (Ossuary 20) . fa ther's and grandfather's ossuaries, all in one kukh.
Insc ripti on 15b was an addition which aga in mentioned
the author and hi s relationship to the family and added
Ossuary In scriptions . Inscription 16 on Ossuary 19 the fact that Shim 'on was from Jeru salem, as it was
(Fig. IV. 18) contains two lines of formal Jewish script missing from Shim 'on 's ossuary insc ripti on.
li ghtly incised with a chisel (width of letters ca. 3 mm). It These inscriptions suggest th at thi s was the tomb of a
reads as follows: family originally from Jeru salem, but which probably
resided, died and was buried in Jericho. It is unlikely that
Pelatya from I Jerusalem
'from Jerusalem' is an indication of the family's resi-
The Greek inscription (No. 17) on the front of Ossuary 20 dence and that they had come to Jeri cho to be buried. The
(Fig. IV .19) reads as follow s: bones of Palta and Shim'on were found each in his own
ossuary, but the bones of Ishma'e l, the third generation,
CIMWNOC LMA Simon aged 4 1
were not found in the tomb during the course of the
The deceased was a male betwee n 40 and 50 years of age excavation (I shma 'e] may have been buried in the col-
(see Appendix 1: Table I). Although the L sign is fre- lapsed southern part of the tomb) .
158 RACHEL HACHLILl

the scribe, wen~ not found in the kokh. PaltalPelatya is

an addition to the onomasticon of the period . Three of
the inscriptions also sta te that this family was originally
from Jeru sa lem. It should be noted that Je ru sa lem as a
person ' s place of origin has not prcviously been re-
corded in the corpus of tomb inscriptions of the period,
and thi s is only the second OCCU1Tence in inscri ptions of
the name Jerusa lem. The inscriptions are dated to the first
century CEo

~/o_ 17 / INSCRIPTION FROM TOMB A2

I; / / / ' . ~= The name ~01il', Yehosef is inci sed twice (InsCliption 18 ;

qUlil'
qUlil'
Fig. I V20.lllScriI'Ii(}/l 18 (O SS UW)'
Conclusions. This is the first time that an inscribed bowl
has been discovered accompanying ossuaries. The bowl
seems to have served only as a memorial tracing the
genealogy of the family, since the bones of Ishma 'e l,
Fig. IV .20) on the upper side of Ossuary 12, from Tomb
A2. But see Rahmani (1994:235) who suggests the read -
ing '1]lnn' "J/~01il Yehosef, son of Yitro(?) andC) ....
The name Yehosef occurs on ossuaries from Jerusa lem:
12).
two from Dominus Flevit (Bagatti and Milik 1958: Oss.
20,32) and one from French Hill , shallowly incised three
tim es (Geraty 1975:73- 78, n. 2).
The name Yehosef is the second most common name
in the Second Temple period (Hachlili 1984b: 188-189).
This is its only OCCU1Tence in Jelicho.

"
 ...

CHAPTER V

THE WALL PAINTING

RACHEL HACHLILI

The elaborate wall painting (Fig. V.l) on the wall of frame.  The thick  brown stem of the vine  begins  between 
Tomb H (Hachlili 1983b; 1985) is a rare example of Kokhim 1 and  2 (c loser to 2)  and extends outside the red 
funerary art of the first century CEo The tomb is one of frame.  The  branches  spread  mainly  eastward.  P,lIts  of a 
the largest of its kind, consisting of two rock-cut bird (tail and beak) appearon the main branc h c lose to the 
chambers. The walls of both chambers were plastered s tem.  West of the stem,  only  a  leaf and  two  bUI1l:hes  of 
white, but only Chamber A was decorated with a painting grapes  remain.  In  the  upper  left  corner  an  unusual 
(Figs. 11. 72-74; Color PI. V.I; back cover). The wall geometri c des ig n may represe nt a pe rgo la (Fig. V.l). 
painting provides a new and important source for Jew ish The painting on the so uth wall was more damaged tha n 
funerary art in the Land of Israel and the surround ing area th at on the north wall, but in  view of the s imilarity of the 
in the first century CE. theme ,  it  is  poss ible  to  determine  the  subject  depicted . 
Traces of painting executed in various s hades of red , Fragments of three sides of the frame remain , its west line 
brown and black were visible on three walls. The kokh im continuing down past the middle of Kokh 6. The thin stem 
and the passage to the second chamber were outlined by of the  vine seems to  begin between  K okhim 6 and  7,  and 
a thick black line between two thinner red lines, begin- most of the vine spreads eastward. Two birds , one wi thout 
ning  at  floor  level  and  forming  an  arch  arou nd  every  a  tail  and  the  other, of which  only the  body  and  the  feet 
kokh. Sometimes  the  painted arch  was  close  to  the  kokh remain, are executed in shades of brown. The birds appear 
opening  (Fig.  V.1;  Kokhim 2­4,  6,  7),  while  in  a  few  to  be  perched on the main branch or in  mid­a ir (Fig.  V.I; 
cases it was  at some distance from  the opening  (Kokhim back cover).  Considering the remaining parts of the three 
1,8 and  passage).  birds on  the  north  and  south  walls , an  l~ntire bird can  be 
The main  motifs  appear on  the  north,  south  and  west  reconstructed.  On  both waHs  the birds  were placed close 
,  walls. The west wall, opposite the entrance, was probably  to  the main stem, near the west wall. 
the focal  point of the  paintin g,  while  vine  branch  motifs  The  wall  painting,  taken  as  a  whole,  was  well 
spread  across  the  north  and south walls. The painting on  executed and drawn  freehand  in a naturalis ti c style ; only 
the west wall  is the least preserved. From the few remain- the  birds  seem  to  differ  styli sti ca lly . The  central  motif, 
in g  fragments  it  is  clear that  the  s ubject of this  painti ng  a  vine consisting of branches, leave s,  bunches of grapes, 
was  different  from  that  on  the  north  and  south  walls.  tendrils  and  birds,  is  successful  in  co nvey ing  a  natural-
Three courses of ashlars or bricks , probably representing  istic  impression, but the de tai ls are sty ii led. Stylistically 
a  structure,  are  visible  on  the  left.  The  margins  are  the wall  painting can be compa red  to the painted pottery 
painted black and the bosses of the stones are painted red .  found  in  the  Jericho  cemetery  (Hachli li  1979c:66)  and 
To the right of the masonry motif, a lon g, nar row  leaf has  the 'Painted Jerusalem Ware'  from  Jeru sa lem  (8. Mazar 
survived, which may have formed  part of a floral  desi gn.  1975:  Pl.  I;  Avigad  1983:  Fi g.  201).  The  wall  painting 
The  design  farthest  to  the  right  depicts  a  wreath  of red  should  probably  be  associated  with  the  eastern  na tural-
leaves  and  black  dots  tied  with  a  black  ribbon  in  an  istic  Flower  Style  described  by  Rostovtzeff (1919)  and 
occidental bowknot (Fig.  V.L Avi­Yonah  1981:76­77).  dated  to  the  first­second  centuries  CEo  The  three  main 
The wall  painting is  best preserved on  the  north wall,  motifs  in  the  wall  painting  are  the  vine  branches 
where it consists of vine branches  with  bunches of black  with  birds,  the  wreath  and  the  masonry  (Hachlili 
grapes,  red  vine  leaves  and  te ndril s  enclosed  in  a  red  1985:119­124). 
 o

),

.• N

;;;--;# )
~

nnH::JVH l3 H:JV~ 09[

 CHAPTER V: THE WALL PAINTING
The vine branch motif first appeared in the late first
century BCE and gradually spread and grew in popular-
ity. The motif was used in architectural elements as well
as in funerary art among the lews, Nabateans and
Palmyrenes. The various ways of depicting the vine mo-
tif and the means of execution depended on available
space and the material which was used (paint, stucco,
stone, etc.) rather than on different artistic styles. In later
lew ish art the motif was stylized, usually issuing from a
vessel in the center of the defined area. Birds seldom
appeared as part of the scene.
The main motif, the vine, was one of the popular
decorative motifs tl1roughout the region, appearing both
in secular and sacred contexts. In each of the early
examples the composition, style and means of execution
differ. However, in lewish funerary art the motif is rare .
The bird motif has few parallels; it rarely appears in
contemporary first century CE wall pai ntings and reliefs.
More numerous examples are known from later periods,
but they differ in style from the birds in the Jericho wall
painting.
The wreath appears occasionally in contemporary
lew ish funerary art, where it is usually depicted on tomb
facades in Jerusalem as a stylized, round wreath. In the
painting, the wreath is a more naturalistic depiction. The
wreath is a common motif in paintings or tomb reliefs in
the Hellenistic period (Hachlili 1985: 123).
The masonry (ashlars) on the west wall is not a com-
mon motif and few contemporary examples are known
(Hachlili 1985: 124).
All the motifs'appearing in the wall painting are either
geometric or floral. There are no human or animal figures
except for the birds, in accordance with Jewi sh art of the
Second Temple period (Hachlili 1988a:82- 83). The rep-
ertoire of motifs dating to the Second Temple peliod is
known mainly from ossuaries and tomb facades and
includes a variety of floral, geometric and architectural
elements. Several of the motifs on our wall painting are
rare in this period.
161
The motifs in the Jericho tomb wall painting appear
throughout the region both in funerary and other con-
texts, in Jewi sh and non-Jewish art. (For a disc ussion of
the sign ificance and interpretation of the motifs, see
Hachlili 1985:124--125.) These motifs should not be in-
terpreted as bearing any symbolic significance connected
with Jewis h funerary rites. It can be reasonably assumed
that while not exclusively funerary in context, these mo-
tifs fonTI part of the repcrtoire appearing in tomb arc hi-
tecture, sarcophagi and ossuaries, as well as on the
Jericho wall painting.
The dating of the wall painting in the Jericho tomb is
based on the 32 inscriptions found on the ossuaries in the
tomb, indicating that the tomb contained the remains of
three generations of the 'Goliath' family (see p. 153 and
Hachlili 1979b).
Although wall paintings commonly appear in palaces
and villas in the Jerusalem and Jericho areas during the
Herodian period, the painting in the Jericho tomb is so
far the first found in a Jewish tomb of that period.
However, it is likely that it was not unique (see Kloner
199 I : 159-163; 1994 for a recently di scovered decorated
first-second century CE lewish tomb at Giv'at Seled
and summary of the evidence from the neighboring
area).
The wall painting was probably executed when the
tomb was hewn, i.e., in the early first century CE, evi-
dently for the benefit of visitors as well as a mark of the
family's prominent position. It should be differentiated
from graffiti that occasionally appear on tomb walls and
seem to have been executed by visitors to the tomb. This
tomb, based both on absolute and relative chronology,
can be dated to 10-70 CE, thus dating the pai nti ng of the
vine motif to the early first century CE, the earliest found
in a tomb painting in the Semitic-Roman world. The wall
painting and its motifs, especiaJly the vine branches, are
related to the art of the neighboring countlies (Hachlili
and Killebrew 1983a: 127- 129).
 CHAPTER VI

THE NEFESH

RACHEL HACHLILl

Two finds from the cemetery show that a column- pyra-
mid (nefesh) served as a grave marker (HachIili 1981) .
A charcoal drawing (Fig. Yr.I) was discovered on the
northeast comer of the wall between Kokhim 3 and 4 in
Tomb F4. It depicts three columns and pa rt of a fOUlth.
Each column consists of a fluted shaft set on a rai sed
rectangular base, and an Ionic capital surmounted by a
cone or pyramid. One column and P3lt of another have a
hatched filling, and the whole dra wing is interspersed
with various tree-like designs . A palm tree is depicted in
the lower left portion of the drawing.
,-
q .-/-:
~
/ ( ..--- f
:/ IIY
A three-faceted stone fra gment (Fig. Y1.2) was found
on Hill D, out of its original context. The lower patt
appears to be a fluted column; thi s is topped by a project-
in g veltically-fluted ring, which in tum is capped by a
cone decorated with lozenge-shaped geometric forms.
An interesting detail appears on the front of the ring: two
man-made holes which may have served to attach a metal
plaque beating Ionic volutes.
Both the drawing and the stone grave marker incorpo-
rate fluted columns topped by decorated cones. Recon-
structing the grave marker on the basis of the drawing
suggests that it had a base.
Similar contemporary representations of column-
pyramids depicted on ossuaries come from the Jerusalem
area: the Mt. of Olives (Rahmani 1968:220-225) and
French Hill (Strange 1975 : Fig. 11 :1, 6).
All the representations have certain bas ic structural
similarities: a rectangular base supports a fluted column
topped by volutes and a cone, and all were found in
funerary contexts. Thus, they probably served as grave

f
;;
markers, that is, a nefesh (Hachlili 1981: n. 7).
The nefesh or funerary marker ma y consist of a monu-
ment, a stone, a n object, a stele or \a building, and is
known in Semitic funerary customs, both from inscrip-
tions and from monum ents. Among the Syrians and the
Nabateans, the nefesh was believed to be both the dwe ll-
ing-place of the spirit after death and a monument
(Gawlikowski 1970:27 ; 1972:15). Literally, the word
nefesh mean s ' so ul' (Avigad 1954: 66,72; GawlLkowski
\ 1972: 7-8) but in a funerary context it is the term applied
\
,,;. \, to the marker on a tomb and appea rs in the form of a
simple tombstone, an obe li sk or a pyramid placed on a
o 10 base, as on Nabatean and Palmyrene tombs (Hachlili
j , em
1981: nn . 10-13 ; for more elaborate examples see
Hachlili 1981: nn. 14, IS; Sartre 1989:436-445, Figs.
Fig. VI. J Nefesh, charcoal drawing 011 wall. Tomb F4. 137-139; Schmidt-Colinet 1989:448-450, Figs. 142,
 CHAPTER VI: THE NEFESH 163

Fig. Vl.2 Nefesh. SlOne (Cal. No. 422), Hill D.

143; for examples of a nefesh on ossuaries, see Rahmani
1994:31-32).
Past research has emphasized the pyramid as the most
important and necessary element of the nefesh. This
shape was bel~vd to symbolize the dead person's soul;
this belief stemmed originally from Egypt but continued
throughollt the Hellenistic-Roman period in the eastern
Mediterranean. In Jewish descriptions of tombs of no-
bles, the pyramid is also emphasized as the marker of a
tomb (l Macc. 13:27-30; los., Ant. XX 95). Columns as
grave markers are characteristic not only of Jewish and
other Semitic funerary art. Such columns in the Greco-
Roman world usually marked the position of the grave or
commemorated the dead by a monument (Kurtz and
Boardman 1971:218-219; Toynbee 1971:245).
Although the Jelicho nefesh-depicted as a column
topped by a pyramid-can be compared to the Greek and
Roman examples, it differs in having a pyramid placed
on top of the column instead of a statue or other object, as
in the Greco-Roman world. In adopting the symbolic
nefesh/pyramid from the pagan world, the Jews probably
left behind its original meaning. However, when com-
bined with the column, it came to be a uniquely Jewish
grave marker. Thus, the Jews, together with the sur-
rounding cultures, used several forms of nefesh, both
monumental structures and free-standing columns
topped by a pyramid, as attested by the Jericho finds and
the designs on the Jerusalem ossuaries.
 CHAPTER
CHRONOLOGY
RACHEL HACHLIU AND ANN E. KILLEBREW
The chronological sequence and absolute dating of the
Jericho cemetery are based on several factors: (I) tomb
architecture; (2) stratigraphic location of the tombs;
(3) altifacts found in association with these burials;
(4) inscriptions on the ossuaries; (5) hi storical evidence.
1. Tomb Architecture. The layout of the Jericho rock-cut
loculi tombs is identical with that of Jewish tombs of the
Second Temple period uncovered in Jerusalem. Loculi
tombs are well known from SYlia and Egypt, as well as
from several Nabatean sites dating from the first century
BCE to the first century CE, and were probably adopted
by Jews during the Second Temple period.
2. Stratigraphy. All three types of tombs (p. 59) were
discovered on Hill D. Type 1 tombs were hewn into the
lower part of the hill, indicating that they were the earli-
esl. Types II and III were found at a higher leve l than
Type I tombs, and in a few cases the stone mason s had
slightly breach ed the earlier tombs. For example, the pit
of Tomb D I (Type III) cut into two of the south kokhim
(6 and 7) of Tomb D9 (Type I). In another example,
during the construction of the last kokh (7) in Tomb D3
(Type II), the stone masons accidentally broke through
the ceiling of Tomb D2 (Type I).
3. Grave Goods. The assemblages from the three tomb
types include diagnostic pottery sha pes of the first cen-
tury BCE and the first century CEo
Type I tombs contained vessels characteristic of
the first century BCE, including 'sunburst' folded lamps
(Types A and B), high-necked globular cooking pots
(Type N I) and storage jars (Types A, B, C, D) typically
found at first century BCE sites (see Chap. 1II: Pottery ,
for comparable material from other sites). Personal
possessions, often placed in the coffins together with
the burial, include items clearly datable to the first
VII
century BCE. Two coins, of Yehobanan Hyrcanus I and
Herod Archelaus, discovered in association with coffin
burials, confirm the first century BCE date for burials
in coffins.
Based on the grave goods associated with secondary
collected bone burials, Type II tombs should be dated to
the first century CEo Sholt-necked globular cooking pots
(Type AI2), abundant in Type II burials, appear in late
first century BCE and first century CE contexts. Two
coins of Agrippa II dated to his sixth year (42/43 CE)
were found in a collected bone bUlial and provide further
evidence for a first century CE date.
A distinctive assemblage of vessels , characteristic of
the first century CE (until 70 CE), has been recovered
from secondary burials in ossu3iies (Type III). These
include bowl s (Types B and C), kraters, lamps (Type C)
and unguentaria, especially glass bottles. Red-painted
motifs on pottery vessels appear for the first time in
ossuary tombs. This assemblage is typical of ossuary
burial s and of first century CE assemblages at Jericho,
Masada and Herodium.
The grave goods found in Tomb H and its courtyard
complex date to the second half of\ the first century CE.
The courtyard and its miqveh remained in use after the
First Revolt and there is evidence that Tomb H was
reopened sometime after the destruction of Jericho, per-
hap s late in the first or early in the second century CEo
4. inscriptions. The in sc riptions on the ossuaries from
Tombs Dl and H make it possible to reconstruct up to
three generations of families buried in the tombs. The
inscri ptions, together with the anthropological analysis
of the skeletal remains (see Chap. IV ; Hachlili and Smith
1979), indicate that at Jericho the practice of burials in
ossuaries prevai led for 60-70 years. Moreover, the gen-
eral paleographic evidence corroborates the first century
CE date (Hachlili 1979b:60, 62).
 CHAPTER Vll CHRONOLOGY
5. Historical Evidence. An absolute date for the ossuary
burials is indicated by In scription 3 from Tomb H (Os-
suary VIII). The inscription sta tes that Agrippina had
freed Theodotos (Natanel), whose remains rested in the
ossuary; Agrippina, the wife of Claudius, reigned from
50 to 54 CE (p. 144, Fig. IV.l: a, b; Hachlili 1979b:60-
62). Manumission then probably occurred so metime dur-
ing the reign of Agrippina, though it cannot be
detelmined when orfor how long he was enslaved , and at
what age he was manumitted . It is likely, however, that
he was taken into slavery as an adult, a nd only after the
birth of his daughter Maria (the third generation buried in
Tomb H). This inscription, then, confirms a first century
CE date for secondary burials in ossuaries.
Based on the above evidence, we date the three burial
types found in the Jericho cemetery as follows: primary
burial s in wooden coffins (Type I): first century BCE,
perhaps continui ng into the early first century CE; secon-
dary burials of collected bones (Type 1I) and secondary
burial in ossuaries (Type 1Il): early first century CE until
the destruction of Jericho by the Romans in 68 CEo These
dates also correspond well with the political situation in
Judea at that time. In 6 CE the Jewis h state lost its
165
autonomy under Rome when Archelaus, ethnarch of
Judea, Samaria and Idumea, was removed from power
and Judea became a Roman province under the procUl·a-
tors. There is no evidence for the continuation of ossuary
burials in the cemetery after the destruction of Jericho by
the Romans in 68 CE (1os., War IV 450-45 I).
Resea rch on Jewi sh burial customs in Jerusalem dur-
ing the Second Temple pellod has offered different dates
for secondary burials in ossuaries. It is suggested
(Rahmani 1961: 116; 1978 : Ill; 1982; 1986:96; 1994:
21-25; Kloner 1980a:525-523) that the practice was
introduced in 20-15 BCE in Jewish Jerusalem, adopted
in Jellcho a generation later, and continued until 70 CEo
After the destruction of Jerusalem , this custom was prac-
ticed sporadically until ca. 135 CEo
In light of the discoveri es in the Jericho cemetery,
wooden coffi ns (although not preserved in Jerusalem)
ca n be first dated in Jericho to the first century BCE.
Thu s dates previously proposed for the beginning of
ossuary burials in Jerusalem should be reconsidered. We
suggest that the close relationship evidenced between
Jerusa lem and Jericho indicates a similar date--early
first century CE-for ossilegium at both sites.
 CHAPTER VIII

BURIAL CUSTOMS AND CONCLUSIONS

RACHEL HACHLILI AND ANN E. KILLEBREW

The burial customs of the Second Temple period (first Based  on  our  surveys  and  excavations  of  the  area , 
century BCE-first century CE) are mentioned in the an  estimated  250,000  people  were  interred  in  this 
wlitings of Josephus and in later rabbinical sources cemetery from the first century BCE and tlu­ough the first 
dealing with buriallaws. l Though recent excavations of century CEo 
Second Temple period tombs in Jerusalem have been an It  is  clear  from  these  explorations  that  the  Jericho 
important source, only a partial and incomplete picture cemetery, similar to the Jewish cemeteries of the Second 
has emerged. due to the disturbed condition of the tombs Temple  period  in  Jerusalem  (Rahmani  1961:119; 
and the poor preservation of the artifacts (e.g .. Rahmani 1977:22­ 23;  Kloner  1972;  1980a:256­272)  and  in  the 
1958; 1961; 1967a; 1967b; 1977; Avigad 1962b; 1967; Judean  Desert,3  was  located  outside  the  town  limits,  in 
1971 ; Tzaferis 1970; 1982; KJoner 1980a; 1980b; 1991; compliance  with  Jewish  law  (M  BB  2:9),  although  in 
Kloner and Gat 1982). Due to the isolated location of the later sources exceptions are mentioned (e.g.,  JT Naz.  17 , 
area and the dry climate at Jericho. the tombs and their 5; Talmudic Encyclopedia V:260 ff.) 
contents. including organic materials. were relatively Written  sources  also  indicate  that  the  more  personal 
well preserved. They could provide a clearer and more duties associated with  the burial of the deceased, such as 
detailed picture of the cemetery, its tomb architecture. carrying the coffin and its orderly placement in  the tomb, 
burial types and chronology , burial containers, funerary collection of bones into ossualies, mourning and  writing 
inscriptions, art and the funerary customs practiced by of inscriptions, were probably carried out by relatives and 
Jews during that period. friends  (1os.,  Ag. Ap. II  205:  "The funeral  ceremony is to 
be undertaken by the nearest relatives ...").' Contemporary 
and later sources mention charitable societies, such as the 
THE CEMETERY AND ITS BOUNDARIES town association (1'Y;' 1Jn), probably dealing with duties 
involved in the preparation of the body for burial (Sema-
The salvage excavation and survey described in this IlOt. 12, 4­5 , see Zlotnick  1966:80­81; Safrai  1976:775; 
report established the boundaries of the 16 km long Schwabe  and  Lifshitz  1974:  lnscr.  No.  202;  Rubin 
Second Temple period cemetery. The southernmost ex- 1977:226 ff.;  Weiss 1992:362­363). 
tent of the rock­cut loculi tombs was identified on Hills C 
and  H; the  tombs  continue northward on  Hills A.  Band 
D, until  they reach Wadi Quruntul (Hills F and G) , where  TOMB  ARCH[TECTURE 
burials were found  on both banks of the wadi . Kenyon's 
excavations  in  the  1950's  (Bennett  1965)  indicate  that  The burials in Jericho, both primary and secondary, were 
the cemetery extended even further north, beyond the tell  in  loculi tombs hewn into the hillside. These were family 
of ancient Jericho. That part of the cemetery consisted of  tombs.  with  provisions  for  individual  burials.  A  few 
loculi tombs and reused shaft tombs and graves, contain- graves dug  into  the earth  were found  at Jericho  (Bennett 
ing wooden coffins or stone ossuaries. 2  1965 :516,  532­539) and Jerusalem (Kloner  1980a:244-
 CHAPTER VII! BURIAL CUSTOMS AND CONCLUSIONS
246). The same general tomb plan, consisting of a square
chamber with kokhim or a single kokh, continued to be
used throughout the Second Temple period in Jericho, as
well as in Jerusalem and elsewhere in Judea (see above,
Chap. II).
The Jericho evidence proves conclus ively that kokhim
tombs were initially designed and used for primary (i.e.,
permanent inhumation) burials in coffins, as is also indi-
cated by the length of the kokh, which corresponds to the
length of a coffin (Tables 11.5; IlL I). The same tomb plan
continued to be used for ossuary burials. An eadier claim
that the kokh was 'intimately' connected with secondary
burial is unsb~taied (Kutscher 1967:279; Meyers
1971:64-69; Avigad 1976:259) as there was no need to
prepare a 2 m long koklt for the average ossuary, which
was 70 cm long.
In addition to the single-chamber rock-cut kokhim
tombs, an unusual monumental tomb (H) was excavated
on Hill H in the Jericho cemetery (Hachli Ii 1979a; 1983a;
Hachlili and Killebrew 1983b). It consisted of a large
open coultyard with benches running alongside the
north, south and east sides, and to the west a two-
chambered kokhim tomb cut into the hillside. A wall
painting executed in red, brown and black paint adorned
the walls of the upper chamber of the tomb. The court-
yard of this tomb was probably used for mourning and
memorial services similar to the 'eulogy place' or 'house
of assembly' (pp. 45-50, Figs. II.68, 78, 81 , 82; Netzer
1982b: 110) mentioned in Jewish sources (TB BB 100b;
see also KJein 1908:51 - 52; Safrai 1976:779). Similar
courtyards with benches a.re known from contemporary
monumental tombs in Jerusalem, which are usually
smaller (KIOIler 1980a:210, 244). Courtyards with
benches are also found in the third cenmry CE Bet
She'arim Jewish necropolis and probably served simi-
larly (Avigad 1976:41-45,81-82, Figs. 23-24, 35,61,
PI. XXX:1). Comparable in plan, but differing in func-
tion, are the triclinia in the Nabatean cemetery at Petra
(Horsfield 1938:31-39, Pis. 64:2, 66, 67:2, 71, 73),
which served as gathering places for commemorative
meals on the anniversary of the deceased (see Goode-
nough 1956, VI: 169, 172, who suggests that similar
feasts were held by Jews, refuted by Lieberman
1965:509,511).
To the north of the monumental tomb a miqveh (ritual
bath) was constructed as an integral part of the courtyard.
It was fed by the aqueduct running along the hilltops
through the cemetery from 'Ein Duyuk (Na'aran) to
ancient Jericho and the Hasmonean and Herodian
palaces (Netzer 1977: 1). (For aqueducts in cemeteries
167
see Sema(wt 14, 1 in Zlotnick 1966:85, 165; M Yad. 4:7;
BT Hor. 13b; BT Meg. 29a and see Patrich 1980.) In
Jerusalem an aqueduct passed through the cemetery in
close proximity to tombs, at times even cutting into them.
BURIAL TYPES AND THEIR CHRONOLOGY
Three distinct types of burials were discovered: primary
burials in wooden coffins (Type I), secondary collected
bone burials (Type II) and secondary burials in stone
ossuaries (Type III). Based on the stratigraphy of the
tombs and the artifacts associated with the deceased,
Type I burials are dated to the first century BCE and
Types II and III to the early first century CE, until ca.
68 CEo
Type I (PrinUlry Burials in Wooden Coffins). The coffin
is a rectangular chest, approximately the length of a
human body, constructed by mortising and pegging, and
decorated with painted red and black or incised geomet-
ric designs. The lids were either separate gabled lids,
sometimes decorated, or a hinged Iid connected to the
chest. All parts of the coffins, including the dowels and
hinges were of wood (pp. 60-88). The most common
species of timber used were cypress, sycamore and
Christ-thorn (pp. 88-92).
All the bodies were laid supine in the coffin, usually
with the head to one side and the hands close to the sides
(see above). Apparently, it was impOitant for Jews to
bury the body with limbs unbent (Safrai 1976:780; see
also Rubin 1977:206-222). There are several instances
of one or two deceased being added to an existing burial
in a coffin, but no more than three individuals were found
in anyone coffin. These later additions were related to
the person already buried in the coffin (Semahot 13, 8:
"Two corpses may not be buried beside one another, nor
a corpse beside bones, nor bones beside a corpse. Rabbi
Judah says: Whomsoever a person may sleep with when
he is living, he may be buried with when he is dead"
[Zlotnick 1966: 84, 164D·
Orientation of the bodies, in the kokh or tomb, does
not seem to bear any signi ficance. No special marks were
found on the coffins, which could have indicated the
orientation of the head in the kokh. This is in contrast to
the Qumran cemetery, where the orientation of most of
the tombs was north-south (de Vaux 1973:46; Bar-Adon
1977:22; Rubin 1977: 183-200). Personal objects found
inside the coffins were usually placed near the head or
feet of the deceased, usually of women and children. This
168 RA CHEL HACHLlLl AND ANN E. KILLEBREW
is al so the case at ' En Gedi (Hadas 1994:4,27,34) and
the Dura Europos loculi tombs containing coffins (Toll
1946:22, Figs. 2 1- 24, 29 , 37). The grave goods include
e.g., wooden objects such as howls, glass containers and
faience beads, bronze, iron and bone objects, as well as
leather sandal s.
Most of the sandal s and leather fragments (pp. 136-
137) were retrieved from coffins in which women were
buried, although two sandals were placed with men. The
sandals were usually placed next to the head of the
deceased and not hi s feet, which seems to indicate a
special burial custom. In Jeru sa lem tombs, no leather or
wooden objects have survived, due to the humid climate.
Although similar sa ndal s were found in second century
CE caves in the Judean Desert, they were not necessarily
associated with burial s, ex cept at 'En Gedi. In one of the
coffins there, leather shoes were on the feet of the de-
ceased (Avigad 1962b:183) . Yadin (1963:165-166) ob-
served that sandals were fastened together exclusively by
means of leather thongs, and none bears traces of nails.
This is in compliance with the Mishnaic prohibition
(Shab. 6:2) of weari ng nail-studded sandal s on the Sab-
bath, which most probably meant that people wore only
sandals without nails (Yadin 1963: 166, n. 19).
Wooden bowls were found in the coffins, also largely
associated with burials of women and children. Wooden
bowls and cups were also found in a wooden coffin in the
'En Gedi tombs (Avigad 1962b: 182, Pl. 18A ; Hadas
1994:5 *, 51 - 52, 58) . It should be noted that wooden
bowls were found neither at the Jericho nor the 'En Gedi
settlement sites. In Tomb D2, Kokh 6, a handle and parts
of a wooden box were found (p. 138) .
Personal objects, sometimes consisting of seve ral
items, such as beads, a kohl stick and a spatula (pp. 139 ,
140-141), were placed in the coffins. The coffin contain-
ing the largest number of possessions was No. 78, in the
pit of Tomb D 12 (see Chapter IX: Nos. 124- 163).
Utilitarian vessels were found on the floor or in the pit
of tombs . The pottery vessels fOlm a well-defined assem-
bl age consisting of bowl s (Types All, A/2), cooking pots
(Types All, Al2) , a tlask, folded lamps and ceramic
unguentaria (especially Types All , Al2). Storage jars
often stood outside the tombs, next to the entrance, with
complete vessels preserved outside Tombs D 11 and D 14.
The repertoire here is distinct from that in Tomb Types II
and III, and is typologically earlier in date. The relatively
large assemblage and diversity of utilitarian ceramic con-
tainers found in association with coffin burials is in
contrast to the limited number of ceramic vessels found
with secondary burials.
The pottery assemblage recovered in the Jericho cof-
fin tombs is very similar to the domestic usage observed
for Jews in the Second Temple period. However, certain
vessels. such as cooking pots and unguentari a, are more
frequent, while other types, such as bowls. are rare in the
tombs. It is noteworthy that several objects were cer-
tainly defective when they were placed in the tomb, e.g.,
a dented cooking pot (Fig. III.5 8:4) and a glass am-
phoriskos with a broken handle (Fig. III.71: 1). Though
this may have alluded to a symbolic intention (Bar-Adon
1977:20), it is very likely that economic considerations
were the cause.
Yadin suggested that vessels that had become con-
taminated before burial were broken and then placed in
the grave. As most of the broken pottery at Jericho was
restorable, it follows that intact pottery was deposited in
the tomb (vs. Yadin 1983, I:324, n. 64).
Several conclusions can be drawn regarding the
placement and purpose of these vessels in the tomb .
Storage jars, some found in situ, were often placed out-
side the entrance of coffin tombs (single-kokh Tomb
D 14). These may have held water for purification (see
al so Toll 1946:100, n. 20). Cooking pots were found in
all types of tombs and various explanations for this have
been proposed. A vigad (1956:33) suggested that the
cooking pots were placed in the tomb as containers for
purification water (Rahmani 1961:118-119; 1967a:96;
Kloner 1980a:256). Small vessels such as juglets and
bottles could apparently serve for funerary spices and
ointments (1os., AnI. XV 61 ; XVII 199; War I 673; Mark
16:1; Luke 23 :56; John 19 :39-40; M BeL 8:6; Barag
1972; Basch 1972; Safrai 1976:776, nn. 3-9; see also
Patrich and Arubas 1989). The lamps found in the tombs
may have been used to light the way for visitors or have
been lit and placed at the head of the deceased out of
respect (Lieberman 1965:509, n. 22.; Rahmani 1967b:96;
KUltz and Boardman 1971 :211; B. Mazar 1973:210; Sa-
frai 1976:774, n. 4; Rubin 1977:224-225; Kloner 1980a:
254-255).
The common practice of placing burial gifts with the
dead was widespread throughout the Hellenistic and Se-
mitic-Roman world , and sometimes had the connotation
of an offering to the dead for use in afterlife as well as for
"an inner need to satisfy a se nse of loss or reluctance to
credit total separation from the dead" (Kurtz and Board-
man 1971:206). Similarly, as Lieberman (1965:509)
claims, Jews placed personal belongings in the tomb of
the deceased not because of hi s need, but because the
sce ne aroused the grief of the onlookers (Zlotnick
1966 :16-17; Senwhot 8, 7; Alon 1976:99-105; Kloner
 CHAPTER VIlI BURIAL CLSTO MS AND CONCLUSIONS
1980a:257-258; Rahmani 1986:98). Again, it is note-
worthy that in the Jericho tombs personal gifts were
placed mostly with women and children.
The large iron nails, found both inside and outside
several tombs, seem to have been intentionally placed
there. Thcy are too large to have been used in the con-
struction of the wooden coffins. From rabbinical sources
we know that a nail or peg sometimes marked the per-
manent burial place of the deccased (Brand 1953:71,
n. 305). The Damascus Document XU, 16-18 mentions
that a "nail or peg in the wall that are with the dead
person in the house shall become unclean in the same
manner as the \'I,'orking tool." Hence , possibly some un-
clean nai Is were takcn to the tomb and buried or placed
with the dead (Lieberman 1962, I1I:84, 88 discusses the
use of iron for magic). At Jericho, the nails may have
served any of these purposes.
The remains of the rwig-filled leather mattresses that
were found in some of the coffins demonstrate not only
that the dead had been brought to rhe tomb on a mattre ss
(perhaps the kliva- 'I\'J'7:J referred to in BT MQ 27b; Tos.
Nid. 9: 16) but they were also buried on them in the coffin
(see above p. 31; Safrai 1976:778). Another possible
explanarion is that when persons had died at home on
their mattress they had contaminated them. Instead of
burning the mattress, it was buried with the deceased.
Roman art portrays mattresses and pillows as common
accessolies in funeral processions (Toynbee 1971 :46,
Fig. 1'111.1. a, b. BOlle with c/oth imprint; c. enlargment o/cloth imprillt.
169
PIs. 9, 11). This may ·well have been an accepted practice
among Jews.
The imprints of woven material found on a bone
(Fig. VIII.l:a-c) and sku1l 4 (Fig. 11.50) suggest that the
body was wrapped in a shroud (Bar-Adon 1977: 22). This
custom, mentioned in Jewish literary sources (M Kil. 9:4;
M Ma' as. S. 5:12; Tos. Ned. 2, 7; John 11:44; Safrai
1976:777; Rubin 1977:202-203), was also practiced by
Romans (Toynbee 1971 :46).
Type II (Secondary Burials of Collected Bones) . Such
burials were found in two large, disturbed tombs (03 and
F4; Figs. U.27, 62) and three single-kokh tombs (021,
023 and F7; Figs. IrA6, 64). They contained piles of
collected bones in the kokhim and on the benches, with-
out trace of coffin or ossuary.
Large numbers of cooking pots (Type Al2) and ce-
ramic unguentaria (especially Type B), a few bowls
(Type B) and a cup had been placed with the bones of the
deceased. Two coins of Agrippa I were found stuck
together inside a skull recovered from Kokh I of Tomb
03 (see above, pp. 135- 136).
Type III (Burial in Stone Ossuaries). The ossuaries,
measuring 0,60-0.80 m in length, were carved from a
single limestone block, with a separate gabled, vaulted or
flat limestone Iid. They were decorated with incised or
Chip-carved geometric or floral designs. Occasionally
170 RACHEL HACHLILI A~D ANN E. KILLEBREW

in sc riptions were carved on the ossuaries, including the

name and the family connection of the deceased.
The ossuaries were placed in the loculi or on the
benches. In one kukh in Tomb H four ossuaries were
found together (p. 43, Fig. 11.75). That the occupants of
ossu aries placed in the same loc ulu s were usually related
can be deduced from the inscriptions. The ossuaries were
sometimes placed on benches or on the floor; however,
this was not due to lack of space in the kokhim , as in many
cases these were empty (Tomb H, Chambers A and B;
fig. I1.7 I). Thus, the wa y the ossuaries were placed in the
Jericho tombs indicates that burial in ossuaries was not
due to a desire to save space (but see Avigad 1976:259).
It is not entirely clear how the bodies were prepared for
secondary burial. First, the body was al lowed to decay
until only the bones remained; M Sanh. 6:6: " ... When the
flesh is completely decomposed the bones were gathered
and buried in their proper place;" Semalwl 12, 7: " R.
Akiba says: The bones may not be gathered until the flesh
has wasled away" (Zlotnick 1966:81). It has been sug-
gested that the deceased was placed in a kokh in his family
tomb and that a year later hi s relatives gathered hi s bones
and pl aced them in his ossuary (Rahmani 1961: 117-118 ;
1978:104; Kloner 1980a:248- 252). However, no evi-
del1Ce has yet been found in the Jericho ce metery to
support thi s claim. Moreover, it would take many years
for a body to decompose in side a closed tomb in the dry Fig. VIII.2. Ossua ry 18 (Cal. No. 38). Tomb Dl.

Jericho climate. Perhaps there was a special structure

where the dec eascd were placed , or an area where they
were huried in shallow graves, until only the bon es re-
mained- Semalwt 12,9: " ... My son, bury me first in a
fos se. In the course of time, collect my bones and put them
in an ossuary ..." (Zlotnick 1966:82 , 161- I62); JT MQ I ,
5, 80c: " A man coll ects the bones of his fath er and mother
because it is ajoy unto him. First they interred them in the
rnahamorOI [' pits' or 'valleys' ?l When the flesh had de-
cayed they collected the bones and buried them in a con-
tainer [an ossuary?l .." (Lieberman 1962, V: 1235;
Meyers 1971:59--61 ; Hachli Ii 1979a:35 ).
The bones were placed in the ossuary in a gi ven order:
the lon g bones Jay lengthwise at the hottom, with the
bones of the arms and hands on one side and those of the
Icgs and feet at the other. The remaini ng bones were
placed on top, with the skul Ion top of all the bones at one
end (Fig. VIlI.2). Usually, each ossuary contained the
bones of one individual , but in one tomb there were
several in stances of more than one individual per ossuary
(Appendix I ; Hachlili and Smith 1979:68-69). Care was
taken to place the bones in the correct ossuary. At
Jericho, the insc riptions in Tomb H mentionin g the
nam es and occasionally the ages of the deceased hav e
always been found to correspond to the sex and age of the
remains in the ossuary (Table IV . I and Appendix I;
Hachlili 1979b: Table I; Hachlili and Smith 1979).
Fewer grave goods were di scove red with ossu ary
burial s, whi ch may be due in part to the tombs' di sturbed
condition. The finds , usually placed close to the ossuaries
or in the pit, included pottery bowl9 (Types B and C) ,
kraters, a s mall number of unguentaria (Jnainly Type B),
juglets, a few lamps (Type C); glass unguentaria; and
miscell aneou s metal obj ec ts. Some of the pottery was
decorated with red paint. This homogeneous repertoire of
vessels is typical offirst century CE assemblages. A lamp
placed at th e head of the primary burial in Tomb A2,
Kokh 5 may have been a token of grief. The practice of
placin g g lass unguentaria in tombs was widespread
throughout the eastern Mediten'anean during the first
century CE (see Barag 1972:26 on the use of glass bottles
in funerary rites) .
Numerou s in scriptions, both on ossuaries and on
bowl s, were found in the Jericho cemetery. Names were
often repeatedly inscribed on the ossuaries; several were
 CHAPTER Vllt BURIAL CUSTOMS AND CONCLCSIO"lS
bilingual. The name was that of the deccased and his
family relationship (Table IV.l; Hachlili 1979b:33, 45-
46). An abecedary, consisting of nine letters of the Greek
alphabet, was written in charcoal inside an ossuary lid
(p. 145; Fig. IV.2; Hachlili I 979b:47-48). Nearly all the
Jericho inscriptions come from two tombs-O I and H-
making it possible to reconstruct two fami Iy trees, each
consisting of three generations (pp. 153, 155, Fig. IV.15;
Hachlili 1978; 1979b). It is worthy of mention that a
stone slab inscribed with names of the dead was buried in
a tomb excavated north of Tell Jericho (Bennett
1965:523-525, Tomb K23; Reynolds 1965:721-722,
\
PI. XXIV).
An intriguing facet of the inscri ptions relates to the
identity of the scribe. That family members rather than
professional scribes wrote the inscriptions seems more
than probable due to the great variety of hands evident in
the execution of these inscriptions (see also Sevenster
1968: 180-183). There is, however, one case of two os-
suaries inscribed in the same hand (see above, p. 142;
Hachlili 1979b:33).
The few surviving funerary inscriptions of the First
Temple period are associated with members of the upper
classes , such as royalty and dignitaries (A vigad 1953:
148; Naveh 1963:89-92). Funerary inscriptions are com-
mon on ossuaries (Frey 1952:245 ff.) and occasionally
on tombs of the second century BCE down to the first
century CE. This custom seems to have prevailed
throughout the Hellenistic-Roman East. For example, in
the Jewish settlement of Leontopol is of the second- first
centuries BCE (Naville 1890:14-]5; Frey 1952: Nos.
1450-1530; Lewis 1964:145-163. Nos. 1451-1530) the
inscriptions usually mention one person, providing his
name, age and date of death; the names arc Greek or
Jewish.
Funerary inscriptions from the third century CE ap-
pear at Palmyra, written in Greek or Palmyrene Aramaic,
on the tomb entrance or on steles. They record the names
of the tomb builders and the owners of the grave space
(lngholt 1935; 1936; 1938). First century Nabatean fu-
nerary inscriptions, usually adorning the facades of the
monumental rock-cut tombs, also mention the tomb
builder and the owner as well (Negev 1976:219-220).
In contrast to the surrounding Semi tic cultures, Jewish
funerary inscriptions in the Second Temple period are
found almost exclusively on ossuaries and seldom on
tombs (see Rahmani 1986:96 for tomb inscriptions). As
the Jewish family tombs in Jericho stress the individual-
ity of the burial, it is only natural that the inscriptions
included the name of the deceased and his family rela-
171
tionshi p, occasionally mentioning age or origin, but did
not include the name of the builder of the tomb nor
mention ownership status of the tomb, which frequently
appears in the Palmyrene and Nabatean funerary inscrip-
tions.
IRREGULAR BURIALS
Three unusual burials are evidenced in the Jericho cClnc-
tery, with burial customs differing from those described
above: (I) bones transferred into a side kokh in thc same
tomb (027, p. 31); (2) plas t:red-over kokhim eOnL,~ig
primary burials; ossuaries placed subseq ue ntly in the
tomb (A2, pp. 6-8); (3) heaps of bones deposilt:d in a
special pit (H, p. 38).
Several tombs in Jerusalem contained bones of earl ier
burials which had been pushed aside into kokhim or
placed on benches (Rahmani 1961:105, 107 , 110, 117;
Kloner and Gat 1982:74-75; A. Mazar 1982:41,43,45;
Tzaferis 1982:51). In the Jericho cemclt:ry. collected
bones were either a type of burial (Type II) exclusively
practiced in some of the tombs (03 , 021, D23 . F4 , F7;
Figs. II. 27 ,46,62, 64) or, as in Tomb H, a s pecial bone
repository (Kokh 9) was hewn for the burial of the col-
lected bones (Figs. II.71, 72). The bones se m to have
been intentionally deposited aDld buried, rather than
pushed aside.
In the case of Tomb 027, where wooden coffins were
placed on the benches and in the kukhim, Kokh 7 was
probably used for the burial of individuals removed from
the coffins (Figs. II.55, 58). Presumably, gathering the
bones from earlier burials, as in Tomb D27, was prac-
ticed in Jericho due to lack of space in thi .. particular
tomb and because the coffins were rels ~ d ror other buri-
als. This is in contrast with Type II tombs, which con-
tained only collected bone burials without a contJiner. In
Tomb H, Kokh 8 and Kokh 9-speciaUy hewn for the
individual burial-may have been used bccausL: ossuar-
ies were unavailable at the time (the First Jewisll War in
67-68 CE?) or later, when ossuaries may not have been
produced in Jericho.
EVOLUTION OF JEWISH BURIAL CUSTOMS
Primary burial in coffins and secondary hurial in ossuar-
ies were the two accepted forms of burial during the late
Second Temple period, differing from earlier and later
Jewish burial customs. These burial practices will be
172 RA('j IEL HACHLlLl AND ANl\ E. KILLEBREW
compared to the earlier First Temple period burials
(eighth-sixth centuries BCE), as well as to contemporary
burials in the cemcteries of Qumran and 'Ein el-Ghuweir.
Lastly, they will be compared to later, second-fourth
century CE burials in the Jewish necropolis at Bet
She'arim.
Rock-cut tombs of the pre-exilic period are known in
Judea, mainly in the Jerusalem area. The tombs usually
consist of a passage leading to a main chamber and a
lateral chamber \vith benches and rectangular troughs. A
repository pit for the transfercnce of bones was often
added (Bloch-Smith 1992:147-151 ; Barkay 1994:113-
126; Silwan: Loffreda 1965-1966; 1968; Temple Mount
tombs: B. Mazar 1971:25- 26, Fig. 16, PIs. XV-XIX;
cemeteries of Jerusalem: Barkay, Mazar and Kloner
1975; A. Mazar 11976; Davis and Kloner 1978; Barkay
1986:19-20; Ussishkin 1993). The necropolis of Jerusa-
lem probably encircled the city.
Few similarities exist between the rock-cut tombs of
the First Temple period in Jerusalem and those of the late
Second Temple period. While the earlier Iron Age tombs
were chamber tombs with lateral rooms, rock-cut tombs
of the Second Temple period had a chamber with kokhim.
These kokhim provided for the individual burial of each
person, while in the earlier Israelite tombs the individuals
were all laid on benches and only later moved to the
repository pit (but sec the unusual cases of Jericho
Tombs A2, D27 and H; Figs. II.5, 55, 71). Moreover,
First Temple period rock-cut tombs served large numbers
of people. probably an extended fami Iy or tribe, or in the
case of the monumental tombs (Bloch-Smith 1992: 149-
150; Ussishkin 1993:32K- 331; Barkay 1994:102- 110),
only a small number of upper class individuals. Tombs of
the Second Temple period served the immediate family.
The majority of rock-cut loculi tombs of the Second
Temple period were uncovered in Jerusalem (Avigad
1962a; 1971; Rahmani 1961; 1967a; 1967b; 1977; 1978;
1980a; Tzaferis 1970; Kloner 1980a; 1980b). Excava-
tions have revealed that the burial cllstoms of Jerusalem
and Jericho in the first century CE were identical-rock-
cut loculi tombs, containing secondary burials in ossuar-
ies. The assemblage of grave goods found in these tombs
is also similar. The ossualies were carved from lime-
stone, and similar motifs decorate both the Jericho and
Jerusalem ossuaries. However. those from Jerusalem are
frequently of superior workmanship. This may be due to
the relatively few ossuaries thus far discovered in
Jericho, but it may also indicate that artisans of lesser
standing resided and worked there.
Primary burials in wooden collins have not been
discovered in Jerusalem but this may be due to the poor
state of preservation of organic material in the more
humid Jerusalem cl imate and the disturbed condition of
most of the tombs. But tombs containing primary burials
have been uncovered where the bones had been trans-
ferred to repositories (Rahmani 1958: 104; I967a:94-95;
1977 :24); one such tomb contained primary burials with
pottery similar to that found in the Jericho coffin tombs
(Kloner 1980b). In view of the homogeneous nature of
burial customs in Jericho and Jerusalem, it is plausible
that not only secondary burials in ossuaries but also
primary burials in wooden coffins were practiced at both
localities.
Though Second Temple period tombs with wooden
coffins and collected bone burials were excavated at 'En
Gedi (Hadas 1994), there is no conclusi ve evidence that
these were Jewish burials.
The inhabitants of Qumran in the first century CE
practiced primary burial in individual graves, as attested
at their cemeteries--Qumran, 'Ein el-Ghuweir and pos-
sibly f:liam el-Sagha (Hachlili 1993:247-255; Eshel and
Greenhut 1993). The main cemetery of Qunu'an , east of
the settlement, is reported to have about 1,000 graves (de
Vaux 1953; 1954; 1956; 1973), laid out in well-organ-
ized rows: si ngle graves, usually oliented north-south.
The graves were marked by oval heaps of stones on the
surface. Under the stones, a rectangular cavity (1.20-
2.00 m deep) was dug into the ground , with a pit at the
bottom, almost always under the east wall of the cavity.
The grave was orten closed with mudblicks or flat stones.
The graves showed traces of wooden coffins, as well as
one complete coffin (de Vaux 1973:46-47). Most of the
excavated tombs in the main cemetery contained individ-
ual male burials (and only male) (de Vaux 1953:102,
Fig. 5, Pis. 4b, 5a-b; 1973:46. PI. XXV-XXVI; Steckoll
1968; Bar-Adon 1977:12,16, Figs. 19,20). On the out-
skirts of this cemetery and in the smaller cemeteries of
Qumran a few graves of women and children were un-
covered (de Vaux 1956:569,575; 1973:47,57-58; Cross
1961a:97-98).
The burial practices of Qumran have a few elements
in common with those of the Jerusalem-Jericho cemeter-
ies (Hach Ii Ii 1993 :261-264). The coffin burials at Qum-
ran, though later in date, can be compared to those found
at Jericho. Grave goods were discovered with women
and children, and at 'Ein el-Ghuweir remains of fabrics
(shrouds?) and mattresses were also recovered (de Vaux
1973:47; Bar-Adon 1977 :22). Broken storage jars were
 CHAPTER VIll BURIAL CUSTOMS AND CONCLUSIONS
uncovered on the graves at 'Ein e\-Ghuweir (Bar-Adon
1977: 16, Figs. 21: 1-3, 22-23) and Qumran (de Vaux
1953: 103, Fig. 2:5, PI VI). The placing of vessels on the
grave can be compared to the custom of placing storage
jars outside the tombs at Jericho (p. 24).
Several regulations regarding the impurity of the dead
are dealt with in the Temple Scroll (Yadin 1983, 1:45-
17). They mention the prohibition on the impure of enter-
ing JellJsalem, the city of the sanctuary (or the Temple
Mount, Schiffman 1990: 137); impurity was contracted
by a dead person's house, by people or by vessels (Yadin
1983, 1:45.5-10; Schiffman 1990: 138-150). Schiffman
(1990:150) concludes that the impurity of the dead dis-
cussed in the Temple Scroll does not reflect any particu-
lar characteristic of sectarian Ii fe, and seems to have been
part of widespread beliefs in the Second Temple period.
The variations evident in these burial practices indicate
differences in religion and in attitl!des toward the dead
among the Jews and reflect the separation of the Qumran
community from normative Judaism (Cross 1961a:51 ff.;
de Vaux 1973: 126-138; Yadin 1983,1:323-324,342-
343). The importance of the individual, rather than that of
the family, is indicated by the individual burials found in
the graves of Qumran and 'Ein el-Ghuweir.
Another Jewish necropolis relevant to this discussion
is Bet She'3Jim, the central burial ground for Jews from
the Land of Israel and the Diaspora in the third-fourth
centuries CE. The di fferences in burial customs from
those of the first century CE are widely evident: the dead
were buried in large rock-cut catacombs encompassing
halls, rooms and arcosolia: in them were placed the
stone, lead or clay sarcophagi containing primary burials
of local Jews or the reinten'ed remains of Diaspora Jews.
Burial had become a public enterprise, directed by the
Burial Society (Hevrah Kadishah), which sold burial
places (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:223 ; Avigad
1976:253,265; Wciss 1992:362-366). The Aramaic, He-
brew and Greek inscriptions found in these tombs chiefly
record the names of the tomb owner (A vigad 1976:230),
and their purpose was to indicate the graves of the de-
ceased to visitors (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:2(9).
The third century CE Bet She'arim burial customs had
little in common with those of the Second Temple period;
there was a return to primary burial in arcosolia, sarco-
phagi, etc. Thus, the burial customs of Jews of the Second
Temple period , and in particular burial in ossuaries, were
short-lived, although sporadically continuing into the
second and perhaps even the third century CE in Galilee
and parts of Judea (Rahmani 1986:99).
173
JEWISH BURIAL CUSTOMS AND THEIR
RELATION TO THE PAGAN WORLD
Jewish burial customs of the Second Temple period are
undoubtedly connected with pagan customs, particularly
with the surrounding Greco-Roman and Semitic cultures
(Hachlili 1989). As early as 300 BCE Hecataeus of
Abdera, speaking about Jewish customs of his time,
wrote: " ... As to marriage and the burial of the dead he
saw to it their customs should differ widely from those of
other men. But later, when they became subject to for-
eign rule, as a result of their mingling with men of other
nations, many of their traditional practices were dis-
turbed" (Stern 1974:28, n. on p. 34).
Many of the burial customs of this period are preva-
lent throughout the region and seem to have been adopted
by Jews living either in the Diaspora or in Eretz-Israel
(Hachlili 1989). This pagan influence is evident in tomb
architecture, particularly in the rock-cut loculi tombs
adopted by Jews in Judea during the late Hasmonean
period. The plan of the monumental courtyard tomb also
had its roots in the Semitic world, closely paralleling the
triclinia in the Nabatean cemetery at Petra. The wall
painting in Tomb H is rare in Jewish funerary art, and
evidently reflects Hellenistic influences.
Wooden coffins were a form of burial in the Hellenis-
tic world , and appear in the region during this period .
Well-preserved coffins dating to the fourth century BCE
have been found in Egypt, as well as in South Russia
(Watzinger 1905). Less well-preserved contemporary
coffin s have been discovered in Jericho, the Judean De-
sert and Dura Europos.
Iron nails in the Jericho tombs may have had several
different uses: to incise inscliptions (Rahmani 1961: 100;
1982, IV: Ill; 1986:97), to mark the place of burial, or,
possibly, as a 'magical' practice (an interpretation sug-
gested by Kurtz and Boardman 1971:216 for Olynthus;
cf. Robinson 1942: 159-160). A later rabbinical source
speaks of throwing iron between or in the tombs against
spirits; this may also support the latter interpretation
(Tos. Shabo 6: 12; Lieberman 1962, III:84, 88 for a discus-
sion on the use of iron to ward off spirits, but see
Rahmani 1986:97). The abecedary, inscribed on an os-
suary lid placed facing the entrance, may have also
served a magical purpose.
Grave good s associated with the dead are found in
tombs from nearly all periods and cultures. Leather san-
dals occasionally found in the Jericho tombs represent an
item probably influenced by the Greeks who regarded
174 RACHEL HACHl.ILI AND ANN E. KtLLEBREW
sandals as a necessary item for the dcad' s 'last journey'
(Kurtz and Boardman 1971 :2 1 I). Glas s unget~lIia, pre-
sumably receptacles for oil , were cOlTUTIonly placed in
tombs throl' ghout the Roma n empire (Barag 1972:26).
Coins. found in two skulls at Jericho (see above,
Chap. HI: 135-136), have also been found in Helleni stic
tomos and welT considercd by the Greeks to be payment
for Charon's ferry services (Kurtz and Boardman
1971:211: Toynbee 1971:49, 119, 124, 291, n. 168;
Negev 1971: 119, 123 for coins found between the teeth
of a skull at Mampsis; sec Rahmani's refutation
19ROb: 197; cl'. Giehon 1970: 139, 141). In this case, the
pagan custom w;.!, apparently borrowed with the knowl-
edge of its Greek significance.
The practice of placi ng storage jars outside a tomb or
on top of a grave, presumably fi lied with water for pllliti-
cation rites. appears not only at Jericho but also in Greek
and Semitic cemeteries (Toll 1946:21, and n. 20 on
p. 104 ; Kurtz and Boardman 1971 :205).
Funerary inscriptions were a common occurrence in
Jewish, Palmyrene and Nabatean cemetelies. However,
in kwish inscriptions the importance of the individual is
evident in contrast to the slmounding cultures, where
only the name of the tomb owner and its architect were
included. The grave marker, or nefesh, wa s evidently
adopted from the surrounding Semitic world where it
was common (sec above, Chap. VI).
Although the prcsence of grave goods in the Jericho
tombs reflects pag;.!n practices, the Jews probably fol-
lowed 11K ancient custom of funerary offerings due to an
inherent need of the living to relate to the dead (KUl1Z and
Boardman 1971 :206; Kloner 1980a:254-258; Rahmani
IY86:9R). Evidently the surrounding cultures influenced
Jewish bUlial practices of the Second Temple period, but
their interpretation and combination produced burial cus-
toms that were unmistakably Jewish.
CONCLUSIONS
The excavations of the Jericho necropol is have revealed
that two completely different sets of burial customs, one
chronologically following the other, were practiced by
Jews of the Second Temple period. The earlier (first
century BCE)-primary individual burials in wooden
coffins- first appeared among Jews at that time. Earlier
biblical references do not mention the word 'coffin'
(aron) except in the case of Joseph (Gen. 50:26) who
died in Egypt and whose remains were transported to
Canaan in a coffin (see also disc ussion, p. 153, and Hach-
lili 1979b:44). Thi s isolated case can be expl ained as
simply following the Egyptian burial practices of
Joseph's time (Klein 1908:32). The biblical concept of
burial was 'to be buried with his fathers', perhaps indicat-
ing a tribal burial. According to biblical accounts, after
the settlement of the Israelite tribes in the Land of Israel ,
a person was buried in a family tomb ('to sleep with hi s
fathers ' ,1 Kings 1:21 , 11:43; 'to be gathered to your
fathers', Jud. 2:10; 'gathered to his people', e.g., Gen .
25:8; 49:29: Num. 31 :2; Deut. 32:50; 'buried with his
fathers ', e.g., 1 Kings 14:31; 15:24; 2 Kings 8:24). The
concept of family burial was already firmly rooted at that
time (see also Meyers 1971: 14, n. 38 and bibliography).
Iron Age archaeological evidence (Loffreda 1968; Us-
sishkin 1993 ; Bar'kay 1994: 128- 132) provides very little
evidence on the use of coffins at that time by the Israel-
ites. However, coffins were known at that time in the
Egyptian and Phoenician worlds.
The impol1ance of individual burial as well as burial
in a family tomb is evident in Jewish burial practices of
the late Second Temple period . This is reflected in the
plan of the kokhim tomb, which provided for individual
burial of coffins in kokhim and allowed a family to be
buried in the same tomb. The concept of individual burial
for a large population, not exclusively for the upper
classes, as in the Israelite period, probably reflects the
increasing importance placed on the individual in con-
temporary Helleni stic society as a whole (Kurtz and
Boardman 1971 :273) and the Jewish belief in the indi-
vidual resurrection of the body. The concept of individ-
ual resurrection is reflected in sources as early as the
second century BCE (Dan. 12:2; 2 Macc. 7:9-23, 12:38-
45, 14:46; Jos. , Ag. Ap. II 218; Finkelstein 1940:145-
159; Rahmani 1961:117-118 ; n.6, 1978:102-103; 1981,
I; 1982, III). Thus the impol1ance 9f the family, com-
bined with that of the individual in his family and society,
is evident in the new Jewi sh practices of this period, i.e.,
the earlier type of blllial (I) in Jericho.
The second burial type (II) found in the Jericho ceme-
tery, chronologically following on the coffin burials, is
an intentional secondary burial of the bones, either
placed in individual ossuaries (Type Ill) or communal in
nature (but see Rahmani 1986:96, where both fonns have
been found together in Jerusalem). This change in burial
customs occurred in the early first century CE, together
with the change in the political status of Judea, which had
become a Roman province.
 CHAPTER YIU BURIAL CUSTOM S AND CONCLUSIONS
This drastic change is difficult to explain. Unfoltu-
nately all the sources dealing with ossilegium describe
only the custom itself without giving any explanation for
its sudden appearance 5
Various hypotheses regarding the reasons for the
change from primary burials to secondary burials in
stone ossuaries have been put forth, including the need
to economize on space (Rubin 1994:262-268), to
facilitate resun'ection of the complete body or to expiate
sins through decay of the flesh. The first two sugges-
tions are refuted by the evidence from the Jericho ceme-
tery. In fact, more individuals were found buried in the
coffin tombs than\ in the ossuary tombs. Secondly, res-
urrection of a complete body could be explained more
easily through plimary burial , and would be more diffi-
cult through secondary burial , since some of the bones
could seemingly be lost while gathering the skeletal
remains after the decay of the flesh. The third sugges-
tion (Rahmani 1961:117-118; 1977:22; 1986:99), a
logical extension of the belief that a person's si ns reside
in the flesh and can be expiated after death through
decay of the flesh, is the most persuasi ve. Rahmani
(1986:99) maintains that the custom of ossilegium
should be seen as Jerusalemite in origin, without any
foreign influence.
NOTES
IThe main contemporary sources used here are the works of
Josephus, composed in the later part of the Sccond Temple
period. His Jewish War, Antiquities, Life and Against Apioll
reflect the ideas and cus toms of the time . Reference is a lso
made to rabbinicallitcrature. codified from the second cen tury
CE onward, which may at times reflect earlier Jewi sh c ustoms
of the Second Temple period. The subjec t of Jewish burial
customs had been researched in the past, but it was based
mainly on written sources ra ther t.han on archaeo logical ev i-
dence (Klein 1908; Meyers 1971; Safrai 1976; Patri c h 1994).
For a prel imi nary trea tment of Jewi s h burial cus toms during the
Second Temple period at Jericho, see Hach lili and Killebrew
1983<1 .
2A no ther tomb complex with a courtyard was excavated by
Kenyon north of Wadi Quruntul, where severa l loculi tombs
(G3, H23, K23) were uncove red (Bennett 1965:521 - 530, Figs.
264-272). There were also severa l examples of secondary usc
of earlier tombs. Near the ancient tell , Kenyon uncovered s haft
tombs which had been reusGd in the Second Temple period . 10
Tomb G2 , two small plain o ssuaries were found. In s haft
Tomb G81, coffins and a lea the r pi Il ow were discovered (Ben-
nett 1965: Fig. 273). A group of s imple graves a lso formed
part of the Sccond Temp le period cemetery. In one such gra ve
(141) a broken ossuary was recovered (Bennett 1965:539,
Fig. 27 1 :4).
175
What caused these changes? The question remains
unanswered-either by literary sources or by archae-
ological investigation s (Hachlili 1994: 185-189). They
could only have been brought about by turmoil in soci-
ety, perhaps as a result of historical events which affected
the religious beliefs of the period; the loss of Judea's
pol itical independence after the expulsion of Herod
Archel aus in 6 CE was followed by Roman procuratorial
government until the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CEo
These events may have led the Jews to feel that they were
si nners needi ng expiation of sins. They bel ieved this
could be ac hieved by allowing the decay of the flesh and
collection of bones into ossuaries in piles, so that they
might be pure for resurrection (Hachlili 1980:239).
The discovery and excavation of the Jewish cemetery
at Jericho has revealed an abundant wealth of previously
unknown informa tion regarding Jewish burial practices
of the Second Temple period . The presence of both
primary and secondary burials belongi ng to separa te
chronologicaL frameworks and the preservation of the
tomb contents for over 2,000 years contIibute signi fi-
cantty to our knowledge of the beliefs and cllstoms of
Jews of ancient Jericho. At the same time, these excava-
tions ha ve raised pertinent new questions on the buria l
customs of Jews of the Second Temple period.
3The Temple Scroll has several rulings regarding cemeteries
(Yadin 1983, 1:321-336): cemeteries should be outside town
limits and located between four settlements so as to avoid
contamination of the whole country. Yadin (1983.1:323-324) ,
basing his conclusions on the interpretation of la te r rabbinical
literature (M Oho1. 17,5; Tos. Ohol. 15; etc.) explained these
restrictions in that Jews at that time did bury within the town
limits and that the Essenes were attempting to follow the stricte r
priestly laws. Howevcr, no Jewish tombs have insofar been
discovered within any town limits. In fact, the cemeteries at
Qumran (de Vaux 1973:45-46) and 'Ein el-Ghuweir (Bar -
Adon 1977 : 12) were located nearby but outside the sctt lemcnts.
Thus the Judean Desert cemeteries cannot be distinguished by
the ir location , but rather by their type of burial. i.e. , primary
burial in simple graves.
4An uns uccessful attempt was made to a nal yze the deteriorated
fabric found on the bones.
' It has been s uggested that Roman funerary urns containing the
rema ins of cremated burials may have intluen(,Gd burials in
ossuaries. However, these burials are vastly different in con-
cept-the former consi sted of the crema ted remains of the
individual immediatel y after his death (T oynbee 197 ] :40-41,
50,253-255), w hi Ie the lattcr f irst e ntailed the primary burial of
the individual and, after at least one year had elapsed, the
gatheling of his bones into a sma ll rectangular conta iner.
 CHAPTER IX

CATALOGUE OF ARTIFACTS

ANN E. KILLEBREW

No. Objcct Type Reg . No. IAA No. Locus Material fi gures

Tomb A 1 (Type Ill)

I Oss uary I K9916 Kok" 2 Limestone lliAO
2 Os:-.uary 2 K9929 Pit Lil l·~ t O ne IIiAO
3 Ossuary 3 Pit Limc'lone 111.40
4 Oss uary 4 (I) K99 32 Pit Limt:stonc 1LI.41
5 Ossuary 5 Pit Limestone JIJ .41
6 (hsu<lr), 6 K9926 Kokh6 Lim c ~ t o nc 11.4 ; 111 A I
7 Os s u ~ry 7 Kokh 6 Lim estone IlI A I
8 Krat~ All lOll K8291 Kokh 6 POllery !I.4 ; 111. 57 : I
9 Krater BIl 811 K8292 Kokh 6 Potl ery 111.57:4
LO Jug Al l 311 KI1252 Kokh2 POll cr), 1n .61 :1

Tomb A2 (Type iU)

II Ossuary 8 K9928 South ben ch Limes tone ITJ AI
12 Ossuary 9 K9917 Pit Limestone JlJAI
13 Os>uary 10 K99 2 1 Pit Lirn l'~ l u l (" 111.4 1
L4 Ossu ary II Left (") bench Li mc ~ lo l e 1IIA2
15 Ossuary 12 Ea st bench Limesto ne 1If.42: IV . 19
16 Ossuary 13 K99 19 J .il ~S l UIlC II1A2
17 Ossuary 14 (f) K9915 l .ilc~une
18 Ossuary 2 1 (I) Liml!s lone
19 Os.,uary 22 (I) LimL' SlOn e
20 Krdt cr (I) 23/2 Left(?) bench Pott er)'
21 COokin g pO! (f) 713 K"kh 6 Paller),
22 Cooking pot (0 23/4 Ldt CI bl'nc h POllcry
23 Ungucntarium B 166/ 1 Pit Poltery 111.60:2 1
24 Storage jar (f) 7/2 Kokh 6 POl1ery
25 S IOragc j ar (f) 23/ 1,3 Left (?} benc h POllCr}
26 Lamp C 21 1 KLI 25 1 Ko"h 5 ponery
27 Lamp (f) C 711 K okh 6 PUlIcr), 111.65:4
28 Lamp (I) C L66 /2 Pit POllel)'
29 Bead III Kok" I Faie nce III. 86 :2
30 Bron ze (f) III Bronze

Tomb A6 (Type Ill )

31 Oss uary 16 K99 3 1 Kokh I Lim ~s l one
32 Bowl (f) C 9/2 PoltL"ry
33 Cooking pot Al4 9/1 POll ery 111.59: 10
34 Stor"ge jar (f) 9/3 POllery
35 Baili e 4 Kokh4 Gb, .' m .71 :2

Abbreviations: (b) =base; (I) = fr:l gmellt : (h) = h<JJldle ; TS = ferro sipillma,
Reg.. No. = numbe ~ gl yen 10 find ... Juring CXC;.I\':lt ion . IAA numbers J'l'i"l'r to n:~i s tr Jtjol in lhe Antiq uity Auth ority ofri ee:-- or the ar e hil eo l o~ y staff offi cer for Judea and
Samaria.
 CHAPTER IX : CATALOGUE OF ARTIFACTS 177

No. Object Type Locus Material Figur"'-

Tomb B2 (Type III)

36 O ssuary 15 (I) K9 892 Ent.rance Limestone

Tomb 01 (Type Ill)

37 Ossuary [7 K9923 Kokh 3 Lim es tone 11142
38 Os,uary 18 K9927 Kokh I Lim estone 111.43: VII1.2
39 O ssuary 19 K9922 Kokh 2 Limestonc 111.43; IV . 18
40 O ssuary 20 K9936 Kokh 2 Limesto ne 111.4.1: IV . 19
41 Bowl ( inscribed) BIl I[ Kokh2 POllery IfI .5 6:4; IV.1 6
42 Jug (f) G 2511 Pit POtlcry 11 1. 61: 14
43 Storage jar (I) E 1411 Kokh2 ]11.64: 1
44 Storage jar (I) BI5 2512 Pit Pa n cry
45 Lamp C 15/1 K 11254 Pit Pon ery 11 1.65 :5
46 Funnel 14/2 Pit POllery 1U.66:3
47 Clas p (of a box) 15/2 Kokh 2 Bronze 111. 8 1

Tomb 02 (Type I)
48 Catlin (I) 17 Kokh 2 Wood
49 Corfin (0 18 Kokh 3 Wood
50 COllin (I) 19 Kokh 4 Wood
51 Collin (I) 20 Kokh 6 Wood
52 Coffi n (I) 21 Kokh7 'Novo
53 Coffin ( f) 22 Wood
54 Cooking POt (f) 5/3.5 South be nch POllcry
55 Unguentarium Al2 511 K 11 257 South henc h Po tte')' 111 .60;7
56 Unguenlarium All 5/2 Svuth bench POllery 111. 60;2
57 U nguct~lrim (f) A 2411 South bench POllcry 111. (\0:3
58 SlOrnge jar (f) 5/4 South bench Ponery
59 Storage jar (t) 2412 South bench Ponery
60 Handlen) and box(O) (f) 24/3 Kokh 6 Wood

Outside Tomb 02
61 Kmter (I) 28/2 Debris POller),
62 Cooking pot B 421 1 Debris Ponc,}'
63 Cooki ng POt A/2 42/3 Debri s POllery
64 Cooking POt (0 42/2,4-6 Debri s POllc ry
65 Cooking POt A/2 65/1 Debris Ponery
66 Jug (t) 2811 De bris Pottery
67 Storage jar (f) A/2 4218 Debri s Poltery
68 Storage j'lr (I) B/2 4219 De blis Pottery
69 SlOrnge jar (f) Al2 42111 De bri s Pon c ry
70 Sto rage jar (f) A/2 42/2 1 Debri s POllery
71 Storage jar (f) C 42/22 Debri s Pon ery
72 Storage jar (t) B/2 4"/24 Dehri s Potlery
73 Slorage jar (f) B/2 42125 Debris Pottery
74 Stvrage jar (0 B /2 42126 Debris Ponery
75 Storage jar (I) AI2 42127 De bri s POllery
76 Storage jar (I) Al2 42/28 Debri s Pottery
77 S LOrage j ar ( f) Al2 42/29 Debri s Pone,)'
78 Storage jar (t) B/2 6512 Debris POllery
79 Lamp (I) B 42119 Debris Pottery Ill.65:3

Betwee n Tombs 02 and 03

80 Kratcr ( t) 58/3 De bris POllcry
81 SlOrage jar (f) Al2 5811 .2 Debri s POll ery

Tomb 03 (Type II)

82 Coin 49 Inside skull Kokh I Bronze 111. 74
83 Coin 50 Inside skull Kokh 1 Bronze 111. 75
178 ANN E. KILLEBREW

Type Reg. No. IAA Nu. Locus M ate rial Figures

Tomb 04
84 CngU('ntal;um B 13/1 KI1256 POLlery 111.60: II

Tomb 06 (Type I)
85 Collin (f) 54 Debris Wood
86 Coffin (f) 57 Kokh 6 Wood
87 Corfin (f) 68 Kokh 4 Wood
88 Corfin (f) 69 Kokh 5 Wood

Outside entrance of Tomb D8

89 Bowl (f) C 12/3 OUbide POLlery
90 Cook in g pot (I) 12/4 Outside Ponery
91 SLOr.'!g~ jar D 1211 K8733 Outside Ponery 111.63:6

Tomb 09 (Type I)
92 CoffIn (f) 59 B Kokh 3 Wood [1.3 6,37; 111 . 10--14
93 Coffin (f) 102 B Near K okhim 6,7 Wood Il.34
94 Coffin (f) 109 1n front of Wood 11.34
Kokhim 3,4,5
95 Bowl (f) BII? 16O1l Kokh4 Pottery
96 Un~ . uentarim 56/3 Debris Potlery
97 Unguentarium AI2 8911 Ne"r Kokh 7 Potlery 11160:8
98 Ungucntarium All 165/1 Kokh 6 Pottery 111.60: I
99 Unguent3rium C 165/2 Kokh6 Potlcry 111. 60:12
100 Storage jar (h) 26 Kokh6 Potlery
101 Storage jar (f) All 5 II I Debris Ponery
102 Pitho, (f) 5112 Debris Ponery
103 Storage jar (f) C 5611 Dehris Pottery 111.643
104 Stor"gc jar (I) Al2 56/2 Deblis Pottery
105 Storage jar (f) AI2 88/1 Dehris Potlery
106 Storage jar (f) AI2 88/2 Debri s Potlery
107 Storage: jar (f) AI2 13911 Debri s Ponery
108 Lamp A 7411 KI1253 Near e ntr::mce Ponery Il1.65: I
109 Ring (f) 156 Coffin 59 Bronze
110 Iron (f) 16111 ,2 Kokh4 Iron
III Bowl (I) 60 Coffin 59 Wood 11I .80 : I

Outside Tomb 09
11 2 Bowl (I) C 15914 Debri s Ponery
11 3 Cooking pot (I) Al2 159/2 Debri s Ponery
114 Cooking pot (f) Al2 159/3 De bris Potlery
115 Storage jar (f) Al2 159/1 Dehlis POllery
"-

Outside Tomb Oil

116 Storage jar D 6311 Be fo re e nt rance POLlery 10 .63:7
117 Storage jar (f) 63/2,3 B efnrc l'lll m nce Ponery
11 8 Stor");e jar (h) 7311 Debri s Potlery
119 Storage jar (h) 73/2 Debris Pottery
120 Storage jar (f) B/2 9911 Debri s Paller),
121 Storage jar (I) AI2 99/2 Debris POLlery
122 Stor"ge jar (I) B/I 99/3 Debris Potlery
123 Storage jar (f) B/2 99/4 Debris Portery

Tomb 012 (Type I)

124 Coffin (f) 78 B Pit Wood 111.15-17
125 Coffin (f) 84 B West ben ch Wood fII .22
126 Corfin (f) 85 B South bench Wood IIJ .23
127 Collin (f) 94 Kokh 3 Wood 1145: IlLl S-21
128 C ollin (f) 103 B Kokh I W ood
129 Coffin (I) 104a B Kokh 2 Wood 11 43: 11l .24
 CHAPTER IX : CATALOGUE OF ARTIFACTS 179

o. Objcct T ype Reg, No. IA A No. Material Figures

130 Coffin (I) 104b B Kokh 2 Wood 11.43

131 ('"oling pot All 7611 K8290 Next to Coffi n 85 Po ttery III.5 K:4
132 Cooking pOE All 79/ 1 North be nch before Pottery 11.42; [[1.58 :3
Kokh 2
133 Cooki ng pot All 8 111 K11 244 Pit, next 10 Coffin 78 POllcry 111.58: I
134 Cooking pot All 92/1 K8289 Next to Coffin 85 Port.ery ][[.58: 2
135 Cnguent:t rium A /2 12911 Pit, in CotTIn 78? Ponery [[[ 60 :9
136 Unguentarium A /2 12912 Pit, in Coffin 78 POllery 111. 60:6
137 Ung ue ntarium (f) A 129/3 Pit., in Coffin 78 Pon ery lU.60:5
138 S to rage jar (0 92/2 Ncar Coni n 85 Ponery
139 Storage jar ( I) 92/3 Near Coffi n 85 Ponery
140 Storage jar (I) AI2 129/4 Ponery
14J Storage jar (I) 13511 Pit POllery
142 Amphori skos "- 96 K8299 In Coffin 100b Glass [[ .43; 111.71: I
J43 Bead 7711 In Coffin 78 Glass III.H6 :3
144 Kohl s tick 7712 KI1260 In Coffin 78 Bro nze ll/.82
145 Nail 83 In C oflin 78 Iron
146 M e t~ 1 (n 131 Pit Ironm
14 7 Nail 157 In Coffin 78 Iron
148 Bead 100 [n Coffin 94 Faience Ill. 86: I
149 W eigh t 80 In Coffin 78 B"'nlt lU. 89
ISO Hair 65 [n Co fiin 78 Hair
151 Rope 93 In Cortin 85 Palm fiber
15 2 Secus 107 [n C "rfin 103 Grape
153 Bunons CO) 95 In Coffin 78 Leather 111.79
154 Sandal et) 106 In Comn 103 Lea ther 111 .77
155 Leather (I) 11 0 I n Coffin 100a Lea ther
156 Sandal (t) IJ I In Coffin 100a Leathe r
157 Spatula 82 In Coftin 78 Bo ne Ill. 85
15 8 Bow l (f) 10511 I n Coffin 100a Wood 111 .80:2
159 Bow l (0 10512 In Coffin 100b Wood 111. 80:4
160 Bowl (I) 112 [n Coffin 100b Wood [[1 .80:3
16 1 Dowels 144 From Coffl n 84 Wood
162 Dowels 154 From CotT,n 85 Wood
163 F lake 77/3 In Coffin 78 Obsidian 1088

Outside Tomb D12

164 Bow l (I) All 6117 De bri s POl1ery
165 Bowl (I) 170/20 Debri s PO['tery
166 Krate r (I) 6115 Debri s Pottery
167 Krat er (I) A/2 6116 Debris Polt ery
168 Kratcr (f) All 170/22 Debris Poltcry
J69 S po utcJ jug et) 170119 Debri s Poltery
170 Ung ucmari um en C 17012 1 Debris Po ttery
171 Cooking po t (f) Al2 6\/3 Debri s Pottery
172 SlOrage j ar (I) BI2 6 111 Before tomb Poltery 11I .63 .2
173 Storage jar ( I) A/2 61/4 Before 10mb Pottery
174 Storage jar(f) A/2 6211 Before 10mb Pottery
175 Storage jar (I) A /2 62/2 Be fo re tomb Pottery
176 SlOrage jar (1) BII 62/9 Before tomb Po lte ry
177 Storage jar (n BII 71/1 Debris POllery 111.63: 1
178 Storage jar (f) A/2 72/1 Debri s Pottery
179 Storage jar (I) A/2 7212 Debri s Pottery
180 Sto rage j ar (I) A/2 72/5 Debri s Pottery
18 1 Storage jar ( I) A /2 87/1 De bri s Pottery
J82 Storage jar (I) A /2 87/2 Debri s Po nery
183 S torage j ar (I) C 87/3 Debri s Po ttery lU. 63:5
184 Storage jar (I) A /2 87/4 Debris Po ttery
185 Storage j ar (I) A /2 87110 Dehris Poltery
186 S torage jar (I) A/2 87/11 Debri s Pottery
l80 ANN E . KILLEBREW

No. ObjCCI Type Reg . No . IAANo. Locus Malcrial Fjgures

187 SlOrage jar (f) N2 87112 Debri s Ponery
188 Stornge jar (f) N2 87/ 13 Debris POllery
189 Slorage jar if) A/2 871J4 Debris Potle ry
190 Storage jar (I) N2 J7012 Debri s POlle!)'
191 S lorage jar (I) Nl 17013 Debri s POllcry
192 Storage jar (f) A/2 170/4 Deb,is Pottery
1 9~ SlOragc jar (I) AI2 170/5 Debri s Pone!)'
194 Slorage jar if) N2 170/6 Debri , POltery
195 S loragc jar (f) B/2 17017 D e bris POl1ery
196 Stornge jar (I) Nt 170/8 Debri s POllery
J97 S torage jar (I) BI2 170/9 Debri s POlle ry
198 Stomgc jar (f) Al l 170110 Debris POllery
199 Lamp (I) A 72/ 3 D e bris POlle ry 10 .65 :2

Between Tombs 02-012

200 Bowl (I) A 90/6 D ebris POllery
201 Storage jar (I) N2 9011 Debri s POllery
202 Storage jar (I) N2 9017 Debri s Ponery
203 Storage jar (I) B/2 9 111 Debris POllery

Tomb 013 (Type HI)

204 Os>uary if) 23 K9893 Li l1 e~ton 10.44
205 Ossuary 24 K9937 Lim c~ lOnc 111.44
206 O ssuary 25 Limc" lone 111.44
207 Os.s ua!), 26 Limc,tonc
208 Storage jar (I) 14011 POll cry
209 S lorage jll r (I) C 140/2 POllc ry
210 Slorage jar (I) C 140/3 POllery

Tomb 014 (Type I)

211 Coffin 11 3 A W ood 111.1-9
2 12 Nails I J9 Coffin J J 3 Iron 111. 9
2 13 Naib J20 Coffin 113 Iro n In. 9
2J4 NaiJ s J2711 Coffin J 13 Iron 111.9
215 Nail> 127/3 Collin 113 Iron 1Il .9
216 Comer , heet (2) 11 4 Coffin 11 3 Iron IU .7: I. 2
217 Comer sheel J2 111 Coffin J 13 Iron 1IJ.7:3
218 Corner sheel 12112 ColTin 11 3 Iron llJ.7:4
2 19 Plale 122 Coffin 113 Iron 111.8
220 Plaque (I) I J8 Coffin J 13 Lead
221 Rope 158 Coffin 11 3 Un idcnlilied
222 Nails 12712 Coffin 11 3 Iro n
223 Cylindrical 115 C offi n J 13 W ood " ITl.6: I -S
hin ges (10)
224 Cylindrical hinge, (2) J 16 Coffin 11 3 W ood 111 .6 :9
225 l.arge cy lindrical hinge 155 C offin 11 3 W ood III.6: 10

Tomb 014 (in front of tomb entrance)

226 Storage jar NI 9711 T omb enlrance POlle!)' 111.62: I
227 Storage jar (I) 97/2 T omb entrance POllery
228 Storage jar All 9811 KI1 255 Tomb e ntrance POllery 1l1.62 :2
229 Storage jar N2 10811 Debri s POlle!)' lIJ.62 .3
230 Storage jar (I) N2 108/2 Debri s POllery

Between Tombs 012-014

23 1 Storage jar (f) N2 7511 D ebris POllery
232 Storage jar (I) BIl 75 /2 Debri s Ponery
233 Storage jar (I) BI2 75/3 Debri s POllery
234 Storage jar (I) AI2 75/9 D ebris POllery
 CHAPTER IX CATALOGUE OF ARTIFACTS 181

No. Oh 'eet T ype R eg. Locus Material Figures

~35 Storage j ar ([) BI2 75110 Deb[;, Pottery
236 Storage jar (I) BI2 75111 Debris Pottery
237 S Image jar (f) BII 75/12 Debris Portery

Tomb 015 (Type I)

~:1X Coffin 128 Wood 111.38
~39 S"ndJ.I (f) 123 In Coffin 128 Leather 111 .78
:'-lU Peean nut (f) 124 In Colfln I 28
241 Bowl 125 In Coffin 128 Wood

Tomb 016 (Type I)

242 Storage jar (f) C 13211 In front o f en trance Pottery
243 Storage jar (f) A /2 132/2 I n front of entrance POllery
2+1 Storage jar (t) AI2 132/3 In front of entrance Pottery
245 Storage jar (I) B/2 132/4 In front or entrallce Pottery

Tomb 018 (Type I)

246 Cooking pot (I) All 18911 Pit Pottery
247 Storage jar (f) B/2 138/4 Debri s POllery
248 Storage j ar (t) 138/5 Debri s Pottery
249 Storage jar (t) A/2" 138/6 Deb[is Pottery
250 Storage jar (I) A/2? 13817 Debris Pottery
25 1 Stora!'e jar (f) 138/8 Debris Pottery
252 Storage jar (f) AJ2" 138/9 Debri, Pottery
253 Lamp (I) 14511 In front uf entrance Pottery
254 Nail 146 In front of entrance Iron
255 Coin 136 In front of ent rance Braill e ITI. 72
256 Coin ISO In skull Bro[1/.e lll.73

Outside Tomb 018

257 Ungucnlariu m 14117 Debris Pottery
258 Storage jar (I) A/2 137/1 Debris Ponery
259 Storage jar rn 137/2 Debri s Pottery
260 Storage j ar (I) Al l 137/3 Debris P ottery
261 Storage jar (f) B/2 14111 Debris Pottery
262 Sturage jar (f) A/2 141/2 Debri s Pottery
263 Storage jar (f) A/2" 14113 Debris Pottery

Tomb 021
264 Bowl (f) B/2 15211 Above tomb POllery

Tomb D22 (Type I)

265 Coffin 149 (f) Debris Wood
266 Bowl All 14711 Floor POll ery 11156: I
267 Bowl C 147/3 Floor Pottery
268 Bowl AJ2 151 /2 Floor Pouery 1ll.56:2
269 Cooki ng pot (t) A/2 147/2 Floor Ponery
270 Cookillg pot (f) 147/4 Floor POllery
271 Cooking pot (I) A/2 16.111 KI1242 Kokh 2 Pon ery III.58:9
272 Cooking pot (f) AI2 16312 Kokh 2 Pottery
273 Cooking pot (0 A/2 17611 Floor Pottery 1II.58:5
274 U ng. lIL'lll<lrlUIll A 15 111 Floor POllery 111.60:4
275 Gnguentarium C 171 II In front of Kokh 4 Pottery 111.60: 13
276 Stur",:c jar (f) All 176/2 Floor POltery
277 Flas k 14811 KI1243 Fl oor Pottery 10.66: I

Outside Tomb 022

278 Cooking pot (n A/2 143/4 Debris POllery
279 Jug (f) 143/2 Debris Poncry
182 ANN E . KILLEBREW

No. O bj eel Type Reg . No. ]AA No. Locus Malerial Figu
280 Jug (f) 14.113 Dchri , Po n~ry
28 1 Slo mge jar (hJ 142 De bris Ponery
282 S lo mge jar (1) C 143/5 Debri s Ponery J1.6.' :4

Outside Tomb 025

283 C ooking pOI (f) A/2 172/3 Debris Pa ller)
284 Slorage jar (f) All 17211 Dohri s P(lI lcry
285 S lo mge jar (f) All 172/2 Dehri s Pone ry
286 Slorage jar (f) A/2 17411 Debris POllery

Outside Tomb 026

287 C ook in g pOI (f) AI2 175/1 POlle ry
288 Sl ora~c jar (f) 175/2 POllery

Tomb 027 (Ty pe I)

289 C"ffin 184 C Kokh 2 Wood
290 Collin 185 C Kokh 5 Wood 11136
291 Collin 187 C Kokh 6 Wood ]1I.25- 30
292 C ofrin 190 C Kokh4 Wood III JI 15
293 Cofrin 198 C Kokh 3 Wocxl 11 137
294 Cooking pOI N2 182/ 1 Kokh7 Ponery 111.58:7
295 Cooking pOI AI2 18611 In fronl or Kokh 5 Paller), III .58: 6
296 Cook ing pOI AI2 19111 KI1241 Pil POller), III .SS:X
297 Unguentarium B 17911 K 11250 Kokh I POll ery 111(,0: 10
298 Nails (2) 19211 In froOl of Kokh 3 Iro n
299 Skin 181 In side Coftin 184 Skin
300 Lealher (f) 188 Inside Cofrin 185 Leat her
30 1 Lealher (f) 190 Inside Coffi n 190 Lealkr
302 Mall ress') (I) 194 Inside Cofii n 187 Lealhcr
303 Sandal 196 I nside Coffin 187 Lealher !II 76
304 Charcoal (f) 185/3 Inside Cofiin J 85 Charcoal

Outside Tomb 027

305 C o ~ing pOI (f) AI2 J78 Debris Paller),
(pa i11l ed dec. )
306 Slorage jar (f) C 17811 Debri s POllery
307 Slorage jar (f) B/2 178/2 Debri s Ponery

Tomb F4 (Type II)

308 Bow l BII 37/4 Pouery
309 Bowl BII 47/ 1 KJ 1258 Ponery 111 .56:3
310 Cook ing pOI (f) B 31/4 Ponery
3 11 Cook ing pOI (f) A/2 31/6 Pall cry
3 12 Cnuking pOI (f) A/2 3117 Ponery
3 13 Cnoking pOI (f) A /2 31/8 POl1ery
3J4 Cook ing pOI (f) N2 3 J/9 POllery
3 J5 Cook ing pOI (f) AI2 3 1/ 10 Pon ery
3J6 Cook ing pOI (0 AI2 32/5 POllery
317 Cooking pOI (f) Al2 32/6 POllery
3 18 Cooki ng pOI (n AI2 3217 POll ery
319 Cook ing pOI (f) B? 32/8 Ponery
320 Cook ing pOI (f) N2 32/9 POllery
32 1 Cook ing pol (f) AI2 321 10 POliery
322 Cooking pOI (f) A/2 3211 1 POlicry
323 Cooking pal (f) AI2 33/ J POIICT)'
324 Cooking pOI (f) AI2 34/5 POlic ry
325 Cooking POI (f) B 34/6 POlleT)'
326 Cook ing pOI (f) AI2 3417 POll e r),
327 C"kin~ pOI (f) AI2 34/8 POllcry
 CHAPTER IX CATALOGUE OF ARTLFACTS 183

No. Object Type Reg. No I A No. Locus Material Figures

328 Cooking pOI (f) A/2 34/9 Pottery
329 Cooking pot ([) 35/5 POllery
330 Cooking pot (I) A!2 35/6 Pottery
331 Cooking pot (f) A/2 35/7 Ponery
332 Couking pot (0 A/2 35/8 POllery
333 Cooking pot (f) B 35/9 POItery 111.5 9: 7
334 CooKi ng pOI (f) A/2 35/10 POllery
335 COOking pot (f) A/2 35/1 1 POller),
336 COOking pOI ([) A/2 35/ 12 Pottery
337 Cooking pOI (f) A/2 35!15 Pottery
338 Cooki ng pot (f) A/2 36/1 POll cry III. 593
339 Cooki ng pot (t) A/2 36/2 Pottery 111.59:2
340 Cooking pot (f) B 36/5 Pottery 10.59:8
341 Cooking pot/ I) A/2 36/6 POllery
342 C(loki ng pot (l) A/2 36/7 Pottery
343 Cooking rot (I) A!2 36/8 Ponery
344 Cooki ng pot (I) A/2 36/1 1 Ponery
345 Cooking pot (f) A/2 37/8 POllery
346 Cook ing rut (t) A/2 43/1 Pottery IIl. 591
347 Cooking (lot (f) A/2 45/1 POItCry
348 Cooking pot (t) 48/1 POller),
349 Cook.ing pot (f) A/2 48/2 POllery
350 Ungucntarium (1) A 31/2 Pottery
35 1 Cnglll'nuniull1 (f) A 3 1/3 Poncry
352 Cnguentarilln1 (f) A/3 3212 Pottery
353 Uoguent arium (f) A 32/3 Ponery
354 ng ucntar;um (f) A 34/3 Ponery
355 l!ngll cntariun1 (f) A 36/4 Pottery 10. 60: 15
356 Ungu l' ntariun1 ([) A 32110 Pottery
357 Unguentarium (f) A!3 3711 Pottery
358 UnpJemariulll (I) A 37/2 POllery
359 Ungucntanulll (I) A 3717 Pottery
360 Unguentarillm (f) B 31/1 Ponery 1[1.60: 18
361 ngucntarium (f) B 3211 Pottcry
362 Ungl~tarim (f) B 32/4 Pottery
J() .' tlnguentarium (I) B 34/1 Potter), 11.160: 17
364 li ngucntarium (f) B 34/2 POllcry
365 Cnguontarium (f) B 34/4 Pottery
366 Vngllcntariun1 (f) B 34/ lO Pottery
.167 Ung llcntariu fill (f) B 35/1 Pottery
36B Unguentarium (f) B 35/3 Pottery
369 Ungllcnll1riun1 (I) B 35/4 Pottery
370 Ungucntarium (I) B 36/3 Pottery lIl. 60: 16
371 Unguentarium (0 B 3717 Pottery
372 lug (I) A/2 37/5 Pottery JlI.61 :2
373 JlIg CO A/2 37/6 Portery JU .6l:3
374 Cup 31/5 Pottery Ill. 66:2
375 Jug (f) 33/5 Pottery
376 Jug (0 36/9 Pottery
377 Storage jar (f) A/2 31/4 Pottery
378 Storage jar (I) C 35114 Pottery
379 Storage jar (I) C 36112 POltL'ry
380 Storagejar (I) 36113 Puttery
381 Storage jar (I)? F/2 36/14 Pottery
3R2 Storage jar (f) 37/9 Pottery

Tomb F7 (Type U)
3B.1 Bowl B/l 354/5 KI1259 POltery [[J.56:5
384 Cooki ng pot (I) A/2 35411 Pottery
385 Cooking pot (f) A/2 354/8 K 11249 Pottery I1J.59:4
184 ANN E KlLLEBREW

No. Object Type Reg . No. IAA No. Locus Malerial Fi g u rc~

386 Cooking pOI (f) A(2 354/9 KI124 8 Ponc:ry 111 .59 :6
387 C o() k in~ pOI (f) A /2 354/9a Ponery
388 Cooking pOI (f) AI2 354110 KI1 247 POi lery 1Il59:5
389 Cuoking pOI (f) A/2 3541 lOa POllel')'
390 Cook Lng pOll n Al2 354/ 11 POll el')'
391 Cooking pOI (I') Al2 354111 a POllcry
302 Cooking pOI (I) A/2 354/12 Ponery
393 Cooking pOI (f) A/2 354112a Ponery
394 Cooking pOI (1') Al2 354/ 13 PO l~ry
395 Cooking pUI (f) A/2 354/ 14 PoneI')'
396 Cook ing pot (f) Al2 35411 5 POll ery
397 Cook ing POI (f) A(2 354/ 16 POilery
398 ' nuk ing pOI (f) A(2 354117 POllery
399 C()oki ng pOl (f) Al2 354/18 POll ery
400 Cookin g pOI (I) A/2 354/19 POllery
401 Cookin g pOI (f) Al2 354(20 POllery
402 Cooking pOi (f) Al2 354/21 POllery
403 Cooking pOI (f) A(2 354122 Ponery
404 Unguenlarium (f) A/3 354(2 Ponery 11160: 14
405 Unguenlarium (f) B/I 354/3 POllc'r)'
406 Cnguc lll,ui um (f) B/ I 354/6 Ponery
407 UngLienlarium ( f) All? 354/29 Poncry
408 Ungucnln.ium (f) B 354/30 Ponery
409 Ungucn"'rium (f) B 354/3 1 POllery
410 S lorage jill' (f) C 354 /4 POllery
41 I Siorage j ~r (f) 354 /23 Ponery
412 Siorage jar (f) 354/24 Ponery
411 Siorage jar (f) C 354/25 Pullery
414 BcadO) 353/ 1 Glass 111. 86:4
415 Bead 353/2 Glass 1ll.86:5
416 Bells 35312 Bron/.c 111. 83
4 17 Blade(,' ) 350 Iron
418 Wood ( I) 35 1 Wood

Tomb GI (Type?)
419 Ungucnwri um ( f) A/3 4411 POll cry
420 Ungucniarium (I) A 4412 Ponery

Tomb G2 (Type .! )
421 Ullgllcnlariuln B 4611 Ponery

Hill 0 - Surface
422 Nefesh 200 Deb.i s Slone VT.2

Tomb H - Outdoor benched courtyard and miqveh

423 Bowl ( f) C 20 1/2 HI O POllery
424 Bowl ( f) 0 3 15/ 1 HII POllery
425 Bowl (I) C 3 17 / 1 H II POllel')'
42 6 Bow l (I) C 3 18113 HII POllery
42 7 Krater (I) A/2 3 1714 HII POll cry
42 8 Krater (I) B/2 3 18110 HII POll cry
429 Cook ing pOl (f) Al3 202 Htt Ponery
430 Coo king pOI (f) B 242 Hit POll ery
43 1 Jug (I) B 241/3 Hit POllery ITI.616
432 Ju g (I) E 240/2 HII POllery
433 Ju g (I) C 240/6 HII Ponery
434 Jug (f) 0 24111 HII Poner),
435 Jug (0 C 242 / 1 HII Potlery 111. 61 :7
436 Jug (SpO UI ) ( I) C 242/3 H II Poncry
 CHAPTER IX : CATALOGUE OF ARTIFACTS 185

No. Object T ype Reg. No. TAA No. Loc us M~teri al Figures
437 Jug (f) 242/6 HII POller),
43S Ju g (f) F 3 17/2 HI! Ponery
439 Jug (I) C 317/3 Htt Pottery
440 Jug (0 D 318/11 HII POllcry
441 Jug (f) C 31911 HII Pottery 11.61 :9
442 Jug (f) 319/3 HII Pot1ery
443 Jug (f) 319/5 HI I Ponery
444 Storage jar (f) F 24011 HII Pon ery
445 Storage jar (h) 240/3-5 HII Pott ery
446 Storage jar ( f) F 241 12 H II Pottery
447 Storage j ar (h) 241/4-7 H II Pot1ery
448 Storage jar (f) F 242/2 HI I POllery
449 Storage jar ( h) 242/3-5 HII POllery
450 Storage jar (f) F 317/5 HI I POllery
451 Storage jar (h) 3 17 [4] H II Pottery
452 Storage jar F 31S HII Pottery 11164 :3
453 Storage jar (f) F 318/12 HII Ponery
454 Storage jar (h ) 318 [6J HII Pottery
455 Storage jar (0 F 31912 HI I Po nery rn.64:4
456 Storage jar (f) 31914 HII POllery
457 Storage jar (h) 3 19 [2] HI I POl'tery
458 Storage jar (h) 320 HII POl1ery
459 Storage jar ( h) 322 HII Ponery
460 Storage jar ( h) 323 HII Potte ry
461 Round weight 321 HI I Stone ll1. 87
462 Bowl (f) 218 HI 2 Ponery
463 Bowl (f) c 23314 HI 2 Pottery rn.56: I 3
464 Bowl (f) c 233/5 HI2 POllcry
465 Bowl (b) 233/6 HI 2 Pottery
466 Bowl (f) c 235/2 HI 2 Ponery
467 Bowl (f) c 308 HI 2 Pottery m 56: 14
468 Bowl (f) C 314 HI2 Ponery
469 Krater (f) B/2 235/5 HI 2 Ponery Ill.57 :5
470 Krater (f) BI2 3 13 HI 2 Pottery IIl :57:6
471 Unguentarium B 30811 HI 2 Ponery Jll60:24
472 Jug (f) F 218/1 HI 2 Pottery lfI.6l:13
473 Jug (t) E 218/3 HI 2 POllCry
474 Jug (f) E 2 1814 HI 2 POllery
475 Jug (f) E 2 18/6 HI2 Pottery
476 Jug (f) C 223/3 HI2 Ponery IIT.60:S
477 Ju g (f) E 233/1 3 HI 2 Ponery
478 Jug(f) A/2 2 18n HI2 POllery 111.6 1:4
479 Storage jar (t) F 21812 HI 2 Pottery
480 Storage jar (h) 2 18/4,5 H I2 Pottery
4S1 Storage jar F 223/1 HI 2 Pottery ID. 64 :2
482 Storage jar (f) F 223/2 HI 2 Ponery
483 Storage jar (t) F 223/4 HI 2 Pottery
484 Stor~gc jar (h) 223/5-9 HI 2 Pott ery
485 Storage jar (f) F 229/1 H I2 Pone ry
486 Storage jar (11) 22912,3 H!2 Ponery
487 Storage jar (f) F 233/1 HI2 Pottery
488 Storage jar (f) F 233/2 HI 2 Ponery
489 Storage jar (f) F 133/3 HI 2 Pottery
490 Storage jar (I) F 233n HI2 Ponery
49 1 Stor~ge jar (f) F 233/8 HI 2 POllery
492 Storage jar (f) F 233/9 HI 2 Ponery
493 Storage jar ( h) 233/10- 12 HI 2 Pottery
494 Storage jar (f) F 235/ 1 HI 2 Ponery
495 S torage jar (h) 235/2,3 HI 2 Pottery
496 Storage j ar ( f) F 235/4 HJ 2 Ponery
186 AN N E. KILLEBREW

No. Objeci T ype Reg. No. IA/\ No. Locus M"lerial F ig ur e~

497 SIOrJgl' jar (h) 308[21 HI 2 Ponery

498 Siorage jar (11) 314 HI2 Poncry
409 Bowl (/) BII 20()n HI3 POll cry
500 Bowl (f) BII 206/8 HI 3 POller)
50 1 Bowl (f) Bil 206/9 HI 3 POllery
502 Bowl (f) BI I 20611 0 H il POIi~ry
5(1.\ Bowl (f) C 206111 H 13 POllcry
504 Bowl (I) C 206112 HI 3 Ponery
505 Bo\\"I(O C 206113 HI 3 Potter),
50(, BowlCb) 206114 HJ3 POll e,)'
507 Bowl (h) 20()1I5 HI 3 POliel)'
~OR Bow l (b) 206116 HI 3 POI~ry
50<) Bowl (b) 206/17 HI 3 POll cry
5 10 Bow l B/2 211 KI1246 H I3 POllery 111:;(,:')
5 11 Bow l (f) 0 2 12/1 HI 3 POIi~ry
512 BOIV I (I) 211 HI} Pl1licry
513 BOld (I) 0 2 1511 HI 3 Ponery 111 .56: 16
~ 1 4 Rnw l (f) 0 215/2 H 13 POll cry
515 Bowl (I) BII 2 15/5 HI 3 POll cry
516 Bowl (b) 2 15/6 HI 3 Pott ery
5 17 Bow l (f) 0 2 16/1 HI3 Ponel),
5 18 Bowl (I) 0 2 1612 H 13 POI I ~rv
519 Bowl (f) 0 2 1613 HI 3 POll cry
520 Bowl (f) BII 216/14 HI 3 POll c r),
52 1 Bow l (f) BII 2 16115 H I3 POllery
522 Bowl (b) 2 16/16 HI 3 POllery
523 Bowl (f) C nO/3 HI 3 Pottery
524 B"wl (r) B/2 non HI3 POllery
525 BOI'. I (f) 227/1 HI 3 Ponery
526 Bow P (b) 227/5 HI 3 POll ef)'
527 Bowl (I) B/2 227/8 HI 3 POllery 1I1. 56: 10
528 BOIV I (il) 228/1 HI3 POll cry
529 Bowl (I) B/ I 252/1 H 13 POl lery
530 Bowl (I) B/2 252/2 H I.> POllery
53 1 Bow l (0 25213 HI 3 Poltery
532 7S pl ale ( I) 2 1619 HI3 POIICI),
533 IS pl'I~ (f) 220/4 HI3 POllel)'
534 TS plale (f) 220/5 HI 3 POllery
535 is plale (t) 220/6 HI 3 POllery
:;.,6 TS plale (f) 252112 HI3 POII Cf)'
537 Kral er (f) Al l 2 15 HI 3 POll ef)'
538 Krater (0 N I 220 HI 3 POllery
539 Krrner (I) NI 227/3 H I3 POllery
540 Kraler II) All 252/4 HI 3 Ponery
'i4 1 Cooki ng pOI (h) 20612 HI 3 POll cry
542 Cooking pOI (f) N2 206/21 H I] POllery
543 Cooking POI (I) N2 2 12/5 HI3 Ponery
'i44 Cooking pOi (h ) 2 15n HI3 POllcry
545 Cook in g POL (h) 216/23 HI 3 Ponery
546 Cook ing POI (fl N3 227/2 HI 3 Pon cry IU .59:9
547 Cooking pOI (0 N2 .252/5 HI3 POllcry
548 Cooki ng pOI (f) .C 252/6 HI 3 POll el)
549 Ju g (b) 206/17-19 HI3 Potlery
550 Jug (h) 206122 HJ3 Potlery
551 Ju g (b) 2L~/8 HI ) POllery
552 Jug (h ) 21219-11 HI 3 Potier)
5.'>3 Jug Ib) BO 2 13/1 H 13 POllery
554 Jug (f) 2 14/2 HJ 3 Potlery
555 Jug (b) 216117-19 HI 3 POll el),
556 Jug(b) 220/8.10 H I3 POllel),
 CHAPTER IX: CATALOGUE OF ARTIFACTS 187

o. Object Type Reg. No. IAA No. Locus Material Fi gure,

557 Jug (f) 0 220/9 HI 3 POllery
558 Jug (b) 227/6 HI 3 POllery
55 9 Jug (t) 227/8 HI 3 Potlery
560 Jug(f) 0/2 25217 HlJ Ponery
561 Jug(f) 0/2 252/8 HI 3 POltery
562 Jug (b) CID? ~S2f') · IO HI3 POllery
563 Jug(f) A 252/ 13 HI 3 POllery
564 TS jug (f) 206/5 HI 3 POllery
565 TS jug ( f) 206/6 H I3 Pottery
566 TS jug ( f) 2 1611 0- 13 HI 3 Pottery
567 TS ju g ( f) 2521 11 HI 3 POllery
568 Storage jar (I) F 20612 HI 3 P Ollcr),
569 Storage pr (I) FII 206/3 HI 3 Pottery
570 Storage jar (h) 206123 HI 3 POllery
57 1 Storage jar (f)) F 212/2 H 13 POllery
572 Storage Jar (f) F 212/3 HI 3 Pottery
573 StoragCJ ar (f) C 2[2/6 HI3 Ponery
574 Stor<lgcjar (h) 2 12/ 12- [J HI 3 Pottery
575 Storage jar (I) F 21411 HI 3 Pot tery
576 Sto rage j ar (f) F 215/3 HJ3 POllery
577 Storage jar If) C 215/4 HI 3 PottelY
57X Storage j ar ( h) 2 15/H-9 HI3 Pottery
579 Sto rage jar (0 F 2 16/4 H I3 P ottery
580 Storage jar (I) F? 216/5 H I3 PottelY
581 Storage jar ( f) F? 216/6 HI 3 Po ttery
582 Storage jar (f) F 21617 HI 3 Po nery
58 3 Storage jar ( f) F 216/8 HI 3 Pott elY
584 SlOrage jar (h) 2 16/20 -27 HI3 POllery
585 Storage j or (I) F 21911 HI3 Pottery
586 Sturage jar (11) 219/2.28 HI 3 Potlery
587 Storage j ar (I) 22 0/2 HJ3 POllery
588 S tomge jar (f) F 220/3 HI 3 Pottery
5 ~ 9 Storage jar (h) 22011 I HI 3 POllery
590 Storage jar (f) F 22714 HI 3 POltery
59 1 Storage j ar (h) 252114 -2 1 HI3 POllery
592 Lamp (I) C 206/1 HI 3 Pottery
593 Lamp ( f) C 252122 HI3 POll ery
594 Lid (h) 206/20 HJ3 Pottel")
595 J lIg ~ (f) 220 H 13 Pot lery
596 Bowl (b) 265/2 HI4 Ponery
597 Buwl (b) 265/3 HI4 Pottery
59~ Buwl (f) 65/8 HI 4 Pott L'ry
599 Krater ( h) 265/4 HI4 Pottery
600 Jug (f) 0 /2 265/1 HI4 POl1elY
601 Sto rage jar (f) A/2 20511 HI4 Pottery
602 Storace jar (I) F 208/ 1.9 HI4 Pott ery
(,03 SlOrage jar (0 F 20R/2 HI4 Pott ery
604 Storage jar (I) F 208/3.5 H I4 POllery
605 Stllrage j ar(l) F 20814 HI4
606 Sto rage jar (f) 20~17 HI4
607 Storage jar (h) lOS/30 HI4
60R Storage jar (h) 265/5 HI4
609 Storage jar (0 F 265/6 HI4
6 10 Storclgc j ar (n F 26517 HI4
6[I Flask ([) 253 HI4
6 12 Cooking pot (n A/2 210/2 HI 5
6 13 Storage jar (h) 21013 HI5
6 14 Lamp (n C 210/l HI5
6 15 O.-suar), (0 254 HI6 Limestone
6 16 Bow l ( f) B/ I 231/5 HI6 Poltery
188 ANN E. KILLEBREW

No. ObjCCl T ype Reg. No. IAA No. Locu s Material Figu res
617 Bowl (f) C 254/1 HI6 POller),
618 TS bowl" (I) 231 /2 HI6 Ponery
619 Unpucnwrium A 23116 HI6 Poner), lII.60:20
620 Jug (h) 231/4 HI6 Ponery
621 Jug (b) 234/2 HI6 POllery
622 Jug (h) 246/ 1 HI6 Ponery
623 Storag~ jar (f) F 231/1 HI6 POltery
624 Storage jar (f) F 23113 HI6 Pottery
625 Storage jar ( f) 23411 HI6 Pon ery
626 Storage jar (h) 25412-3 HI 6 POllery
617 O>suary (0 236 HI 7 Ponery
628 Bowl (f) C 23614 HI7 POllery
629 Bowl en .Jerusalem painted B12 239/1 HI7 Ponery
ware
630 TS plate (f) 230/3 HI7 Ponery
63 I Cooking pOl (0 A12 23014 HI7 POller),
632 Unguentarium (b) 209/1 HI7 Pon~1)
633 Jug (f) C 239/2 HI7 POtlery 111. 6 1:10
634 Jug (b) 239/2 HI7 Pottery
635 Storage jar (f) F 230/1 HI7 POll ery
636 Storage jar (f) 230/2 HI7 POl1ery
637 Storage jar (f) F 236/2 HI7 Ponery
638 Storage jar (h) 236/3 HI7 Ponery
639 Storage jar (f) F 239/3,5,7 HI7 Ponel)'
640 Larnr (I') C 236/ 1 H17 Pottery
641 UngLlclllarium (f) 237 HI7 Glass
642 Unguentarium (f) 248 HI7 Glass
643 O ssuary (f) 221 HI 8 Limestone
644 O ssuary lid ([) 247 HI8 Limestone
645 Bowl (b) 225/3 HI8 Pottery
646 Storage jar (1) F 222/2 HI S Pottery
647 Storage jar ([) F 225/ 1 HI8 Pottery
648 Storage jar (f) 225/2 HI8 Ponery
649 Storagc' jar (h) 225/4.5 HI 8 Ponel)'
650 Lamp (f) C 22212 HIS Ponery
651 O ssu;]n lid (f) 243 HI9 Ponery
652 Storage jar (h) 22812-10 HI9 Pottery
65 3 Bowl B/2 207 H2 0 Ponery 1Il .56: II
654 Bowl (f) C 22611 H20 Ponery
655 Bowl (f) 226/2 H20 Pottery
656 Bowl (f) C 23211 H20 Ponery
657 Bowl ([) C 244/5 H20 Ponel)'
658 Bow l (f) C 24417 H20 POllery
659 Bowl ([) C 244/8 H20 POllery
660 Bowl (f) C 244/9 H20 Pon~ry
661 Bow l (f) C 244/10 H20 Pottery
662 Bow l (f) C 244111 H20 Ponel)'
663 Bowl (f) C 244112 H20 POllery
664 Bowl (l) C 244/13 H20 Pottery
665 Bowl (pos,s, lid) B/ P 244114 H20 Ponel)'
666 Bowl (b) 244/24-28 H20 Ponery
667 Bowl C 249 KI1245 H20 POllel)' 111.56: 12
668 Bow l (f) C 249/1 H20 POl1ery Ill. 56: 15
669 Bow l ([) C 251 /2 H20 Pon er),
670 Bowl (f) C 25 I /3 H20 POllery
671 Bowl (f) C 25 1/4 H20 Pottery
672 Bowl ( f) C 251 /5 H20 Ponery
673 Bowl (f) C 251 /6 H20 P onery
674 Bowl (f) C 25117 H20 POllery
675 Bow l (b) C 25 1/11-1 3 H20 Pottery
 CHAPTER IX : CATALOGUE OF ARTTFACTS 189

No . Object Type Reg. No. JAANo. Locus Material F i g lre ~

676 Bowl (I) C 254/5 H20 Pottery

677 Bowl (0 C 255/ 1 H20 Poncry
678 Bowl (0 C 255/2 H20 POll ery
679 Bow l (f) C 255/3 H20 POll cry
680 Bowl (I) C 25514 H20 POllery
681 BOI\'l (I) C 255/6 H20 Potlt;ry
682 Kmter (f) A/2 232/1 H20 POllCry III.S7: .1
683 Krater (f) All 251133 H20 Pottery Ill. 57:2
684 Cooking pot (f) 20711 H20 Ponery
685 C""king pot (f) A /4 226/8 H20 Potlery III 59: I I
686 Cooking pot (0 C 255 H20 Pottery ll1.59:12
687 Cnguc nt'.lfium (f) A 2c14 /6 H20 POllery m60:19
688 Ungue ntarium (f) 244116 H20 PottelY
689 l!ngucntarium (b) 244/22 H20 POllery
690 Unguentariuni (b) 244123 H20 Pottet,'
69 1 Unguentariu m (b) 251/ 10 H20 Ponery
692 Jug (b) C/O 22613 H20 Pottery
693 Jug (f) 244/1 H20 Ponery
694 Jug (f) 244/2 H20 Pottcry
695 Jug (I) 24413 H20 Pottery
696 Jug (f) o 244117 H20 Pottery 111 .61 I J
697 Jug (f) E 244/18 H20 Pottery 111. 6 1 12
698 Jug (t) 0/2 244/ 19 H20 Pottery
699 Ju~ (b) CID 244/20 H20 Pottery
700 Ju g (b) CID 244/21 H20 Potte,y
701 Jug (f) 251 / 1 H20 Pottery
702 Ju~? (f) 25 1/8 H20 PottCty
703 Ju g (b) CID 25 1/ 19 H20 Pottery
704 Jug (b) CID 25517 H20 Pottety
705 Storage j ar (t) 204/1 H20 Pottety
706 Storage j ar (f) 204/2 H20 Pott ery
707 S wrage j ar (I) 204 /3 H20 Pottery
708 Storage jar (f) 20414 H20 Pottery
709 Storage jar (f) 204 /5 H20 Pottery
710 Storage jar (h) 20416-9 H20 Pottery
711 Storage jar (f) F 22614 H20 Pottery
712 Storage: j or (f) 22615 H20 PottelY
713 Storage jar (h) 226/6 H20 Portery
714 Storage jar (h) 23212-3 H20 Pot tety
715 Storage .I ar (f) 244/29 H20 Pottery
716 Storage jar (f) 244 /30 H20 Pottery
717 Storag 'jar (f) 24413 1 H20 Pottery
718 Storage jar (f) 244132 H20 Pottery
719 Storage jar (f) 244/33 H20 Pottery
720 Storage jar (I) 244/34 H20 Pott.ery
72 1 Storage jar (f) 244/35 H20 Pottery
722 StorageJar (f) 244136 H20 Pottery
723 Storage jar (h) 244 /37-47 H20 Pottery
724 Storage jar (f) 25 1114 H20 Pottery
725 Storage j ar (f) 25 1/15 H20 Pottery
726 Storage jar (0 251116 H20 PottclY
727 Storage jar (0 251/ 17 H20 Pottery
728 Storage jar (f) 251/18 H20 Pottery
729 Storage jar (f) 25111 9 H20 Pottery
730 Storage jar (f) 251 /20 H20 Po tt ery
731 Storage jar (I) 25 1/2 1 H20 POllay
732 Storage jar (f) 25 1/22 H20 POHcry
733 Storage jar (f) 251m H20 Pottery
734 Storage jar (f) 251/24 H20 Pottery
735 Storage.i ar (f) 25 1125 H20 Pottery
190 ANN E . KILLEBREW

Type Reg. No. IAA No. Loclls Malcrial Figurl

251/26-32 H2O POItCfy

73 7 Bow l (f) C 20 In H21 Pottery
738 Bowl (f) C 250/ 1 H21 Potlery
739 Bowl (f) BII 250/2 H2 1 POItCry
740 Bowl (b) 250/3 H21 Potlery
741 Bowl (b) 250/4 H21 Ponery
742 Unguen13.rium (f) A 2:;0/6 H21 Pottery
T-n Jug (I) 250/5 H21 POllery
744 Storage jar (f) 101/1 H21 Polter}
745 Storage jar (I) 25017 H2 1 Potlery
n6 Storage jar (il) 250/8- 10 H21 Potlcry
N7 Cooking pot (I) 2 10/2 H22 POitery
748 Storage j ar (h) 2 10/3 H22 POllery
749 Lamp (!) C 210/1 H22 POllery

Entrance to Tomb H
750 Bow l (f) C 271/2 Debris Paller),
751 Bowl (f) C 27 1/3, 4 rkbris Pottery
751 Slornge jar (f) 271 / 1 Debris POllery
751 Storage jar (I) 27 1/5 Debris Poltery
754 S tornge jar ( f) 27 116 Dcbris Pone,)'
755 Storage jar (f) 27117 Dehri s Ponery
756 Storage j ar (n 27118 D i:- hri ~ POllery
757 Storage jar (h) 271 /9-10 Debris POllery
758 Lamp (f) C 271112 Debris POllery

Tomb H - Chamber A (Type Ill)

7 ~q Os., uary I K9911 North heneh Limestone 1lI .44a: IV 3
760 O"uary II K9910 North bench Lim cs t on~ 111045: IVA
761 Ossuary I1f K9909 Nonh bench Liml":tone 1IJ.45
762 Ossuary IV K9905 Kokh I Limestone 111.46
7n1 Ossu"ry V K9898 Ko"h I Limes(oll"': 11146
764 O,,-,uary VI K9908 I n front of Kokh 2 Limestone 11147: IV .2
765 Ossuary VII K9907 Kok" 2 Limestone IIL47
766 OSS Ullf)' V III K9891 Ko"" 2 Limestone lfl,47 ; IV . I
767 Ossuar) IX K9906 Kokh 7 Limestone IU . ~ 8
76X Ossuary X K9895 Pa;,"',1ge\Vay L imcslOnc llI A8
7nfJ Bowl C 273/l Southwest corner POllery
770 Bowl C 2X2 K8293 IJl front of Kv"" q Pottery IIL56:6
771 Bow l C 284 K8295 Between Ko"" C) Pottery 1ll.56:7
and entrance
772 Bowl C 285 K8294 In front of Kok" 9 POitcry m56 :8
773 Bowl C 309 Pit POltcry
774 Unguentnriulll (f) B 27511 Kokh 8 Poltery m .6022
775 Ungu~larim (I) B 293 Kokh 6 Pottery
776 Unguentarium (f) B 2'JS / I Kokh8 Potlery 1lI60:23
777 Unguenta riu m (f) B 30111 Kokh 9 Pottery
77'15 Unguentariulll (f) B 304 Kokh 8 Ponery
779 Lamp D 2'lR/J Pit Pottery 1lI.65 :7
780 Lamp C 306/ 1 K8296 Pit Pottery 1lI .65 :6
781 W ood (I) 275 Inside O,s. VI[ Wood
782 Wood (f) 278 Inside Oss. vrr Wood
783 Wood (f) 300/1 Kokh 8 W ood
784 Charcoal (f) 303 Kokh 8 Charcoal
785 Boll Ie (I) 294 Ko"" 9 Gb" 1lI .7 1:4
786 Bon k 296 K8297 Kokh 9 Glass 111 .7 15
787 Bottle 305 K8298 Kokh9 Glas.' IIT.71:3
788 Bead 287 In frollt of ,,'ok" 9 Unidc lllilicd
789 Bead 28" Kokh I Faience
790 Nailor key 288 In fronl of Kokh 9 Iron 1U _844
 CHAPTER IX: CATALOGUE OF ARTIFACTS 191

t-;o. Object T ype Reg. No. IAA No. Locus Material Fioures

791 Nail 290 Kokh4 Iron 111. 84:5

792 Nailor key 292 Kokh 6 Iron
793 Nail 299 Kokh 8 BrOIl / .l'

794 Chisel 302 Pit Iron

795 Nail 303 Kokh 8 Iron Il.L 84:6
796 Metal (f) 291 In front of Kokh 9 Unidentified

Tomb H - Chamber B (Type III)

797 Ossuary XI K9903 Floor Lin1(.'Slone m.48
798 Ossu ary XI! K9894 Floor Limestone In.48 ; IV .S
799 Ossuary X][J K9902 Floor Limestone 111.49; IV .6
800 Ossuary XIV K9901 Floor Limestone IUA9; IV .7
80 1 Ossuary XV K9912 Floor Limestone 10.49; IV.8
802 Ossuary XV I K9899 Floor Limes tone 11.15 0; IV .9
803 Ossuary XVII K9904 Floor Limestone mso
804 Ossuary XVIII K8300 Kokh 14 Limestone 11.77 ; JILSO; IV. I 0
80S Ossuaf)' XIX KS392 Kokh 14 Limestone 11.77 ; IILSO ; IV . I I
806 Ossuary XX KS30 1 Kokh 14 Limestone 11.77 ; IIL SI ; IV . 12
807 Ossuary XXI Kokh 14 Limes tone 11 .77; Ill.SI ; IV . 13
80S Ossuary xxn K9900 Kokh IS Limestone IU .S I; IV .14
809 Jug (I) B 27411 Kokh 13 POltery rn.61 :S
810 Lamp (I) 307 Floor Pottery
811 Chi sel 274 Under Oss. XI Iron rn.84 :3
812 Chisel 310 Kokh 13 Iron mS4 : 1
S I3 Chisel 311 In front of Iron In. S4:2
Kokhim lO-11

Outside Tomb H
8 14 Ossuary xxnr HI8 Limestone mS2
 ApPENDIX

ANTHROPOLOGICAL TABLES

BARUCH ARENSBURG Al'\iD PATRICIA SMITH

The tables below present a summary of the anthro pologica l data provided by the burials in the Jewish cemetery at
Jericho in the Second Temple peJiod .

Table 1. Tombs A-G

No. of Sex
.?
Tomb Locat io n Indi v i cJ ua l~ M F Child Comrnclll!'

AI Kokh I
Kokh 2
KoJ. h ;\
Ko kh~
K nk fr ~
I\okh (,
Pi t
O ~ ,ua r) I I I 0

Oss uary 3 I
O ~s uary 7 3 I 2
No location I I

A2 Ko" " I 2 2
Kokh 2 . 2 I I
Kok h 3 I I
Kokh J I 1 I
Kol.h 5 2 I I
Kukh 6 7 I I 5
Pit Bone>
O<suary 10 J I
O" u"r)' I I 1 J I

131 O" uary 16 J I

DI Kokh 1-
O,-, u,,,y 18 I I
Kokfr 2 -
Ossuary 19 I I
O ~\ u<.ir 'Y ~O 1 I
1\01." 3 -
Ossuary 17 I I
Pit 9 4 5 ~
Soutl, bench J I

D1 Kukfr I
Kokll 2 - Coffin I
Kokh 3 J J I I
Kukh 4 J I Sp in a hiJido. O~ l coprs is
Kol. h 5 3 1 2
Kukh 6 7 2 J 2
Kokh 7 2 2 O ~ t .eO[X1 r o " is
South bench J J
Col lec ted honcs S J 2

D3 KoU, I 8 2 2 3 J

f..'okh 2 I
Kokh 3 4 2 2 O steop r o ~ i .s , l)~ I ~op h y les
Kok"4 6
Kokll5 8 5 I 2
KoI.lr b 3 I I I
Pit 4 Osteophyle<
South bench 15 7 5 -'
­ ­ - ­ ­- _L- ­- ­
 APPENDI X 193

Table 1 (contd.)

No. of S l.!X

Tomb Loca tion Indi\'iduab M F Child 'J

Coml1 (" n t~

Do Kokh I
Koklr 2
Knkh .3 I I
Kokh 4 3 2 I Pathology in (he pelv is
Kakh 5 I I
Kokh6 I I
Kokh 7 2 2
Kokh 8

09 Kokh I I I
Kokh 2 I
Kokh 3 - Cofti n 59 2 I 1
Kokh 4 2 I I
Kokh j 2 I I
Kokh (> 2 1 I
Kllkh 7 2 I I
Fl oor I I
Coffi n )0 2 I I
Coffi,l l09 3 2 I O~teo po r o ~ i :.

01 0 Bon e...
- I

011 I 1

012 Pit - Coflill 78 2 I I

West bench - Coftin 84 1 I
South benc h - Coffi ll 85 1 1
K"klT } - Coffill 94 1 1
Kokh 1 - Cuffill 103 1 1
Knkh 2 - Coffin 104 a. b 2
I I I

01 3 ,:"k ll 1 I I

OJ4 Coffi n II J I I Osteoporosis

Ol 5 Colli n I n 3 1 I I

0 16 I I

017 Kokh 1 1 I
Kukh 2 I I
Kokll J
Kokh 4
Kokh 5
Kokll 6
Pit I I
0
3 I 1 I

018 Kokh I
Kak" 2
Kokh 3 I I I
Kokh 4 2 2 5;pill(l bijida , osteoporoo,;i
Kale" 5 4 2 2
Kakh 6
Pit 5 O:'! (cupnrm.is
SOuth he nch
\Ves t bEllch I I
Nort h be nc h I I

021 B o n ~ .s

022 Kokh I I I
KUhh 2
Kokh 3
Kokh4
Kokh 5
Kokh 6
Floor 4 2 I I

023 B Oil .
194 BARUCH ARENSBURG AND PATRICIA SMITH

Table 1 (contd.)

No. of Sex
Tomb Location Indi vid uals M F Child ? Co m enL ~

D27 K"kh I 2 I I
Kokh 2 - ColTio 184 I I
K oHl :1 - ('ornn 198 J J Arthriti s
Kokh 4 - ('omn 190 J I
Kokh 5 - Coffin 185 3 2 I
Kokh 6 - Coffin 187 I I
Kokh 7 21 6 7 5 3
WC~L h ~ nch I J
South bench I I
North bench J I
Pit 2 2 ?

F4 Kokh J
Kokh 2
Koklz 3
Koklz4
Kokh 5
Koklz 6
Kokh 7
K oklz 8
Kokh 9
Pit 2 I I

F6 K okh I 2 I I

1"7 Kokh Bones

Room
------- - - -- -- - -
 APPENDIX 195

Table 2, Tomb H
(Hachli li and Smith 1979)

Location O<suruy No. Skeleton No. Sex Age COlTlmenl :..

C hamber A

I
Be fore Knkh 1 I 1 F 20 y .
2 0 6-- 11 I11O S.

0
Before Kokh I 11 J 4 yes.
.)
4 10-11 11105.
5 ? 6 mOl):.

Before Kokh 1 1lI 6 M ±SO yes. FuscJ th orndc vertebrae

Kokh 1. under Oss uary V IV 7 M ±SO yrs.

Ko kh I, alx"" Oss uary IV V ~ M ±60 y,-,;. Fused th orn ic vcr1 cbrac

Be tw ee n Knkh i lll I and 2 VI 9 F ±40 yrs. Skull m issing

Lid i.n pit

Kokh 2 VII 10 M ±40 yrs. Very tall

11 F(?) ±GO y"".

Kokh 2 VIII 12 M 50-<>0 yrs 'al l

Kokh 7 IX IJ ? 11-12yrs.
0 4-5 yrs.
14
15 ? 5- 6 mos.

In passage between
Chambers A and B X 16 F 20 yrs .

Ko"h J BOlles

Knkh 4 BoIt"

Kokh 8 Bones of 5+ adults

K"J.}J9 Bones of 100+ indi vidual s

C hambe r B
I
Before Knkh II XI 17 M 50 yrs.
18 ? 16 yes.

Before Kokhim 12 and I XII 19 M 40 yes. C rippled

On floo r X UI 20 M 18- 20 yrs. Tall

On floor X IV 21 M 40-50 yrs.

On floor XV 2_ I' 40 yes

O n floor in fro nt of K"kh 15 X VI 23 0 4 yrs.

On floor XV II 24 MOF 40- 50 yrs.

<,
25 3-4 yrs.

Kokh 14 XVJ lI _6 M 20-:;0 yI> .

KolJJ 14 X IX 27 F 40- 50 yrs.

28 ? 3-4 yrs.

Kokh 14 XX 29 F 50-60 yes.

- Fused th oracic ve rtebrae: ve ry t, ~ 1
K"kh 14 XX I 30 M 25-35 yes
(femurs 5)..:m long): lOS t. .s la lure
I.S H5111

Kokh 15 XX II 31 ? 5- 6 mo!..

Floor Bo nes
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