TheArtofPublicSpeaking 10002825

U N I F O RM W IT H TH IS V OL U M E
THE WRIT E R S ’
L I B RA RY
ED ITE D BY J . B E RG ES E NW E I N, A M . .
,
LITT D .
WRITI NG THE SH ORT S T ORY -

S T UD YING THE S HORT S T ORY -
TH E S TAND ARD MA NUA L F OR A MA N MP

S IX TE E MA RP CO L E TE S TE
TE U R AN D PR F O E S S IO NA WR R L ITE S W H ANA Y
IT MAN H P L S E S A ND Y
I E C ES
RY J B RG E ESE NW N EI BY J B RG NW N E ES E
EL S
pp p stp id 4 70 pp p stp id
EI
. .
4 57 . Cloth ; o a Cl th ; . o o a
WRITI NG T AY THE PH O OPL THE ART VE RS IFICAT ION OF

A C OM OUR O
P LE TE CN RU N SE F I ST CTI O A CL EAR Y A W RK N G HAN L ST TE D O I D
WR NG NG
-
IN
J B RG NW N AR HUR
I TI A N D S E L LI B K R WR R
OO U N
FO ITE S AN D S T DE TS
Y .
3 84 pp
E ES E
Cl th ; ill st t d ;
EI a: T L E E DS
BY J B NW N MARY ROB R ES E EI a: E E T!
3 23 pp p stp id
. . .
o u ra e
p stp id Cl th
.
. o ; o a
o a
H E ART OF S T ORY WRIT ING T HE ART OF PUB LIC S PEAK IN-
A R GU DI R WR E CT NG AN N P R N G
I DE F O PRA A I TI I S I I AND C TI C L
H R F NA F RM
AL L S O T B O K HA R A Y H W
I C TI O WL O S O T T E LL S O S TH E AY
Y J B NW N MARY HAMB R
ES E EI BY J B NW N A ARNAG
a D C E S ESE EI a: D LE C EY
222 pp p stp id 5 26 pp p stp id
. . . . .
Cl th ; . o Cl th ; o a . o o a
THE T E CH NIQ UE OF THE M YS TE RY S TORY

NY P N O H FA NA N G TH E O L EX OS ITI O F T IS S CI TI
P PU AR F RM A ND O L O
BY AR YN W C OL E L LS
W H N R U ON BY J B RG
E DI TE D , NW N IT I T OD CTI E ES E EI
3 5 0 pp p stp id , .
Cl th ; . o o a
IN PREPARATION
AD Y D U RING TH E RE FIRS T HAL F OF 1 9 1 5
TH E ART OF PLAYW RIT ING THE TO JOURNAL IS M

WAY IN
A MP W RK N G M H O
CO L E TE O I ET D HOR UGH N RU N B H
T O I ST C TI O IN OT
W H AB UN AN IT R D T E XE CI S E S N W PAP R MAGA N W RK
E S E AN D ZI E O
BY HAR N AN R W C L TO D E S BY RN N W N BAGG E ES T E TO
W H HAP R BY J B
IT C NW N TE S ES E EI W H HAP R BY J B
IT C NW N TE S ES E EI
p tp id p stp id
. . . .
Cl th ; o os a C l th ; o o a
A
M NUS CRIP T PRE PARAT ION THE POE T S WORD B OOK ’
OW H PR PAR M OR To E E S F TH E A A A OG O RH M OR
C T L UE F Y ES F
N R R A PROOF P UN UA
.
SI TE E D CT TE , E TC W O WR AL L R H I TE V E SE
BY J B RG NW N R HAR , ,
J B NW N HAR M RR
.
E ES E EI a: T DY BY ES E EI a: C LE S O II
Cl th ill st t d ; p stp id p st p id
. . . . .
o , u ra e o a Cl th ; o o a
OTHERVOLUMES TO B E ANNOUNCED
T h e A r t o f Pu b lic S p e a k in g
J . E S E NWE IN
B E RG
AU H OR O T F
H OW O A RA
T H
TT N AU N
CT A ND OL D A DIE CE ,
’
WR N
“
HOR OR
ITI G TH E S T ST
-
Y,
”
WR N H
ITI HO OP A
G T E P T L Y,
”
E Tc .
, E TC .
,
AND
D ALE CARNAG E Y
UC OR
I NS TR T IN P UB LI C S P E AK N I G, Y . M . c . A . SC HOO LS ,
ORK B ROOK
N EW Y , LYN, P H IL AD E LP HA W I , I LMI NGTO N , A ND B A LTIMORE
THE WRITER S ’
LIB RARY
E D ITED B Y J . B E RG E S E NW E I N
THE HOME CORRE S POND E NCE S CHOOL

S PRING FI ELD , MAS S .
PUB LIS HE RS
Co p yrig ht 1915
TH E HOM E CORRE S POND E NCE S CH OOL
ALL RI G HTS RE S E RV E D
M
AR 8 M 5
(D G AS S S S OS
F A RT H U R
. M E T C AL F -
F E L L OW -
W ORK E R A N D F RI E N D
T abl e of C o n te n ts
THIN GS THI NK OF —
FIRS T A FORE WORD
m
To
—
CHAPTE R I ACQ UIRI N G CONF E NCE B E F ORE AN
AUDIE NCE
—
CHAPTE R II THE S IN OF M ONOTONY
—
CHAPTE R III EFFICIE NCY THROU GH EMPHAS IS AND
S UB ORDINATI ON
—
CHAPTE R IV EFF ICIE NCY THROU GH CHANGE OF
PITCH
—
CHAPTE R V EFFICIE NCY THROU GH CHANGE OF
—
CHAPTE R VI PAU S E AND POWE R 55
—
CHAPTE R VII EFFICIE NCY THROU GH INF LE CTI ON 69
—
CHAPTE R VIII CONCE NTRATION IN D ELIVE RY
CHAPTE R IX FORCE
-
—
CHAPTE R X FEELIN G AND ENTH US IA S M
—
CHAPTE R XI FLU E NCY THROU GH PRE PARATION
—
CHAPTE R XII THE V OICE
CHAPTE R XIII—V OICE CHARM

—
CHAPTE R XIV D IS TINCTNE S S AND PRE CIS ION OF
UTTE RANCE
—
CHAPTE R XV THE TRU TH AB OU T GE S TURE
—
CHAPTE R XVI ME THODS OF D ELIV E RY
VIII TAB LE T
OF CON E N S T
—
CHAPTE R XV II THOU GHT AND RE S E RVE POWE R
—
CHAP TE R XVI II S UB JE CT AND PREPARATION
—
CHAP TE R XIX INF L U E NCIN G B Y EXPOS I TION
—
CHAPTE R XX INF LU E NCIN G BY D E S CRIP TION
—
CH AP TE R XXI INFLUE NCIN G BY NAF RATION
—
CHAP TE R XXII INF LU E NCING BY S U GGE S TION
—
CHAPTE R XXII I INF LUE NCIN G BY ARGUME NT
—
CH APTE R XXIV I NF LUE NCIN G BY PE RS UA S ION
—
CHAP TE R XXV I NF LU E NCING THE CROWD
—
CHAP TE R XXVI RI D IN G THE WINGE D HORS E
.
.
—
CHAP TE R XX VII GROWING A V OCAB U LARY
—
CHAPTE R XXV III ME MORY TRAI NI NG
—
CHAP TE R XXIX RI GH T THI NKING AND PE RS ON
ALITY
—
CHAP TE R XXX AFTE R D INNE R AND OTHE R OCCA
-
S I ONAL S PE AKIN G
—
CH APTE R XXXI MAKI NG CONVERS ATION EFFE C
TIVE
—
AP PE NDIX A FIFTY QUE S TIONS F OR D EB ATE
—
APPE NDIX B THIRTY THE ME S FOR S PE E CHE S WITH ,
S OURCE RE FE RE NCE S
-
—
APPE NDIX C S U GGE S TIVE S UB JE CT S F OR S PEE CHE S ;
HINT S F OR TRE ATME NT
—
APPE NDIX D S PEE CHE S F OR S TUDY AND PRACTIS E 394
T hin g s to T hin k of Fir st
A FOREWORD
The effici ency of book is like tha t of a a n in one i

a m , m
p o n p c i u d o rd its sub j ec t is the fir st
m
rta t res e t : it s a tt t e t wa
so urc e of its p ower A book a y b e ful l of good id ea s well

m
.
exp ressed but if its wri ter vi ews his sub j ec t fro the wrong
m
,
a ngl e ev en his exc e llent a dvic e ay prove to be in effective .
Thi s b oO k sta n ds or fa ll s b y its a utho rs a tti tu de to wa rd

’
its sub j ec t If the b est wa y to tea ch oneself or others

m
.
to sp ea k effec tively in p ub l ic is to fil l the ind wi th rul es ,
a nd to set up fix ed sta n da rd s for the in terp reta tion of
th o ught the u ttera nc e of la ng ua g e the

/
m
a ki ng of g es
m
, ,
tures a nd a ll the rest then thi s boo k will b e li ited in

m
, ,
va lue to such stra y idea s throughout its p a ges a s a y

—
prove help ful to the rea der a s a n efi ort to enforc e a
m
group of principl es it ust b e reckoned a fa ilure b eca use ,
it is th en untru e
mm
.
It is of so e i p o rta nc e therefore to tho se who ta k e

m m
, ,
up thi s volu e wi th o p en ind tha t they sho ul d see

clea rly a t the out sta rt wha t is the tho ught tha t a t onc e
-
underlies a nd is b uilded through this structure I n p la in .
wo rds it is this :
m
Tra ining in pub lic sp ea king is not a a tter of ex tern a l s
m m
—pri a rily ; it is not a a tter of iniita tion funda en m
m m
w
ta lly ; it is not a a tter of co nfo r —

i ty to sta nda rds a t
Pub lic sp ea ki ng is p ub lic u ttera nc e p ub l ic i ssua nc e
mm m
a ll
.
, ,
of the a n hi self ; therefore the first thing both in ti e

m
a nd in i m
porta nce is tha t the a n shoul d b e a nd think
a nd f eel thing s tha t a re wo rthy of b eing given fo rth .
X THE ART OF PU B LI C S PE AKING
Un l ess mh ng of v lu i n no ick of
h ere o
v m
i
n ing m
t be s et a e w thi ,
tr s
ining k of lk o h n
mch n lb i ghly p f c d m
tra ca n e er a e the ta er a yth re t a
—
d liv y of o h m l f d v l opm
a a i e a e t a hi er e te a chia for the
n good n
fund m
’
e er t er e s s . So se -
e e e t is
n l in pl n
mm
a e ta our a .
cond p inci l li lo fi u
"
The se r p e es C se to t he rst : The an st
n h on ill ul ov o ugh f ling

lf mgiv
e t r e his w to r e er his th t, his ee s, a nd
hy ic l p o h ou
u nh m
a ll his p s a w ers, so t at the ter se ay e p er
p d x ion inn fu il
do n y m
fect, a ere e p ress to the er . It is t e, we
a ssert, to la y of ul w voic cul u
s ste s r es for e t re, in
on ion g u h unl h p incipl
of h ving om ng mking ill ov ign
t at , est re , a n d w a t not, ess t ese two r es
mk h mlv f l in lif
a s ethi to sa y a nd a the w s ere
h v l b g un
um
a e at ea st e to a e t e se es e t the e .
The third p incipl i ll r i ou no pu

e w ,
we s r se, a r se dis te :
N l n p k do fi p k
h m m
o one ca n ea r how to s ea who es not rst s ea as
b lik vicio u ci cl in
mn x m
est he ca n . T at ay see e a s r e
sta te e ill b
t, b ut it w in ion ea r e a at .
M ny c v b g un i in fo
nci n ui m
a tea hers ha e e w th the how . Va ef rt !
It is an a h e l n do by doing
t tr s t at we ea r to . The
first thing for the b eginner in public sp ea king is to sp ea k
not to stu d y voic e a nd g estu re a nd the rest Onc e he ha s
m m
.
sp o k en he ca n i prove hi self by self ob serva tion or

m
-
a cco rding to the c ri tici s s of th o se who h ea r
m m
.
B ut how sh a ll he b e a b l e to cri tici se hi self ? S i ply

by finding out three thing s : Wha t a re the qua li ti es which
m
m
by co on consent go to a ke up a n effec tive sp eaker ; m
m
by wha t ea ns a t lea st so e of these qua lities ay b e m m
a cquired ; a nd wha t wrong h a bi ts of sp eec h in hi self m
wo rk a g a in st his a c q ui ring a nd u sing the q u a li ti es which
he finds to b e good .
THINGS TO THINK OF FIRS T XI
Exp eri enc e, then , is only the b est tea cher but the
m
not ,
first a nd the la st B ut exp erience ust b e a dua l thing

m m
.
the exp eri enc e of o thers ust b e used to supp l e ent ,
correct a nd justify our own exp erienc e ; in this way we

sh a ll b eco m
e our own b est cri tic s o nl y a f ter we ha v e
tra in ed o urselves in self knowl edg e the knowl edge of

m
-
wha t o ther inds thi nk a nd in the a bi lity to ju dge our

m
,
selv es by the sta ndard s we h a ve co e to b eli ev e a re
right If I o ught sa id Ka nt I ca n
m m
“
, ,
. .
An ex a in a tion of the conten ts of this volu e wi ll show

how con sisten tly these a rticl es of fa ith h a ve b een de
cla red exp o und ed a nd illu stra ted
, ,
The stud ent is urg ed .
to b egin to spea k a t onc e of wha t he kno ws Then he is

m
.
given S i ple suggestions for self control wi th gra dua lly

m m
-
increa sing e pha sis upon the p ower of the inner a n over
the o uter Next the way to the rich storehouses of
m
,
.
a teri a l is p ointed out And fina lly a ll the whil e he is

.
,
urg ed to sp eak spea k S PEAK a s he is a pplying to his own

m
, ,
ethod s in his own persona l wa y the p rincip l es he ha s
m
, ,
ga thered fro his own exp eri enc e a nd ob serva tion a nd

the reco rded exp eri enc es of o thers .
S o now a t the very first let it b e a s cl ea r a s light tha t

m m
eth od s a re seconda ry tha t the full ind the m
m m m
a tters ; ,
wa r h ea rt the do in a nt will a re p ri a ry a nd not o nl y

m m
m
m
,
p o un u t b e a full b eing tha t

m
p ri y b u t a ra t ; fo r nl ess i
uses the ethods it will b e lik e dressing a wooden wag e
m
in the clothes of a a n .
J B E RG E S E NW EIN . .
NARB E RTH PA ,
.
,
JANUARY 1 1 9 1 5 , .
THE ART OF PUBLI C S PEAKING
m m Sens nev r fa ils to g ive the tha t have it Wo rds enough to
a k th
e
e e
unde stood It too oft n ha p p ens in so conver
e r
m e
,
mm
e
m m
.
sa ti ns
o s in Ap othec a ry S hop s tha t tho s Po ts th t a e E
, a p ty
, e a r ,
or ha v Things of s a ll V a lu in th a re a s ga udily D ress d

’
e e e ,
a s those th t a e full of p e ci ous D ru gs

a r r
mm
.
Th y tha t soa r t
e high often f ll h rd
oo a king l w and a a a o
m
, ,
l vel D w lling p fer bl e The ta llest T e s a e ost in the

e e re a r e r
m
.
Power of th Winds nd A b itiou s M n of the B l sts of Fortun

e , a e a e .
B uil dings ha ve n d of g ood Fou nd a tion tha t lie so

ee a uch e , x
p ose d t the We ther

—WILLIAM PE NN
o a .
.
CHA PTER I
A CQU IRI N G CON F I D E N C E B E F ORE A N A U D IE N C E
nsa tion oft n xp i nc d in th p nc

ng
m m m
There is a stra e se e e er e e e rese e
of n udi nce It y p oc d f o th g of th ny yes

m m
a a e . a r ee r e aze e a e
th t tu n up on th
a r p k p ci lly if h p r i ts hi s lf to
e s ea er , es e a e e e
stea dily tu n th t g M ost p a k rs h v b n con ciou

m m m
re r a a ze . s e e a e ee s s
of this in n less th ill a l so thing p v ding th t o

a e r , a rea e , er a e a s
t ngibl v n c nt ind crib bl All writ rs h v

ph
m m
ere , a e, e a es e , es a e . e a e
bo n t ti ony t th p ow of p k s y in i p essing
r e es o e er a s ea er
’
e e r
udi nc This influ nc which w n w con id ing is
m
a n a e e . e e e a re o s er
v of th t p i tur th p ow th i y x rt
m
th e re erse y a c b
e e er e r e es a e e
up on hi p ci ll y b fo h b gin t p k ft th inw rd
m
, es e a e re e e s o s ea : a er e a
fires of o tory f nn d into fl y of th udi nc

m
ra th a re a e a e e e es e a e e
l o ll t o WIL LIAM PITTE NGE R E t p S p h

se a err r .
-
, x e ore eec .
S tu den tsof pub lic sp eaking continua lly a sk How ca n

m
,
I overco e self con sciousness a nd the fear tha t p ara lyzes

m
-
e b efo re a n a udienc e ?
D id yo u ever no tice in l ooking fro a t ra in Windo w m

m
th a t so e horses f eed n ea r the tra ck a nd n ever even
pa use to look up a t the thundering ca rs while just
m
,
ah ea d a t the n ex t ra ilro a d cro ssing a f a r er s wif e will

’
be n ervo u sly trying to qui et her sca red h o rse a s the

train go es by ?
How woul d yo u cure a horse tha t is a fra id of c a rs—graze

m
hi in a b a ck woods lot wh ere he wo ul d n ever see stea m
m m
-
engin es or a uto obil es or drive or pa sture hi where he

m
,
woul d frequen tly see the a chin es?

App ly horse sen se to ridding yourself of self conscio us
- -
ness a nd fea r : fa ce a n a udience as frequently a s yo u ca n ,

2 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PE AKING
you will soon stop shying You can n ever a tta in free
mm m
and .
do fro sta g e frigh t by rea ding a trea ti se

-
A book ay .
give yo u exc ell ent suggestions on how b est to conduc t yo ur

sel f in the wa ter b ut soon er or l a ter yo u
,
m
ust g et wet p er ,
hap s even stra ngl e a nd b e ha lf sca red to dea th There

m
.
wetless b a thing suits wo rn a t the sea

m m
a re a grea t a ny
sh ore b ut no one ev er l ea rn s to swi

,
in th e To plunge .
is the o nl y wa y .
Pra cti se pra ctise PRACTI S E in sp ea king b efo re a n

m
, ,
a u dienc e wil l tend to re ove a ll fea r of a udienc es just

m
m
,
a s p ra c tic e in swi ing will l ea d to confidenc e a nd

m
fa cili ty in the wa ter You ust lea rn to sp ea k by sp eaking
mm
. .
The Ap o stl e Pa ul tell s us th a t every a n ust work out

his own sa l va tion All we ca n do h ere is to ofi er yo u sug
.
g estions a s to how b est to prep are for yo ur plunge The

m
.
rea l plu ng e no one ca n ta k e for yo u A doc tor a y p re

m m
.
sc rib e b ut you ust ta k e the edicin e

m
.
,
D o not b e dish earten ed if a t fir st yo u suffer fro sta g e
m
fright D an Pa tch wa s ore su sc ep tib le to suffering
.
th a n a sup era nn u a ted dra y h orse wo ul d b e It n ev er hu rts

.
a foo l to a pp ea r b efo re a n a u di enc e for his ca p a ci ty is

,
not a c a p a ci ty for f eeling A b l ow tha t woul d ki ll a

m
.
Civil iz ed a n soons h ea l s on a sa v a g e The high er we go

.
in the sca le of life the grea ter is the ca pa city for suffering
mm
.
,
For one rea son or a no th er so e a ster sp ea k ers n ev er
m
-
en tirely overco e sta ge frigh t b ut it will p a y yo u to

-
sp a re no p a in s to con q u er it . D a niel Web ster fa il ed in his

first a pp ea ra nce a nd ha d to ta ke his sea t wi tho ut fini shing
his sp eech b ec a u se he wa s n ervo u s Gl a d ston e wa s often
.
tro ub l ed wi th self con scio u sn ess in the b egi nning of a n a d

-
quiesc ence I f the thea ter ca ught fi re yo u co ul d rush to

.
the sta g e a nd sh o ut direc tion s to the a u dienc e wi th o u t a ny
sel f con scio u sn ess for the i m

p orta nce of wha t yo u were
'
m
-
sa ying wo ul d drive a ll f ea r th o ugh ts out of yo ur -

ind .
Fa r worse th a n self con scio u sn ess thr o ugh fea r of doing

m
-
-
p oorly is self consciousness through a ssu p tion of doing

m
-
well The first sign of grea tness is wh en a a n do es not
m
.
p t to look a nd act grea t B efore yo u ca n c a ll your

m m
a tte .
self a a n a t a ll Kipling a ssures us yo u

,
ust not l ook ,
too good nor ta lk too wi se .
No thing a dvertises i tself so th oro ughly a s conc ei t One

m m
.
a y b e so ful l of self a s to b e e p ty V oltai re sa id We “
m
.
,
ust concea l self love B ut tha t ca n not b e done You

-
. .
know this to b e true for yo u ha ve recogni zed overweening

,
self l ove in o th ers

-
I f yo u h a ve it o thers a re seeing it in
.
,
yo u There a re thing s in this worl d bigger tha n self a nd

m
.
,
in working for the self wi ll b e forgo tten or wha t is —

mm
,
b etter re e b ered only so a s to help us win towa rd

-
higher thing s
m
.
Ha ve S o ething to S a y
The tro ub l e wi th mny p

k ers is tha t they go b efore
h i m
a s ea
a n a u di enc e wi th t e r ind
s a b l a nk It is no wonder
m m
.
th a t n a ture a b h o rring a va c uu
,
fil l s th e wi th the n ea rest
,
thing h a ndy which g en era lly h a pp en s to b e I wonder

m
“
m
, ,
if I a doing this right ! How do es y h a ir look ? I know

I sha ll fa i l . Their p rophetic so ul s a re sure to b e righ t .
It is not eno ugh to b e a b sorb ed by yo ur sub j ec t to —

a cquire self confi dence yo u
-
m
ust ha ve so ething in which m
to b e confid en t I f yo u go b efo re a n a u dienc e wi th o u t a ny
.
ACQ UIRING F
CON IDE NCE B E ORE AN F AUDIENCE 5
prepara tion or previous k nowledge of y our subj ect yo u

m
, ,
—
o ught to b e self conscious y ou ought to b e a sha ed to
m
-
stea l the ti e of y o ur a udienc e Prepa re yo urself Kno w

. .
Wha t you are going to ta lk a bout a nd in genera l how you , , ,
a re going to say it Ha ve the first few sen tenc es worked

m m
.
out co p l ete ly so tha t y o u a y not b e tro ub l e d in the
b eginning to find words Know y our subj ect b etter tha n

.
y o ur hea rers know it and y ou have no thing to fear

, .
After P repa ring f

or S uccess , E xpe
ct I t
m
your b earing b e odestly confi dent but o st of m
m
Let ,
odestly confident within Over confi dence is

m
a ll b e .
-
b a d but to to l era te p re oni tion s of fai lure is wo rse for a

mm
, ,
bold a n a y Wl n a ttention b y his very b ea ring whil e a ,
ra bbi t hea rted cowa rd invi tes di sa ster
m m
-
.
Hu ihty is not the p erson a l di scoun t tha t we ust

—
off er in the presenc e of o thers again st thi s ol d inter
m m
m
p reta tion there ha s b een a
m m
o st hea lthy odern rea ction .
m m
True hu ility a ny an who thoro ughly knows hi self
m m
m
ust feel ; but it is not a hu ili ty tha t a ssu es a wor
—
like eekn ess ; it is ra ther a strong vibra nt prayer for
grea ter p ower for service a pra yer tha t Uria h Heep coul d
,
never have uttered .
m
Washing ton Irving once introduced Cha rles Dickens
mm
a t a dinn er given in the l a tter s h ono r In the iddle of
’
.
m
his sp eech Irving h esita ted b eca e e b a rra ssed a nd
, ,
m
sa t down a wkwa rdl y Turning to a fri end b eside hi he
.
re a rked There I tol d yo u I woul d fa il a nd I did

”
, , , .
If you b elieve yo u will fa il there is no hope for you

, .
You will .
Rid yo urself of this I -

a mpoo —o m—
-
dust idea
a -
r w r -
in the -
.
You a re a god wi th infini te c a p a bili ti es All thing s a re

m
,
.
rea dy if the i nd b e so The ea gl e l ooks the cl o u dl ess

.
sun in th e fa c e
‘
mM
.
Assu e a stery Over Your Audience
In pub lic sp ee ch a s in electricity there is a p o si tive

, ,
a nd a n ega tive fo rc e Ei th er yo u or yo ur a u dience a re

m
.
going to p o ssess the p o sitive fa cto r If yo u a ssu e it

m m m
.
yo u ca n a l o st invaria b ly a ke it yo urs I f yo u a ssu e

m
.
the n eg a tive yo u a re sure to b e n eg a tive Assu ing a

m
m
.
virtue or a vic e vita liz es it S u on a ll yo ur p ower

mm
.
of self direction a nd re e b er tha t tho ugh yo ur a udi ence

mm m
-
m
is infinitely o re i p orta nt tha n yo u the truth is ore ,
m
i p orta nt th a n bo th of yo u b ec a use it is eterna l I f yo ur
m
.
,
ind fa lters in its l ea dership the sword will drop fro yo ur

m
ha nds Your a ssu p tion of b eing a b le to in stru ct or
m m
.
m
lea d or insp ire a ul titude or even a s a ll gro up of people
a y a pp a ll yo u a s b eing co l o ssa l i
— m
pudence a s indeed it
m ay b e ; but h a ving onc e essa yed to sp ea k b e co ura g eo u s
—
,
.
m
BE co ura g eo u s it li es wi thin yo u to b e wha t yo u will .
MAKE yo urself b e cal a nd confident .
Reflec t th a t yo ur a u dience will not hurt yo u I f B eecher .
in Liverp ool ha d sp ok en b ehind a wi re screen he

woul d h a ve inv i te d the a u dienc e to throw the over rip e
m m
-
m
i ssiles wi th which th ey were lo a ded ; but he wa s a an ,
—
mm
confronted his ho stile hea rers fearlessly a nd won the
m
.
I n fa cing yo ur a udience pa use a o en t a nd loo k the

—
,
over a hundred cha nces to one th ey wa nt yo u to succ eed ;

for wh at m a n is so foo li sh a s to sp end his ti e p erh a p s m ,
ACQ UIRIN G CONFIDE NCE B EF ORE AN AUDIE NCE 7
his
'
m oney, in the hope that you Will waste his invest mn e t
Do not mk a e haste to e—
b gin h aste s hows la ck of con
trol .
Do pologize It ought not to be necessa ry ; and

not a .
if it is it will not help Go straight ah ea d

,
. .
Ta ke a d eep b rea th relax a nd b eg in in a qui et con

, ,
v ersa tiona l ton e as th o ugh yo u were spea k ing to one larg e
fri end You will not fi nd it h a lf so b a d as y o u i agin ed ;

. m
m
rea ll y it is l ik e ta king a co l d plung e : af ter yo u a re in
, ,
the wa ter is fi ne I n fa ct having sp oken a few ti es you

.
,
Will even a nti cip a te the plung e wi th exh il a ra tion To

m m
.
sta nd b efore a n a u dienc e a nd a k e th e th ink yo ur
th o ughts a fter yo u is one of the grea test pl ea sures yo u ca n
ever kn ow Instea d of fea ring it you ought to be as

.
,
a nx io us a s the fox h oun ds straining a t th eir l ea sh es or ,
the ra c e h orses tugging a t their rein s .
—
S o ca st out fea r for f ea r is cowa rdly when it is not
m
,
a stered The b ra v est know f ea r but th ey do not yi el d

.
,
—
m
Fa c e your a udienc e pluckily ii yo ur kn ees quak e
m
to it .
,
MAKE th e stop I n yo ur a udi enc e li es so e vic tory

.
m
m
for yo u a nd the ca u se yo u rep resent Go win it S uppose . .
Ch arl es Martell ha d b een a fra id to h a er the S a ra c en
a t To urs ; supp o se Co lu m
b us ha d feared to ventur e out
m
into the unknown West ; supp o se our forefa th ers ha d b een
m
too ti id to opp o se the tyrra ny of Geo rg e the Third ;
supp o se th at a ny a n who ever did a nything worth wh il e
ha d b een a coward ! The worl d owes its progress to the

8 THE ART OF PUB EIC S PE KIN A G
m en who ,
m
ha ve da red a nd you ust dare to sp ea k the
—
efi ectiv e wo rd th a t is in yourth ea rt to sp ea k v
for often
But t e
m mm
it req uires coura ge to u tter a jsing le sentenc e
mm
.
e ber tha t en erect no onu ents a nd wea ve no
m
la urels for th o se who fea r to do wha t they ca n .
Is a ll thi s un sy p a th etic do yo u say?

m
,
Ma n wha t yo u n eed is not sy p a thy but a push No

mm
, , .
m m m
one do ub ts th a t te p era en t a nd nerves a nd ill ness a fi d
ev en p ra i sew o rthy odesty ay singly or co bined
, ,
c a use the sp ea ker s ch eek to b la nch b efore an a udience

m
’
,
mm
but n eith er ca n a ny one do ub t th a t coddling wi ll agnify
this wea kn ess The vic to ry li es in a fea rl ess fra eof ind
. .
m m
Prof Wa l ter D ill S co tt sa ys : S u cc ess or fa i lure in b usi
m
.
ness is ca used ore by enta l a ttitude even th a n by en

ta l c a p a ci ty B a ni sh the fear a tti tu de ; a c q uire the con
mm
-
.
fident a ttitu de And re e b er tha t the only way to

.
a c q ui re it is
— to acquire it .
I n this fo unda tion cha p ter we ha ve tri ed to strike the

ton e of m
uch tha t is to foll ow Ma ny of th ese idea s will
m m
.
b e a plifi ed a nd enfo rc ed in a ore sp ecifi c way ; but

th ro ug h a ll th ese ch a p ters on a n a rt Wh ich Mr Gl a d stone
m
.
b eli eved to be ore p owerful tha n the pub lic press the
m
,
no te of justifiable self confidence ust so und aga in a nd

-
QUES TI ONS AND EX ERCI S ES .
Wha t is the c a use of self con sciousn ess?

m m
I .
-
2 . Why are a ni a ls free fro it?

ACQ UIRIN G F
CON IDE NCE B E ORE AN F AUDIENCE 9
3 . W ha tyo u
is ob v r ion g di
ser a t g
re a rlf ncon scio
seu s-
ness in chil dren ?

m
Why a re you free fro it under the stress of un
m
4 .
uS ual exci te en t?
H do m od x ci n m yo u
m
5 . ow es era te e te e t a fl ec t ?
Wha t a re the two funda enta l requi si tes for the
mm
6 .
a cquiring of self confi dence? Which is the

-
ore i p ortant?
7 . Wh a t effe c t do es confid enc e on t h e p a rt of the
sp ea ker h a ve on the a udi enc e ?
8 .
-
m
Wri te out a two inute sp eech on Confidenc e a nd
Cowa rdice .
9 . W h a t efl e ct do h a bi ts of t h o ug h t h a v e on confi d enc e ?
In this conn ection rea d the chap ter on Right Thinking
”
a nd Person a l i ty
m
.
10 Write out very b ri efly a ny exp erience y ou ay have

.
ha d involving the tea ching s of this cha p ter

m
.
Give a three in ute ta lk on S ta g e Frigh t

m m m
II .
- -
in ,
cluding a (kin dly) i ita tion of two or ore vic ti s .

CH APTER II
TH E S IN OF M ON OTONY
One da y E nnui wa s b o rn fro i —M m

mn m
U ifor ty o .
Our Engli sh ha s cha nged wi th the yea rs so th at a ny m

m
word s now conno te ore th a n th ey did origin a ll y
m
This is
m
.
tru e of the wo rd Fro ha ving but one tone

“
mmm
onotonous .
,
it ha s co e to ea n ore b ro a dly la ck of vari ation

m
.
,
ono tono us sp ea k er not only dron es al ong in the

m m m
The
e vo lu e a nd p i tc h of ton e b ut u ses a lwa ys the sa
m m m
sa e
e ph a si
,
s th e sa e sp eed the , sa e th o ug h —
ts or dis
p en ses with tho ught a ltogether
m mm
.
Mono tony the ca rdin a l a nd o st co on sin of the pub

m
,
—
lic sp ea k er is not a tra n sgression it is ra ther a sin of o is
,
sion for it con si sts in living up to the co nfession of the

,
Pra yer B oo k : We ha ve l eft undone th o se thing s we
m
o ugh t to ha ve done
m
E erson sa ys The virtu e of a rt li es in d eta ch en t
m m
,
in sequestering one ob j ec t fro the e b arra ssing vari ety

m —
.
Th a t is ju st Wh a t the ono tonous sp ea ke fa ils to do he

m
r
do es not deta ch one th o ught or phra se fro a no ther th ey

mm
,
mm
a re a ll exp ressed in the sa a nn er
m
e .
To tell yo u th a t yo ur sp eech is ono tono us ay ean

very li ttle to you so let us l ook a t the na ture and the —
m
,
—
cur se oi ono tony in o ther spheres of life then we S ha ll
m
,
a pp reci a te ore ful ly how it will b light a n otherwise good

12 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE AKING :
—
m
tono u s it is the l ong rows of b rown one fronts a nd the
m
-
st
iles of p a ved streets tha t a re so terrib ly sa e Na ture

m
.
in her wea lth gives us endless va ri ety ; a n wi th his
m m
li itat ion s is often ono tonous Get ba ck to n a ture in
m m
.
your ethods of speech a king -

.
The p ower of va ri ety l ies in its pl ea sure giving qu a li ty -

.
The grea t tru th s of the worl d h a ve often b een co u ch ed in
m
—
fa scina ting stories Les Misera b les for insta nc e If
“
m m
, .
yo u wi sh to tea ch or influenc e en yo u ust please the

m
, ,
first or la st S trik e the sa e no te on the pia no over a nd

m
.
over a ga in This will give yo u so e idea of the displea sing

m
.
,
j a rring effect ono tony ha s on the ea r The dic tiona ry

m m
.
d efines ono tonous a s b eing synony o us wi th weari

som m
Th a t is pu tting it il dly It is a ddening The m
m
.e . .
dep a rt ent store prince do es not disgust the pub lic by

m
-
pl a ying on ly the one tune Co e B uy My Wares ! He

,
”
gives recita ls on a orga n a nd the pl ea sed

m
,
people n a tura lly sl ip in to a b uying ood .
How to Conquer Monotony

m
We obvi a te ono tony in dress by replenishing our
m
We a void ono tony in sp eech by ul ti m
m
wa rdrob es .
plying our p owers of sp eech We ultiply our powers of

.
sp eec h by inc rea sing our too l s
mm
.
The ca rp en ter ha s sp ecia l i pl e ents wi th which to

construc t the severa l pa rts of a b ui lding The orga ni st
m
.
m
ha s c erta in keys a nd stop s which he a nipul a tes to p ro
m
m
m
duc e his ha r onies a nd effec ts I n lik e a nner the speaker
m
.
ha s c erta in instru en ts a nd tool s a t his co a nd by
m
which he b uil d s his a rg u ent plays on the feeling s a nd
, ,
TH E S IN OF T
MONO ON Y I3
m
guides the beliefs of his a udienc e To give yo u a concep .
tion of th ese in stru ents a nd pra c tic a l help in l ea rning

m m
m
,
to use the a re the purp oses of the i

, edi a tely fo ll owing
ch apters .
Why did not the Children of I sra el whirl through the

m
desert in li ou sines a nd why did not No a h ha ve oving m
m m
,
picture enterta in ents a nd ta lking a chin es on the Ark?

The la ws tha t ena b l e us to op era te a n a uto obil e p ro m
m m
,
duce oving p ictures or usic On the V ictrola woul d

-
, ,
have worked just a s well then a s they do toda y It wa s

m
.
ignora nc e of la w tha t for a ges dep rived hu a nity of our

m odern convenienc es Ma ny sp ea kers still use ox ca rt
m m m
-
.
ethods in their sp eech i nstea d of e l oyi g a uto obile

m
p n
or ov erl a nd exp ress ethod s They a re igno ra n t of l a ws

m
-
.
tha t a ke for effi ci enc y in sp ea king Just to the extent .
tha t y o u rega rd a nd use the l a w s tha t w e a re a bo u t to

m
ex a ine a nd l ea rn how to use will y ou ha ve effici enc y a nd
force in y our sp ea king ; a nd just to the ex ten t tha t y o u
m
disrega rd the will y o ur sp ea king b e feeb le a nd ineffec
tive m
We ca nno t i p ress too thoroughly up on y o u the
m
.
necessity for a rea l working a stery of these p ri n cip les .
Th ey a re the very founda tion s of su cc essful sp ea king .
Get y our p rincipl es right sa id Na p ol eo n

”
m
,
a nd the rest ,
is a
~
a tter of d eta il .
It is usel ess to sho e a dea d h o rse a nd a ll the so und

m m
,
principles in Christendo will n ever a k e a live sp eech

out of a dea d one S o let it b e understood tha t pub lic
m m
.
mm
sp ea king is not a a tter of a stering a few d ea d rul es ; the
ost i p orta nt law of public sp eech is the necessity for

truth fo rce feeli ng a nd l ife Fo rget a ll el se but not thi s
, , , .
,
.
I4 R
THE A T OF PU B LIC S PE AKING
m
When yo u ha ve a stered the echa nic s of sp eech outm
l ined in the n ext few cha pters you will no l ong er b e troub led
wi th m m
onotony The co pl ete k nowl edge of these prin
m
.
cip les a nd the a bi li ty to a pply th e will g 1v e yo u grea t

va riety in y our p owers of exp ression But they ca nno t
m
.
a stered a nd a ppl i ed b y thinking or rea ding a bo u t
m m
be
th e — yo u ust pra c ti se pra ctise PRACTIS E I f no
m
.
, ,
one el se wi ll l i sten to yo u l i sten to y o urself

,
— yo u ust
a lwa y s b e y o u r own b est c ri tic a nd the sev erest one of a ll
, .
The tech nic a l p rincipl es tha t we lay down in the foll ow

ing cha p ters a re not a rbitra ry crea tions of our own They .
a re a ll fo u nd ed on the p ra ctic es th a t good sp ea k ers a nd
a c to rs a dop t
— ei th er n a tura lly a nd unconsciously or
—
und er in struc tion in getting their efl ects
m
.
It is u sel ess to wa rn the stu d en t th a t he u st b e na tura l

m m
.
To b e n a tu ra l a y b e to b e ono tono u s The li ttl e stra w .
b erry up in the a rctic s wi th a few tiny seeds a nd a n a cid

ta ng is a n a tura l b erry but it is not to b e co p a red wi th m
m
,
the i p roved va ri ety th a t we enj o y h ere The dwa rfed

m
.
oa k on the roc ky hi ll sid e is n a tura l b ut a p oo r th ing co
m
,
p a red with the b ea u tiful tree fo und in the rich oi st

m m
,
—
bo tto l a nds B e na tura l but i prove yo ur na tura l
m
.
gifts un til yo u ha ve a ppro a ch ed the idea l for we ust ,
striv e a f ter idea li z e d n a ture in frui t tree a nd sp eech

, , ,
.
QUE S TI ONS AND EXE RCI S E S .
Wha t a re the c a u ses of ono tony ? m

m
I .
Ci te so e in sta nc es in n a ture
m
2 . .
Ci te in sta nc es in a n s d a i ly lif e
’
3 . .
S IN OF MONO ON T Y I 5
4 . D escrib e o
s mof e the cts of
effe m
ono ony in bo h
t t
cases
lou omp
.
Rea d ch without paying partic ula r

m ng
5 . a d s e s ee
a tt ention to its or forc e
m
ea ni .
6 Now rep ea t it a fter yo u ha ve thoroughl y a ssi ila ted

m
.
I ts a tter a nd sp iri t Wha t difference do yo u no tic e in

.
m
its rendition ?
m m
m
7
. Wh y is ono t ony one of the worst a s well a s one
of the o st co on fa ults of sp eakers?
CHA PT ER III
E FF I CIE N CY TH ROU G H E MP HAS I S AND
S U B ORD INA TI ON
o d th p rincip l of p h sis s foll o wd m

mm
In a w r , e e e a I e
b st n t by
e o b in g p a ticul
re rul s b ut by b ing full
e er r ar e e
—
, ,
of a p ticul f ling C S B AL DWIN W iting nd S p king

ar ar ee . .
, r a ea .
The g un tha t sc a tters too u ch do es not b a g the birds m

m
.
The sa e p rincipl e a ppl ies to sp eech The sp ea k er tha t

m m
.
fires his forc e a nd e pha sis a t ra ndo into a sentenc e will

not g et results Not every word is of sp ecia l i p orta nce m
m m
.
-
th erefo re on ly c erta in word s d e a nd e pha si s .
You say Ma ssa CH Usetts a nd MinneAP olis yo u do not

m
,
ph a size ea ch syllab le a like but hit the a cc ented

m
e ,
syll a b l e wi th fo rc e a n d hu rry ov er the u ni porta nt ones .
Now why do yo u not a pply thi s p rincipl e in sp ea king a

sen tenc e ? m
To so e exten t yo u do in o rdin ary sp eech ;
m
,
but do yo u in pub l ic di sco urse? It is th ere tha t ono tony

m
c a used by la ck of e pha sis is so pa inful ly appa rent
m m
.
S o fa r a s e pha si s is conc ern ed yo u a y con sider the
m
,
avera g e sen tenc e a s ju st one big wor d wi th the i p orta n t ,
word a s the a cc en ted sylla b l e No te the foll owing

m m
:
D estiny is not a a tter of c h a nc e It is a a tter of .
choic e
m m
.
You g h
i t a s we ll sa y M S S
A A CH U —
S E TTS e - -
h izing ev ery syll a b l e eq u a lly a s to la y equ a l stress

p a s ,
m
on ea ch word in the foregoing sentences .
S p ea k it a l o u d a nd see Of co urse yo u wi ll wa n t to e
.
F
EF ICIE NC Y THROUGH A
E MP H S I S AND S UB ORDIN ATION I7
princip a l idea in yo ur declara

mm
hasize destiny, for it is the
p
tion and yo u will p ut so e e pha si s on not el se yo ur
m m
, ,
m mm
a y thin k yo u a re a fi r ing tha t d estiny is a
m
hearers
r of ch a nc e ea n s yo u ust e pha size
m
a tte B y a ll .
cha n ce for it is one of the two big ideas in the sta te en t
m
.
,
Ano ther rea son why cha nce ta kes e pha si s is th a t it

is contra sted with choice in the n ex t sen tenc e Obviously .
,
the a uthor ha s con tra sted idea s purp o sely

m m m
these ,
so th a t they ight b e ore e pha tic a nd here we ,
see tha t con tra st is one of the v ery fir st devic es to g ain
m
e pha si s
m
.
As a p ub lic sp ea ker yo u ca n a ssi st this e ph a si s of con

trast wi th yo ur voic e If you say My horse is not
m
m m m
.
,
black wh a t color i edia tely co es in to i nd ? White

'
, ,
na tura lly for tha t is the opp o site of b la ck I f yo u wish

m
.
,
to b ring out the tho ugh t tha t d estiny is a a tter of choic e
m
,
you ca n do so ore efi ectiv ely b y first saying tha t DES

m
a tter of CHANCE Is not the co l o r
m
TIN Y is NOT a
mm
.
of the horse i pressed up on us ore e pha tica lly when

you say My horse is NOT B LACK He is WHI TE
m
.
,
th a n it wo ul d b e by h ea ring y o u a ssert erely tha t
your horse is white?

m
In the second sentence of the sta te ent th ere is o nl y one
m —
i p orta nt word choice It is the one word th a t p osi
.
tively d efin es the qua li ty of the sub j ec t b eing disc u ssed ,
a nd the a u th or of tho se lin es d esired to b ring it out
m
e pha tica ll y a s he ha s shown b y con tra sting it wi th
,
a no th er idea These lines th en wo ul d rea d lik e this :

m
.
, ,
a tter of CHANCE
m
DES TIN Y is NOT a It is .
a a tter of CHOI CE Now rea d thi s over striking ,

18 THE ART OF P UB LIC AKING
m
S PE
the words in cap ita ls wi th a grea t dea l Of f o rce .
I n a l o st every sentence the re are a few MOUNTAIN

PEAK WORDS tha t rep resent the bIg I p orta n ,
m
t id ea s .
When yo u pick up the evening paper yo u ca n tell

a t a g l a nc e m
whic h are the i p ortan t n ews a rticl es
Th a nks to the editor he do es not tell a bo ut a h o l d up
m
,
in Hong Kong in the sa e si zed typ e a s he uses to rep ort

m
the d ea th of fi v e fi re en in yo ur h o e ci ty m S i z e of typ e
m
.
is his d evic e to S h ow e ph a sis in b ol d reli ef He bring s

mm
.
out so eti es even in red h ea dlin es the strik ing n ews of
m
the da y .
It wo ul d b e boon to sp eech a king if sp ea kers wo ul d

m
a -
con serve the a ttention of their a udi enc es in the sa e way

a nd e m m
pha size on ly the words represen ting the i p orta n t
idea s The a vera g e sp ea ker wi ll d eliver the foregoing
mm m
.
l in e on destiny wi th a bo ut the sa e a o unt of e pha si s

on ea ch word I nstea d of sa ying It is a a tter of m
m
.
,
CHOI CE he wi ll del iver it

,
It is a
,
a tter of ch oic e ,
“
I T I S A MA TTE ROF CHOI CE — bo th equa lly ba d
m
or .
Ch a rl es D a n a the fa o u s editor of The New York S un

, ,
to l d one of his rep o rters th a t if he wen t up the street a nd
sa w a dog bi te a m
a n to p a y no a tten tion to it
m
, The S un .
coul d not a fford to wa ste the ti e a nd a ttention of its

rea d ers on su c h u ni m
p orta n t h app ening s B ut sa id Mr
m
. .
,
D a na ,
if yo u see a a n bi te a dog hurry b a ck to the
,
offi ce a nd wri te the sto ry Of course tha t is n ews ; tha t

.
is u nu su a l .
Now the sp ea ker who sa ys I T IS A MATTE R OF

CHOI CE
”
m m
is pu tting too uch e pha si s up on thing s
th a t a re of no mm m
ore i p orta nc e to etrop oli ta n rea ders
20 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PE AKIN G
D id you xp ct t e m
m
giv you ch nc t d t oy
e e o e nd a a e o es r m e a
p oi on J cqu l in
m
ind ? If I h d b n guilty of th thing with
’
s a e e s a ee e
which yo u ch g wh t I h v
ar e don w uld h v b n
e, a a e e o a e ee
cowa dl y Oth wi it i j u tifi d

r . er se , s s e .
”
A Fif th Aven u e b us wo ul d a ttra c t a ttention up at

M inisink Ford New Yo rk whil e one of the ox tea s tha t
, , m
frequently p a ss there woul d a ttra ct a ttention on Fifth
m
Aven u e T0 a k e a wo rd e pha tic deliver it difl erently m
m m
,
.
fro the a nner in which the words surrounding it a re

delivered I f y ou h a ve b een ta lking lou dly utter the
m
.
,
—
pha tic word in a conc en tra ted whisp er a nd yo u ha ve
m
e
intense e pha sis If y o u ha ve b een going fa st go very

m
.
,
sl o w on the e pha tic word If yo u have b een ta lking on

m m
.
a low p i tch ju p to a h,
ig h on e on th e e ph a tic w o r d I f .
yo u ha ve b een ta lking on a high pitch ta k e a low one on

m
,
your e pha tic idea s Rea d the chap ters on Infl ection ,
F eeling “
Pa u se Cha ng e of Pi tch
” “
Cha nge of
m
, ,
Te p o E a ch of th ese wi ll expl a in in d eta i l how to g et

m
.
e pha si s through the use of a c erta in principle .
I n this cha p ter however we a re con sidering only one

mm m
, ,
fo r of e pha sis : tha t of a pplying force to the i p orta nt

wo rd a nd subo rdin a ting the uni p o rta n t word s D o not m
mm m
.
forg et : this is one of the a in ethod s tha t yo u ust

m
continua lly e ploy in g etting yo ur effec ts
m
.
L et u s not confo u nd l o u dn ess wi th e pha si s To yell .
is not a S ign of ea rn estn ess in tellig enc e or feeling

m
The , ,
.
kind of force tha t we wa nt a ppli ed to the e pha tic

word is not en ti rely physic a l True the e pha tic word m
m m m m
,
.
a y b e sp o k en ore l oudly or it ay b e sp oken ore ,
sof tl y b ut the rea l q u a li ty d esi red is in ten si ty ea rn estn ess
m mm
, , .
It u st co e fro Wi thin o u twa rd , .

E FFICIE NCY TH ROU GH E MPH AS IS AN D S UB ORDIN ATION 21
ight a sp ea ker sa id : The cur se of this co untry

m
La st n
is not a l a ck of edu c a tion It s p oli tic s He e p ha sized ’

. .
The o th er words were

m m
curse ,
lack educa tion politics
, ,
.
hurri e d over a nd thus given no co p a ra tive i p orta nce

a t a ll .The word politics wa s fl a ed out wi th grea t m
feeling a s he slapp ed his ha nds together indigna ntly His
m
.
i bo co c o f H co c n a ted
m m
e p h a s s w a s th rre t a nd p w er ul e n e tr .
a ll our a tten tion on the word s tha t ea nt so ething in ,
stea d oi ho l ding it up on su ch wo rds a s of this a of I t s

’
.
, , ,
Wha t woul d y o u think of a guide who a greed to S how

New York to a stra ng er a nd then took up his ti e b y vi sit m
ing Chinese la undri es a nd boo t b la cking p a rlors on the -
side streets ? There is onl y one excu se for a sp ea k er s

m
’
a sking the a tten tio n of his a u dienc e : H e ust ha ve ei ther

tru th or en terta in en t for the m
If he wea ries their m.
a tten tion wi th trifl es they wi ll ha v e n ei ther viva ci ty nor
d esire l ef t when he rea ches wo rds of Wa ll S treet a nd sky

m m
-
sc ra p er i porta nce You do not dwell on these s a ll

.
words in yo ur every da y conversa tion b eca use y o u a re

m
,
not a conversa tio na l bore App ly the co rrec t ethod of
m
.
every da y sp eech to the p l a tfo r As w e ha ve no te d el se

m
.
where pub l ic sp ea king is very

,
uch like conversa tion en
mim m
la rg ed .
So big e p ha sis it is a dvi sa b le to la y stress

et es, for ,
on every single sylla ble in a word a s a bsolutely in the ,
following sentence :
I a b so
- -
lut e -
ly re fu se to g nt your d
ra e mnd a .
m
Now n this p rincipl e should b e a pp li ed
a nd the to an
e pha tic senten c e by stressing ea ch wo rd It is . a good

device for ex citing sp eci a l a tten tion a nd it f urni shes a

m
,
plea sing va riety Pa trick Henry s no ta b le cli a x co ul d

m m
’
.
b e del ivered in tha t a nn er very effectively: Give o—

m
h
— — — —
lib erty or give e dea th The i ta liciz ed p a rt of the
m m
.
following ight a l so b e delivered with this every word e

m
-
ph asi s Of co urse there a re a ny wa y s of delivering it ;

m
.
,
this is on ly one of sev era l good interp reta tion s tha t ight
b e ch o sen .
Knowing the p rice w e m

u crific w ust k mm
m p a y , the sa
m
st e e a e,
the b u d ns w ust c rry

r e ul e a , the a ssa ts we u t ndu —knowing
s e re
e—
full w ll th cost y t w nlist nd w
e e e e , a e enl i st f th w For
or e ar .
w know th j u tic of u c u s
m m
e nd e s e o r a e, a we know, too, its certa in
triu ph
— Fro
“
P a ss P rosperity A round ,
”
by AL B E R T J .
BE VE RID GE , before the Chica g o Na tiona l Conv ention o f the P ro

g ressive P a rty .
S trong ly m
i zing a single word ha s a tendency to
ph
m
e as
sugg est its a n ti th esi s No tic e how the ea ning ch a ng es

m m
.
by erely putting the e pha sis on different words in the

following sentenc e The p arenth etica l exp ressions wo ul d
m m
.
r ea lly not b e n eed ed to supp l e en t the e pha tic words .
int nd d t b uy ous is S p ing ( v n if you did n t)

m
I h th
’
e e o a e r e e o .
I I N TE ND E D to b uy a ho u thi s S p ing (b u t o
se r thing s e p re
v nt d )
e e .
I int nd d t B U Y
e ho u
e thi s S p ing (in t d of
o nting s
a se r s ea re a
tofo )
m
h e re re
I int nd d t b uy H 0 US E thi S p ing ( nd n t n u to obil )

e e o a s r a o a a e .
I int nd d t b uy
e ho u e TH I S S p ing (in t d of n x t S p ing )
o a se r s ea e r .
I int nd d t b uy h ou thi S P RI NG (in t d of in th

m
e e o a se s s ea e
Au tu n ) .
When a grea t b a ttle is repo rted in the p ap ers they do

m m
,
not k eep e pha si zi ng the sa e f a c ts over a nd over a g a in .

E FFICIE NCY THROU GH A S IS
E MP H AN D S UB ORDIN ATION 23
m
They try to g et new infor a tion , or a new sla nt
m m
The .
news tha t ta kes a n i p orta nt pla c e in the orning edi tion

m
will b e rel eg a ted to a s a ll sp a c e in the l a te a fternoon
We a re ntereste i d in
new id ea s a nd new f a c ts
mo m
r
edition . .
This p rincip l e ha s a ery i p rta nt b ea ring in deter ining

v
m m
y our e p ha sis D o not e p ha size the sa e idea over
. m
a nd over a g a i n u n l ess y o u d esi re to la y ex tra stress on it ;
S en a tor Thurston desi red to p ut the a xi u a ou nt of mmmm

m h i on o c i hi c h g No h
m
e p a s s f r e n s sp ee on p a e 50 te ow .
force is e p ha sized rep ea tedly As a g enera l rule how .

,
ev er the new i dea the

,
n ew sl a nt
, wheth er in a n ews ,
pap er rep ort of a b a ttle or a sp eaker s enuncia tion of

m
’
his id ea s 18 e p ha tic
m
.
,
In the fo ll owing sel ec tion la rg er is e p ha tic for

m m
, ,
it is the new i dea Al l en ha v e ey es b ut this a n a sk s

.
,
for LARGE R eye
m
a .
Thi s an wi th the
l a rg er eye sa y s he will di scover not ,
rivers or sa fety a p p li a nc e s for a erop l a n es b ut NE W

’ ‘
S TARS a nd S UNS
“
New sta rs a nd sun s a re ha rdly a s
m
.
h ic h w o d l g W h ? B c u w x p c
m
e p a t a s t e r a r er y e a
. se e e e t
a n a strono er to di scover hea venly bodi es ra ther tha n
cooking recip es The words Rep ub lic needs in the

m
.
,
nex t sentenc e a re e p ha tic ; they intro duc e a new a nd

m m
,
i p orta nt idea Rep ub lics ha ve a lwa ys needed en but

m
.
the a utho r sa y s they n eed NE W New

m
en .
h ic b c u i i o u c i I n l ik
m
d w d
m
e p a t e a se t n tr es a n e e a e .
a nner gra in a re a l so ic
“”
h
mm
, , e p a t .
The o st e p ha tic wo rds a re i ta lici z ed in this sel ec tion

m
.
Are there a ny o thers y o u woul d e p ha si z e? Why ?

The ol d a st ono r m er sa id , G iv m
la rg er eye , a nd I will dis
e e a
ov od y
— w m—mwh
c er new sta rs a nd suns . Tha t is Wha t the republic needs t a
ne en o d th il tow d th g ins
en o a re wise t wa r e so , ar e ra ,
m
tow d th t l If G d wo ul d o nl y ise up f r th p op l tw
m
ar e oo s . o ra o e e e o
en like W tt Fult n i k th y w oul d b e

m m
o r th ee r nd M c a , o a c or c , e
t th S ta te th n th t tr n d C lif nia
m m
w thor ore o u b e a a ea s re ox a e a or
or M ic And th
ex o al. up acy of n is b se d up on his
e re s re a a
p ity f educ ti n M n is uniq u in th l ngth of his child

m
ca ac or a o . a e e e
h d which ns th p i d f pl sti ity nd du ti n The

m
oo , ea e er o o a c a e ca o .
chil dh ood of th th di st nc tha t st nds b tw n th h tching

m
a o , e a e a e ee e a
nt f w h u
m
'
o f th bin nd its
e ro tu ity p a f ww k a r , re re se a e o r s or a e ee s ,
g owth st nd b tw n n c dl nd his
m
b ut tw nty y f
’
e ea rs or r a s e ee a s ra e a
ci t i nship This p ot ct d chil dhood a k s it p ossible to

m
ze . r ra e e
h nd ov
a t th b y a ll the
er u ula ted t
o e hi d b y
o ces a cc s ores a c ev e ra
a nd i ili tions th o ugh th u a nd of y

c v za r o s s ea rs .
—Anony m
m
ous .
u und nd tha t there a re no steel riveted

ul of m
You st ersta -
ph i It is not a lwa ys p o ssib l e to design a te

h ch o d m m m
r es e as s .
w i w r u st a nd whic h ust not b e e pha sized ,

.
One spea ker will p ut one interp reta tion on a sp eech

m
,
a no th er sp ea k er will use differen t e ph a si s to b ring
out a differen t in terp reta tion N0 one ca n sa y tha t one .
in terpreta tion is right a nd the o ther wrong Thi s prin

m m m
.
ust be born e in ind in a ll our a rked exercises

m
cip le
—
.
Here yo ur own in tellig enc e ust g uide a nd grea tly to

yo ur profit .
QUES TIONS AND EXERCI S E S

m
.
Wha t is e pha sis?

m m
I .
2 D esc rib e one

. eth od of d estroying ono tony of
th o ugh t p resen ta tion-
.
Wh l ion do h v e to the use of the voic e ?
m
3 . a t re a t e s th is a
4 Wh
. ic h w o rd s sh o ul d b e e ph a sized w h ic h sub ,
ordina ted in a sen tenc e? ,

E FFICIE NCY THROU GH E MPH AS IS AND S UB ORDIN ATION 25
Rea dl c io on p g
m m
5 . t n s the
a es 5 5
0 5
se e
1 2 53 a nd 54 , , , ,
devo ting specia l a ttention to e p ha si zing the i p orta nt

words or phra ses a nd subordin a ting the uni p orta n t on es m
m
.
m
Rea d a ga in cha nging e pha si s slightly Wha t is the eff ec t?
m
, .
Rea d so e sentence rep ea tedly e pha sizing a

m
6
m
.
,
different word ea ch ti e a nd S how how the ea ni ng is ,
cha ng ed a s is done on pa ge 2 2
m
, .
Wha t is the effect of a la ck of e pha si s?

m
7 .
Rea d the sel ection s on p a g es 30 a nd 48 e pha

m m
8 ,
srz g every word Wha t is the effec t on the e pha sis?

m m
.
9 . When is it p er i ssible to e pha size every single

word in a sentenc e?
10 No te the e pha si s a nd subo rdina tion in so e
. m m
m
conversa tion or sp eech you ha ve heard Were they well
m m
.
a de ? Why? Ca n y o u suggest a ny i p rove ent?

II . m
Fro a newspap er or a a ga zine clip a report of a n m ,
a ddress or a biogra p hic a l eul ogy Ma rk the pa ssa g e for

m
,
.
e pha si s a nd b ring it wi th y o u to c l a ss
m
.
I n the following p a ssa ge would you a k e a ny

m m
12 .
,
cha nges in the a uthor s a rkings for e pha si s? Wh ere ?

m m
’
Why ? B ea r in ind tha t not a ll words a rk ed require

m — m
the sa e degree of e pha si s {n a wid e va riety of e phasis m ,
m
a nd in nice shading o f the grada tions, lie the excellence o f
e pha tic speech .
m m
m
oul d c ll hi N p l n but N p oleon d his w y t
m
I w a a o eo , a a e a o
pi ov b k n th nd th ough of bl d This n
m
e re er ro e oa s a r a sea oo . a
nev erb ok hi wo d No R tali tion w hi g t otto nd

r e s r . e a as s re a a
th rul of hi lif ; n d th l t wo d s u tt d t hi n in F nc
m
e e s e a e as r e re o s so ra e
m
My boy you will n d y go b ck t S nto D o in
m
w ereth ese : , o e a a o a
go ; f g t th t F n u d ed yo u f th I woul d c ll hi
”
or e a ra ce r er r a er . a
m mll o found
mn o g v m
Cro well, b ut Cr we wa s only a soldier , a nd the sta te he
i oul d c ll hi W
m m
ed went down w th hi i t his ra e . Iw a a shing
g i gini n
n m m
ton , b ut the rea t V r a held sla ves . This a n ris ked his e
lv d in
dom
pire ra ther tha p
er it the s a e -
tra e the hu blest v illa g e
of inion
ink m f n ic nig
his s .
You th e a a at to -
ht , for you
d hi to y n t with rea s r , o
you r eyes , b u t w th i you p judi r re ces B ut fifty y

. h nc wh n ea rs e e, e
g ring th M us of Histo y will p ut P h i n f

m m
Truth ets a hea , e e r oc o or
m
Ro
m
the Greek, a nd B rutus for the a n, Ha pden for E ngla nd ,
“
L afa yette for Fra nce, h c oo W hing t n s th b ight con u t

se as o a e r , s a e
flow er of u oli civili tion nd J hn B wn th ip fruit

r ea r er za , a o ro e r e
of u nd y th n dipp ing h p n n th sun l ight will w rit

m m
o r n oo a , e ,
er e I e , e
cl b lu bov th ll th n of th ldi th t t s
m m
in the ea r e, a e e a , e a e e so er , e s a e
TOUS S A I N T L OU VE RT URE
’
a n, the a rtyr , .
WE NDE LL PH ILL IPS , Toussa int l Ouv erture

’
m
.
Pra c ti se
on the follo wi ng selec tions for e pha sis :
B eech er s Ab ra h a
“ ’
Linco l n m
p a g e 76 ; Linco ln s Get ,
’ “
tysb urg S p eech p a g e 50 ; S ewa rd s Irrepressib l e Con ’

,
flict p a g e 6 7 ; a nd B rya n s Princ e of Pea c e p a g e 448

’
.
, ,
28 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE AKIN G
E v ery Cha nge in the Thought D e m

a nds a Cha nge in the _
Voice -
Pitch
Whether the spea ker follows the rule con sciously un ,
conscio usly or subco nscio usly this is the logica l b a si s

m
, ,
upon which a ll goo d voic e va ria tion is a de yet this law

m
,
is viol a ted ore often tha n a ny o ther by public spea kers

mm
.
A c ri in a l a y disreg a rd a la w of the sta te wi th o u t de
m
tection a nd pu nish en t b ut the sp ea k er who vio l a tes this
,
reg ul a tion suffers its p en a l ty a t onc e in his l o ss of effec tiv e
m
n ess while his innoc ent h ea rers ust endure the ono tony m
m
,
—for ono tony is not only a sin of the p erp etra tor
m
,
a s we ha v e sho w n b ut a pl a g u e on the vic ti s a s well
m m
.
,
Ch a ng e of p i tch is a stu b ling b l oc k for a l o st a ll b e

,
m
ginn ers a nd for a ny exp eri enc ed sp ea kers a lso Thi s is .
esp eci a lly tru e wh en the wo rd s of the sp eech h a ve b een
mm ori z ed
m
e .
I f y o u wi sh to h ea r how pitch ono tony sounds strik e

m
-
the sa e no te on the p i a no ov er a nd over a g a in You ha v e

m
.
in your sp eaking voic e a ra ng e of pitch fro high to low

m m
,
wi th a g rea t a ny sha d es b etween the ex tre es Wi th .
a ll th ese no tes a va i l a b l e th ere is no ex c u se for offen ding the
ea rs a nd ta ste of y o u r a u di enc e b y con tin u a lly u si ng the
one no te m m
Tru e the rei tera tion of the sa e tone in u sic
m m m
.
,
a s in p ed a l p oin t on a n o rg a n co p o si tion — a de
m
ay be
the fo u nd a tion of b ea u ty for the h a r ony wea ving a bo ut

,
th a t one b a sic tone p ro du c es a con si sten t i nsi sten t qu a li ty

m
,
not f el t in pure v a ri ety of cho rd seq u enc es I n l ik e a n

m
.
ner the in toning voic e in a ri tu a l — th o ugh it ra rely
m
ay
—
do es p o ssess a so l e n b ea uty B ut the pub lic spea k er
.
E FFICIE NCY THROU GH CH N A GE OF PI CH T 29
sh ould sh un the m
ono o t ne as he woul d a p estil ence .
Continu a l Cha nge f

o Pitch is Na ture s Highest
’
Method
. In our ch for the p rincip l es of efliciency we ust con

sea r m
tinua lly go b a ck to n a ture — —
Li sten rea lly l i sten to the
m
.
birds sing Which of these fea thered trib es a re o st

.
plea sing in their voca l efforts : tho se who se voic es though ,
sweet ha v e l i ttl e or no ra ng e or tho se tha t lik e the c a n a ry

, , , ,
the l a rk a nd the nighti n g a l e not only p o ssess a co nsi d er

, ,
a b l e ra ng e b ut u tter their no tes in con ti nu a l va ri ety of
m
co bina tions? Even a sweet to ned chirp when reitera ted
m m
-
wi tho u t cha ng e a y g ro w
,
a dd eni ng to the enfo rc ed
li stener
m m
.
The li ttl e chil d sel do sp ea k s in a ono tono us pitch .
Ob serve the conversa tions of li ttl e folk tha t yo u h ea r on

m
the street or In the ho e a nd no te the con tinu a l cha ng es
m
,
of p i tch The unconscio us sp eech of o st a dults is like

.
wi se ful l of p l ea sing va ria tion s

m m
.
I a gine so eone sp ea king the followi ng a nd con si der if ,
the efi ect wo ul d not b e just a bo u t a s i ndic a ted Re

mm
.
e b er we are not now discussing the inflection of singl e

,
.
words b ut the g en era l p i tch in which phr a ses a re sp o k en

, .
(High p itch) lk l v mv c ion to o ow m

m
“
Id i for
’
e to ea e y a at rr ,
(l ower) still I v uc do (Higher) Y t I sup p o if

m n v go
, ha e so h to . e se
I wa t i until I h a v ti
e e I ll
’
e er .
Rep ea t first in
pi tches indica ted a nd then a ll
m
this, the ,
in the one p itch a s a ny sp ea kers would Ob serve the

,
.
difference in na tura lness of efi ect .
The fo ll owing exerci se sh oul d b e sp o ken in a purely

THE ART OF PUB LIC S PEAKIN G
conversa tiona l tone wi th n u ero us cha nges of pitch ,

m .
Pra cti se it u ntil yo ur delivery wo ul d c a u se a stra ng er

m
m
in the nex t roo to think yo u were disc ussing a n actua l
incident wi th a friend instea d of delivering a e ori zed m
m
,
onol og ue I f you a re in do ub t a bo ut the effect yo u ha ve

m
.
sec ured rep ea t it to a fri end a nd a sk hi if it so unds lik e

mm
,
e oriz ed wo rds I f it do es it is wrong .

, .
A S IMILAR CAS E
Ja ck I h you v gon nd done it —Yes I know ; o st m
m
’
, ea r e e a .
,
f ll ow will ; w nt nd tri d it onc ys lf si though you see

m m m
e s e a e e e r,
t h —did you t ll
,
S ngl still And yo u d own a t

’
I i e . e e er e -
N Wp t l ast J uly a nd r solv d t sk th qu stion t ’
e or , i e? , e e o a e e a a so re
S did I
m m
o .
I supp o s yo u l ft th b ll oo with its usic a nd its light ;

m
e e e a -
r ,
f r th y s y l ov s fl is b right st in the d kn ss of the n ight

’
o e a e a e e ar e .
W ll you w lk d l ong tog th ove h d th st lit sky ; nd

m
e a e a e er, r ea e ar a
I ll b t—o l d n conf ss it—you w r fri ght n d

,
m
mm
’
e a S w s I , e e e e e . o a .
S yo u st oll d l ong th t
o c s w th su
r e r oonlighta e erra e, a e e
p o u r ll its di nc on th w t s s th y ripp l d on the sho e

a ra a e e a er , a e e r ,
till t l ng th you g th
a e d cou g wh n you sa w tha t none wa s a ere ra e, e
nigh—did you d w h Cl o se nd t ll h th t you l oved h r? ra er a e er a e
m
S o did I .
W ll I n dn t k you fu th su I wi sh yo u j oy
m
’
nd I
’
e ee as r er , a re
i d— h
.
,
Think I ll w nd down nd s you wh n you

m m
’ ’
a er a ee e re a rr e e ,
y boy ? W h n th h on y oon is ov n d yo u tt
e l d down e e er a
’
re se e
w ll t y—Wh t ? th d u c yo u s y ! R j c t d—yo u
,
j ct d ?
m
’
e r a e e e a e e e re e e
S o wa s I .
-
Anony ous.
necessi ty for cha nging pitch is so self evident tha t

m
m
The -
mm
it sho ul d b e gra sp ed a nd a ppl i ed i edi a tely However .
,
it requi res p a ti en t drill to free yo ursel f fro ono tony

of p itch .
I n n a tura l conversa tion yo u think of a n idea first a nd

mm
'
,
th en find wo rd s to exp ress it I n e orized speeches .

E FFICIENCY THROU GH A G
CH N E OF PI CH T 31
you a re li a ble to spea k the words and then think wha t they
m m m
,
ea n
— a nd a n y sp ea k ers see to tro ub l e very li ttl e
~
ev en a bo ut tha t Is it a ny wonder th a t reversing the

.
process shoul d reverse the resul t? Get ba ck to na ture

r
m
ethod s of exp ression
m
in yOur .
Rea d the fo ll owing sel ection in a noncha la nt a nn er

m
,
never pa using to think wha t the words rea lly ea n Try

m
.
it a g a in c a refully studying the tho ught y o u h a ve a ssi i

,
la ted B eli eve the idea desire to express it effectively

m m
.
, ,
a nd i a gin e a n a u di enc e b efo re yo u L oo k the earn estly .
in the fa c e a nd repea t this tru th If y ou follow directions

mm
.
,
you will no te tha t y o u ha ve a de a ny cha ng es of p itch

a f ter severa l rea ding s
m
.
It is n t w o k th t kill s n ; it is w o y W o k i h lthy ;
m m
o r a e rr . r s ea
you n h dl y p ut o up on
ca ar n th n h
re nb Wo y isa a a e ca ea r . rr
ust up on th bl d It i n t th volution th t d t oy th
m
r e a e . s o e re a es r s e
a er t —
chin y b ut th f ic ion H NRY WARD B E E CHE R
e r E
m
. .
Cha nge o f Pitch P r oduces E phasis
highl y mo
i mn i y pi ch
min
This is a p rta nt sta te e t . V a r et in t
in s the hea rer s interest but one the s rest wa s of u y
m u uu l m i
’
a ta ,
to co p el a ttention — to secure —
in mk d
n s a e h
p a s s is
to cha ng e the p i tch of y o ur voic e s de a nd a ar e ud nly
degree A grea t contra st a lwa y s a rouses a ttention White
. .
sh ows whiter a g a in st b l a ck ; a c a nnon ro a rs l o u der in the
S a ha ra si l enc e tha n t e C ic a go hurly b urly —

m
in h h these
a re si ple illustra tions of the p ower of contra st .
Wh t i C ong s going t do n xt ?
a s re s o e
I do no t know .
(Low p itch)
3 2 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PE AKING
uch su dden cha ng e of pitch during a ser on D r m

m
By s .
Newell D wig ht Hillis rec en tly a chieved g rea t e pha si s

a nd sugg ested the g ra vi ty of the q u estion he ha d ra i sed
m
.
The foregoing o rder of p itch ch a ng e ight b e reversed

-
with equ a lly good effec t th o ugh wi th a slight ch a ng e in

m m
,
serio u sn ess
— ei ther ethod p rod u c es e pha si s when used
in telligently tha t is wi th a co on sense a ppreci a tion m
m
m
-
, ,
m
of the sort of e ph a si s to b e a tta ined
m
.
I n a tte p ting these contra sts of pitch it is i p orta nt

to a void unpl ea sa n t ex tre es m
Mo st sp ea kers pitch their
.
voic es too high One of the secrets of Mr B rya n s elo

. .
’
q u en ce is hi s l ow b ell lik
, e voic e S
-
h a k esp ea re sa id th a t
a soft g en tle low voice wa s a n ex c ell ent thing in

m m
, ,
wo a n ; it is no l ess so in a n for a voic e n eed not b e
m
,
—
b l a ta nt to b e p owerful a nd ust not b e to b e pl easing
m m
.
, ,
I n clo sing let us e pha siz e a n ew the i p orta nce of

,
using va riety of pi tch You sing up a nd down the sc a le

.
,
fir st to u ching one no te a nd then a no th er a bove or b el ow

it D o lik ewi se in sp ea king
m
. .
Tho ug ht a nd in dividu a l ta ste ust genera lly be yo ur

g uide a s to where to use a low a odera te or a high pitch ,
m ,
.
QUE S TI ONS AND EXERCI S E S
I . Na m mhod
e two et s of d estroying m
ono ony t a nd
ga ining forc e in sp ea king .
2 Why is a con tin ua l cha nge of pi tch n ec essa ry in

.
sp ea king ?
3 N o
. tic e yo ur h a bi tu a l ton es in sp ea king Are th ey .
too hig h to b e pl ea sa n t ?
4 D o we exp ress the fo ll o wing tho ugh ts a nd e o tion s

. m
E FFICIE NCY THROU GH A G
in a low or a high pitch ? Which ay be expressed in m

ei ther high or low p i tch ? Ex ci te en t Victory D efea t m . . .
S orrow Love E a rn estn ess Fea r

. . . .
5 . H o w w o u l d yo u n a tu ra lly v a ry th e p i tc h in in t ro
duéing a n ex pl a na tory or p a renthetic a l exp ression like

the fo ll owing :
e
—
H st t d th t i h
ar e d p p
a s, ti n t
e m t t
a —e n S pt
re a ra o s o s ar o e e m
b thi d
m
er r .
S p ea k the following lines wi th a s a rked va ri a tions

m
6 .
in pitch a s y our interpreta tion of the sense a y dic ta te .
Try ea ch lin e in two different ways Which in ea ch

m
.
,
insta nc e is t he ore efl ectiv e a nd why? —

m
,
Wh t h v I t g in f o you ? Nothin g
m m
a a e o a r .
T ng g u n tion in such co p ct woul d b n inf y

m
o e a e o r a a a e a a .
Not In th fo going nt nc xp i nt s t wh the

m
e: e re se e e, e er e a o e re
ch ng in p itch woul d b tt b
a e d e er e a e .
Onc th fl ow s distill d th i f g nc h r but n w

e e er e e r ra ra e e e, o see
th d v st tion s of w
m
e e a a ar
.
H h d ck on d without n p ri f c to — his con ci nc
m
e a re e :
o e e a r s e e .
7 . M a k e a di a g r a of a conv er sa t ion yo u h a v e h ea r d ,
sh owing wh ere high a nd low p i tches were u sed Were these .
cha nges in pitch a dvi sab le? Why or why not?

8 . Rea d the sel ections on p a g es 34 3 5 36 3 7 a nd , , ,
3 8, p a ying c a re f ul a tte n tion to t h e c h a ng e s in p i tc h .
Rerea d sub stituting low pitch for high a nd vice versa

, , .
S elections for Practise
m
No te : In
following selections tho se pa ssag es tha t
m
the ,
a y b est b e d el ivered in a odera te pitch a re printed in

m
o rdina ry (ro a n) type Tho se which ay be rendered . m
34 THE ART OF P UB LIC S PE AKIN G
—
in a high pitch do not a ke the i ing the m mk of
m
ista e ra s
—
voic e too high are prin ted in ita lics Th o se which igh t .
well b e sp ok en in a low p itch a re p rin ted in CAPI TALS

m m
.
Th ese a rra ng e en ts h owever a re erely sugg estive
m m
“
, ,
we ca nno t a k e it strong eno ugh th a t yo u ust use yo ur

own ju dg m
en t in in terp reting a sel ec tion B efore doing .
so h ow ever it is well to p ra c ti se th ese p a ssa g es as they
m
, ,
a re a rk ed
m
.
m
Yes , a ll en la bor . RUF US CH OA TE A ND D A NIE L
WE B S TE R la bor critics v ry ds
mn m
ov m
, sa y the . B ut e e an who rea
of l bo qu estion knows th t it n of
m
the a r a ea s the e e t the
en tha t ea r n th e r i living with th i e r ha nds ; TH A T ARE E M
WAGES :
m
P L OYE D , A ND P AI D ga thered under roofs of
a re
fa ctories fa r
m m
, sent out on s, sen t out on ships , g a thered on the wa lls .
o cc p t tion th wo kin g cl s ns th
m m
In p p ul a r a e n th t a , e r a s ea e e a
ok i
w r W th the i h nds f r w g s ny hou s a d y p l oy d
r a , o a e , so a r a , e e
b y gr t c p it li ts ; th t wo k f v ryb ody l Why do w

m m
ea a a s a r or e e e se . e
ov f r this cl ? Why sk c itic d n t y u

e o a ss FOR ,
”
a s a r ,
“
o
’
o ov e
A LL WORK I NGME N? ”
B E CA US E , WH ILE D A NIE L
WE B S TE R GE TS FORT Y TH OUS A ND D OLL ARS FOR
m
ARG UI NG TH E ME X I CA N CL AI M S
m f a ny
, there is n o need o
body
’
s ov ing for hi . B E CA US E , WH ILE RUF US CH 0A TE
m m
GE TS FI VE TH OUS A ND D OL L ARS MAK I NG ONE F OR
ARG UME N T TO A J URY there is no need of ov ing for hi
m , or ,
for the en tha t work with their bra ins , do highly dis p -
tha t ci lin d e
k ll d l bo inv n n d w i t book s as on why th
bo m ov m
a nd s i e a r, e t, a rTh e . e re e
La r n con n e e t fi es it lf tse ingl l i b c u th t

o a s e C a ss s e a se a
cl a ss of w o k r D OE S N OT GE T P AI D , does
protection n ot g et .
M E N TAL L AB OR is a deq ua tely pa id a nd M ORE TH A N ,
m
A D E Q UA TE L Y protected I T CA N S H I F T I TS CH A NNE L S ; .
pply a nd de a nd
m
it ca n v a ry a ccording to the su .
I F A MA N FA IL S A S A M I NI S TE R why he beco es a ra il , ,
I F TH A T D OE S N T S UI T H I M he g oes West
m
wa y conductor
’
.
, ,
a nd beco es g ov ernor of a territory A ND I F H E FI ND S H I M .
mm
S E L F I N CAP A B LE OF E I TH E R OF TH E S E P OS I TI ONS ,
he co es ho e, a nd g ets to be a city editor He va ri e s his occup a tion .

3 6 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE KIN A G
HAP P Y A M I THA T TH I S MI S S I ON HA S B ROUGH T
M Y FEE T A T LAS T TO P RE S S NE W E NGLA ND S H I S
m
’
m
TORI C S OIL a nd y eyes to the knowledge of her bea uty a nd her
Here Wi thin tou ch of Ply outh Rock a nd B unker Hill
m
thrift .
WHE RE WE B S TE R TH UND ERE D a nd Longfellow sa ng E er

—
,
m m
s n th ug ht
o o A ND C H A N N I NG P R E A CH E D H E RE I N TH E
v y mic n o
CRA D LE OF A ME RI CA N LE TTE RS a nd a l ost of A erica n
n m
—
k ob i nc
nd uncov d in m
liberty , I ha ste to a e the e sa e tha t e er A er a wes
ngl nd nfi ig y
i m uniqu
Ne w E a whe rst he sta s ere h er ht p re s
nc —c v d
f om oc n il d n — m
e e . S tra ng e a ppa rition! Th s ste a nd e fi g u re ar e
j y k n ing
g o ing m o mof in
r the ea a nd the w er ess its a e st i dl a nd
d of —un i l
gl oom b ok n
r w a i the st r s w te r a nd wa rs t1 at a st
I TS B E A UT Y D I S CL OS E D I N TH E
‘
the wa s r e
— il
,
m o g d mv l d f om
S UNS H I NE , a nd the heroic workers rested at its ba se wh e
l d king
sta rt e s a nd e p e r rs a ze a nd ar e e tha t r the
ud ou c of i ndf c on bl k unkno n o
ould v com m m m
r e t h th s ha ul a st a ea a nd w sh re
sh ha f e e bodied g enius o hu a n g overn ent

the e
mm o y of o im m
A ND TH E P E R M M R FE CTE D OD EL OF H U A N LIB E T Y!
G od bl ess o l ok the o e r th se rta w r e rs , a nd pr sp e r
the —
fortun s of th i living sons nd p rp tu t th in p i tion
e e r a e e a e e s ra
of th ir h ndiwo k
m
e a r .
F t th S ou th M
ar oP sid nt s p t d f o
e this s ction r re e e a ra e r e
—n
.
, ,
by a lin C h
o ce defi ned in irrepressible dif erence, once tra ced in
blood , A ND NOW, THA NK GOD , B UT A VA NI S H
fra tricida l
—
S HAD OW lies m
mf
I NG the f a irest a nd richest do a in o f this ea rth .
I t is the ho hospita ble people TH E RE IS

e o a bra v e a nd .
CE N TE RED ALL THA T CA N PL E A S E OR P ROS PE R H U
mn v m
MA NK I ND . A P E RFE CT CL I MA TE AB OVE a fertile soil
yi l ds t
e o the hu b nd s a a e er y p odu ct of th
r e te p era te zo ne .
The re , by night th e cotton whitens benea th the sta rs , a nd by da y

WH E A T L OCK S
mfi ld
TH E TH E S UNS H I NE I N I TS B E ARD E D
l ov l f a g a nce
m
S HE A F . In the sa e e the C er stea s the r r
of the w ind , a nd t ob cco c tch

a a es the quick ar o of the
a
in s W
m
ra ARE M OUN TAI NS S TORE D
TH E RE I TH E X
—
.
m
H A US TLE S S TRE A S URE S : forests v a st a nd pri ev a l; a nd
iv
n i l i mof
r ers tha t , tu bling or loitering , run wa nton to the sea Of the .
—
m
thr ee e sse indut a te s a ll stri es cotton iron a nd w ood
—tha t re
,
gion y con ol I N COTTON a fi xed

m— poly
ha s ea s tr .
, ono
IN I RO N prov en , su pre a cy I N TI M B E R, the reserv e supply

o thi u d nd p n nt dv nt g m m
m
of the Republic . Fr s a ss re a er a e a a a e,
gainst which rtificial condition c nnot uch l ong p va il

m m m
a a s a er re
ha s gro wn n ing yste of indu t i s N t int in d

m m
a a az s s r e . o a a e
by hu n contriv nc of t riff r c p ita l a f r ff f o th full st

a a e a o a , a o r e e
a nd ch p t sou c of up p ly b ut ting in divin a ssur nc

m m
ea es r e s res e a e,
—
,
m
i n o u c of fi l d n fo id costly
mm m
Wt hi t h n d i n d t n t t e a e a re s o se a
f f o which co p tition h s driv n th f in desp ir

m
ar s r e a e e ar er a ,
id ch p nd sunn y l nd ich with g icul tu t which

m m
b ut a ea a a s, r a r re , o
li it—thi yste of indu tri s

m
n ith s on n soil h
m
e er e as t or a s se a s s s e
ounting to p l ndo th t h ll d l nd illu in the

m mm
is
—
a s e r a s a azz e a e
wo l d r THA T S IR i th pi tu
. nd the p , i f yh A
, s e c re a ro se o o e
m
LA ND B E TTE RA ND FA I RE R TH AN I HA VE TOLD YOU,
a nd yet but fi t setting in its a teria l excellence for the loya l a nd
g entle q ua lity o f its citizenshi p .
This h ou littl n ds th
r e ee e L OYAL T Y TH A T IS L OYAL T0
m
ONE S E CTI ON a nd yet holds the other in enduring suspicion
a nd estra ng e ent. G iv e us the broa d a nd perfect loya lty tha t lov es
a nd trusts GE ORGIA a —
like wi th Ma ssa chusetts tha t knows no
S OUTH , no North , no E AS T no West b ut endea rs with equa l
, ,
a nd pa triotic lov e every foot of our soil every S ta te of our Union , .
A MI GH T Y D UT Y S I R A ND A M I GH T Y I NS P IRA
m
TI ON i pels ev ery one of us to nig ht to lose in pa triotic consecra
, ,
—
tion WHA TE VE R E S TRA NGE S WH A TE VE R D I VI D E S
— m
.
,
W A ND WE S TA ND FOR H UMA N
m
E S I R a re A
, erica ns ,
LIB E RT Y! The up liftin g fo c of ic n id r e the A er a ea is und er
v y on on —
m fm f
e er thr e ea rth . R
Fra nce, B ra zil TH ES E A E OUR
VI CTORI E S To redee the ea rth ro king cra t a nd ppression o
—TH IS
.
W
mn
IS OUR M I S S I ON! A ND E S HALL N OT FAI L .
G o d ha s s own in our s oi d of l the v see His ill e nial ha r e st , a n d
He will not la y the S ickl e ip ning c op until Hi full

m
to the r e r s a nd
p er
co
m
fect da y ha s e 0 URH I S TORY S I R, ha s been a . , consta nt a nd
m
ira cle, FROM PL YM OUTH ROCK A ND J A M E S
m
expa nding
TOWN, a ll the —
n f o th
wa y a y e , e vnfoe r the h ou r whe r e
voic l nd t c l oc n n w wo l d os t th ight of th
e e ss a ra e e ss ea a e r r e o e s e
in p i d s il o p p o ch th fou rth c n t nnial of th t

m m
s re As w a r e a r a e e e a
—
.
stup ndou s d y wh n th ol d wo l d will co

m
e a t l nd e e r e o a rv e a
d t su —l t us solv t c own the

m
id u g th
m
to l n ea r a o r a ere rea res e re e o r
i cl s of u p st with th p ctacl of R p ublic p t unit

m
ra e o r a e s e e a e co ac
—
, ,
ed I N I S S O
D L UB L E I N TH E B ON S OF L OVE l oving f o
D r
38 THE ART OF PU B L IC S PE AKING
the La k s t th e o e G ulf—th e w ounds of w ar hea l d in v y h
e e er ea rt
a s on v ry hill
e e , serene a nd res
plendent A T TH E S UM MI T OF
m
H UMA N A CH IE VE ME N T A ND E ARTHL Y GL ORY bla zing ,
m m— m
ou t the pa th a nd a king clea r the wa y up which a ll the na tions
m
’
of t he ea rth ust co e in God s a ppointed ti e!
HE NRY W . GR AD Y , The Ra ce P roble .
WOULD ol on
md
CA L L H I M NAP OL E ON , b ut Na p e
mi
I
i mn v b ok
a e his wa y to e p r e ov er broken oa ths a nd throug h a sea of blood .
d li ion g
m
Th s an e er r e his wor NO Reta a t wa s his re a t
.
o o tt ul of a nd A ND THE LA S T WOR
the r e DS his lif e;
UTTE RED TO H I S S ON I N FRA N CE WE RE TH E S E :

m
“
My
m
boy, you will one da y g o ba ck to S a nto D o ing o; forg et tha t Fra nce
I WOUL D CALL H I M CROM WE L L
mll
urdered your fa ther .
w
.
o
m
b ut C r we wa s only a soldier , a nd the sta te he founded went do n
with hi into his g ra v e . I WOUL D CALL H I M WAS H I NG
TON , b ut the rea t V r
H I S E MPIRE
g
m
ra ther
inion s
i gini n h ld
tha n
a
p
er m
e sla v es
it the
.
sla v e
TH I S
-
MA N RI S K E D
tra de in the h m
u blest
v illa ge o f his do .
YOU TH I NK ME A FA NA TI C TO NI GH T, for -
you rea d
i ory n t with y u y B UT WI TH YOUR P RE J UD I CE S
h st ,
o o r e es , .
B ut fif ty y s h nc wh n T uth g ts
ea r h ing th Mus of
e e, e r e a ea r , e e
Histo ry will p ut P H OCI ON f th G k nd B RUT US f th

m
or e ree , a or e
Ro H A MP D E N for E ng la nd LA FA YE TTE for Fra nce

m
m
a n, , ,
choose WAS HI NG TON a s the bright consu a te flower of ,
our E A RL IE R civ iliza tion A ND JO H N B ROWN the ripe fruit ,
of our N OOND A Y then dip p ing her p en in the sunlight, wil l

write in the c l e a r b lue a b ove the
,
a ll , the na e of TH E ,
,
m m
S OL D IE R TH E S TA TE S MA N TH E MART YR TOUS , ,
S AI N T L OU VE RT URE .
-
WE NDELL PHILLIPS , Toussa int l ouv erture
’
.
D rill on
following selections for cha ng e of pitch
m
the
B eech er s Ab ra h a Linco l n p 76 ; S eward s Ir

’ “ ’
.
,
rep ressib l e Confl ic t p 67 ; Everett s History of Lib erty

“
m
’
.
, ,
p 78; Gra dy s The Ra ce Prob le

.
“ ’
p 36 ; a nd B ev ,
.
Pa ss Pro sp eri ty Aro und p 470

“
eridg e s
’
. .
,
CHAPTER V
E F FI CI E N CY TH ROU G H CH A N G E OF PA C E
m
Hea r how he cl ea rs the p oints 0
’
Fa thi
Wi
m
lin n
m
’
p in !
’ ’ ’
ra tt thu
’
kly c l il d in wr
m m
Now ee a , now w a th,
He p in
’
ju
’ ’ ’ ’
t
s s a an he s p in
—ROB E RT
.
B URN S , H oly Fa ir .
The La tin s ha ve b equea thed to us a word tha t ha s no

precise equi va len t in our tongue therefore we h a ve ac
m
,
cep ted it body uncha ng ed

— it is the wo rd te po a nd
m mm m m m
, ,
ea n s ra te of ea sured by the ti e con su ed
mm
ov e ent a s ,
in executing tha t ove ent

m
.
Thu s far its use ha s b een l a rg ely li ited to the voca l

m usic a l a rts but it wo ul d not b e surpri sing to hea r
m m m
a nd ,
te p o a ppli ed to ore concrete a tters for it perfectly

m
,
illustra tes the rea l eaning of the word to say tha t a n

m
ox c a rtm oves in slow te p o a n express tra in in a fa st
m mm
-
te p o Our gun s tha t fir e S ix hundred ti es a inute

m m
.
,
shoo t a t a f a st te p o ; the o l d uzzle loa der tha t required

m
three m
inutes to loa d shot a t a S low te po Every
m
.
,
usici a n understa nds this principle : it requires longer

to sing a h a l f no te th a n it do es a n eigh th no te
m m m m
.
Now te p o is a tre en do usly i p orta nt el e ent in

m
good platfor work for when a sp eaker delivers a whole
m
,
a ddress a t v ery n ea rly the sa e ra te of sp eed he is de
p riv ing hi m
sel f of o n e of hi s chief ea n s of e ph a si s m m
a nd p o wer .The b a se b a ll pi tcher the bowl er in crick et
-
, ,
40 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE KIN A G
nnis server all know the va lue of change of p a ce

m m
the te
“
—
,
cha ng e of te p o in d el ivering th eir b a ll a nd so ust the ,
pub lic speaker ob serve its p ower .
Change f
o m
Te po Lends Na tura lness to the Deliv ery
Na tura lness, lea st see ing na tura lness as wa s

or a t m ,
expl a in ed in the cha p ter on

“
Monotony is grea tly to be
m
, ,
desired a nd a continua l cha ng e of te p o will go a long way

,
towa rd s esta b li sh ing it Mr Howa rd Lindsa y S ta ge

. .
,
,
L
Ma na ger for Miss Ma rga ret Anglin recently sa id to the

m
,
m
presen t writer tha t cha nge of pa c e wa s one of the o st
effec tiv e too l s of the a c to r While it ust be a d itted m
m m
.
m
tha t the sti lted o uthing s of a ny a ctors indica te clo udy
irrors still the pub lic sp ea k er wo ul d do well to stu dy
m
,
the a c to r s use of te p o
m m
’
.
Th ere is h owever a ,
ore funda enta l a nd effective
,
so u rc e a t wh ic h to stu dy n a tura l n ess

— a tra i t wh ich onc e
mm
,
lo st is shy of recap ture : tha t so urc e is the co

,
on con
versa tion of a ny well b red circle This is the sta ndard
m
-
.
we striv e to rea c h on bo th sta g e a nd pl a tfor — wi th cer

ta in differenc es of co urse which wi ll a pp ea r a s we go on
, ,
.
I f sp ea ker a nd a c tor were to reproduc e wi th a b solute

—
fi del i ty ev ery va ria tion of u ttera nc e every wh i sp er ,
—
grunt pa use S ilenc e a nd explo sion of conversation a s we
m
, , ,
fi nd it typ ic a lly in ev ery da y l ife uch of the in terest

-
wo ul d l ea v e the pub l ic u ttera nce Na tura l ness in pub l ic

m m
.
a ddress is so ething o re tha n fa ithful reproduc tion of

—
na ture it is the reproduc tion of tho se typica l p a rts of
n a ture s work which a re truly representative of the whole
’
.
E FFICIE NCY THROUGH CH N A GE OF P CE A 41
listic
o y writer understa nds this in writing
m
The rea st r -
dia logue a nd we ust ta ke it into a ccount in S eeking for

m
,
na tura lness through cha ng e of te po .
S uppo se yo u sp ea k the first of the foll owing sentenc es

m
in a slow te p o the second quickly ob serv g how na tura l m
m
, ,
is the effec t Th en sp ea k both wi th the sa e ra pi dity a nd

.
no te the differenc e
mk if
.
I c n t r c ll wh
a
’
e a at I did w th i y n e . Oh , now I re mm
eb er
I ga ve it t M ry o a
m
.
We here tha t a cha nge of te po often occurs in the

m m
see
e sen tenc e
—for te p o a ppli es not only to singl e words
m
sa ,
group s of words a nd group s of sentences but to the aj or

, ,
parts of a public speech a s well .
QUES TIONS AND EXERCI S ES
I . In the following sp ea k the words long long while , ,
very slowly ; the rest of the sentence is spok en in

m odera tely rapid te p o m .
Wh n you nd I b hind th V il
e ap t e e e a re as ,
m
Oh b ut th l ong l ong whil th wo l d ha ll last
e , e e r s ,
Which of u co ing nd d p tur h dso r a e ar e ee ,
As th s v n s s houl d h d p bb l c st
e e e ea s ee a e e a .
No te : I n the following sel ec tion s the p a ssa g es tha t

m
sh o ul d b e giv en a fa st te p o are in i ta lic s ; tho se th a t
sh o ul d b e g 1v en a sl o w te m m
p o a re in s a ll ca pi ta ls m .
Pra c ti se these selec tion s a nd th en try o thers ch a nging

m m
, ,
fro fa st to slow te p o on difi erent pa rts ca reful ly ,
noting the effect

m
.
2. No M IRAB EAU NAPOL E ON B URNS CROMWE L L NO

, n , , , a
ADE Q UATE t D o ANYTHING but i fi t f ll in RIGHT EARNE S T

o s rs o a
42 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE A IN K G
a bout it—wha t I ca ll TY a A S I NCE RE m an . I should sa y S INCE RI ,
m
GRE AT DE E P GEN U INE S INCE RITY i the fi t CHARACTE RIS TIC f
, , , s rs o
m
a n in
a ny w y H E ROIC a N t th sin e ity tha t CALL S itself
a a e c r
—
.
m
sin cere Ah n
. Th t i y p t
ote. in de d A S HALL OW a s a v er oor a r e ,
B RAGGART C ONS CIOU S in

,
ity ft n st S E L F CONCE IT a inly s cer , o e e -
.
Th GRE AT MAN S S INCE RITY i f kind he CANNOT SPEAK OF

’
e s o a
—
.
I NOT CONS CIOU S f

s TH OMAS CARL YL E o . .
3 . TRUE WORTH i in B E I N G —N O S
T E E I —
M NG i n d ing e ch s o a
by S OME L ITTL E G OOD n t in D RE AMING f G REAT

m
d y th t g
a a oes , o o
THING S t d by nd by F wh t
o o n s y in thei BL INDNE S S
a . or a ev er e a r ,
f th F OLL IE S f Y OU TH th e i n thing o KINGpY a s

m
a nd in pit s e o e o er s o s
—
,
KIND NE S S nd n thing , ROYAL

a TRUTH An ny u
o so as . o o s .
na tura l effec t wh ere wo uld low

m
4 . To g et a ,
use s
a nd wh ere fa st te p o in the fo ll owing ?
FOOL S GOLD
’
m cold g y
c m
S ee hi there , a nd ra ,
W at h hi as he tr i es t pl y ;
o a
No he doe sn t know the wa y

’
,
He b ega n to l ea rn too la te
mold
.
gi
mv
ha g , is Fa te ,
’
S he s a r
ile
m
F or she le t hi ha his p
‘
e ,
S iling il to herse lf the wh e ,

Kno wing wh t th co t woul d b a e s e,
Wh n h d fou nd th G old n K
e e
’
e e ey .
mm
Mul tirnill iona ire is he ,
Ma ny ti es ore rich tha nw e;
oul dn t t d
m
’
B ut at tha t I w ra e
With th b g in th t h d
m m
e ar a a e a e.
C h a ny y s g
e ere a ea r a o,
p son did h k now ;

m
N t o a er e
on y hung b d
m m
H d th a e e -
er a
on y p iggish d ;
m
M d f a or e , a
m
Didn t l t j oy div t hi’
e a er ,
m
D idn t l t so ow hu t hi
’
e a rr r ,
Let his fri nd s nd kin des rt hi e a e ,
Whil h p l nn d nd p lugg d nd hurri d

e e a e a e a e
44 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PE KIN A G
md
m
With the b a rga in he a e .
m
Just w tch hi to d y a a
S ee hi trying t p la y
m
o .
H s co e b ck f r b lue skies
’
e a o ,
B ut they in n w guis ’
re a e e
Winte s h ll is g a y
r
’
ere , a r ,
m
The b i rds a r wa y e a ,
The e do ws e b rown a ar ,
The l v s lie a g ou nd
ea e r ,
And th g a y b rook tha t wound

e
With swi ling nd whirling

a r a
Of wa t s is fu l ing
m
er , r
Its bo so in ic e .
And he h sn t the p ric

’
a e,
With ll of his gold

a ,
To b uy wh t h sol d a e .
H kno ws n w th cost
m
e o e
Of th S p ring ti e h l o st -
e e ,
Of th fl ow s b to ss d
m
e er e e
F o r his w y a ,
And , sa y ,
He d p a y ’
ic if
md
Any p r e the da y
C beoul d a e not so g y ra .
m
He
’
pla y
ca n t
—HE RB E RT KAUFMAN
.
. Use d by p er i ion
ss
of E v erybody s
’
Ma g a zine .
f m
Cha nge M o Te po Prevents onotony
c n y in c g b fo indo dding
ch m
The a ar the a e e re the w w is a to
b uy of inging by con inu l ch ng

of m po If ing olom
the ea t a nd ar his S a t a a e
on b n o o undoub
ou d h v g h d i do m f om ong of
te . K S ha d ee an ra t r he t
f om b Im
edly w l a e a t ere w s r the s the
ild bi d ll gin ong
mm u o i h
w r s as we as r the ees a e a s
i n ih
wr tte wt qu no b ut a rter tes . I ag e an a t wt
only one s ee p d .
CH N E OF P CE A 45
EXE RCI S ES
I . No te the cha ng e of
p in th te mo in
e fo ll o wing dic a ted ,
a nd how it giv es a pl ea sing va ri ety Rea d it a l oud (Fa st

m m
. .
te p o is indic a ted by i ta lic s S low by s a ll c a p i ta l s )
m m
.
,
And he thoug ht tha t so e da y he would ta ke the ti e to pla y; but,

sa y —HE WAS WRON G L IF E S
’
S ON G ; in the S PRI N G
. A
OU H ca n Y T
Y
S I NG a nd ca n FL IN G ; B U T J O S WIN G WH E N WE RE OL DE R, L IKE
’
The roses were red a s he wen t rushing

’
THE B IRD S when it s C OL DE R .
by, a nd g lorious ta pestries hung in the sky .
Turn to Foo l s Go ld, on Pa g e 4 2 , deliver it

m m
2 . a nd
in unva ried te p o : no te how onotonous is the re

m m m
an
su lt This p oe requires a grea t a ny cha ng es of te p o

.
,
a nd is a n exc ell en t one for p ra c ti se
m
.
c ng of p o i c d fo ll o i g
m
3 U se
. the ha es te n di a te in the w n ,
no ting how they prevent ono tony Where no cha nge

m m m
.
of te po is indica ted use a odera te sp eed Too uch

m
.
,
of va riety would rea lly be a return to onotony .
THE MOB
m
A MOB KILL S TH E WRON G MAN wa s fl a shed in a newspa per
hea dline la tely . The ob is a n IRRE S PONS IB L E , U N H INKIN T AS S

G M .
I t a lwa ys destroys B UT NE VE RCONS TRUCTS . I t criticises B UT NE VE R
CRE ATE S .
ATE
m
Utter a g rea t truth AND THE MOB WILL H YOU . S ee how it
conde ned D N A TE t o E X ILE . E ncounter the da ng ers o f the unknown
world for its benefi t, AND THE MOB WIL L DE CL RE YOU CRA Z A Y . It
ridiculed COL UMB US , a nd for discov ering a new world GA VE
m m
HI M P RI S ON A ND CHAI NS .
Write a
poe to thrill hu a n hea rts with plea sure AND THE MOB ,
WILL ALL OW YOU To G O HUNGRY : THE BLIND HOME R B E GGE D B RE AD

THROUGH THE S TRE E TS . I nv ent a m a chine to sa v e la bor AND THE
ARE YOU ITS E ME NY

m m m
MOB WILL DE CL . L ess tha n a hundred yea rs a g o
furious ra bble s
’
a a shed Thi onier s inv ention , the sewing a chine .
B UILD A S TE AMS HIP To C ARRY ME RCHANDIS E AND ACCELE RATE

46 THE ART OF PU B LI C S PE A IN K G
TR AVE L a nd the m ob will ca ll you fool a . A MOB L INE D THE S HORE S
HUD S ON RIVE R LAU GH AT TH E MAIDE N ATTE MPT OF
m
OF THE TO
T Y
mon y m
“
F UL ON
’
S FOLL , as they ca lled his little stea boa t .
oci ty of bodi s volu nt rily

ving mlv of m
E e rs sa s: A ob is a s e e a be
on v ing it work Th
m Volun ily d c nd d
re a the se es rea s nd t a ra ers s . e ob
is an !
. ta r es e t th n tu
e of th b e st
o e a re e a . I ts
fit hour of a ctiv ity IS N I G HT ITS ACTION S A
. RE INS ANE lik , e its
whole constitution . I t persecutes a p rinci —
ple IT WOULD WH IP A
RIG HT It w oul d . f j u tic by inflic ting fi nd ut ta r a n d ea the r s e re a o
g up on th hous nd p ons of tho wh h v th s

m
ra e e e a e rs se o a e e e .
b sp i i t t lk b o d in u land tod y Ev ry
m m
Th e o r s a s a r a o r a . e
w k giv s f h Victi t its lign nt y f bl ood Ther

m
ee e a re s o a a cr or . e
m
48 p son kill d b y ob s in th Unit d S t t s in 19 13 ; 64
m
w e re er s e e e a e
in 19 12 nd 71 in 19 11 A ong th 48 l st y w wo n
m
, a . e a ea r e re a a
a nd chil d Tw Victi s w p ov n innoc nt ft th i d th

a . o ere r e e a er e r ea .
IN 3 99 B c A DE MAG OG APPE AL E D To THE POPUL AR MOB To

m
. .
HAV E S OCRATE S PU T To D E ATH nd h w nt n d t th h l k a e a s se e ce o e e oc
cup FOU RTE E N H U ND RE D YE ARS AFTE RWARD AN E NTH U S IAS T

.
APPE AL E D TO THE POPULAR MOB nd ll E u p plung d int th

m
a a ro e e o e
m m
H oly L a nd to kill a nd a ng le the hea then . I n the sev enteenth
century a de a g og a ppea led to the ig nora nce f

o en AND TWE NTY
TE D AT S AL E M MAS S S IX MONTH S
m
PE OPL E WE RE E XE C U , .
, WITH IN
F ORWI CHCRAF T
Two thousa nd yea rs a g o the ob yelled , T
”—
.
“
REL E A S E UN TO US B ARA B B AS AND B RA B B S WA S A A A
MU RD E RE R!
-
m
Fro a n E ditoria l by D C in . . L eslie
’
s Weekly , by per m ission .
unl ik TIME
m
P resent da y bu sin ess is -
as e OL D -
B U S INE S S as the
A unlik VE NTION
md
OL D TIME OX C RT is
- -
e the p resent -
da y loco otiv e . IN
ha s a e the whole world ov er a g a in . The ra ilroa d , teleg ra ph,
v bound o l of ATIONS into
m
telephone ha e the p e p e MOD E RN N FAM
m f these closely knit

IL IE S . To do the business o illions in ev ery
odern country G RE AT B U S INE S S C ONCE RN S C AME INTO B E IN G .
Wha t we ca ll big bu siness is the CH IL D OF TH E E C ONOMIC PRO G RE S S

OF M NKIND A S o wa rfa re to destroy big business IS F OOL IS H B E
.
C AU S E IT CAN N OT S U C CE E D a nd wicked B E C U S E IT OU G H NOT A T

Wa rfa re
m
TO S U CCE E D . to destroy big bu sin ess does n ot hurt big
business , which a lwa ys co es ou t on top , S O MU CH AS IT H U R S T
AL L OTHE R B U S INE S S WHICH , I N S U CH A A A
W RF RE , NE VE R COME S
OU T ON TOP .
-
A .
J . BE VE RID GE .
E FFICIE NCY THROU GH A N GE
CH OF P CE A
Change f
o m m
Te po Produces E pha sis
big cha nge of te m

po m ic ill c a tch the
m
Any is e p ha t a nd w
m
a tten tion You a y sca rcely be consciou s tha t a p a sseng er
m
.
train is oving when it is flying over the ra ils a t ninety

il es a n hour but if it slows down very suddenly to a ten
m
,
il e ga it your a ttention will be dra wn to it very decidedl y

m m
.
a y fo rg et tha t yo u are li stening to usic a s y o u

m
You
dine but let the orchestra ei ther increa se or di ini sh its
m m
,
te p o in a very a rk ed deg ree a nd y o ur a ttention will
be a rrested a t onc e
m m
.
This sa e p rincipl e wi ll p rocure e pha si s in a sp eech

m
.
If you ha ve a point tha t you wa nt to b ring ho e to y our

m
a u dienc e forc ef ully a k e a su dd en a nd grea t cha ng e of
m m
,
te p o a nd th ey wi ll b e p o werl ess to k eep fro

,
pa ying
a ttention to tha t p oin t Recently the present wri ter sa w
.
a pl a y in which th ese l ines were sp ok en :

“
I don t wa n t y ou to forget wha t I sa id I wa nt yo u
mm
’
.
—
to re e b er it the l o ng est da y yo u I don t c are if yo u ve
’ ’
g u n p up d h d liv d in
m m
i T h h
m
g ot S x s . e a rt t o t e a s wa s e ere
a v ery sl ow te p o the re a in der wa s fl a ed out a t

,
lightning sp eed a s the cha ra c ter who wa s spoken to dr ew

m
,
a revo lver The effec t wa s so e p ha tic tha t the lin es

mm m m
.
b ered S ix onths a fterwards whi le o st of

mmm
a re re e ,
the pl a y ha s f a d ed fro e ory The student who

.
ha s p owers of O b serva tion will see thi s principl e a pp li ed

by a ll our b est a c tors in their efforts to g et e p ha si s m
m
where e pha si s is due B ut re e b er tha t the e o tion mm m
m m m
.
in the a tter ust wa rra nt the intensi ty in the a nner

m
,
or the effec t wi ll b e ri dicul o u s Too a n y p ub lic sp ea k ers

m
.
a re i p ressive over no thing .

48 TH E ART OF PUB LIC S PE AKING
Th o ugh t h tha n rules ust govern yo u while

ra t er m
pra ctising cha nge of pa ce It is oftena atter of no con . m
seq uenc e whic h p a rt of a sen tenc e is sp o k en S l owl y a nd
which Is given In fa st te p o a in thing to b e de m m

m
The .
sired is the ch a ng e i tsel f For exa pl e in the S el ec tion .

, ,
The Mob on p ag e 46 no te the la st pa ra graph Re

, , .
verse the instruc tions given delivering ev ery thing tha t

m m
,
a rk ed for sl ow te p o quickly ; a nd everything tha t

m m
is ,
a rk ed for qu ick te p o slowly You will no te tha t

m
is , .
the fo rc e or ea ning of the p a ssa g e ha s not b een d estroy ed
m
.
However a ny p a ssa g es c a nno t b e c h a ng ed to a sl o w
m
,
te p o wi th o ut d estroying their fo rc e I n sta nc es : The .
Pa trick Henry sp eech on p a g e n o a nd the fo ll owi ng p a s

m
,
sa g e fro Whittier s B a refoo t B oy

“ ’
.
boyhood s ti of Jun crowding y rs in ne b ri f m

m m m
0 for
’
e e, ea o e
oon wh n ll thing s I h a d th i ster w it d
m
m
, e a s w e r or a , e, e r a , a e
m
f r I w s rich in fl ow s nd t s hu ing b irds a nd honey
m
o . a er a ree ,
-
y sp o rt th squ i l p l y d ; p li d th snout d ol
m
be s ; f
e or e rre a e e e e e
his S p d ; f y t st th b l ckb rry cone p u rp l d ov r h dg

m
a e or a e e a e e e e e
a nd ston ; l ugh d the b ook f

e a y d light th ou gh th da y
e r or e r e
mm m
a nd th ou gh th night whi sp ring t the g d n w ll t lk d wi th
mm m
r e , e a ar e a , a e
m
e f o f ll t f ll ; in th sa nd ri
r a o a d p ick l p ond ; ine e e -
e ere
the w ln u t l op es b yond ; in on b ending orch rd t es

m m
a s e e, a re ,
pp l s of H p rid s ! S till y ho ri on g w l g r gr w
m m
a e s
es e e y , a z re , ar e e
ric h s t ;e ll th w o l d I s w
, oo ,
a kn w se ed a co p lex Chin se
e r a or e e e
toy f shione d f r
, a b a r fo ot b y J G WHITTIE R
o a e o -
. . .
m
m m
c a reful in regula ting yo ur te p o not to g et yo ur
mm m
Be
ove ent too fa st This is a co on fa ult wi th a a teur
m
.
sp ea k ers Mrs S iddon s rul e wa s Tak e ti e

m
. . A hun ,
.
m
dred yea rs ag o th ere wa s used in edic a l ci rc les a prepa
ra tion k nown as the S h o t g u n re edy ; it wa s a ix m
E FFICIE NCY TH ROU GH A G
CH N E OF P CE A 49
ure of a bout fifty different ingredients a nd wa s given

m
t ,
to the p a ti ent in the h op e th a t a t l ea st one of th e woul d

m m
mm
prove eflica cious ! Tha t see s a ra ther poor sche e for
m edica l p ra c tic e b ut it is good to use S h o t g un te p o m
m
,
for o st sp eeches as it gives a va ri ety Te p o l ike di et

, .
, ,
is b est when ixed .
QUE S TIONS AND EXERCI S ES
m D efin e te
po
o d com f om moo
? .
Wh
mn by ch ng of m
9 at w r s e r the sa e r t?
Wh
9 at po
is ea t a a e te ?
W c g in d by
N mh mhod of d oy ng m
9 ha t effe ts a re a e it?
9 a e t ono ony
ree et s estr i t a nd
g i ng fo c in p king
ch ng of m
a ni r e S ea .
o po in conv ion
ll m
6 . N te the a es te a ersa t or
p ch h you h
s ee t W at hy d Why ea r . ere t e we a e? ?
Illustra te .
Rea d
l c ion on p g
m
7 . t s a es
se e 34 3 5 3 6 3 7 a n d 3 8 , , , , ,
pa ying ca reful a ttention to cha nge of te po

m
.
AS a rul e exci te en t j oy or in ten se a ng er ta ke a

m m
8 .
, , ,
fa st te p o while sorrow a nd senti ents of grea t digni ty

m m
, ,
or so l e ni ty tend to a S l ow te p o Try to deliver Lin

m
.
coln s Gettysburg speech (page in a fa st te p o or

m
’
,
Pa trick Henry S sp eech (p a g e n o) in a sl ow te p o a nd

’ '
, ,
no te how ridicul ous the effec t will b e .
Pra cti se the fo ll owing sel ection s no ting ca refull y

mm
,
mm m
wh ere the te p o a y b e ch a ng ed to a dva n ta g e .
Exp eri ent ak ing n u ,

ero u s ch a ng es Which one do .
you like b est?

so THE ART OF PU B LI C S PE AKING
DE DI CA TI ON OF GE TTYS B URG CEME TE RY
ou sco nd v n y s g u f th b ought fo th up on
F r re a se e ea r a o, o r a e rs r r
thi s contin n t n w n tion conc iv d in l ib ty nd d dic t d

m
e a e a , e e er a e a e
t th p o p o ition th t ll
o e r n c t d qu l N w W
s a a e a re rea e e a . o e a re
e ng g d in g t civil w t ting wh th th t n tion— ny

a e a rea a r, es e er a a or a
conc iv d nd d dic t d n l ong ndu

‘
m m
n ti n
a o so e e a so e a e -
ca e re .
W t on g t b ttl fi ld of th t w W
'
e a re e et t
a rea a e e a ar . e a re o
d dic t p o tion of it th fin l sting p l c of tho s wh h v

m
e a e a r as e a re -
a e e o a e
giv n th i l iv th t th t n tion ight liv It is ltog th

e e r es a a a e . a e er
fi tting nd p op th t w houl d do thi

a r er a e S s .
l g n w c nnot d dic t w c nn ot n
m
B ut in , a ar er se se , e a e a e, e a co se
c t w c nno t h ll ow this g ound Th b v

ra e, e a n l iving nd
a , r . e ra e e , a
d d wh t u ggl d h
ea , h v con c t d it f
o s r bov u e ere , a e se ra e , ar a e o r
p ow t d t ct Th w o l d will v y l ittl no t n
mm
t dd er o a or o e ra . e r er e e or
l ong b wh t w y h ; but it n n v fo g t wh t
re e er a e sa ere ca e er r e a
th y did h
e ere .
It is f u th l i ing th
or t b d dic t d h
s, t th un
e v , ra er , o e e a e e re o e
fini h d wo k th y h v thu f nobly c i d on It i th

m
s e r e a e s a r so a rr e . s ra er
d dic t d t th g t t k in ing b fo
m
for us t b h o e e re e a e o e re a as re a e re
th t f o hono d d d w t k inc d d votion t

m
us : th a r e se re ea e a e rea se e o
th t c ua f which th y h
a se g v th l t full
or u of d e ere a e e as ea s re e
v oti n ; th t w h
o highly olv th t th d d h ll n t
a e e re re s e a e se ea s a o
h v di d in v in ; th t th n tion h ll und G d h v
m m
a e e a n w a e a S a , er o , a e a e
bi th of f do nd th t gov n nt of th p op l by th
m
r re e , a a er e e e e, e
p op l
e f th p o p l
e, h ll n t p i h f o
or th e th e e, S a o er s r e ea r .
— AB RAH AM L INCOL N .
A PLEA FOR C UB A
T
[ his d libe era tiv e or a tion w a s d eliv d b S t Th
er e y en a or u r st o n in the Unit e d
sS t
S ta t e M h 2 4 1 898
en a e o n C a rci l , . It i d d i f ll i h
s r e cor e n u n t e ong ress on a
R d f th t d st h di d i C b A d i
tm
ecor M o Th t a a te . rs . u r s on e n u a . s a y ng re q u e s e
d h h sb d wh w i ti t
ur g e er u an d hi st
o as nv e s ga i ff i i
ng a h i l dt a rs n t e s an o o s u o
—h
, ,
t i d th U it d S t t s t i t thi ti !
m m
m
o n u ce e n e a e o n e rv e n e en ce s ora on
M P id nt I r . h by co
re s nd of il nt lip s t sp a k
e , a e re a s e o e
onc nd f ll up on th Cub n itu tion I h ll nd vo t

e a or a e a S a . S a e ea r o
m
b h on st con
e v tiv nd ju t I h v no p u p o t ti
e , se r a e, a s . a e r se o s r
th p ub lic p s ion t ction n t n c s y nd i p tiv

m m
e ny a s o a a o e es a r a era e
to t th d u ti s n d n c s i ti
ee of A ic n sp onsibility
e e a e e s es er a re ,
5 2 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE AKING
the U nit d S t t Think of th sp ct cl ! W
e a es . f ding th e e a e e a re ee es e
ci tiz n s of S p in ; w
e nu ing th i sick ; w
a s ving su ch
e a re rs e r e a re a
m
a s n b
ca s v d nd y t th
e a e th o s wh still
, a y it i right
e e re a re e o sa s
f r us to s nd f ood b u t w u t k p h nd ff I y th t the
m m m
o e , e s ee a s o . sa a
ti he co wh n u k t ought t go with th food

as e e s e s o e .
W sk d th gov no if h kn w f ny li f f th
e a e e er r e e o , a re e or ese
o l x o u g c rity of th U nit d S t te s H did

m m m
p p e p t
e e th h t
ceh h r e a e e a . e
n t o W sked hi
. e a Wh n do you think th ti will co , e e e e
th t th s p op l
a e e n b p l c d in
e p o si tion of
e ca lf sup p ort ? e a e a se -
H rep li d t us with d p f ling Onl y th good G d r th

m
“
e e o , ee ee , e o o e
m
g t gov n nt of th Unit d S t t s will nsw r tha t qu stion
rea er e e e a e a e e .
”
I h o p a nd b eli v th t the good G d by th gr t govern

e e e a nt o e ea e
of th Unit d S t t
e will nsw th t qu stion
e a es a er a e .
I sh ll f t th h o rrib l things no f urth r Th y are th e

m m m mm
a re e r o ese e e . e er .
G d p ity I h v s n th ; th y will r a in in ind

m
o e, a e y ee e e e
for v — nd thi is l o t th tw nti th c ntury Christ di d

e er a s a s e e e e . e
nin t n hund d y nd S p in is a Chri ti n n tion
m m m
e ee g re ea rs a o, a a s a a .
or cross s in o l nds b n th o ski s

m m
S h h s s t up
e a e e e re a , e ea re e ,
a nd u nd r th ha s b utche d o p op l th n ll th other
m m
e e re re e e a a e
n tions of th a rth co bin d Europ

a e e y to le t h XS e . e a ra e er e I
tence as l ong a s th p op l of th Old Wo l d wi h G d gr nt

mm
e e e e r s . o a
tha t b efo r a noth r Ch i st a s orning th l st v stig of S p nish

m
e e r e a e e a
tyra nny nd o pp ssion will ha ve va ni she d fro th W ste n

m
a re e e r
m
He isp h
m
! ere
Th ti f r a c tion h s co No g a son f
m
e e o t it a n
a e . rea e r re or c
m
exi t t orrow th n xists t d y Ev ry hou s d la y onl y
s o -
a e o -
a . e r
’
e
m
a dd s a noth r ch p t t the wful sto y of is y nd d th
e a er o a r er a ea
—
.
m m
O nl y n o
p w
o r n
e in t rv n e th Uni te d S ta t s of A
e ca rica
e e e e e .
Ou s is the on g
r t n tion in th w o l d th
e re a oth of A rica n
a e r , e er e
m
rep ub lic s S he hol ds p o ition of tru st and r sp on ibili ty to w rd
. a s e s a
th p e o p les a nd a ff i s of th whole W st rn H
m
e isp h
a r It e e e e ere .
wa s her gl o io us x p l wr hi ch in p ir d th e p triots of Cub

a e s e e a a
to r i th fl g of lib erty in h
a se e a t rn a l hill s W ca nn ot r fuse er e e . e e
to cc p t this
a e sp on ib ili ty which th re G d of th u niv s hass e o e er e
W W
m
p la c d u peon u s s t h n g r a t p o w r
a in t h e N w or
e ol d e e e e e .
ust ct ! Wh a t hall ur ction b ?

a S o a e
Aga in st th int rv ntion of th Unit d S ta te s in this holy

e e e e e
m
ca use there is b ut n voic of dissent ; tha t voice is the voice
o e e
of the on ey ch ng rs Th y fea r wa r ! Not b eca use of a ny

-
a e . e
E FFICIE NCY THROU GH CH ANGE OF P CE A 53
Chr sti in nnobling nti nt g in t w nd in f vo of

a or e se m e a a s ar a a r
c b ut b c u th y f th t d cl tion of w
m
p ea e, e a se th e ea r a a e a ra a r, or e
int v ntion which ight ul t in w woul d h v d p ing

m m
er e re s a r, a e a e re ss
ff ct up on th tock k t L t th go Th y do n t p
m m m
e e e s ar e . e e . e o re re
nt A ic n nti nt ; th y do n t p nt A ic n
m m
se er a se e e o re rese er a
p t oti t k th i ch nc s th y Th i
m
a ri Le t th
s . n e a e e r a e as e ca . e r
w l ea w is of b u t l ittl i p o t nc t th lib ty l oving

or oe e r a e o e er -
o l of ni d y ill do fig ing i
m
p e p th e U t S t t T h e w n t th het ; th a es . e o e e r
blood will n t fl w ; th y will k p on d ling in op tion on hu n

m
o o e ee ea s a
lif L t th n who loy lty i t th doll t nd id whil

m m
e . e e e se a s o e ar s a as e e
th e n who el oy lty is t th fl g co t th f ont

se a o e a e o e r .
M P id nt thr. re s is onl y n e ction p o ibl if ny is

, ere o e a ss e, a
ta k n ; th t is in t v n tion f
e a th ind p nd nc of th i l nd
, er e or e e e e e e s a .
B ut w c nnot int rv n v Cub without th x cis

m m
e a nd e e e a sa e a e e er e
of fo c a nd fo cr e, ns w r ; w n bl ood Th lowly
r e ea a ar ea s . e
n on th ho s of G lil p ch d th divin doct in

m
N a za re e e s re a ee re a e e e r e
of l ov P c on th good will tow d n N t p c on

m
“
e, ea e ea r , ar e . o ea e
xp ns of lib ty nd hu nity N t good will

m
ea r th t th a e e e e er a a . o
to w d de p oil n l v d g d nd t v t d th
m
n wh
ar e o s , e s a e, e ra e, a s ar e o ea
th i f ll ow I b li v in th doct in of Ch i t I b li v
mm
e r n
e -
e . e e e e r e r s . e e e
in th doct in of p c ; but M P id nt uthv

m
e r e n ea e , r . re s e , e s a e
lib rty b fo th n co biding p c

m m m
e e re ere ca e a ea e .
Int v ntion er ns fo c F o c
e ns w Wea ns r e . r e ea ar . ar ea
bl ood B ut it will b G od fo c Wh n h b ttl f hu

m
’
. e s r e . e as a a e or
nity nd lib ty v b n w n xc p t by fo c ? Wh t b r i
a a er e er ee o e e r e a a r
c d of w ong injustic nd opp ion h v b n c i d

a e r , e, a re ss as e er ee a rr e
xc p t by fo c ?
m
e e r e
F o c co p ll d th
r e ign tu of unwill ing oy lty t th g t
e e e S a re r a o e re a
M gn Ch t ; fo c p u t l if into th D cl tion of Ind p n

m m m
a a ar a r e e e e a ra e e
d nc nd d ff ctiv th E ncip tion P ocl tion ; fo c

e e a a e e e e e a a r a a r e
b t with n k d h nd up on th i on g t w y of th B til
m m
ea a e a s e r a e a e as e
d p i l in n wful hou f c ntu i of kingly c i ;

m
a nd a e re r sa o e a r or e r es r e
fo c w v d th fl g of volu tion ov B unk Hill nd

r e a e e a kd re er er a ar e
now of V ll y Fo g with bl ood t in d f t ; fo c h l d

m m
th e s s a e r e -
s a e ee r e e
th b ok n lin of S hil oh cli b d th fl w p t hill t Ch t

m
e r e e , e e a e s -
e a a
m
to d th cl oud on L ookout H ight ; fo c
m
t n
a g oo nd a, a s r e e s e s r e
ch d with S h n t th s od wi th S h id n in th
m
ar e er a o e ea , r e er a e
v ll y of th S h n ndo h nd g v G nt victo y t Ap p t
m
a e e e a a , a a e ra r a o a
tox ; fo c v d th Union k p t th t s in th fl g
r e sa e e d , e e s ar e a , a e
54 THE ART OF P U B LI C S P E AKING
m m d mg in
mic n
nigg s Th ti fo ce h co
m m k
’
ern e . e e for G o s r as e a a . Let
th i p ssion d l ip of A
e a e s er a pa triots onc o e re ta e up the
song
s s ss th
m m
In the b ea u ty of th e lilie , Chri t wa s b orn a cr o e s ea ,
With yi s
mm m mf
a g l or n His b o o th a t transfi g ur es y ou a nd e;
dt
m
As H e di e o a ke en h oly , l et us d ie to a ke en re e ,
While G od is a r chi ng
"
m i o m oc in o m
on .
l omic n go i ion ic mn d l y
Others ay he s ta te , thers ay pr ra st a te , thers ay
pl d fu
m m dy m c ion m dy
ea for rther dip at e t at , wh h ea s e a ;
mcon ci nc mcoun y m
b ut for e, I a rea to a ct n ow , a nd for y a t I a rea
to a nsw er to y s e e, y tr , a nd y G od .
JAME S MELL E N TH U RS ON T .
CHAPTER VI
PA U S E AND PO WE R
u bu in of th lit y ti t i t p l it w v his
m
The tr e s e ss e e ra r ar s s o a or ea e
n ng nvolving it ound it lf ; ch nt nc by
h ll fi t com
ea i , I th t ar se so a ea se e e,
u cc iv p h into kind of knot nd th n

mom m
s e ss e ra se s , S a rs e a , a e ,
a ft er a nt of u p nd d ' ning olv nd cl it lf

e s S e e ea , s e a ea r se .
G E ORG S A NTS B U RY on E ng li h P E I , s rose
S tyl in Mi ll n u E y e, sce a eo s ssa s .
p u di tinctiv v lu xp d in
in oth wo d whil th voic i w iting th m
h a se as a s e a e, e resse
sil nc ; u ic
of th m m
T m
e e er r s, e e e s a , e s
ov nt i going on n g it wi th it
d lic ci nd co p n tion qui th t mfin n of m
e e e s o a a e , s
m m
e a es a e sa s , re re s a sa e e e ss ea r
on which w u t d p nd f ll f ultl p o hyth Wh n

i no com
e s e e or a a e ss r se r . e
p n tion wh n th p u i in dv t n t
m
th ere s e sa , e e a se s a er e
th i
ere n of j ol ting nd l ck if o p in f t ning h d
s a se se a a , as s e or as e a
f ll n ut
a e o .
—J OHN FRAN KL IN G E N U NG , The Working

P rinciples f Rhetoric
o .
in p ublic sp eech is not ere S llenC%lt is

Pa u se, m
m
,
si l enc e a d e desig nedly el oqu en t
m
.
When a a n sa y s : I uh— it is wi th p rofo un d a h p l ea s

“
m
- - -
ure tha t er I ha v e b een p er i tted to sp ea k to y o u tonight

- -
a nd uh uh I S ho ul d sa y er
— tha t is not p a u si ng ; tha t is
m m
- - - -
stu bling It is conc eiva b l e tha t a sp ea ker ay b e effec

m
.
—
tive in sp i te of stu b li ng b ut n ever b ec a u se of it
mm m
.
On the o ther ha nd one of the o st i p orta nt ea n s ,
of d ev el op i ng p o wer in pub l ic sp ea king is to p a u se ei ther
b efore or a fter or bo th b efore a nd a fter a n i p orta nt

,
m ,
wo rd or p hra se No one who wo ul d b e a forc eful sp ea k er

.
56 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE AKING
—
ford to n egl ec t thi s principle one of the o st m
m
ca n a f
signific a n t th a t has ev er b een inferred fro listening to

grea t o ra tors S tudy this p otentia l device u ntil yo u ha ve
m
.
a b so rb ed a nd a ssi il a te d it
m
.
It wo ul d see th a t this p rincipl e of rh eto ric a l p a use
o ught to b e ea sily gra sp ed a nd appli ed but a long eX

m m
m
,
in ining bo h co ll g u p k
m
p er ien c e tra t e e en a nd a t re r s ea ers
ha s de on stra ted tha t the devic e is no ore rea di ly u nder

stood by the a v era g e m
a n wh en it is first expl a in ed to hi m
tha n if it were sp o k en in Hindoo sta ni Perh a p s th i s is .
b eca use we do not ea gerly devo ur the frui t of exp erience

m
wh en it is i p ressively set b efo re us on the pl a tter of
a u th o ri ty ; we l ik e to plu c k fruit fo o urselves it not
r —
only ta stes b etter but we n ever forget tha t tree ! For
,
tuna tely th is is no difli cult ta sk in th i s insta nc e for the

, , ,
trees sta nd thic k a ll a bo ut us

m
.
One a n is pl ea ding the ca u se of a no ther :
m mf i nd md is wond rful
m
Th is n a , y r e s, ha s a e th e sa crifi ce
for you nd
a e .
”
p a use surp ri singly enha nce the p ower of

m
D id not the
this sta te en t? S ee h ow he g a th ered up reserv e fo rc e

m m
'
a nd i pressiveness to deliver the words for yo u a nd e

m
.
Rep ea t thi s p a ssa ge wi tho u t a king a p a use D id it l o se .
in effec tiveness?
m
Na tura lly eno ugh d uring a p re edi ta ted p a use of th i s
m
,
kind the ind of the sp ea k er is conc en tra ted on the

th o ug ht to wh ic h he is a b ou t to give exp ression He wi ll .
not d a re to a ll o w his tho ugh ts to wa nder for a n in sta n t
m m
he - “
wi ll ra th er sup re ely c en ter his th o ugh t a nd his e o tion

P AU S E AND POWE R 57
up on the c ifice who se service sweetness a nd divini ty

sa r ,
he is enforcing b y his a pp ea l .
—
Concentra tion then is the big word here no p a u se
m
, ,
wi tho u t it ca n p erfectly hit the a rk

m
.
Effi cient p a using a cco pli shes one or a ll of four resul ts
I . Pa use Ena bles the Mind of the S pea ker to Ga ther His
Forces B efore D eliv ering the Fina l Volley
It is often
da ngerous to rush into b a ttle wi thout p a using
for prep a ration or wa iting for recruits Consider Cu ster s
m
’
.
a ssa cre a s a n in sta nc e
m
.
You ca n light a a tch by h ol ding it b en ea th a l en s a nd

concentra ting the sun s ra y s You would not exp ect the
m m
’
.
a tch to fl a e if yo u j erk ed the l en s b a ck a nd forth
quickly Pa use a nd the lens ga thers the hea t Your

m
. .
,
tho ughts wi ll not set fi re to the inds of y our hea rers uh

l ess yo u p a use to ga ther the force tha t co es b y a second m
or two of conc en tra tion Map l e trees a nd g a s wells a re
.
ra rely ta pp ed con tin ua lly ; when a stro ng er fl ow is wa n ted
m m
,
a p a use is a de n a ture ha s ti
,
e to g a th er her reserv e
forc es a nd when the tree or the well is reop ened a

, ,
strong er fl ow is the resul t
mm
m m
.
Use the sa e co on sen se wi th y our ind If yo u

m
.
wo ul d a k e a tho ught p articul a rly ef fec tive p a u se ju st

m
,
b efore its utterance concentra te y our ind energi es a nd

,
-
th en give it expressio n wi th renewed Vigo r Ca rlyl e wa s .
right : S p ea k not I p a ssiona tely entrea t thee till thy

m m
, ,
th o ught ha s si l en tly a tured i tself Out of S ilence co es .
thy streng th S p eech is S ilvern S ilenc e is gol d en ; S p eech

m
.
,
is hu a n S ilenc e is divin e
,
.
S i l enc e ha s
b een c a lled the fa ther of sp eech It S houl d
m
.
a ny of our pub l ic sp eeches ha ve no f a th ers
m
be Too
i
. .
Th ey ra b l e a l ong wi tho ut p a u se or b rea k L ik e Tenny .
son s b roo k they run on fo rever Li sten to l i ttl e chil dr en

m m
’
.
, ,
the p o lic e a n on the co rn er the f a ily conversa tion

m
,
a ro und the ta b l e a nd see how ,

a ny p a u ses they n a tura ll y
use for they a re u ncon scio u s of effec ts Wh en we g et

m m
,
.
b efore a n a u di enc e we throw o st of our na tura l ethods

,
of exp ression to the wind a nd strive a fter a rtificia l eflfects

m
, .
G et b a c k to the eth od s of n a ture — a nd p a u se .
2 . P a use Prepa res the Mind of the Auditor to Receiv e
Your M essa ge
Herb ert S p enc er id tha t a ll the universe is in o tion m

m m m
sa .
—
S o it is a nd a ll p erf ec t o tion is rhy th Pa rt of rhy th .
Rest fo llo ws a c tivi ty a ll thro ugh n a ture In

mm m
is rest . .
sta nc es : da y a nd nigh t ; sp ring su — er

— a u tu n
win ter ; a p eriod of rest b etween b rea th s ; a n in sta n t of
m
co pl ete rest b etween hea rt b ea ts Pa u se a nd give the .
,
a tten tion p o wers of yo u r a u di enc e a rest Wha t y ou say

m
-
.
a f ter su ch a S il enc e wi ll then ha v e a g rea t d ea l o re efl ect

m
.
When y o ur co untry co usin s co e to town the noise

m m
,
of a p a ssing ca r will a wa k en the tho ugh it sel do a ffec ts ,
a sea son ed ci ty dwell er B y the con tinu a l p a ssing of c a rs

m
.
his a tten tion p ower ha s b eco e d ea den ed I n one who

m
-
.
V i si ts the ci ty b ut sel do a tten tion va lu e is in si sten t
m m
-
.
,
To hi the nois e co es a fter a l ong p a u se ; h enc e its
p ower To yo u dweller in the city there is no p a use ;

.
, ,
henc e the low a tten tion va lu e Af ter ri ding on a tra in

-
.
m p p fo mf n a chieves it Even
mnn in
a tte ts to er r a ea t, a nd the .
m inc
d lib
the e era te a er which he a rra ng es the p re
li ina ries x rea ses our e p ec ta tion — we l ik e to b e k ep t
wa i ting I n the l a st a ct of the pl a y
. Po lly of the Ci rcu s
,
”
,
there is a circu s sc en e in whic h a li ttl e dog turn s a b a c kwa rd
so m ersa ul t on t he b a c k of a ru nning p ony On nigh ts .
wh en he h esi ta ted a nd ha d to b e co a x ed a nd work ed wi th

a l ong tim e b efo re he wo ul d p erfo r m
his fea t he g ot a g rea t
m
dea l ore appla u se tha n when he did his trick a t onc e .
We not only like to wa i t but we apprecia te wha t we wa i t

for . I f fi sh bi te too rea dily the sp ort soon c ea ses to b e
a S p o rt
m
.
It is this sa e p rincipl e of su sp en se th a t h o l ds yo u in a
m —
S h erl oc k Ho l es sto ry yo u wa i t to see how the y stery m
is so lv ed a nd if it is so lv ed too soon y o u throw down the
,
ta l e u nfini shed Wilki e Collin s rec eip t for fiction wri ting
m m m
’
.
well a ppl i es to pub lic sp eech : M a k e e l a ug h ; a k e e

m m m m
’ ’
a ke e wa i t Above a ll el se a k e the wa i t ;
m
weep ;
’
.
if th ey will not do tha t yo u a y b e sure they will neither

la ugh nor weep
m
.
m
Thu s p a u se is a va lu a b l e i nstru en t in the ha nd s of a
tra i ned sp ea k er to a ro u se a nd a in ta i n su sp en se We onc e
m
.
hea rd M r B rya n sa y in a sp eech :

. It wa s y p rivi l eg e
to h ea r — a nd he p a u sed whil e the a u di enc e wond ered

m
,
for a second wh o it wa s his p rivil eg e to h ea r the

—
grea t eva ng eli st a nd he p a used a ga in ; we knew a li ttle
m m
o re a bout the a n he ha d hea rd but still wondered to ,
which ev a ng el i st he ref erred ; a nd then he conc lu d ed :

D wight L M oody Mr B rya n p a u sed S lightly a ga in
m m
’
. . .
a n d co n tinu ed : I c a e to rega rd hi — here he p a used

AU S E
P AND POWE R 61
a ga in a nd held the a udience in a bri ef o ent of suspense mm

a s to how he ha d reg a rded Mr M oody th en con tinu ed .
,
a s the g rea test prea cher of his da y Let the da shes

”
.
illustra te p a uses a nd we ha ve the following :

m — —
y p rivilege to hea r the gr a t eva ngeli st D wight
m m
It wa s e
L . M oody I ca e to rega rd hi —a s the grea test p rea cher of

— .
his d a y .
un skilled sp ea ker woul d ha ve ra ttled this off with

The
neither p a use nor suspense a nd the sentenc es woul d ha ve
,
fa llen fl a t up on the a udience It is precisely the applica

m mm
.
tion of th ese s a ll thing s tha t a k es uch of the difference

b etween the successful a nd the unsuccessful sp ea ker .
4 . P a using After An I m
p orta nt I dea Gives it Ti m e to
P enetra te
Any Mi sso uri far m ill

ll y ou tha t a ra in tha t fa lls
er w te
too f ast wi ll run off in to the c reeks a nd do the c rop s b ut

li ttle good A story is tol d of a co un try dea con pra ying
m
.
for ra in in thi s a nn er : L ord don t send us a ny chunk

’
,
floa ter Just give us a good ol d drizzle dra zzle

m
. A -
sp eech l ik e a ra in will not do a n y bo dy uch good if it

m m
, ,
co es too fa st to soa k in The fa r er s wife follows this

m
’
.
sa e p rincipl e in doing her wa shing wh en she p u ts the
—
clo thes in wa ter a nd pa uses for severa l ho urs tha t the
m
wa ter a y soa k in The p hy sicia n puts coca in e on yo ur
—
.
turbin a tes a nd p a uses to let it ta k e h ol d b efore he re
m m oves the Why do we use thi s p rinciple everywhere

m
m
.
ex cep t in the co unica tion of idea s? If y o u ha ve given

the a udi ence a big id ea p a u se for a second or two a nd let
,
mu n ov c f m ok
y yo u m v
the t r it er . S ee wha t effe t it ha s . A ter the s e
cl no i c ll on
mubj c b fo you d m
ea rs a wa ay ha e to fi re a ther 14 -
n h S he
ol i ci d l of o
k im on
the sa e s e t e re e sh the ta e r
e r r
h yo u yi g d o
m
t at a re tr n to estr y . Ta e t e . D
’
t let
o u p ch b l ho ou do
y p nd fif n m
y r s ee rese e t se t rists who try to
N o k in
Y inu looking
m pi c
da y The
M o o l i n M u um
ew r a . s e tee tes
of
m M u um
at the a ster e es in the etr p ta se Arts,
i u in of N u l i o y k
qu iumhu y c o
ten n tes the se a t ra H st r ,
ta e a
p in o A ookly n
om
eep t the ar ,
rr a r ss the Br
Br idg u e, r sh up b ck b y n b
to the Zoo , a nd a Gra t
’
s T
c ll ing o k If y o u
“
b y y ou New Y
im
a nd a tha t S ee r . ha sten r
p o n p oi
rta ti ho u p u ing yo u u nc
n ts wt i ll t a s ,
r a die e w
ha ve ju st a bo ut a s a dequa te a n idea of wha t y ou ha ve
tri ed to co nv ey
m m
.
Ta k e ti e yo u ha v e ju st a s uch of it a s our richest

mm
,
ul ti illion a ire Yo ur a udienc e will wa it for yo u It is

m
. .
a S i g n of s a ll n ess to hu rr y The grea t redwood trees of .
Ca liforni a ha d b urst th ro ugh the soil fi v e hundred y ea rs

b efore S ocra tes dra nk his cup of h e lock p oison a nd a re m
m m
,
only in thei r pri e toda y Na ture S ha es us wi th our

m
.
p etty ha ste S i lenc e is one of the o st eloqu en t thing s in

.
the wo rl d M a ster it a nd use it thro ugh p a use

.
,
.
following sel ec tion s da sh es h ave b een inserted

m
In the
where p a u ses a y b e u sed eff ec tiv el y Na tura lly y o u
mmm
,
.
ay o it so e of these a nd in sert o thers wi tho ut going

— t
wrong one sp ea k er w o ul d interp ret a p a ssa g e in one
wa y one in a no ther it is l a rg ely a a tter of p erson a l p ref m
m
, ,
erenc e A do z en g rea t a c to rs ha v e pl a y ed Ha l et well

.
,
a nd yet ea ch ha s pl a y ed the p a rt differen tly Which .

P AU S E AND P OWE R 63
co m es fectio n is a question of op ini on

the n ea rest to p er .
You wi ll su cc eed b est b y da ri n g to foll ow y o ur own co urse

—ii y o u a re i n divi dua l en ough to b la ze a n origi na l trail .
momn —
ha lt a momn y of b ng f om ll
m n omc v n
A
’
t the we
’
e s e ta r ta ste ei r
—nd lo c d
f om —O m
a i d the w a ste a ! the p ha t a ra a ha s re a he
the nothin g it se t ou t r h ak e ha ste !
The w
—
o ldl y hop
r e m en i u on— u n
se t the r hea rt s p t r s a she s
o r it p ro sp ers ; a n d a non lik e snow up on the d e se rt s du sty f a c e

’
~
lighting a little hour or tw o—is gone

m
.
The bi d of ti r e ha s b ut a littl e wa y to fl u tte r — a n d the ,

bi d r
is on th win g e
mk
.
You will o o i g c
p un tu a t ion ha ve
m
n te tha t the ar s n th n
to do wi th the p a u si ng a y run b y a p eriod v ery
m
You .
quickly a nd a ke a long p a use where there is no kind of

p unc tu a tio n Tho ug ht is g rea ter tha n p unc tu a tio n
m
. It .
ust guide y ou in y our p auses .
book of v und n th th bough — jug of win

m
A e rse s er ea e a e, a
—
,
l o f of b d nd thou b id
a re a inging in th wil d n
a es e e S e er ess
—
Oh wil d n w p di now
er e ss ere a ra se e
m
.
You u co nfu se the p a use for e p ha si s wi th the m

m
st no t
n a tura l p a uses tha t co e through taking b rea th a nd

phra sing m
For ex a p l e no te the p a u ses in dic a ted in
m
.
,
this sel ec tio n fro B yro n :
B ut hushl—ha rkl— tha t

— —
doun d b k in onc
ee p s re a s e m
o re ,
th n b fo
m
And n ea rerl clea rer l d dli ea er a e re .
Ar it is it is th c nnon o p ning o
’
, ARM -
e a s e r ar !
It is not n e essa r c
y to dwell a t length up on these obvious
distinc tion s You will ob serv e tha t in n a tura l conversa
.
tion our words are g a thered i n to clusters or p hr a ses a nd ,

64 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE AKIN G
often pa use to ta k e b rea th b etween the S o in public m

m
we .
sp eech b rea th e n a tura lly a nd do not ta lk u n ti l yo u

,
ust
ga sp for b rea th ; nor unti l the a udience is equa lly winde d
m
.
A serio us word of c a u tion u st h ere be u ttered : donot

overwork the p a use To do so wi ll a ke yo ur sp eech
. m
heavy a nd stilted And do not think tha t pa use ca n tra ns
m m
m
.
ute co onpl a c e th o ughts into grea t a nd dignified

uttera nc e A gra nd a nn er co m m
bined wi th insignifi ca nt
m
.
idea s is like ha rnessing a Ha b letonia n with a n a ss

mm
You re e b er the fa rcica l o l d schoo l dec la a tion m
m
A ,
Midnigh t Murder tha t proceeded in gra ndio se a n

m
,
ner to a thri ll ing c li a x a nd end e d a nd rel en tl essly
m m
,
—
urdered a o squi to ! ”
m
The p a u se dra a tic a lly h a ndl ed a lwa ys drew a la ugh
m
, ,
fro the tolera nt h ea rers This is a ll very well in fa rc e

m m
.
,
but such a n ti cli a x b eco es p a inful wh en t he sp ea k er

m m
-
fa lls fro the sub li e to the ridiculo us qui te unintention

a lly m m
The p a use to b e efl ectiv e in so e o th er a nner tha n
m m
.
,
in tha t of the boo era ng ust prec ede or follow a thought

,
th a t is rea lly wo rth whi l e or a t l ea st a n id ea wh o se b ea ring
m
,
up on the rest of the sp eech is i p orta nt

m m m
.
Willia Pi ttenger rela tes in his volu e Exte p ore ,
S p eech a n in sta nc e of the u ncon scio u sly fa rcic a l use of
m m
,
the p a use by a rea lly grea t A eric a n sta tes a n a nd o ra to r

m
.
“
He ha d Visi ted Nia g a ra Fa ll s a nd wa s to a k e a n ora tion
m
a t B uffa l o the sa e da y b ut u nfo rtu n a tely he sa t too
, , ,
long over the wine a fter dinn er Wh en he a ro se to spea k .

,
the o ra to ric a l in stinc t strugg l ed wi th diffi c ul ti es a s he
m m
'
~
,
mm
declared Gentle en I ha ve b een to l ook upon yo ur ag
— — —
, ,
ag a g nifi cent c a ta ra c t one hu nd red a nd fo rty sev en

,
P AU S E AND P OWE R 65
-
feet high ! Gentle en Greece a nd Ro e in their p a l i est
— —
m ,
m m
da ys never ha d a ca ta ra ct one hundred a nd forty seven
feet high ! ’
QUES TIONS AND EXE RCI S ES

I . Na mfou mode r eth s for destroying m
ono ony t a nd
ga ining p ower in sp ea king .
2 Wha t are the four sp ecia l efi ects of pa use?

.
3 N o.t e th e p a u ses in a conv er sa tion p l a y or S p eec h , ,

.
Were they the b est tha t coul d have b een used ? Illustra te
—
.
4 R ea
. d a l o u d se l e c tion s on pa ges 50 54 pa ying ,
sp ecia l a tten tion to p a u se
m
.
5 R e.a d th e fo ll o w ing w i tho u t a k ing a ny p a u ses .
Rerea d correctly a nd no te the difference :

S oon th night will p nd wh n of th S ntin l on th m
m
e ; a ss a e , e e e e ra
i y nxious k I W tch n wh t of the

mm
p t
ars f L b t o th er e a as : a a , a
m
night ? his n w will b I L th
m
”
a s er pp t e o, e o a ea re
m
Knowing th p ic w u t p y I th c ifice I w ust
m m
e r e e s a , e sa r e
k Ith bu d n Iw u t c y Ith sa ul t Iw u t n
a e, e r e s e s a rr , e as s e s e
du knowing full w ll th co t Iy t w nli t nd w nlist If r

re , e e s , e e e s , a ee o
IF w know th ju stic of u c u se I n d w know

m
th w e ar . or e e e o r a , a e ,
t its c t in t iu p h I
oo , er a r .
N t lu ct ntly th n Ib ut g ly In t wi th f int h rts Ib ut

m
o re a , e , ea er , o a ea ,
st ong do w n w dv nc up on th n i of th p p l IFor
m m
r , e o a a e e e e es e eo e .
th c l l th t co
e a s t us i th c ll th t c
a e to ur f th s As e a a a e o o a ers .
th y p ond d h ll w
m
e re s e , so S a e .
H h th o und d fo th
e a t u p t Ith t h ll n ve
s e r a r e a s a e r
c ll t t
m m
a re rea ,
H i sifting ut th h
e s t s of n Ib fo
o His j u dge nt ea r e e re e
mI
sea t .
Oh b e , swift Iour o
s ul s to a n swer Hi , be j ubila nt
f
mc
ou r e et ,
ng on
m m
Our G od Iis hi
—
ar .
TJ
mf
A LBER . BE VE RID GE , Fro his speech a s te pora ry cha ir
an o P rog ressive Na tiona l Conv ention , Chica g o, 19 1 2 .
B ring contra sting idea s in the fo llowing by

m
out the
us g the pa use :
ont st n w the i cu sta nc s of your lif an d e g ntly m m
m
C ra o C r e e , e
a nd with t n d then sk these p op le who s

p r E s hin s ;
m
e e , c e a a e e
m
fo tun th y woul d e ch of th p r f You ta u ght r ding
m
r e e a e e er . ea ,
I w nt t chool you p rfor d initi tions I r ceived th

m
e o s : e e a , e e :
you d nc d in th cho ru s I fu rnish d it yo u w

a e ass eb ly , e : e re e
cl k I w a p k you ct d third p rts I h d you you

m
er , as s ea er : a e a , ea r :
b ro k do wn nd I hi s d you h v wo k d as a sta t s n f r
m m
e , a s e : a e r e e a o
n y If y coun try I p ss by th st ; b u t this v ry
mm m
th e e e , or . a e re e
d y I
a on y p ob tion f
a c own nd cknowl dg d r a or a r , a a a e e
to b innoc nt of a ll off nc ; whil you

e e al dy j udg d t b e e e e a re rea e o
a p ttifogge nd th qu stion is wh th yo u sh ll continu

er , a e e , e er a e
th t t d
a t onc b sil nc d by n t g ttin g a fif th p a rt of
ra e , or a e e e e o e
th vot s A h p p y fo rtu ne do yo u s you h v nj oy d tha t

m m
e e a ee , a e e e
—
.
, ,
you shoul d d no unc in s i bl eD E MOS THE NE S e e a sera e
mk
.
7 . Af terc a reful st udy a nd pra c tic e ,

ar the pa uses
in the following :
The p a st b fo l ik d i
r ses Ag in we in the
e re m e e a re a m . a a re
g t t uggle f n tion l l if W h th sounds of p p

m m
rea s r or a a e . e ea r e re a ra
tion— u ic of th b oi t ous d u s th ilv voic s of

m
th e s e s er r , e s er e
h oic b ugl s W tho u nds of bl g s

m
er e . nd h r th
e see sa a sse a e , a ea e
pp al s of o to s ; w s th p l ch k s of wo n nd th
m m
a e ra r e ee e a e ee e a e
flu h d f c s of n ; nd in tho s bl g s w s ll th
s e a e e a se a se a e e ee a e
d d whos dust w h v cov d with fl ow s W l os S ight

mm m
ea e e a e ere er . e e
no o W with th wh n th y nl ist in th g
m m m m m
of th e re . t e a re e e e e e rea
y of f do W p tf o tho th y l ove So
m m
ar thre e . e see e ar r se e . e
a rew lking f th l t ti
a in qui t w oody p l c s with th
or e as id ns e e a e e a e
th y do
e W h a th whi p ing
re . nd th ew t vows ofea r e s er s a e s ee
t n l l ov th y l ing ingly p t fo v b nding

m
e er a e as Oth s e er ar re er . er a re e
ov c dl ki ing b bi s th t sl So c iving
m m m
er ra es , p ss a e a a re a ee . e a re re e
th b l ings of old n S o ing f o os wh hol d

m m
e ess p t th e . e a re ar r e o
t th ir h g in nd g in nd y
m
th e nd p s th
a t
re s e o e ea r s a a a a a , a sa
nothing ; nd o t lking with wiv s and nd vo ing wi th

m
a s e a re a e , e ea r
b v wo ds S p ok n in th ol d ton t d iv f o th i h t th
m
ra e r e e es o r e r e r ea r s e
a wful f W s th ea r p t W
. th wif e t nding in th
ee e ar . e see e e s a e
Rep ub lica n y of 1800 did in n word its f ith nd
m
as the p a rt , o e , a a
its wo ks E qu a l x ct j u tic t ll n Ev n wh n it ”
r , a nd e a s e o a e . e e
fi st ent red the fi l d onl y half org ni d it st u ck bl ow which

m m
r e e , a ze , r a
o nly j u st f il d t s cu r co p l t nd triu p h nt Victory

m
a e o e e e e a a .
In this its se cond c p ign it ha s l dy won dva nt g s

m
,
a a , a rea a a e
which r nd th t t iu p h n w both ea sy
e er a nd cert in
r The o a a .
sec r t of its su d su cc ss li s in th t v ry ch r ct ristic which

m m
e as re e e a e a a e ,
in th e ou th of scoff s consti tut s its g t nd l ting i b e cil

er , e rea a as
ity a nd r p ro a ch It l i s in th f c t th t it is p a ty of on id a ;
e e e a a a r e e
—
.
m m
b t t
u h a t is a no b l on n id ea th t fi ll s n d xp nd s ll g n
e e a a a e a a e
us so ul s ; the id ea of e qu lity of en b efo re hu n tri

m
ero ll a a a
b una ls nd hu a n l ws s th y a ll re qua l b fo the Divine

a a , a e a e e re
trib una l a nd Divin e l a ws .
I kno w a nd yo u know th t
, ev olution h s b gu n I know , a a r a e .
,
m
a nd ll the wo l d knows tha t revolution s n ve r go b a c kwa rd
a r , e .
m
Tw n ty sena tors nd
e hu nd d p r sen t tiv s p roc la i
a a b ol dl y re re e a e
in Congress t d y s nti nts nd op inions nd p rincip l s of

m mm
o -
a e e a a e
fr edo which h rdly s ny n v n in this f e S ta te

m
e a o a e , e e re ,
da red to utte in th ir wn ho s tw nty y s g o While the

m m
r e o e e ea r a .
m
gov rn nt of th Unit d S t t s und th condu ct of th D o
e e e e a e , er e e e
cra tic p a ty h s b e n r , ll th t ti e su
a nd ring one p l in a nd
e a a rre e a
ca stl e a fter a no ther t sl v y th p op l of th Unit d S ta tes

o a er , e e e e e
ha v b n no l ss st dil y nd p rs v ringly g th ring tog ther

e ee e ea a e e e a e e
the fo c s wi th which to
r e cov b ck g in ll th fields nd all re er a a a a e a
th c stl s which h ve b n l o st a nd t confo u nd nd ov throw

e a e a ee , o a er ,
b y on d cisive b l o w th b et y s of the C on titution nd f ee

m
e e e ra er s a r
fo ve —W H S E WARD
,
do re r . . . .
CHA PTER VII
E FF I C I E N CY TH ROU G H IN FL E C TI ON
How s e m
oft th u ic of tho vill g b ll s s se a e e ,
F ll ing t int v ls up on th
a a er a e ea r
In c d nca w t ; n w dying ll w y
e e s ee o a a a ,
N w p ling l ou d g in nd l ou d till
m
o ea a a , a er s ,
Cl e nd sono ou s
ar a th g l co s on !
r , as e a e e
With sy fo c it op ns ll th c lls
m
ea r e e a e e
Wh M o y S l p t
e re e r e
—
.
WILL IAM COWPE R , The Ta sk .
Herb ert S p enc er mk d Ca d enc e —by which

mn m
re ar e tha t
odul
ion of the tones of the voice in
m
m m
he ea t the at
sp ea king is the running co enta ry of the e otions

upon the prop o sition s of the in tellect How true this is .
will a pp ea r when we reflect tha t the li ttle upward a nd

m
m
downwa rd sha dings of the voice tell ore truly wha t we
m ea n tha n our words The exp ressiven ess of la ngu a g e
.
is litera lly ultip lied by this sub tle power to sha de the
mm
voca l tones a nd this voic e sha ding we c a ll inflection
,
-
.
The cha ng e of pi tch within a word is even ore i

m
porta nt b eca use ore delica te tha n the cha nge of pitch
m
, ,
fro phra se to phra se I ndeed one ca nnot b e pra c tised

m
.
,
with o ut the o th er; The b a re words a re onl y so a ny
— m
bricks infl ection will a ke of the a pave ent a gara ge m m , ,
or a c a th edra l It is the p ower of infl ection to cha ng e the

m
.
ea ning of wo rds th a t ga ve birth to the ol d sa ying :
m
It
is not so u ch wha t yo u sa y a s how yo u sa y it
m m
m
.
,
Mrs Ja eson the S ha kesp earea n co

.
,
en ta tor ha s ,
70 THE ART OF P U B LIC S PE AKI NG
m
given us a p enetra ting exa ple of the effect of inflec tion :
m
I n her i p ersona tion of the p a rt of La dy M a cb eth Mrs , .
S iddon s a dop ted su cc essively three difl erent inton a tion s

in giving the words We fa il At first a quick conte p
‘
.
’
m
tuous interrog a tion We fa il ? Afterwa rds wi th the
m
’
,
note of a d ira tion We fa il a n a ccent of indigna nt

m m
,
a sto nish en t l a ying the p rincip a l e pha sis on the word

we fa il L astly S he fix ed on wha t I a convinced m
m
‘ ’
we .
,
— —
is the true rea ding We fa il wi th the S i pl e p eriod
m
,
odul a ting the voice to a deep low resolute tone which , ,
settl es the i ssu e a t onc e a s th o ugh S he ha d sa id : I f we ‘
fai l why th en we fa il a nd a ll is over

m m
.
, ,
o st exp ressive el e ent of our sp eech is the la st

m
This
a stered in a tta ining to n a tura ln ess in sp ea king a
m m
to b e
foreign l a ngua ge a nd its correct use is the ain ele ent in
,
a n a tura l fl exib l e u ttera nc e of our n a tive tong u e Wi th o ut

m m
.
,
va ri ed inflec tions sp eech b eco es wooden a nd ono tono us .
Th ere are but two kinds of infl ec tion the ri sing a nd the
m m
,
fa lling yet these two ay b e so S ha ded or so co bin ed

m
,
th a t th ey a re c a p a b l e of p rodu cing a s a ny va ri eti es of
m m
odul a tion a s ay b e illustra ted by either one or two
lin es stra ight or curved thus :
, ,
S h a rp ri sing
Long ri sing
L evel
\
\
L ong fa ll ing
S h a rp fa lling
S ha rp ri sing and fa ll ing A
S h a rp fa ll ing a nd ri sing
v
Hesi ta ting
E FFICIE NCY THROU GH IN LE C ION F T 71
These m va ri ed indefini tely a nd serve erely to m

m m
ay be ,
ill ustra te what wide varieties of co bina tion ay be

effec ted by these two S i m ,
pl e infl ection s of the voice

m
.
It is i p o ssib l eto ta b ul a te the va riou s infl ection s which

serve to exp ress va rio u s S ha d es of tho ught a nd f eel ing .
A few sugg estions a re offered here tog eth er wi th a b unda nt

m
,
ex erci ses for p ra c ti se b ut the o nl y rea l wa y to
m
, a ster in
fl ection is to ob serv e exp eri ent a nd pra cti se

m m
m
, ,
For exa pl e ta k e the co on sentence Oh he s a ll

m m
’
, , ,
right . No te how a ri sing infl ec tion ay b e a de to ex

press fa in t p ra ise or p o lite doub t or unc erta inty of
m
, ,
Opinion Then no te how the sa e words S p ok en wi th a

m
.
,
generally fa lling inflection ay deno te certa in ty or good ,
na tured a pprova l or enthusia stic p ra i se a nd so on

, ,
.
I n genera l then we find tha t a b ending upward of the

, ,
voice will suggest doub t a nd uncerta in ty whil e a decided ,
fa lling infl ection will sugg est tha t you a re c ertain of

yo ur gro und .
S tu d ents di slike to b e tol d tha t their sp eeches a re not

so b a d ,
sp o k en wi th a ri sing infl ec tion To en unci a te .
th ese words wi th a l ong f a lling infl ec tion wo ul d indorse

the sp eech ra ther h ea rtily
m m
.
m
S a y good bye to a n i a gina ry p erson wh o
-
yo u exp ec t
to see a g a in to orro w ; then to a d ea r fri end yo u n ever
exp ec t to m eet a ga in No te the differenc e in infl ec tion

m
. .
m m
I have ha d a delightful ti e when sp oken a t the
m
,
ter ina tion of a for a l tea b y a frivo lo u s wo a n tak es
m
m
a l tog eth er dif feren t infl ec tion th a n the sa e words sp oken
b etween lovers who have enj oyed the selves Mi ic the m .
two cha ra c ters in rep ea ting thi s a nd ob serve the differenc e .

No te how ligh t a nd S hort the inflec tion s are in the follow

ing b ri ef quo ta tion fro m n hony b solute by
m
A t the A ,
S a uel Mervin
—
.
At S e M h 28th
m
a a rc .
Thi s evenin g I tol d S i Rob rt Wh t s His Na e he w s foo l

’
r e a a a .
I w s quit right in this H is

a e . e .
m
Ev ry ev ning ince th ship l ft V nco uv h ha s p side d
m m
e e s e e a er e re
ov r th
e ro und t b l
e in th iddl of th s oking roo
a e Th re e e e -
. e
h sip s his nd liqu u n d ho l ds fo rth on v y sub j ct

m m
e fie co e a e r, a e er e
known t th ind of n E ch sub j ect is hi sub j ct He

o e a . a
“
s e .
is n l d e l y p son wi th b a d f c droop ing l ft y lid

m m
a e r nd
er a a e a a e e e
—
.
,
Th y t ll is in th B ritish S rv ic j udg so e
m
e th t h e e a e e e e a e
wh r do wn in Ma l ysi wh th y d rink ore th n is good for

m
e e a a, ere e a
the .
D eliver the two fo ll owing sel ec tions wi th grea t ea rnest

ness a nd no te how the infl ec tions differ fro the fore
,
m
going Then rerea d th ese selec tions in a light sup erficia l
m
.
,
a nn er no ting th a t the ch a ng e of a ttitu d e is exp ressed

,
thro ug h a c ha ng e of infl ec tion
m
.
When I d sub li f ct in Plut ch n u n s lfi sh d d

m
re a a e a ar , or a e ee
in lin of p o t y th ill b n th o h oic l g nd it is no

m
a e e r or r e ea s e er e e
— —
, ,
long fa iryl nd I h v s n it tch d W E ND ELL PH ILL IPS

er a a e ee a e . .
Tho u ght i d p tha n ll S p ch s ee er a ee ,
F ling d p th n ll tho ught ;

ee ee er a a
S oul s t so ul c n n v t ch
m
o s a e er ea
Wh t unto th lv s w s t ught a e se e a a
—CRANCH
.
m m
.
ust b e a de p erfec tly cl ear tha t infl ec tion d ea ls

m
It
o stly in sub tle delic a te S ha ding within single words
m m
, ,
a nd is not by a ny ea n s a cco plished by a g enera l rise

or fa ll in the voic e in sp ea king a sen tenc e Yet c erta in
m
.
sen tenc es fec tively d elivered wi th ju st su ch ih

m
a y b e ef
fl ection Try this sen tenc e in severa l way s

. a king no ,
E FFICIE NCY TH ROU GH F
IN LE C I ON T 73
m
od ion until you co
ul a t m
e to the la st two s yllab les ,
as
indica ted
m
,
And yet I to l d hi dis
tinctly .
And yet I tol d hi m

dis
Now ntence b y infl ecting the i p orta nt m

m
try this se
wo rds so a s to b ring out va riou s sha d es of ea ning
m
The .
fir st for sfiillustra ted a bove S how cha ng e of p itch within

m
,
the fo r s yo u will work out for y o urself

m
a single word;
sh oul d sh ow a n u b er of su ch infl ec tion s thro ugho u t the
sen tenc e
m m m
.
One o the chief ea n s of securing e pha si s is to e

I’
ploy a long fa lling inflec tion on the e p ha tic words m

tha t is to let the voic e f a ll to a l ower p i tch on a n interior
,
vowel so und in a word Try it on the words every

m
.
,
el ee o syna ry a nd destro y
,
“
.
Use l ong fa lling infl ec tion s on the i ta liciz ed wo rd s in the

fo llowing selection noting their e pha tic p ower Are
,
m .
th ere a ny o ther word s here tha t l ong f a ll ing infl ec tion s

woul d h elp to m
a k e exp ressive ?
ADDRES S I N THE DARTM OUTH COLLEGE CAS E

mc c s nt mly of m
u bl
m
This, sir , is y a se It is the . a e o ere tha t h e
in i u ion
st t t ; it is the a se ev eryc of coll ge in
e ou r l nd
a . It is ore;
4 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PE AKI NG
it is the ca se of y l syn y in stitution throu ghout our
ev er e ee m o ar
country— i a ll tho g t ch riti s foun ded by the p i ty of ur

mm
o se rea a e e o
nc sto s t ll vi t hu n is ry nd sca tt b lessings along

m
a e r o a e a e a e a er
the p thw y of l if
a S i yo u y dest y this littl institution
a e . r, a ro e
it is w k it i in you h nd I know it is n of th l sser lights

m
ea s r a s o e e e
-
.
,
in th lit y ho i on of u count y Y u y p ut it ut B ut
m m
e era r r z o r r . o a o .
if you do you u t c r y through you wo k ; you ust e s a r r r x
ft noth ll thos gr t lights of sci nce which

m
ting ui h n s , o e a er a er , a e ea e ,
for o th n c ntury h v thr own th ir di nc ov ur

re a a e , a e e ra a e er o
l nd !
m
a
It is sir s I h v ,s id s all coll g

, a nd y t—th ra are e a , a e e, a e e e
tho
m m
wh l
se it ! o ove
m mm
S ir I know n t h w o th s
, y f l b ut a s f y lf wh n I
o o er a ee , or se e
see y al t su oun d d lik C sa in th s n t hou

a a er rr e , e ae r
'
e e a e se ,
by those wh it ting ta b ft t b I woul d n t f this

m m
o a re re era s a er s a , o or
right h nd h v h tu n t
a nd s y And th u to
a e y s n!
er r o e a a o o, o
—DANIEL WE B S TE R
, ,
ca reful not to over infl ect Too uch odul a tion mm

m
Be -
.
produc es a n unpl ea sa n t effec t of artifi cia lity lik e a a ture

m
,
a tron trying to b e ki ttenish It is a sh o rt step b etween .
true exp ression a nd uninten tion a l b url esq u e S cru tiniz e .
your own ton es Ta k e a single exp ression like Oh .

,
no ! or Oh I see or I ndeed a nd by p a tient self

”
m m m m
, , ,
ex a in a tion see how a n y sh a d es of ea ning
m
m
a y b e ex
pressed by infl ec tion This sort of co on sense pra c tise

m
-
.
will do yo u ore good tha n a book of rules B ut don t ’

.
forget to listen to your own v oice .
I n your own words define (a ) c a denc e (b) odul a m

m
I .
,
tion (c) infl ec tion (d) e ph a si s

m m
, , .
2 Na e fi v e wa ys of d estroying ono tony a nd g aining

.
eff ec tiv en ess in sp eech .

S ELECTIONS FOR PRACTI CE
I n the following selections secure e pha sis by ea n s m m

of l ong fa lling inflections ra ther tha n lo udn ess
m
.
Rep ea t these sel ection s a tte p ting to p ut into p ra c ,
e m m
ti se a ll the tec h nic a l p rincipl es tha t weh a ve thu s fa r ha d :
pha sizing i p orta nt words subordina ting uni p ort
a nt wo rd s va ri ety of p i tch c h a nging te p o pa use a nd
,
m
m
, , , ,
infl ection I f these principles are a ppli ed yo u will ha ve

m
.
no troub le with onotony .
Con sta n t p ra c tise will giv e grea t fa ci li ty in the use of

inflec tion a nd will render the voic e itself fl exib l e .
CHARLES I
We cha rge mi
m
ving b ok n his co on tion o th ; a nd
m
hi w th ha r e r a a
e tol d th t h k p t his ri g W ccus hi of

m m
w e ar a v w! e e ar a e o e a e
ha ving giv n up his p op l t th

e cil ss inflictions of th ost
e e o e er e e
t d of p r l t s ;
m
h t h d d nd h d h
o -
ea e a nd th
ar d f nc is
-
ea r e e a e a e e e e ,
th t h too k his littl s n on his kn nd ki ss d hi ! We

m
a e e n o ee a e ce
m
su hi f h vin g vio l t d th
re or ticl s of th P ti tion of Right
a a e e ar e e e ,
a ft h vin g f r good nd va lu b l consid tion p o is d t

m m m
er a , o a a e era , r e o
ob s rv th ; nd w info d th t h wa s a ccusto d to
m
e e e a e a re r e a e e
p y s t i o cl ock in th orning ! It is t su ch consid

m
’
h ea r ra er a s x e o era
tion s s th s tog th wi th his V ndyk d s his h nd so
m
a e e, e e
er a e res , a
f c nd his p k d b d th t h ow w v ril y b li v ost

a e, a ea e ea r , a e es , e e e e e,
of his p op ul rity with th p s nt g n r tion

a e re e e e a
—T B MACAUL AY
.
. . .
AB RAHAM LINCOLN
We needed o d p ut on p a p r th t h b elieved
m
no t tha t he sh ul e a e
in sla v y wh with t son wi th urd with cru lty inf n l

m m
er , o, rea , er , e er a ,
h ov d ound th t j stic n t d st oy his lif H wa s

m
ere ar a a e a o e r e . e
hi s lf b ut th l ong sting with which S l v y stru ck a t lib erty ;

e e a er
and he c ri d the p oi on th t b l ong d t

ar e sl v ry As l ong s s a e e o a e . a
this n a tion l sts it will nev r b fo gott n th t we h v

a ,
ne e e r e a a e o
E FFICIE NCY THROU GH IN LE C ION F T 77
m a rtyre d Preside n t—never ! il i l sts whil e wh e t e Never , m a ,
h v n l sts whil h ll ock go n i fo gott n th t

m m mm m
ea e a , e e r s a nd r a s , w ll it b e r e a
Sl va y by it inion sl
er , in l ying s d ni s, ew hi a nd s a hi, a e a
f t its whol n tu nd t nd ncy

mm
es e a re a e e .
B ut noth thing f b is th t this bl ow was

m
a u t er or s o re e er a
ifn d t th l if of th gov n nt nd of th n tion Lincoln

m m m
a e a e e e er e a e a .
w s sl in ; A ic w s nt Th c t down ; the
m m
a a n w er a a ea . e a as as
gov n nt w s s itt n t It w s th P id nt wh was

m m
er e a e a . a e re s e o
kill d It w n tion l lif b thin g f do nd ning
m
e . as a a e, rea ree a ea
ought H th n of Ill inois th p ri
m
b n fi n
e e th t w
ce ce , a as s . e, e a , e
vt n div st d of ob nd th in signi of utho ity p

m
a e a , e e r es a e a a r , re re
s nting nothing b u t his p son l lf ight h v b n h t d ;

m
e er a se , a e ee a e
b ut th t woul d n t h v c ll d fo th th ud s blow
m
’
a It
o a e a e r e r ere r .
m
w s b ca u s h tood in th p l c of gov n nt p nting
m
a e e e s e a e er e , re re se
gov n nt nd gov n nt th t p nt d ight nd lib ty

er e a a er e a re rese e r a er ,
th t h w s singl d ut
m m
a e a e o .
This th n i ci g inst univ l gov n nt It is

mm
, e , s a r e a a e rsa er e .
bl ow t th found tions of u gov n nt o th n a t

m
n to a a e a o r er e , re a
th fo und tion s of th E ngli h gov n nt of th F nch gov n

m m m
e a e s er e , e re er
nt of v y co p ct nd w ll o g ni d gov n nt It w s
m m
e , e er a a e -
r a ze er e . a
c g in t nkind Th whol wo l d will p udi t nd

m m
a ri e a a s a . e e r re a e a
stig ti it s
a d d without S h d of d ing light
ze a a ee a a e re ee .
Th b l ow how v
e h ign lly f il d Th c u is n t st ick e er , as s a a e e a se o r
This n tion h s di solv d —

, .
n ; it is st ngthen d b ut in t rs
m
e re e . a a s e , ea
only It t nd fou qu o olid t d y th n ny

m
. s a s, r s -
a re , re s , o -
a , a a
py id in E gyp t This p op l
ra n ith w t d n d unt d . e e a re e er as e , or a e ,
no di o d d M n h t l v y nd l ov lib ty wi th st ong r
m
r s r e re . e a e S a er a e er r e
nd l ov t d y th n v b fo Th G ov n nt i
m
h ta e a e o -
a a e er e re . e er e s
k n d it is d t ong
m m m m m
n t w
o ea e e , a e s r er .
ty i oving in t iu p h l ch ighti r
m
And n w th o e ar r s r a ar , e
t h n wh n l iv
a Th n tion i
e up a t v ry st g of his
e . e a r ses a e e a e co
ing Citi s nd st t s hi p ll b nd th c nnon b
m
e a s ts
a e a re s a -
ea re r a e a ea
— —
.
,
ou s wit sol n p og ssion D d d d d d h y t —

m
th he h r e r re . ea ea ea e e
p e k th ! Is W shington d d ? Is H p d n d d ? I D vid
m
s a e a ea a e ea s a
d d ? Is ny n d d th t v w fi t t liv ? D is nth ll d
ea a a ea a e er as o e e ra e
of fl sh nd i n t th unob st uct d p h wh p ion

m m
e , a r se o e r e S ere e re a ss
n v co s h b gin hi illi it bl wo k His lif n w

e er e , e e s s a e r . e o
i g ft d up on th Infinit nd will b f uitful s no rthl y

m
s ra e e e, a e r a ea
l if n b e P s on thou th t h st ov co ! Y ou sorrows
e ca . as , a a er e r .
o l c ou b ll s b nds md
m ound m
0 pe p e , a re his p ea e ! Y r e , a nd a , a nd uffl e
d ru iu in his W il
mk ph
m
s s tr ea r . a a nd weep here ;
G od a es it e cho j oy nd t iu a r p h the re . Pa ss on , th ou
Victo !
ook f omyou m
r
F ou y un t i d ll inois d
m mm m m
r ea rs a g o , 0 I , we t r r i st a n r e
nd fro ong th p op l ; w tu n hi t you a ighty

m
na , a a e e e e re r o
Con qu o N t thin o b ut th n tiOn s ; n t ours but

m m
’
er r ny . o e a re , e a o ,
th wo l d G iv hi pl c y p i i ! In th id st of this
m
’
e r s . e a e, e ra r e s e
m m
g t Contin nt hi dust sh ll t
re a c d t u t y i ds
e s a re s , a sa re rea s re o r a
wh S h ll k p il g i g t th t sh in t kindl n w th i
m m m
o a a e r a e o a r e o e a e e r
l nd p t iotis Y wind ov ov th ighty

m m
zea a th ta r . e s, a e er e
p l c s of th W t c h n t his q ui ! Y p op l b hol d
m
a e e es , a re e e e e, e a ar
ty who
r, b l ood s ny in ticul t wo d p l ds f fid lity
se as o a ar a e r s, ea or e
—
, ,
f
or l w f r lib ty l HE NRY WARD B E E CHE R
a , o er .
THE HI S TORY OF LIB E RTY
The v nt which w co
e e o t is ll i p o t nt n t ly e m
mm e ra e a -
m r a , o m ere
in u wn nn ls b ut in tho s of th wo ld Th s nt ntious
m
o r o a a , e e r . e e e
E ngl i h p o t h s d cl d th t th p op stu dy of nkind

m m
s e a e a re a e r er a
nd of ll inqu i i s of a t p o l n tu th hi sto y
m m
is n a , a a r e e ra a re , e r
f u f ll ow b ings is unqu tion b ly ong th ost int st

m m
o o r e -
e es a a e e re
ing B ut n t ll th ch p t s of hu n hi tory
. o a l ik i p o rt
e a er a s a re a e
a nt Th
. nn l s i u c h v b n fill d up wi th incid nts
e a a o o r ra e a e ee e e
which conc n n t t l st o u ght n t t conc n th g t

m m
er o , or a ea o o er , e re a
co p ny of nk ind Hi tory
a it h s of t n b n w ri tt n
a . s , as a e ee e ,
is th g n l ogy of p inc s th fi ld boo k of conqu o ;

m
e e ea nd th r e , e e -
er rs a e
fo tun s of u f ll ow n h v b n t t d onl y s f s th y
m
r e o r e -
e a e ee rea e o ar a e
h v b n ff c t d by th influ nc of th g
a e ee a e t e st s nd d s e e e e re a a er a e
t y s of u
ro er c S uch hi to y is I will n t s y wo thl s
o r ra e . s r , o a a r es
tu dy f it i n c y f u t know th d k S id w ll
m
s , or s e e ssa r or s o e ar e as e as
th b ight id of u condition l ncholy study

m
e r S B ut it is
e o r . a e a
whic h fi ll th bo o of th p hil nth op ist nd th f i nd of

s e s e a r a e r e
lib ty with so ow
m
er rr .
B u t th hi to y of l ib ty— th hi to y of n st u ggling t b
m
e s r er e s r e r o e
f — th hi to ry of h v cqui d nd x ci ing
m mm
ree n wh
e s e o a e a re a a re e er s
i f do — th hi sto y of tho g t ov nts in th wo l d

m
th e r ree e r se rea e e e r ,
by which lib rty h s b n t bli h d nd p p tu t d fo

m
e a ee es a s e a er e a e , r s a
su b j c t whic h w
e c nnot cont p l t t cl o ly Thi is th e a e a e oo se . s e
E FFICIE NCY THROU GH F
IN LE C ION T 79
real hist o y of r m of an, the h u mn f mlya a i , Of ra t ional i m

mo l rta
i l of dv ity
i s ; th tri l of p o p ity is
m m
The tr a a ers wa s the r e a r s er
ou s L t u n wh kno w th ir du ty n d p ri
m m
r . t it
e s ee th ir
as e o e a ze e
bl ing Ou p o ition i th o t nvi bl th o t p on i

m
ess s . r s s e s e a e, e s res s
b l which n fill If thi g n tion do it duty th c u

m
e, n e ca s e era es s e a se
—
.
,
t t s —
of con i u ion l f do is s f If w f il if w f il n t onl y
t a ree a e . e a e a o
do w d f u d u child n of th inh it nc which w c iv d

m
e e ra o r re e er a e e re e e
f o u f th b ut w bl t th hop es of th f i nd of lib ty
r o r a e rs , e as e e r e s er
throughout u contin n t th ou ghout E u op th ou ghou t th

m
o r e , r r e, r e
w o l d t th nd of ti
m
r , o e e e .
Hi to y is n t without h x p l of h d fought fi l ds wh
m
s r o er e a es ar -
e , ere
m
th b nn of lib ty has flo t d t iu p h ntly on th wil d t
m m
e a er er a e r a e es
sto of b ttl S h i without h x p l of p op l by who

m
r a e . e s er e a es a e e
th d e bought t u h b n wi ly p loy d n d s f ly
ea r -
re as re as ee se e e a a e
m
ha nd d down e Th y s of th wo l d . tu n d f th t
e e e e r a re r e or a ex
p l t us
m
a e o .
Let u th n s ws, bl on th bi thd y of th n tion as

e , a e a sse e e r a e a ,
w g th up on th g
e a er n tu f onc w t with p ciou blood—l te ree r , e e re s e
us d vo t o ue lv s t th c d c u of con titution l lib ty !

e rse e o e sa re a se s a er
Le t u s b j u th int ion which divid th g t

m m m
a ts nd p re e eres a a ss s e e rea
f ily of A ic n f
a n ! L t th g of p ty p i it l p
er a ree e e e ra e ar S r S ee
olv th t u chil d n h ll h v c u t
mm
to d y !
-
aL t us e re s e a o r re S a a e a se o
bl s th ory of th ir f th w h v c u t bl
mm
es e e th e a ers , a s e a e a se o e ss e
e o y of ou r— E D WARD E VE R TT rs E .
CHA PT ER VIII
CON CE N TRA TI ON IN D E LIV E RY i
Attention is the
b e high low ; its fi l d of Vi w n
mc o co
of th ent l y Its p ow i r s
ow b ro d Wh n high
ay pe e m a e e . m er
m
or e e a rr or a . e
m
p ow r is u s d tt n tion is confin d wi thin v y ci cu
e e a e crib d e er r s e
li its b ut its a ction is x ce dingly int ns nd b so bing It

, e e e e a a r .
see s b ut f w thing s b ut th s
e f w a ob s rv d through nd
, e e e re e e
“
a
th ou gh M nt l n gy a nd ctivi ty wh th of
”
r e a e er a , e er
p rc p tion r of thou ght thus conc nt t d t lik th su n s

m
’
e e o , e ra e , ac e e
r ys conc n t t d by th b u rning gl ss Th ob j c t is ill u in d

m
a e ra e e a . e e e ,
hea t d s t on fi e I p ssions a so d p th t th y n n v r
m
e , e r . re re ee a e ca e e
m
ffa c d Att ntion of this sort is th p ri condition of the
m
be e e . e e e
ost p rodu c tive nt l l b o e a a r

—
.
DANIEL PUTNAM P sy h l gy , c o o .
of yo ur h ea d forwa rd a nd b a ckwa rd
mm
Try to rub the top
a t the sa e ti e tha t yo u a re p a tting yo ur c h est Un l ess .
your p owers of coo rdina tion a re well devel op ed yo u wi ll

find it confusing if not i p o ssib l e The bra in needs m
m
.
,
S p eci a l tra ining b efo re it ca n do two or ore things

effi ci en tly a t the sa e in sta n t It a y see m like spli t . m m
ting a h a ir b etween its no rth a nd no rthwest co rn er b ut
m
,
so e p sych o l ogi sts a rg u e th a t no b ra in ca n th ink two
—
distinc t th o ugh ts a b so lu tely si ul ta n eo usly tha t wh a t m
m m
,
s to b e si ul ta neo us is really very ra pid ro ta tion

m
see
fro the first tho ught to the second a nd b a ck a ga in just

m m
,
m
a s in the a bov e ci ted exp eri ent the a tten tion ust shift
m
-
fro one ha nd to the o ther until one or the o ther ove

m men t b eco es p a rtly or wh o lly a u to atic m .
Wha tever is the p sych ologic a l tru th of this conten tion

CONCE N TRATION IN DE LI E R V Y 81
mm
mm
it is undeni ab le tha t the ind ea surab ly loses grip on
one idea the o ent the a ttention 15 proj ected decidedl y
ahea d to a second or a thir d idea
m
.
A fa ul t in pub lic sp ea kers tha t is a s p ernicio us a s it is

m
co on is tha t they try to think of the succeeding
m
sen tenc e whil e still u ttering the fo r er a nd in this wa y,
their conc entra tion tra il s ofi in consequence they start

m
,
th eir sen tenc es strongly a nd end the wea kly I n a well

m m
.
prep a red written sp eech the e pha tic word usually co es

a t one end of the sen tenc e m
B ut a n e ph a tic word n eeds
m
.
e ph a tic exp ression a nd thi s is p reci sely wh a t it do es not

,
n conc n ra tion fl a g s b y l ea p ing too soon to tha t
m
g et w h e e t
which is n ex t to b e u ttered Conc en tra te a ll yo ur en ta l

mm
.
en ergi es on the p resen t sen tenc e Re e b er tha t the

m
.
ind of your a udienc e foll ows yours very cl o sely a nd if

m
,
yo u wi thdraw your a ttention fro wha t y ou a re sa yi ng

to wha t y o u a re going to say yo ur a udienc e will a l so wi th
m
,
draw th eirs They ay not do so conscio usly a nd de

m
.
lib era tely b ut they will surely c ea se to give i p orta nce

,
to the things th a t y o u yo urself slight It is fa ta l to ei th er

.
the a c tor or the sp ea k er to cro ss his b ridg es too soon .
Of co urse a ll this is not to say tha t in the na tura l p a uses

,
of your sp eech you a re not to ta ke swif t forward survey s

m
they a re a s i p o rta n t a s the forwa rd l oo k in driving a
m otor car ; the ca ution is of qui te a no ther sort : while
m m
sp ea king one sentence do not think o f the sentence to follow
—
.
Let it co e fro its proper s r es ou c wi thin you lf

rse .
You c a nno t deliver a b ro a dside wi th o ut concentra ted

—
force tha t is wha t produces the explo sion I n prepara tion .
you store a nd concentra te thought a nd feeling ; in the

p a uses during delivery yo u swiftly l ook ahea d a nd ga ther

yo urself for effective a tta ck ; during the o ents of
—
mm
a c tu a l sp eech S PEAK DON T ANTI CIPA TE D ivide
’
, .
yo ur a ttention a nd you divide your p ower

m m
.
Thi s a tter of the ef fect of the inn er a n up on the
o uter n eeds a further word here pa rtic ularly a s tou ching ,
conc entra tion

m m
.
Wha t do yo u rea d y l o r d
,
? H a l et repl i ed ,
Words Words Words That is a world o l d troub l e

m
-
. . .
ech a nic a l c a lling of wo rd s is not exp ressio n by a
mm
The ,
l ong stretch D id yo u ever no tice how hollow a e ori zed

.
sp eec h u su a lly so und s? You h a ve li sten ed to the ra n ting

m
,
echa nic a l c a d enc e of in effi ci en t a c to rs la wyers a nd

m
,
p rea chers Their tro ub l e is a enta l one they a re not

.
—
concentra tedl y thinking tho ughts tha t c a use words to
i ssue wi th sinc eri ty a nd conviction but a re erely enun m
m
,
cia ting word so u nd s -

ech a nic a lly Pa inful exp eri enc e
.
a l ik e to a udi enc e a nd to sp ea k er ! A p a rro t is eq ua ll y elo
quen t Aga in let S ha k esp eare in struc t us this ti e in m

m
.
,
the in sinc ere p ra yer of the King Ha l et s un c l e He

m
’
, .
la en ts thus p oin tedly :

My ords fly up y thoughts
w , m re min
a l ow
be :
W o ds without thoughts n v t
r e er o he v n go
a e .
The truth is, tha t p ea k er yo ur words ust b e born m

m
as a s
a g a in ev ery ti e th ey a re sp o k en th en th ey wi ll not suffer
mm
,
in their u ttera nc e even tho ugh p erforc e co itted to

mm
,
ory a nd rep ea ted lik e D r Russell Conwell s l ec ture

m m
’
e .
,
Acres of D ia ond s fi v e th o u sa nd ti es S u ch sp eech es

,
.
l o se noth ing by rep etition for the p erfec tly pa tent rea son
84 THE ART OF PU B LI C S PE AKIN G
m in cha p ter a nd second with due regard for

h
m
de ned t is ,
m
e pha sis towa rd the clo se of ea ch sen tenc e .
2 . Put into a bo ut one hu ndre d words yo ur i pression

of the effec t produced
m m
.
3 . Te ll of a n y p e c ul i a r e t h od s yo u a y h a v e ob s erv e d
or h ea rd of by which sp ea kers ha ve so ugh t to a id th ei r
p owers of conc entra tion su ch a s l ooking fix edly a t a bl a n k

m
,
sp o t in the c ei ling or twi sting a wa tch c h a r

, .
4 . W h a t eff e c t do su c h h a bi ts h a v e on th e a u di enc e?
5 . W h a t re l a tion do e s p a u se b ea r t o conc e n tra tion ?

Tell why conc en tra tion n a tura lly h elp s a sp ea ker
m m
6 .
to c h a ng e p i tch te p o a nd e ph a si s
, ,
.
R d fo ll o ing l c ion h o ugh to g et its

m m
7 . ea t h e w se e t t r
ea ning a nd sp iri t c l ea rl y in yo ur ind Th en rea d it .
a l o u d conc en tra ting so l ely on the th o ug h t th a t yo u a re

,
exp ressing
— do not tro ub le abo u t the sentenc e or tho ught
tha t is co ing m Ha lf the tro ub l es of
. a nk ind a ri se fro m m
a n ticip a ting tri a l s th a t n ever occ ur Avoid thi s in sp ea k .
ing Ma k e the end of yo ur sentenc es just a s strong a s the

.
b eginning CONCENTRATE . .
WAR!
m
md
The l a st of the s v g
a instinct is w
a e s ar . Theca ve a n s club ’
a e la w a nd p ro cu d food Might d
re . ecree d right Wa rriors
.
were sa viours .
m
In Naza reth ca rp enter la id down the sa w a nd p ea ched the
a r
m m
b rothe hood of
r an Twelve centuries fterwa ds his foll owers
. a r
m
a rche d to th Hol y La nd t e destroy a ll who difi ered with theo
m m m
in the worship of the G od of Love Triu p hantly they wrote .
In S ol o on s Porch a nd in his te p le our en rode in the b lood

’
of th S ara cens up to the kn ees of their horses

”
e .
History is a n a p p alling tale of wa r In the seventeenth century .

CONCE N TRATION IN DE LI E R V Y 85
G er a mny nc
d n nd S p in w d f r thirty y rs
, Fra e, S we e , a a a rre o ea .
At Ma gd bu g
ut of w re kill d r g dl ss O
m
e r f se o e e e ar e x
m
ny schools w cl os d f thi d of c ntury
m m
or a g In G ee . r a ere e or a r a e ,
ho bu n d wo n out g d towns d olish d nd th nu

m
es r e , e ra e , e e , a e
till d la nd b c wil d rness

m
e e a e a e .
Tw thirds of G e ny s p op erty w s d st oy d and

m
’
o -
r a r a e r e
of h r citi ns w kill d b c u n qu
e ll d bout ze ere e , e a se e a rre e a
th w y t gl o ify Th Princ of P c M ching through r in

“ ”
e a o r e e ea e . ar a
m
and snow sl p ing on th g ound , ting ta l food r st rv ing
ee e r , ea s e o a ,
con t cting di nd f cing gun s th t fi i hundred ti

m
ra se a ses a s a a re s x e
inut f fifty c nt —
d y thi i th sol di s lif
m
’
a e, or e s a a s s e er e .
At th window it th widow d oth crying Littl chil d n

e s s e e er . e re
with t rful f c s p s d g inst th p n w tch nd w it

m m
ea a e re s e a a e a e a a a .
Thei ns of liv lihood th ir ho th ir h pp in ss is gon

m
r ea e , e e, e a e e .
F th l ss chil dr n b ok n h rted w o n ick disa bl d nd

m
a er e e r e -
ea e s e a
—
, , ,
d d n this is th w g of w
mm m
ea e e a e ar .
W S p nd o on y p p ing n t kill ch oth r th n

m mm
e e re e re ar e o ea e a
w do in tea ching th t liv W S p nd or on y buil ding

m
e e o e . e e e e
n b ttl ship th n in th nnu l int n nc of ll u st t

m
o e a e a e a a a e a e a o r a e
univ siti s Th fin nci l l o s ul ting f o d t oying n

m
er e . e a a s res r es r o e
anoth s ho s in th civil w woul d h v built

er
’
e e ar a e
h ous s ch co ting
e , ea W p y f l ov b ut p ps f r e ra or e re a re o
h t a e W p ch p c b ut quip f r w
. e rea ea e e o ar .
Were ha lf the p ower tha t fills the world with terro r

W h lf th w l th b tow d on c p nd cou t m ,
m m
ere a e ea es e a a r
G iv n t d e thi s wo l d f o
o re o ee r r e rr r,
Th w oul d b no n d of
ere n l nd fo t e ee a rse a a r .
Wa r onl y defers a que stion v lly b ttl d . No issue will e er rea e se e
until it i ttl d ightly Lik iv l gun g ng in b ck

s se e r . e r a
“
a s a a
all y th n tion of th wo ld th ough th bloody g h v

e , e a s e r , r e a es , a e
fought ov th i diff nc D nv c nnot fight Chic go nd

m m
er e r e re es . e er a a a
Iow c nnot fight Ohio

a a Why hould G ny b p itt d t . S er a e er e o
fight F nc B ul g i fight Tu k y ?
m
ra e, or ar a r e
Wh n nkind i s bov c ds colo s nd coun t i wh n

m
e a r se a e ree , r a r es , e
we citi n n t of n tion but of th w o ld th r i nd

a re ze s, o a a , e r , e a es a
n vi of th
a es th w ill con titu t n int n tion l p olic
e ea r fo c s e a er a a e r e
t p o th p c nd th dov will t k th gl p l c
erse rv e e ea e a e e a e e ea e s
’
a e .
Our difi erences will b e
m m
l d by a n interna tion l court with the
sett e a
to e nf orc its
e a nd t s
a e . In tie s of p a c
e p r p a r for
e e e
p ea c.e T he w a g es of war a re the wa ges of sin nd the wa ges

, a
m
of sin is d ea th
.
used by per ission

88 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PEAKIN G
m m m
m
S hi o po se wder, which
its so e infl uence fro wi th a wa
m
out to expl ode it However susc ep tive to o utside sti uli
m
.
,
m m m
the true so urc e of p ower in a n l ies wi thinhi sel f Thi s .
ay see l ik e ere p sych o l ogy but it ha s a n inten sely ,
m
pra ctica l b ea ring on pub lic sp eaking a s will app ea r
m
, .
Not on ly ust we di sc ern the difference b etween hu a n

m m
force a nd ere physica l fo rce but we ust not confuse its
m m m
“
rea l essenc e wi th so e of the thing s th a t —

m m
ay a nd ay
— a cco pa ny it For exa ple lo udness is not forc e

mm
not .
, ,
th o ugh forc e a t ti es a y b e a ttend ed by noi se Mere

m m
.
ro a ring n ev er a de a good sp eec h h

m mm m m
y et t ere a re o ,
en ts — o ents ind yo u not inutes when big —

m m
, ,
voic e p ower ay b e used wi th tre endous effect

m m
.
Nor is Vio l en t —
o tion forc e yet forc e ay result in
m m
Violen t o tion Ha let co unseled the players : .
do n t s w th ir t uch with you h nd thus ; but use m

m m
Nor o a e a oo r a ,
a ll g n tly ; fo in th v ry to r nt t p st nd ( s I y s y )
m m
e r e e r e ,
e e , a a a a
whi lwind of you p s ion yo u ust cquir nd b eg t t

m m m
r r a s , a e a e a e
p n
e ra th t y giv it
ce , a oothn ss Oh it off nds
a t e s e .
, e e o
the oul t h as , ob ustious p iwig p t d f ll o w t r p ssion

o e r a r er -
a e e ea a a
t t tt s t v y r gs t sp li t th s of th
m g undling ;
l
o a er , o er a , o e ea r e ro s
otp t c p bl of nothing b u t in xp lic ble

m
wh f o, th or e s ar , a re a a e e a
du b S how nd noi I w ould h v su ch f ll ow whipp d f r

m
, a se . a e a e e o
doing T g nt ; it ut h ods H od P y you void it

m
’
o er -
er a a o -
er er . ra a .
B n tt e t o n ith b ut l t you disc tion b you tuto

oo a e, e er, e r re e r r:
su i t th ction t th wo d th wo d t th ction ; with this

m
e a o e r , e r o e a
sp ci l ob rv nc tha t yo u od sty of n tur ;

m
t p n t th
’
e a se a e, o ers e o e e a e
f
or a nything s ov don is f o th p u p os of p l ying whos
o er e r e r e a , e
n d bo th t th fi st ho l d
m
’
e ,
nd n w w s
a nd is t
e r s tw r , a o , a , a , o , a e e,
m
ir o up t N tu t how Vi tu h wn f tu S co n
m m
the r r o a re , o S r e er o ea re , r
her wn i g nd th v y g nd body of th ti e his for

m
o a e, a e er a e a e
a nd p ssu N w thi s ov don

re re . co t dy off though
o , er e, or e ar ,
T h s wh t i th p it p
1 o e o sat n e , or a r q ue .
F ORCE 89
mk unskillful l ugh c nnot but k th j udicious m

m
it a e the a , a a e e
griev ; th c n u of th which n ust in your ll ow nc

e e e s re e o e , a a e,
o rw ig h whol th t of oth rs Oh th b p l y rs th t
’
e e a e ea er e ere e a e a
— d oth s p i nd th t highly—not
.
,
I h v seen p l y
a end h a a ea r er ra se , a a
to Spea k it p of n ly th t n ith h ing th cc nt of Ch is

m
r a e , a , e er av e a e r
th g it of Ch isti n p g n n h v tru tt d
m m
tianS n , or re a r a , a a , o a , a e so s e
mm
a nd b ll o w d th t I h v thought o of N tu j ourn y n
m m m m
’
e e a a e s e a re s e e
m
h d
a d n nd n ta a d th
e w ll th y i it t d hu
e , a nity o e e e , e a e a
S o bo in b ly
a a .
1
Force is both a ca use a nd a n effec t I nn er force which

m m
.
,
ust prec ede outer force is a co bin a tion of four ele

m m
,
en ts a c ting p rogressively First of a ll force a rises fro

m
.
, ,
ust b e convinc ed of the truth or the

m m
conviction You .
,
i porta nc e or the ea ning of wha t you a re about to

m
, ,
say b efore yo u ca n give it fo rc eful delivery It ust la y .
strong ho l d up on yo ur convic tion s b efo re it ca n grip y o ur
a u di enc e Convic tion convinc es

. .
The S a turda y Evening P ost in a n a rticl e on Eng l a nd s

m
’
”— —
T R Winston S p encer Churchill a ttrib uted uch
m
. .
of Churchill s a nd Roo sevel t s pub lic pla tfor succ ess to

m
’ ’
th eir fo rc eful d elivery No a tter wha t is in ha nd these

mm m m
.
,
en ake the selves b eli eve for the ti e b eing tha t tha t
mm
one thing is the o st i p orta nt on earth Henc e they .
sp ea k to th eir a u di enc es in a D o this or yo u PE R IS H

m
- - - -
a nn er .
Tha t kind of sp ea king win s a nd it is tha t Viril e strenu , ,
a gg ressive a tti tu d e which bo th disting ui shes a nd
m m
ous ,
a in ta in s the pl a tfo r ca reers of our grea test l ea ders .
B ut let us l ook a li ttl e cl o ser a t the o rigi ns of in ner

forc e How do es convic tion a ffec t the a n who feels it?
. m
1 Ha m let Act III , S cen e 2
, .
9 0 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PE A IN K G
We ha ve a nswered inquiry in
very question itself
m
the the
-
he feels it : Conviction produces e otiona l tension S tu dy .
the p ic tures of Theodo re Roo sevel t a nd of B i lly S u nda y in

a c tion
— a ction is the wo rd No te the tensio nof th eir ja w
m
.
uscles the ta ut lines of sin ews in their entire bo dies

m
,
wh en rea ching a cl i a x of forc e M o ra l a nd phy sica l fo rc e

m
.
a re a lik e in b eing bo th p rec eded and a cco pa nied by

- -
— —
in tens ity ten sion tigh tn ess of the cords of p ower .
It is this ta utness of the b ow string thi s k no tting of the

m m
-
—
uscles this contra ction b efore the spring tha t a kes
m
, ,
a n a u dienc e feel
— al o st see the reserve p ower in a
sp ea k er m
I n so e rea lly wonderful wa y it is ore wha t a m
m
.
sp ea k er do es not sa y a nd do th a t rev ea l s the dyn a o

wi thin .Anything m mm
a y co e fro su c h sto red up fo rc e -
onc e it is let l oo se ; a nd tha t keeps a n a udience a lert ha ng ,
ing on the lip s of a sp ea ker for his n ex t wo rd After a ll

m
.
,
it is a ll a q uestion of a nh ood for a stuffed doll ha s n ei th er

m
,
convic tions nor e o tiona l tension I f yo u a re uph olstered

m
.
wi th sawdu st k eep off the pl a tfor

,
for yo ur own sp eech
,
wi ll punc ture yo u
m
.
m
Growing out of thi s convic tion ten sion co es resolve to -
a ke the a udience sha re tha t conviction tension Purp o se is-

.
the b a c kbon e of fo rc e ; wi th o u t it sp eec h is fla bby —

m
it
a y g li tter b ut it is the i rid esc enc e of the sp in el ess j ell y
m
,
fi sh .You ust h ol d fa st to yo ur reso lve if yo u wo ul d

h ol d fa st to yo ur a u di ence .
Finally all this convic tion tension purp o se is lifeless

mm
- -
a nd u sel ess u n l ess it resul ts in propulsion You re e b er .
how Yo ung in his wond erf ul Night Th o ugh ts delin ea tes

the m an who
in th a t fa r m cquired :
m
a nd ay be a ideas , feeling a bout the
Ea c h
of these is ore or
m
sub ect,
j wording , a nd delivery .
less fully disc ussed in this volu e excep t wording which , ,
rea lly requires a f ull er rh eto ric a l stu dy th a n ca n here b e
.
, ,
mm
ventured It is h owever of the ut o st i po rta nc e tha t
you sho ul d b e a wa re of precisely how wording b ears up on
forc e in a sentenc e S tu dy The Working Principles of
.
Rhetoric by Jo hn Fra nklin Genung or the rh etorica l

m m
, ,
trea ti ses of Ada s S h er a n Hill of Cha rles S ea rs B a l dwin
mm m
, ,
or a ny o thers wh o se n a es a y ea si ly b e l ea rn ed fro
a ny tea ch er .
Here a re a few sugg estion s on the use of words to

a tta in fo rc e :
PLAI N wo rd s m o fo c ful h n o d l
m
m m
a re re r e t a w r s ess
co o ly un se —
d j uggle o Vigo h n
ha s re r t a
p r estidigi ta te .
S HORT words ong er tha n l ong words

m m
a re str
ore direc tn ess tha n ter ina te

m
end ha s .
S AX ON wo rd s a re u su a lly ore forc eful tha n

—
L a tini stic wo rd s for forc e use wa rs a ga inst
m
,
ra ther tha n ilita te a ga inst .
S PE CI FI C word s a re strong er th a n g en era l

— mm
words press a n is o re d efinite tha n printer .
CONNOTATIV E wo rd s tho se th a t suggest

m m
,
ore th a n they say ha ve ore p ower tha n

m
,
ordina ry words S he let h erself b e arri ed

exp resses m
ore tha n S he a rried m .
E PITHETS fig ura tiv ely d escrip tiv e wo rds a re

m m
, ,
ore eff ec tive tha n direc t n a es Go tell

F ORCE 93
tha t old fox , ha s m

o re punch ha n
t Go tell
tha t sly ellow
f .
ONOMATOPOETIC words words tha t convey

m
,
nse by the sound are ore p owerful

m
the se ,
—
tha n o ther wo rd s cra sh is ore effective tha n
ca taclys m .
Cut out modifi ers .
connectives
m
Cut out .
B egin wi th words tha t d e a nd a tten tion .
“
End wi th wo rds th a t deserve di stinc tion ,
sa y s Prof B a rrett W en dell

. .
S et strong idea s over a g a in st wea ker on es so ,
a s to g a in streng th b y the con tra st .
Avoid el a bora te sentenc e stru cture S h ort —

sen tenc es a re stro ng er tha n l ong on es .
Cut out every u sel ess word so a s to give

m m
,
pro in ence to the rea lly i p orta nt ones .
L et ea ch sentenc e b e a con den sed b a ttering

m swinging to its fin a l b l ow on the a tten tion
m m m m
ra ,
.
A fa ili a r ho ely idio if not worn by uch

m m
, ,
use is,
ore effective tha n a highl y for a l ,
scho l a rly exp ression .
Consider well the rela tive va lue of differen t

positions in the sentence so tha t y ou ay give m
m
the p ro in ent pl a c e to id ea s yo u wi sh to e pha m
B ut, sa m
ys so eone is it not ore honest to depend
,
m
on the inherent interest in a sub j ec t its na tive truth cl ea r, ,
94 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PEAKIN G
ness a nd sincerity of presenta tion a nd b ea uty of utter

m
m
“
a nc e to win yo ur a u dienc e? Why not char en in stea d
m
,
”
of ca pturing the by a ssa ult?
Why Use Force?
m
uchu h in such a n a pp ea l but not a ll the
m m
There is tr t ,
truth . Cl ea rn ess p ersua sion b ea uty S i pl e sta te en t

, , ,
—
of truth a re a ll essentia l indeed they a re a ll defi nite
m
, ,
p arts of a forc eful present ent of a sub j ec t wi thout

mm
,
b eing the only p arts S trong ea t ay not be a s a ttra c

.
tive a s ic es b ut a ll d ep end s on the a pp eti te a nd the sta g e
m
,
of the ea l
m
.
You ca n not del iver a n a ggressive essa g e with c aress

ing little strokes No ! Jab it in wi th ha rd sw1ft sol a r
m m
.
,
pl exus punches You ca nno t strike fi re fro flin t or fro

.
a n a u di enc e wi th l ove ta p s S ay to a crowded th ea tre in

m mm
.
a l a c k a d a i sic a l a nn er : e th a t the h o u se
mm
It see s to
is on fi re a nd yo ur a nno u nc e
,
en t a y b e g reeted
wi th a l a ugh If yo u fla sh out the words : The house s ’

.
on fi re ! th ey will crush one a no ther in getting to the

”
exi ts .
The sp iri t a nd the l a ng ua g e of forc e a re defini te wi th con

No i m
m
orta l sp eech in litera ture conta ins such
mm
v iction .
exp ression s a s I sho ul d ju dg e

“ ”
m
it see s to e ,
o p inion ” “
I upp o p h p u ”
m
y s , se er a s it,
is t r e T h e .
sp eech es th a t wi ll l ive h a v e b een d el iv ered by en a b l a z e
wi th the co ura g e of th eir convic tion s who u ttered their ,
wo rds a s etern a l tru th Of J esu s it wa s sa id tha t the

m m
“
m
.
co on p eople h eard Hi gla dly Why ? He ta ught

.
96 THE ART OF P U B LIC S PE A IN K G
mnd of yo ur a udi enc e An a ir gun will ra ttle bird sho t

m
i s .
- -
a g a i n st a Wl ndOW p a n e
— it ta kes a rifl e to w g a b ullet
thro ugh pl a te gl a ss a nd the o a k en wa ll s b eyond .
When to Use Force
An a udienc e is u nl ik e the kingdo of h ea ven the VIO—m

l ent do not a lwa ys ta ke it by forc e There are ti es when m
m
.
b ea uty a nd serenity sh oul d b e the only b ells in yo ur chi e

m
.
Forc e 1S only one of the grea t extre es of contra st

use n ei th er it nor qui e t u ttera nc e to the ex c lu sion of o ther
ton es : b e va rio u s a nd in va ri ety find even g rea ter forc e

m
,
tha n yo u co ul d a tta in by a tte p ting its con sta nt use .
I f yo u a re rea ding a n essay on the b ea uti es of the dawn

m
,
ta lking a bo u t the d a in ty b l oo of a honey suckle or

m m
-
expl a i ning the ech a ni s of a g a s engine a Vigoro u s ,
styl e of d eliv ery is en ti rely out of pl a c e B ut wh en yo u

m
m
.
a re a pp ea ling to will s a nd con sci enc es for i edia te
a c tion forc eful d elivery wins I n such ca ses con sider

m m
, ,
.
the ind s of yo ur a udience a s so a ny sa fes tha t ha ve

b een locked a nd the k eys lo st D o not try to fig ure out
m
.
the co bin a tion s . Po ur a l ittl e ni tro g ylcerine into the

c ra ck s a nd light the fuse As these lines a re b eing wri tten
.
a con tra c to r down the street is c l ea ri ng a wa y the rock s
m
m
wi th dyn a ite to la y the fo unda tion s for a grea t b uil ding .
Wh en yo u wa nt to g et a ction do not fear to use dyna ite

m
.
,
The fina l a rg u en t for the effec tiveness of forc e in

m
m
pub lic sp eech is the fa ct tha t every thing ust be enl a rged
—
;
m
for the purp o ses of the pl a tfor tha t is why so few
sp eec h es rea d well in the rep o rts on the orning a fter

FORCE 97
mn pp ear crude a nd ex aggera ted b eca use they

m
sta te e ts a
a re un a cco p a ni e d b y the forc eful delivery of a glowing

sp ea k er b efore a n a u dienc e h ea ted to a ttentive enthusi
m m
m m
as S O in prep a ring y our sp eech you
. ust not err on
h
t e S ide of il —
d sta te ent y our a udienc e will inevi tab ly
tone down y o ur wo rds in the col d grey o f a ftertho ugh t .
When Phidia s wa s criticised for the rough bol d o utlin es

m m m
,
Of a figure he ha d sub itted in co p eti tion he s il ed ,
a nd a sk ed tha t his sta tu e a nd the one wro ught b y his
riva l shoul d b e set up on the co lu m

n for which the scul p
ture wa s destin ed When this wa s done a ll the ex a gg era
m
.
tion s a nd c ru diti es toned b y dista nc es el ted in to ex
m m
, ,
q uis ite g ra c e of lin e a n d fo r E a c h.sp eec h u st b e a
sp ecia l stu dy in sui ta bil i ty a nd p rop o rtion
m
.
O it the thunder of delivery if y o u will but lik e , ,
Wendell Phillip s p ut S ilen t lightning in to yo ur sp eech .
Ma ke y o ur thoughts brea the a nd y our words b urn

m
.
B irrell sa id : E erson wri tes l ike a n el ec tric a l ca t

em itting sp ark s a nd S hock s in every sentenc e GO tho u .
a nd sp ea k li k ewi se Get the big stick in to y o ur de

.
—
livery be forceful .
Illustra te b y repea ting a sentence fro mmm ory

m m
1 .
, e ,
Wha t is ea nt by e pl oying force in sp eaking

mm
.
2 Which in y our op inion is the ost i p orta nt Of the

.
tech nica l p rincipl es of sp ea king tha t y o u ha ve stu di ed so

fa r? Why?
3 W
. ha t is th e effec t of too u ch fo rc e m
in a sp ee c h ?
TOO l ittl e?
4 . No te o
s mun n ing conv ion
e i terest ersa t or ineffective
m im
p ch
s ee , a nd te ll h f il d
w y it a e .
m
5 . S uggest how it i t b e
gh p ov d r e .
6 . Why do sp eech es ha ve to be sp oken with ore

force tha n do conversa tions?
7 . R ea d al o u d the sel ec tion on p a g e 84 u sing the ,
technic a l p rincipl es o utlined in cha p ters III to V III but ,
neg l ec t to p ut a ny fo rc e b ehind the in terp reta tion Wha t .
m doing you
is the resul t?
8 . Rerea d v
se era l ti es, r b est c
to a hie e v
Wh ic h p rts of the sel ec tion on p a g e 84 requi re
m
9 . a
o st forc e?
m
the
Write a fi v e inute sp eech not only di sc ussing

mm
10 .
-
the erro rs of th o se who ex a gg era te a nd th o se who ini iz e

m
the use of fo rc e b ut by i i ta tion sh o w thei r wea k nesses
m
, .
D O not b url esqu e but c l o sely i ita te

m
.
,
Give a list of ten the es for pub lic a ddresses

mm
11 .
,
sa ying whic h see o st l ikely to require the frequent

use of fo rc e in d el ivery
m
.
I n your own op inion do sp ea kers usua lly err fro

m
12 .
,
the use of too uch or too little forc e ?

m m
m
13 . D efin e (a ) bo b a st ; (b ) b a th o s ; (c) senti en
ta l i ty ; (d ) sq uea i sh .
14 . S a y how the fo regoing wo rd s describ e wea k nesses

in pub lic sp eech
m
.
15 . Reca st in twen tieth cen tury Engl ish Ha l et s -

’
D irec tion s to the Pl a yers p a g e 88

m m
.
,
M e o ri z e the follo wing extra c ts fro Wen

m
16 .
d ell Phillip s sp eeches a nd d eliver th e with the

’
,
1 00 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PEA IN K G
dea d into e il f r his op ini ons The n xt week she is stripp ed
x e o . e
na k d a nd fl ogg d t d th in the p ub lic squ r NO inquiry

m
e e o ea a e .
,
no xpl n tion no tria l no p rotest one dea d unifo S ilence

e a a , , , r ,
Wher is the g ound f r ny hop of

m
the l w of th tyr nt
a e a . e re r o a e
p ea c fu
el cha ng e ? N no ! in su c h a l nd d y n a
0, ite a n d th d gg er a e a
m mm
a r th n c ss ry nd p rop e sub stitutes f F neu il Ha ll
m
e e e e a a Any r or a .
m
thin g th t will a k th d a n qua k in his b edch b a nd
a e e a e a er ,
m
ro u se his victi s in to r c kl ss nd d sp t si st nc e This e a e era e re a e .
is th onl y Vi ew n A chil d of 1620 nd 1776 ca n

m
e ric n th a e a , e a ,
ta ke of Nihilis Any o th un ettles nd p p l x s th thics

. er s a er e e e e
of ur civil i
o tion za
B o n within S ight of B unk r Hill —s n of H rv d whose fi rst

.
m
r e o a ar ,
p l dg w s Truth citi n of p ublic b s d on th cl i th t

m
e e a , ze a re a e e a a
no gov n nt is rightful unl s r sting on th cons nt of th

m
er e es e e e e
m
p e op l nd whi ch
e, a ssu s t l d in ss rting th rights of
a e o ea a e e
hu a nity I — l t ca y no ng l —
no ing l ss no
m m
t s n s a thi eas n d th a e e a e ,
not if v y til on C b ridg oof w d vil hooting y

‘
e er e a e r s e re a e
wo rd ! s
pra c tise on forc eful selec tion s use The Irrep ressi
m
For ,
ble Conflic t p ag e 6 7 ; Ab ra ha Lincoln p a g e 76

, ,
°
“
Pa ss Pro sp eri ty Aro u nd pa ge 470 ; A Plea for Cub a , ,
pa g e 50 .
CHAPTER X
F E E L IN G AN D E N TH U S IA S M
E th n usi as m i s tha t c
se re t a nd ha r m
oniou i it
s sp r tha t h ov e rs
o v er the p r odu ction of g niu e s

—IS AAC
.
D IS R AEL I , L itera ry Cha ra cter .
If you a re a ddressing a body of scientists on such a

sub j ec t a s the v ei ns in a b utterfl y s wing s or on ro a d stru c t
m m
’
,
ure n a tura lly you r the e will not a ro u se uch feeling

m
,
in either you or y our a udience These a re p urely enta l

m m
.
sub j ec ts B ut if y o u wa n t en to vo te for a ea sure th a t
m
.
will a bolish chil d l a bor or if you wo ul d in sp ire the

m m m
,
to
ta ke up a r s for freedo y o u ust strike stra ight a t

,
th eir feeling s We lie on soft b eds sit nea r the ra dia tor
.
,
on a col d da y ea t cherry pie a nd devote our a ttention

, ,
to one of the opp o si te sex not b ec a u se we ha ve rea son ed

,
out th a t it is the righ t thing to do b ut b ec a u se it f eel s
m
,
right N0 one but a dysp ep tic choo ses his diet fro
. a
chart Our feelings dic ta te wha t we shall ea t and g en

m
.
era lly how we sha ll act Ma n is a feeling a ni a l h ence

m
,
.
the pub lic sp ea ker s a bili ty to a ro u se en to a c tion de
m m
’
p ends a l o st wholly on his a bili ty to touch their e otions

m
.
Negro o thers on the a uction b lock seeing their chil

mm m
-
dren sol d awa y fro the in to slavery have fla ed out

m m m
so e of A eric a s o st stirring sp eeches True the
m
’
.
,
other did not ha ve a ny knowledge of the technique of

m
sp ea king b ut S he ha d so ething grea ter tha n a ll technique
m
, ,
ore effective tha n rea son : feeling The grea t speeches .

THE ART OF PUB LIC S PE AKING
of the w r o ld ha veb een delivered on ta riff reductions

not
or p o st Ofli ce a pp ro priation s The sp eech es th a t wi ll l ive

m
-
.
ha ve b een cha rg ed wi th e o tional force Pro speri ty a nd .
p ea c e a re poor develop ers of elo quenc e When grea t

m
'
wrong s a re to b e righ ted wh en the p ublich ea rt is fl a ing

mm
,
wi th p a ssion tha t is the occ asion for e ora b l e sp ea king

m m
m
, .
m
Pa trick Henry a de a n i orta l a ddress for in a n ,
ep oc h a l cri si s he pl ea d ed for lib erty He ha d ro used hi .
self to the p oin t wh ere he coul d h on estly a nd p a ssion a tel y
m
ex c l a i ,
Giv e m
e lib erty or give e d ea th His fa e m . m
woul d h a ve b een different ha d he lived to day a nd a rg u ed -
for the rec a ll of ju dg es .
The P ower o f E nthusia s m

o l i ic l p i h b nd ppl u — h y
mm
P t a a rt e s ir e a s a n d p y
a for,
a a se t e
a rgu e th a t for vo te g etting to sti r up en thu si a s

,
-
,
is ore
effec tiv e th a n rea so ning How fa r th ey a re right d ep end s
.
on the h ea rers but there ca n b e no doub t a bo ut the con

m m
,
ta g ious n a ture of en thu si a s A wa tch a nufa c turer in
m
.
New York tri ed out two seri es of wa tch a dverti se en ts ;

one a rg u ed the sup erio r con struc tion work a n ship ,
m ,
dura bili ty a nd gu ara ntee Offered with the wa tch ; the

,
o th er was h ea ded A Wa tch to b e Pro u d of a nd dwelt

“
, ,
up on the plea sure a nd p ride of own ership The la tter

m m m
.
seri es so l d twic e a s a ny a s the fo r er A sa l es a n for

m m
.
a l oco o tive works infor ed the wri ter tha t in selling

railro a d engin es e m
o tiona l a pp ea l wa s strong er tha n a n
a rg um en t b a sed on m
ech a nic a l ex c ell enc e
mm
.
Illustra tions wi thout n u b er ight b e cited to S how

1 04 TH E ART OF PUB LIC S PE AKIN G
mdy m m
m
re e ha ddone for hi wa shed his fa c e in it to de on ,
stra te t a t it wa s a s h a r l ess a s wa ter a nd enla rg ed on its

h
mi in m
,
su ch a n en thu si a sti c a nn er tha t the h a lf
m
er ts
do lla rs p o ured in on hi in a si lver flood When he ha d .
suppli ed the a u di enc e wi th h a i r tonic he a sk ed why a

m m
,
grea ter prop ortion of en tha n wo en were b a l d N0

m
.
one kn ew He exp l a in ed tha t it wa s b eca use wo en wo re

m
‘
thinn er so l ed sh o es a nd so a d e a good el ec tric a l con
m m
-
nection wi th o ther ea rth while en wore thick dry

m
, ,
so l ed sh o es th a t did not tra n s i t the ea r th s el ec trici ty to
m
’
the body . M en s h a ir not h a ving a prop er a o un t of

’
,
el ec tric a l food di ed a nd fell out Of co urse he ha d a

m
.
,
edy a li ttl e copp er pl a te th a t S h o ul d b e n a i l ed on the
m
re
-
bo tto of the sho e He pictured in enthusia stic a nd Vivid

m
.
—
ter s the d esira bi li ty of esc a p ing b a l dn ess a nd p a id
trib u tes to his copp er pl a tes S tra ng e a s it a y see . m m

wh en the sto ry is to l d in co l d p rin t the sp ea k er s eu
m m
’
,
thusias ha d swep t his a u di enc e wi th hi a nd th ey ,
cru shed a ro und his sta nd with o utstretched qua rters

in their a nxi ety to b e the p o ssessors of these a gic a l m
pla tes !
m —
E erson s sugg estion ha d b een well ta k en the ob server
’
ha d seen a g a in the wonderful p ersua siv e p ower of eu

m
,
n u i mn m
thusia s !
ill on c u ding in o oly nd H
d m f om n hu i m
E th s as se t i s r sa t the La
c n pl g d
n hu i m
to re ee it r the S a ra e s. E t s as un e
mll ply ng unkno n

E u op in o hi y y
r e t a ovt ligion
rt ea rs
’
wa r er re . E t s as
n h
m
se t t ree s a ship s i the w sea to the
o
S h res of o l d Wh n
a p ol on
n ew w y r . e Na e
’
s ar were
wo rn out a nd di scoura g ed in their as e c nt of the Alp s,
FEELIN G AND E N HU S I S M T A 105
the L tti le Corp ora l stopped the a nd ordered the b a nds m

to pl a y the Ma rsei ll a i se Un der its soul stirring stra in s
.
-
th ere were no Alp s

m
.
Li sten ! E erson sa id : No thing grea t wa s ever

a chie m
ved witho ut enthusia s Ca rlyl e decl a red tha t
mm
.
Every grea t ove ent in the a nna ls of history ha s b een

m m
the triu p h of en thu sia s It is a s conta gio u s a s
m
.
ea sl es El oqu enc e is ha l f in sp ira tion S weep y o ur

m
. .
a u dienc e wi th y o u in a p ul sa tion of enthu si a s L et y o ur

m m
.
self go A a n sa i d Oliv er Cro well

.
,
n ev er ri se s so ,
high a s when he knows not whither he is going .
How a re We to Acquire a nd D evelop E nthusia s m

?
It is not to be s m
lipp ed on l ik e a s oking j a cket A book .
ca nno t furnish —
y ou wi th it It is a growth an effect
. .
B ut a n effec t of wha t? L et us see

m m
.
E erson wro te : A p a i n ter to l d e tha t nobod y coul d

m m
draw a tree wi thout in so e sort b eco ing a tree ; or draw
a chil d b y stu dying the o u tlin es of his fo r mm erely —
m m
b ut , ,
by wa tching for a ti e his o tion a nd p la y s the pa i n ter

m
,
en ters his n a ture a nd then ca n dr a w hi a t will in ev ery
m
,
a tti tu de S o Roo s en tered in to the in o st na tur e of his

mm
‘
.
sheep . I kn ew a dra ughts a n e plo y ed in a pub lic sur

’
v ey who fo und tha t he co ul d not sk etch the rock s u n til
m
,
th eir g eo l ogic a l stru c ture wa s first exp la in ed to hi .
When S a ra h B ernh a rdt p la y s a difficult rOle S he fre

m
quently will sp ea k to no one fro fo ur o clock in the a fter
m m
’
noon unti l a fter the p erfor a nce Fro the ho ur of fo ur .
S he liv es her cha ra c ter B oo th it is rep o rted woul d not

.
, ,
1 06 TH E ART OF PUB LIC S PE KIN A G
p erm nyon
it a e to s eap k to hi mb
n the a cts Of his etwee
—
S ha kesp erea n rol es for he wa s Ma cb eth th en not B ooth
m m
, .
D a n te exil ed fro
,
his b el oved Fl orenc e cond e n ed to ,
dea th lived in c a ves h a lf sta rved ; th en D a nte wrote out

m
, ,
his h ea rt in The D ivin e Co edy B unya n entered

m
.
“
in to the spirit of his Pilg ri s Progress so thoroughly tha t
’
he fell down on the fl oor of B edford j a il a nd wep t for joy .
m
Turn er who lived in a ga rret a ro se b efore da yb rea k a nd
, ,
wa lk ed over the hill s nin e iles to see the sun ri se on the

m
ocea n tha t he ight ca tch the S p iri t of its wonderful
,
b ea uty Wendell Phil lip s sentences were ful l of silent

.
’ “
lightning b ec ause he bore in his hea rt the Sorrow of fi v e

”
m illion sl a ves .
Th ere is on ly one wa y to g et feeling in to yo ur sp ea kin g

a nd wh a tever el se yo u fo rg et fo rg et not this : You m
m
, ust
actua lly E NTE R IN TO the c h a ra c ter yo u i p ersona te ,
,
r —
the c a u se y o u a dvoc a te the c a se yo u a gu e enter in to it
so d eepl y th a t it c l o thes yo u en th ra ll s yo u p o ssesses yo u
m
’
, ,
wh o ll y Then yo u a re in the tru e ea ning of the wo rd
m
.
, ,
in sy pa thy wi th your sub j ect for its feeling is yo ur

m
,
feeling yo u feel wi th it a nd th erefo re y o ur enthusia s

,
“
,
is bo th g enuin e a nd con ta gio u s The Ca rp en ter who

m
.
sp o k e a s n ever an sp a k e uttered words born out of a

— m
p a ssion of love for hu a nity he ha d entered in to hu
m a nity a nd thu s b ec a e Ma n m
m
.
,
ust not loo k up on the foregoing words a s a

m
B ut we
fa cil e prescrip tion for decocting a feeling which ay then
m
b e l a dl ed out to a co pl a c en t a udi ence in q ua n ti ti es to
mm
m
suit the n eed of the o en t G enuine feelin g in a sp eech
.
is bon e a nd b l ood of the sp eec h i tself a nd not so ething

m mo in u n i l l m n in h i ch c fl
l gio u l m lm
a sses, the st e t a e e
e t t e r a ra ter, is
n in inc iv n l
info m
the re i s e e e t . It is as st t e a nd e e e ta
as the la wof lf p v ion se -
ho l
reser at . It r s the w e in
p on li y of p opl o ul d
mh i unfo md
tellect a nd ers a t the e e . And h e who w
g ly influ nc p opl by
ho ugh m
rea t e e the e e utter g t e r r e
u h v h g un n lyz b l bond of
ym p y ih h m
t ts st a e t is rea t a nd a a a e
mof md h mlv pp
s a th wt t e .
Wh n Ul ster
omRul
e the en ar e t e se es to O ose the
p g of H of p n i
d m omR
a ssa e the e e Act one the rese t wr ters
ign d hu opic H
m
a ss e to a n dr e en e ul e as the t
dd p p d b y ch ong h g o up
omb i lli n p k mxp i nc d
for an a ress to b e re a re ea . A t is r
v l of
p oli ic l c m omof h i
were s e r a t s ea ers, se era the e er e e
l y p ign
mk bl kno l dg g of
a w ers a nd t a a a ers . S e t e r ad
d ho d
m
resses s we a re ar a e w e e a nd ra sp the
sub j ce oh t; t clo h d in
ers o were c iv t e the st a ttra t e
phra ses B ut a cl erk wi tho ut a grea t dea l of educa tion

.
,
a nd exp eri enc e a ro se a nd to l d how he sp en t his boyh ood
m m
,
day s in Ul ster how his o ther while hol ding hi on her

m
,
lap ha d p ic tured to hi Ul ster s deeds of va l or He sp ok e

m m
’
.
of a pic ture in his uncle s ho e th a t showed the en of

m
’
Ulster conqu ering a tyra n t a nd a rching on to Vic to ry .
His voic e quiv ered a nd wi th a ha nd p oin ting upwa rd he

m
,
declared tha t if the en of Ulster went to wa r they woul d

not go a l on e— a g rea t God wo ul d go wi th th e m.
The sp eech thrill ed a nd el ec trifi ed the a udienc e It .
thri ll s yet a s we rec a ll it The hig h so un ding phra ses

m
-
,
.
the histo ric a l knowl edg e the phil o sophic a l trea t en t of , ,
the o th er sp ea k ers l a rg ely fa i l ed to a ro u se a ny deep in
terest whi l e the g enuin e convic tion a nd f eeling of the
m
,
odest clerk sp ea king on a sub j ec t tha t lay deep in his

,
FEELING T
AND E N HU S I S M A 1 09
hea rt not only electrified his a udience but won their

m
,
persona l sy p a thy for the ca use he a dvoca ted .
As Web ster sa id it IS of no use to try to p retend to

m
,
sy p athy or f eeling s It c a nnot b e done su ccessfully

mm
. .
“
Nature is forever p utting a p re iu on reali ty Wha t .
is fa lse is soon detec ted a s such The thoughts a nd feeling s

m m
.
th a t crea te a nd oul d the sp eech in the study ust b e

born a ga in when the sp eech is delivered fro the p la tfor m m .
D o not let y o ur words sa y one thing a nd y o ur voice a nd

m
,
a tti tu d e a no ther There is no roo here for ha lf h ea rted

m
-
,
.
noncha la nt ethods of delivery S inc erity is the very soul .
of eloquence Ca rlyle wa s right : No Mira b ea u Na

m m
.
,
p ole on B u,
rn s C r o w ell ,
n o a n a d eq u a te
, to do a nyt hing ,
but is first of a ll in right ea rn est a bout it ; wha t I ca ll a

sinc ere m I S houl d sa y sinc eri ty a grea t deep genuine
m
an .
, , ,
sinc eri ty is the first c ha ra c teri stic of a ll

,
en in a ny wa y
heroic Not the sinc eri ty tha t c a lls i tself S inc ere ; a h no
m
.
,
tha t is a very p oor a tter in de ed ; a sha ll o w b ra gg a rt
m
,
conscious sinceri ty oftenest self concei t a inly The

m
-
.
,
grea t a n s sinceri ty is of the kind he c a nnot S p ea k oi is

’ —
not con scio u s of .
QUES TIONS AND EXERCI S ES
It is ng to convinc e the woul d b e sp eaker tha t

one thi -
he ought to p ut f eeling in to his sp eeches ; often it is qui te

a no th er th ing for hi to do it m
The a vera g e sp ea k er is
m
.
a fra id to let h i self go a nd con tinu a lly supp resses his
m
,
e o tion s When you p ut enough feeling in to your

.
sp eech es th ey will so und overdon e to yo u unl ess yo u a re ,
a n exp eri enc ed sp ea k er They will sound too strong if

.
,
I IO THE ART OF PUB LIC S PE AKING
yo u a re not used to enla rging for pla tfor or sta ge for m

the d elin ea tion of the e o tion s ust b e enl a rg ed for pub m m ,
lic delivery .
m
S tu dy the fo ll owing sp eech going b a c k in yo u r
m m
”
1 .
,
i a gina tion to the ti e a nd ci rcu sta nces tha t bro ught it

forth Ma ke it not a e orized historica l doc u ent but mm m
m
.
,
f eel the e o tions tha t ga ve it birth The speech is only .
a n ef fec t ; live over in yo ur own h ea rt the ca uses tha t p ro

duced it a nd try to d el iver it a t white h ea t
m
It is not .
p o ssib l e for yo u to p ut too uch rea l feel ing into it ,
th o ugh of co urse it wo ul d be q uite ea sy to ra n t a nd fil l it

m
wi th fa l se e o tion Th i s sp eech a cco rding to Th o a s Jef
.
,
m
ferson sta rted the b a ll of the Revo lution rolling
, Men .
were th en will ing to go out a nd die for l ib erty .
PA TRI CK HE NRY S S PEE CH

’
BE F ORE THE VIRGINIA CONVE NTION OF DE LE GATE S

M P id nt it is n tu l t
r . res e n t , indulg in th illusions
a ra o m a o e e
of hop e W p t t shu t u y g in t p inful truth

m
. e a re a o o r e es a a s a a ,
a nd l ist n t th song of th t si n till h t n fo s us t b sts

m
e o e a re , s e ra s r o ea .
m
Is this th p rt of wi s e n ng g d in g t nd rdu ous
a e e , e a e a rea a a
st u ggl f
r lib ty ? Ar w disp os d t b of th nu b r of tho
e or er e e e o e e e se
wh h ving y s n d h ving n t th thing s
m m
o, a n t e e ,
h se e o , a a ea rs , ea r o , e
which n ly conc n u t p o l s lv tion ? F y p rt

m m
so ea r er o r e ra a a or a ,
wh t va e ngui h of sp i it it y cost I
er a s will ing t kno w
r a , a o
th whol t u th ; t know th w o st nd t p ovid f

m m
e e r o it e r , a o r e or .
I h v b ut n l ic f gu id d
m
a e p yb w h h
o y et a ; n d th t ee a re e a a
is th l e p of xap ri nc I k no w of
e no w y of
e j u dging
e of
e. th e a
futu b ut by th p t And j udging by th p a st I wi h t know

re e as . e ,
s o
m
wh t th
a h s b n in th condu ct of th B itish Ministry f r
e re a ee e e r o
th l st t n y j u tify tho s hop w ith which g ntl n

m
e a s t e ea r o s e es e e e
h v b en p l s d t ol c th lv s nd th Hous ? Is it
m
a e e ea e o s a e e se e a e e
tha t in si diou s il with which u p tition h s b n l t ly

s e o r e a ee a e re
fight ;
the G od
I rep ea t
of Ho ts is ll tha t is l ft us ! s
it, sir ,
a
we m
u fig st
e
ht ! An a p p ea lt o ar m s , a nd to
,
m
Th y t ll us si th t w
e r ew ak un bl t cop e with s
, r, a e a e e a e o o
fo id bl n dv s y B ut wh n sh ll w b st ong ? Will
r a e a a er a r e a e e r er
m
it b th n xt w k
e th n xt y
e ? Will it b wh n w
e ee , or e e ea r e e e a re
tot lly dis r

a d a nd wh n B riti h gu d ha ll b st tion d in
a e , e a s ar s e a e
v y hous ? S h ll w g th st ngth by i solution nd in

m
e er e a e a er re rre a
ction ? S h ll w cqui th ns f ff ctual sist nc by

m
a a e a re e ea o e e re a e,
lying up in ly on u b ck nd hugging th delu iv p h nto

m
s e o r a s, a e s e a
of h op until ou n i s h v b ound us h nd nd foot ? S ir

m m
e, r e e e a e a a ,
k if w a k p op us of thos ns which
m
w a e n t w re o ea , e e a r er e e ea
th G d of N tu h th p l c d in u p ow illions of
m
e o a Th e re a a e o r er . r e
p op l
e d in th holy c u of Lib ty nd in such a country
e, a r e e a se er , a
a s th t which w p os ss invincibl b y ny fo c which ou

m
a e se , a re e a r e r
e n y n send g inst us B sid

e ca i w sh ll n t fight ura a . e es , S r , e a o o
b ttl s l on Th is j ust Pow who p sid s ov r th d s

a e a e . ere a er re e e e e
tini of n tions nd wh will i up f i nds t fight u b ttl s

es a , a o ra se r e o o r a e
for us Th b ttl .S ir is n t t th st ong l on ; it is to th

e a e, , o o e r a e e
vigil nt th ctiv th b v B id s i w h v no l ction

a , e a e, e ra e . es e , s r, e a e e e .
b s nough t d si it it i n w t l t t ti e
m m
If w w e ere a e e o e re , s o oo a e o re r
f o th cont st Th is no t t b ut in ub is ion nd
m
r e e . ere re rea ,
s s a
sl v y Our ch ins fo g d Th i cl nking y b h d

m
a er . a a re r e . e r a a e ea r
on th p l in s of B o ston is in vit b l ; n d l t it co
m m
e Th w a e! . e ar e a e a e
I p t it S i l t it co ! It is in v in si t xt nu t th a t
mm
re ea , r, e e a , r, o e e a e e
G ntl n y ry P c p c ! b ut th is no p e c !
m
”
t r e . e e e a c ea e, ea e ere a e
is c tu lly b gu n ! Th n xt g l th t sw p s f o
m
Th w e ar a a th e e e a e a ee r e
no th will b ring to u
r s th cl sh of sounding ! Ou o r ea r e a re ar s r
b th n lr dy in th fi l d ! Why st nd w h e idl ? Wh t
m
re re a re a ea e e a e er e a
is it th t g ntl n wish? Wh t woul d th y h v ? Is lif s

a e e e a e a e e o
de r r p c s sw t s t b p u ch s d t the p ic of ch ins
m
a o ea e o ee a o e r a e a r e a
—
, ,
m m
a nd S l v y ? Fo b id it Al ighty Pow s I know n t wha t
m
a er r ,
er o
cou s oth s y t k ; b ut s f r e give e lib erty give

m
r e er a a e a o ,
or
d th !
e ea
Live
over in your i a gina tion a ll the sole nity a nd m m
m
2 .
m
so rrow th a t L inco l n f el t a t the Getty sb urg c e etery The .
feeling in thi s sp eech is very deep but it is quieter a nd ore ,
subdu ed th a n the p rec eding one The purp o se of Henry s

’
.
FEELIN G AND E N H US IA S M T I I3
address wa s to g et a ction ; Lincoln s sp eech wa s ea nt only ’

m
to dedica te the la st restin g pla c e of th o se who ha d a c ted .
Rea d it over a nd over (see p ag e 50 ) until it b urns in yo ur

soul Then co . m
m
it it a nd rep ea t it for e o tiona l ex m
p ressIOn .
p B eecher
eech on Linco ln p a g e 76 ; Thurston s
’ ’
s s
3 .
,
sp eech on A Pl ea for Cub a page 50 ; a nd the fol

m
m
,
lowing selection a re reco ended for pra ctise in develop

,
A living f bring t its lf ll th esou ces of i gin

oroe tha t s o e a e r r m a a
tion a ll th insp ir tion s of f lin g ll th t is influ ntia l in body

mm
, e a ee , a a e ,
in voic in y in g stu e, e in p o tu in th whol ni te d n

e, e re , s re , e e a a a ,
is in strict na l ogy with th div in thought nd th divin

m m m
a e e a e e ar
r nga nt ; nd the i no i con t uction o utte ly unt ue

e e a re s s s r re r r
a nd f t l tha n this tha t o to y i rtificial thing whi ch
m
a a : n ra r s a a ,
m m
d ls with b ubl s nd trifl f th s k of a kin g bubbl s of
ea a e a es, or e a e e
l u n i n c on c u i u nc f o
m
p sea f t re s t
or f
f t
ra e r e l di e s S f er a a e e . o ar r
th t it is th con c tion of th whol n t th nob l st p ur

m
a e se ra e e a o e e
—
,
m
p os s t e w h i c ho n n dd s
os h ie ca lf th a du c tion nd in
re se e e a a
sp ir tiona of h is f ll o w n by e ll th t t h isein l ning by all

a a ere ea r ,
is in thou ght by ll th t th is in f ling by all th t

m m
th t th a ere , a a ere ee , a
th is in ll of th
ere a nt ho through th ch nn ls of t ste
e se e e a e a
—
,
and of b u ty HE NRY WARD B E E CHE R

ea . .
4 Wh a
. t in yo ur o p inion ar e t h e rel a tiv e va lu es of
tho ugh t a nd f eeling in a sp eech ?
o d di p n i i h
m
5 C ul
. w e s e se w th e t e r ?
Wha t kinds of selections or occa sions require uch
m
6 .
feeling a nd enthusia s ? Which require little?

I nv n l i of ub j c sp eech es sa ying
m m
7 e
. t a st t en s e ts for ,
which woul d give o st roo for pure tho ught a nd which
8 . Prep are a nd d livem

inu er a ten -
te p ch deno uncing
s ee
the (i mgin
y) unfeeling plea of a n a ttorney ; he ay be
a ar m
ei th er the co un sel for the def en se or the p ro sec u ting
a tto rn ey a nd the a cc u sed

,
m
a y b e a ssu ed to b e ei th er m
g ui lty or innocent a t yo ur op tion
mm
.
,
9 . Is f eeling o re I p o rta n t tha n the tech nic a l p rin
cip les exp o u nd ed in ch a p ters III to V II ? Why ?

10 An a lyz e the secret of so e effec tive sp eech or
. m
sp ea k er To wh a t is the su cc ess due?
m m
.
Give a n exa ple fro yo ur own ob serva tion of the

m
11 .
fec t of feel ing a nd en thu sia s on listeners

m m m
ef .
M e ori z e Ca rlyl e s a nd E erson s re a rks on en

m
’ ’
12 .
thusia s .
D eliver Pa trick Henry ddress pa ge 1 1 0 a nd

’
13 . s a , ,
Thurston p eech p a ge 50 wi th o u t S h ow of f eeling or

m
’
s s , ,
en thu si a s Wha t is the resul t?

.
Rep ea t with a ll the feeling th ese sel ec tions de

m
14 .
,
a nd Wha t is the resul t?

.
Wh a t step s do yo u in tend to ta k e to develop the

m
I5 .
p ower of enthusia s a nd feelin g in sp ea king ?

m
Wri te a nd deliver a fi v e inute sp eech ridiculing
m m
16 .
-
sp ea k er who u ses bo b a st p o p o sity a nd over

mm m
a ,
en thu si a s I ita te hi . .
116 THE ART OF PUB L IC S PE KIN A G
on ha ir trigger Yo ur fluency will b e in direct ra tio

m
the .
to two i p orta nt condi tion s : yo ur knowl edg e of wh a t yo u

a re going to sa y a nd your b eing a cc u sto
, ed to telling m
wh a t yo u know to a n a u dienc e This gives us the second
m m
"
—
grea t el e ent of fl uency to prep a ra tion ust b e a dd ed
the ease th a t a ri ses fro m
pra ctise ; of which ore pres m
Knowledge is Essentia l
Mr m
B ry a n is
o flu n p k h n p k s on
p oli ic l p ob l m nd nci of im
. a st e t s ea er w e he s ea
e a nd q u estion s
of m
t a r e s te e ,
es the t ,
o lra s . upp o d h o v
It is to b e s h
se we er t a t he wo ul d not
, ,
o ugh m
b e so flu n in p ki g on
e t s ea bi d li of
n the r fe the Fl orida
v gl d
E er a es M Joh n
. r . gh
B urr s i t b e a t his b est
on this l ast sub j ec t yet entirely lo st in talking a bo ut inter
,
na tiona l law D o not exp ect to sp eak fluently on a subj ec t

.
th a t yo u know li ttl e or no thing a bo u t Ctesiph on bo a sted .
th a t he co ul d sp ea k a ll da y (a S in in i tself) on a ny sub j ec t
th a t a n a u di enc e wo ul d sugg est He wa s b a nished by the
.
S p a rta n s .
B ut p rep a ra tion go es b eyond the g etting of the fa c ts

in the ca se yo u a re to present : it includ es a lso the a bility
to think a nd a rra ng e yo ur th o ug h ts a f ull a nd p reci se
m
,
vocab ul ary a n ea sy a nn er of sp eech a nd brea thin g

, ,
a b senc e of self con scio usness a nd the severa l o ther

-
cha ra c teri stic s of effi cient delivery tha t have deserved

sp eci a l a tten tion in o th er p a rts of thi s boo k ra th er th a n in
this ch a p ter
m
.
Prep a ra tion a y b e ei th er g en era l or sp ecifi c ; u su a lly it
S h o ul d b e bo th m
A life ti e of rea ding of co p a nion ship
.
-
,
m
FLUE NCY THROU GH PRE P ARA TION I I7
with stirring tho ughts, m

of wrestlin g with the prob le s of
— m
life this constitutes a genera l p rep a ra tion of in esti a ble
worth m —
Out of a well stored ind a nd richer still a —
mm
-
.
,
— —
b oad exp e i enc e a nd b est of a ll a wa r ly sy pa thetic
mm
r r ,
hea rt the sp ea ker will ha ve to dra w uch a teria l tha t

m
m
,
no i edia te study could provi de Genera l p rep a ra tion

m m
.
consists of a ll tha t a a n ha s p ut into hi self a ll tha t

m m
,
heredi ty a nd environ ent ha ve instilled into hi a nd ,
tha t o ther rich so urc e of prep a redn ess for sp eech the —
m
fri endship of wi se co p a nions When S chiller returned
m m m
.
ho e a fter a vi sit wi th Goethe a friend re arked : I a

am m
a z ed b y the p rog ress S chill er ca n a k e wi thin a S ingl e
fortnight It wa s the p rogressive influ enc e of a new

m m
.
fri endship Prop er friendship s for one of the b est ea ns

m
.
for the fo r a tion of idea s a nd idea l s for they en a b l e one

,
to p ra c ti se in giving exp ression to tho ught The sp ea ker

.
who woul d sp ea k fluen tly b efo re a n a u dienc e S houl d l ea rn

to sp ea k flu en tly a nd en terta iningly wi th a fri end Cl arify
m
.
m m
your idea s by putting the in words ; the ta lker ga in s
uch fro his conversa tion a s the li stener You so e m
m
as .
ti es b egin to converse on a sub j ec t thinking yo u h a ve
very little to say but one idea gives birth to a no ther a nd

m m
, ,
you a re surprised to lea rn tha t the ore y ou give the ore

you ha ve to give Thi s give a nd ta ke of friendl y conversa
m
- -
.
tion d ev el op s en ta l i ty a nd fluenc y in exp ression

, Long .
fellow said : A single conversa tion a cro ss the tab l e with a

wisem a n is b etter tha n ten yea rs stu d y of book s
m m
’
a nd ,
Hol es whi sic a lly yet none the less truth q y decl a re d
m
tha t ha lf the ti e he ta lk ed to find out wha t he th o ught
m m m
.
B ut th a t ethod ust not b e ap plied on the pla tfor !

1 18 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PE .
AKIN G
After a ll thi s m
ich ent of life by stora ge ust co e
enr ,
m m
the sp eci a l p rep a ra tion for the p a rtic ula r sp eec h Thi s .
is of so defini te a sort tha t it wa rra n ts sep a ra te cha p ter

m
trea t en t l a ter .
P ra ctise
m
prepara tion ust a lso be of a no ther sort tha n the
m m
B ut
ga thering organizing a nd S ha ping of a teria l s it ust —
m m
, ,
include pra ctise which lik e enta l prepara tion ust b e

, , ,
both genera l a nd sp ecia l .
D o not f eel sur p ri sed or disco ura g ed if p ra c tise on the

principl es of delivery herein la id down see s to reta rd m
. m
your fluency For a ti e this will b e inevi ta b le Whil e , .
yo u are working for prop er infl ection for insta nce in

m
, ,
fl ection will b e d e a n ding your first th o ugh ts a nd the

m
,
fl ow of yo ur sp eech for the ti e b eing wi ll b e seconda ry

, , .
This wa rning h owever is stric tly for the c l o set for yo ur

m
, , ,
pra c tise a t h o e D o not c a rry a ny tho ughts of inflection

m m
.
wi th yo u to the pl a tfor Th ere yo u ust think onl y of

.
your sub j ec t Th ere is a n a b solute telepa thy b etween the

.
a u dienc e a nd the sp ea k er I f yo ur th ought go es to yo ur

.
g esture their tho ught will too I f yo ur interest go es to

,
.
the q ua li ty of yo ur voic e th ey wil l b e reg a rding tha t in

,
stea d of wh a t yo ur voic e is u ttering .
You h a ve do ub tl ess b een a djured to fo rg et ev ery th ing

but yo ur sub j ec t This a dvic e sa y s ei ther too uch or m
m
.
too li ttl e The tru th is tha t whil e on the pl a tfor yo u

m m
.
ust not forget a grea t a ny thing s tha t a re not in yo ur

m m
,
sub j ec t b ut yo u ust not think of the Yo u r a tten tion

m m
.
,
ust con scio usly go only to yo ur essag e b ut sub ,

1 20 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE AKIN G
m
pra ctise the econo y of yo ur well studi ed e pha sis m
m m
-
, ,
a ll will subcon scio u sly co e to yo ur a id on the pl a tfor
m
.
Th en the h a bi ts yo u h a ve for ed will b e ea rning

yo u a splendid dividend The fluency of your sp eech
m
.
will b e a t the sp eed of fl ow yo ur p ra c ti se ha s a de
ha bitua l
m
.
B ut this ea n s wo rk Wha t good ha bit do es not? No

.
phil o soph er s ston e tha t will a ct a s a sub stitute for la bo rio us

’
pra c tise ha s ever b een fo und I f it were it wo ul d b e thrown

.
,
a wa y b eca u se it wo ul d ki ll our g rea test j oy — the d elight
m
,
of a c quisition I f pub lic sp ea king ea ns to yo u a fuller

.
-
life yo u will know no grea ter happ in ess tha n a well

m
,
S po k en sp eech The ti e yo u h a ve sp en t in g a th ering

.
idea s a nd in priva te pra c tise of sp ea king yo u wil l find

am ply rewa rded .
QUE S TIONS AND EX ERCI S ES
I . Wha t a dva nta g es ha s the fluen t sp ea ker over the

h esita ting talker?
2 . Wh a t influenc es wi thin a nd wi tho ut the a n hi
,
m m
self wo rk a g a in st flu ency ?
m m
,
l c f o d i l y p p o o p ic
m
d
m
3 . S e e t r th e a a er s e t for a n a
dress a nd a k e a three inute a ddress on it D o yo ur

m m
-
.
words co e freely a nd yo ur sen tenc es fl ow out rhyth ic

a lly ? m
Pra c ti se on the sa e topic u n til th ey do
m m
.
S el ec t so e sub j ec t wi th which yo u a re fa ili a r

m
4 .
a nd test yo u r flu ency by sp ea king ex te p ora neo usly

m
.
5 . T a k e on e of th e se n ti en ts giv en b e l o w a nd fo l ,
l owing the a dvice given on p a g es 1 1 8 1 1 9 con struc t a -
sh o rt sp eech b egin ning wi th the l a st w o rd in the sen tenc e .

FLUE NCY THROU GH PRE P ARATION 121
Ma chinery cono ic wo ld
ha s c rea te d a new e m r .
The S ocia li t P rty i st nu o u s w o k f p c

s a s a re r er or ea e
m
.
H was cru h d nd b ok n n wh n h l ft p i son
m m
e a s e a r e a e e e r .
War ust ul ti t ly giv w y t wo ld wid bit tion e ar ra
m m
a e e a o r -
.
The la bo unions d r nd o qual di tribution of e a a re e s the

wea l th th t l bor c
a t a rea es .
6 . Put the se nti mn e of Mr B rya n s

ts .
’
Princ e of
Pea c e, on p a ge 44 8 ,
into y our own words . Honestly
cri ticise y our own effort
m
.
k of fo ll o ing q u o ion k
m
7. Ta e a ny th e w ta t s a nd a e a
fi v e in ute sp eech on it witho ut p a u sing to p rep a re The

m m
-
.
fir st efforts a y b e v ery l a e b ut if y o u wa nt sp eed on a ,
typ ewri ter a record for a hu ndred y a rd da sh or f a ci li ty

m
-
, ,
in sp eaking y ou ust pra c tise practise PRACTIS E

, , ,
.
liv m
o fi in honest doub t
m n in
There es re a th ,
mm
Be li ve e e, tha ha lf th c ds e ree
—TE NNYS ON I n M
.
e oria
m m
.
,
Ho we ’
er it b e , it see s to e,
only nobl good

m
’
Tis e to b e .
ind o n co on
im n om
K hea rts a re re tha r ets ,
And l fi S n bl ood
p e a th tha N r a
—
.
Y TE NN S ON , L a dy Cla ra Vere de Vere
di nc l nd nc n m
.
n Vi
m
’
Tis sta e e s e ha t e t to the ew
An d ob r oun in in es u the ta its az re hue .
— A C MPB ELL , Plea sures of H ope

b com on innoc nc
.
His est l
p a ni s, e e a nd hea th ,
An d his igno nc of w l thb est r hes , ic ra e ea
—G OL DS MITH Th D ted
.
, e eser Villa g e .
of desp t st p ! Th d k t d
m
B wa e re era e e s e ar es ay ,
Liv till to o ow will h v p d wy

m
e rr a e a sse a a
—COWPE R N dle
, .
, ee ss Ala r .
My count y i r s the w o l d and
r , m
—
y rel igion is t do good o .
A1 NE Rig ht P s o f Ma n
m
, .
T d it y h lp soci ety x t nd
1
ra e a e , e e ,
B ut lu s th p i t nd co rrup t th f i nd
m
re e ra e , a s e r e :
It is s r i in n tion s id
ra e a es a a
’
a ,
B u t b ib s n t nd th l nd s b t y d
r e a se a e, a e a
’
e ra
’
—POPE Mora l E ssa ys

.
, .
O G od , m—o d
tha t y in i m
nmen S h ulou p ut an e
e the r ths to stea l
a wa y the i b in
r A
ra A O s SH KE S PE RE , thell o
m
.
i g
uni m
It a tters not how stra t the a te ,
c gd i n c oll
m m of mf
How ha r e w th p sh e t the s r ,
m c in of m o
I a the a ster y a te ,
I a the a p ta y s ul
—
.
Y HE NL E , I nv ictus .
o ld f l of num b of ng
mu
The w r is so ul a er thi s,
I a o d s rey king
we sh ul b e ha pp a s all s .
T V Sf E E NS ON A Child s Ga rden
’
o Verses
m
.
,
If your o l d y d nd u on
ra s a re y re a r , ep e p it the a re wr ong .
— S TE VE NS ON , E ssa ys .
E v ry dv nt g
e a a a e ha s its ta x . I l ea r nt o be cont nt e .
-
E ME RS ON , E ssa ys .
8 . Ma k e a two -
mnu
p ch on a ny of the following
i te s ee
g enera l subj ec ts but yo u will find tha t yo ur idea s will

mm
,
co e ore rea dily if yo u na rrow yo ur sub j ec t by ta king

som e sp ecific p ha se of it For in sta nc e in stea d of trying
.
,
to sp ea k on in g en era l ta ke the prop o si tion

“
La w ,
The Poor M a n Ca nno t Afford to Pro sec ute ;

stea d of dwelling on L ei sure S h o w how odern speed m
m m
,
is c rea ting ore l ei sure I n this wa y yo u ay expa nd

i
thi s sub j ec t li st ind efini tely .
M 1 y one .
CH A P T ER XII
TH E V OI C E
m ng in voic o ches
m of m i i
Oh there is ethi tha t tha t
'
, s e rea
The inn o
er c st re e sses y sp r t!
— L oNGFELL ow, Christus .
The m
dra a tic critic of The London Ti es once decla red m
tha t a c ting is nin e ten th s voic e wo rk L ea ving the
m mm
-
.
essa g e a sid e the sa e

,
a y ju stly b e sa id of pub l i c
“
sp eaking . A rich co rrec tly u sed voic e is the grea test
,
-
phy sica l fa c tor of p ersua siven ess a nd p ower often over ,
topp ing the effec ts of rea son .
B ut a good voic e well ha ndl ed is not on ly a n effec tive

m
, ,
p o ssession for the professiona l sp ea k er it is a a rk of p er

mm
,
son a l c ul ture a s well a nd ev en a di stinc t co erci a l
m m
,
m
asset . Gla dstone hi self the p o ssessor of a deep usi
, ,
ca l voic e ha s sa id : Nin ety en in every hundred in the

m
,
crowded profession s wi ll p rob a b ly n ever ri se a bove edi ‘
ocrity b ec a u se the tra ining of the voic e is en tirely n egl ec ted
a nd con sid ered of no i m

p orta nc e These a re word s worth .
p ondering
m
.
Th ere a re th ree funda en ta l requi si tes for a good voic e :
I . E ase
S ignor B onci of the M etrop olita n Op era Co p a ny sa ys m

th a t the secret of good voic e is rel a x a tion ; a nd this is true ,
for rel a x a tion is the b a si s of ea se The air wa ves th a t p ro .
duc e voice result in a differen t kind of ton e when striking

THE VOICE 1 25
m
ga inst rela x ed uscles tha n when striking constricted
m m
a
uscles Try thi s for y ourself Contra ct the uscles of

m
. .
your fa ce a nd thr oa t a s y ou do in ha te a nd fla e out I ,
ha te you ! Now rela x a s y ou do when thinking g entle

”
,
ten der thoughts a nd say I love y ou

, ,
How differen t .
the voic e so und s .
I n pra ctising voice exercises a nd in spea king n ever

m
, ,
force your tones Ea se ust b e y o ur wa tchword The

m m
. .
voic e is a delica te instru ent a nd y o u ust not ha ndl e it

m
m m
,
with h a e r a n d tong s D on t a ke.

—
y our voice g o let
’
it go D on t wo rk L et the y ok e of sp eech b e ea sy a nd
’
. .
its b ur den ligh t

m
.
Your thr o a t sho ul d b e free fro stra in during sp e ech
m
,
therefore it is nec essa ry to a void uscul a r contra ction

m m
.
The thr o a t u st a ct a s a sort of chi n ey or funn el for the

voice henc e a ny unn a tur a l constriction will not onl y har
,
m
its tones but injure its hea l th
m m
m
.
Nervou sn ess a nd en ta l stra in a re co on sour ces

m
of outh a nd throa t constriction so a k e the b a ttle for ,
m
p oise a nd self confi dence for which we p lea ded in the
-
op ening cha p ter

m
.
B ut how ca n I rela x ? y o u a sk B y si p ly willing to

m m
.
rel a x .H ol d your a r out stra ight fro y our shoul der .
—
Now wi thdra w a ll p ower a nd let it fa ll Pra c ti se re
m
.
laxa tion of the uscles of the throa t b y l etting your n eck

a nd h ea d f a ll fo rwa rd Ro ll the up p er p a rt of yo ur body
.
a ro und wi th the wa i st li ne a c ting a s a p ivo t

,
Let yo ur .
hea d fa ll a nd roll a ro und a s y ou shift the torso to different

—
p ositions D o not force y o ur hea d a ro und si ply rela x m
m
.
your neck and let g rav ity p ull it a ro und a s yo ur body oves .
1 26 THE ART or PUBLIC S PE AKIN G
Again , let your hea d fa ll forwa rd on yo ur b rea st ; rai se

yo ur hea d , letting your jaw ha ng Relax until yo ur jaw .
feels h ea vy a s tho ugh it were a weight hung to your fa c e

mm m m
m
, .
Re e b er you ust rel a x the ja w to ob ta in co a nd of
m m
,
it It u st b e free a nd fl exib l e for the

. o ul din g of ton e ,
a nd to let the ton e p a ss out unob stru c ted
m m m
.
The lip s a l so ust b e a de flexib l e to aid in the oul d ,
ing of clea r a nd b ea utif ul tones For flexibility of lip s

m m
.
rep ea t the syll a b l es — In saying o b ring the

m
o ine
,
.
,
m m
lip s up to rese b l e the shap e of the l etter 0 In rep ea ting .
e dra w th e b a ck a s yo u do in a grin Rep ea t this ex

m
.
,
ercise ra p i dl y giv ing the lip s a s uch exercise a s p o ssib l e

mm
.
,
Try the fo ll owing ex erci se in the sa e a nn er :
Af ter thi s m
x ci se ha s b een astered the fo ll owing
e er ,
will lo
a s be foun d ex c ellent for flexibili ty of lip s :
m
Me o riz e these indica ted (not the )
m
s ounds ex pressions
so t ha t yo u ca n re p ea t th e ra p i dl y .
m
ctivi ty of brea thing ust be c entered not in
m m
All the a ,
the thr o a t b ut in the —

iddl e of the body yo u
m m
,
ust
b rea th e fro the diaphra g No te the way yo u b rea the

.
1 28 THE ART on P UB LIC S PE A IN K G
talk If yo u a re bo thered with nasal tones caused by

.
growths or swelling s in the na sa l pa ssag es a slight pain

m
, ,
less op era tion will re ove the ob struction This is quite

m m
.
i porta nt a side fro voice for the g enera l hea lth will be
m
, ,
uch lowered if the lungs are continually starved for air

m
.
The fin a l funda en ta l requisite for good voice is
3 F or
. wa rdness
'
voice tha t is pitched b a ck in the throa t is dark so m

m
A ,
b re a nd u n a ttra c tiv e The ton e u st b e p itch ed forward

,
.
,
b ut do not force it forwa rd You will reca ll tha t our first .
principl e wa s ea se Think the tone forwa rd a nd out Be

. .
;
lieve it is going forwa rd a nd a ll ow it to fl ow ea si ly You

, .
ca n tell wh eth er yo u a re pl a cing yo ur ton e fo rwa rd or not
by inha ling a d eep b rea th a nd singing a h with the o uth m

wid e o p en trying to f eel the li ttl e delica te so u nd wa v es
m
,
strike the bony a rc h of the outh just a bove the front

teeth The sen sa tion is so sligh t tha t yo u wi ll p rob a b ly
.
not b e a b l e to d etec t it a t onc e b ut p ersev ere in yo u r p rae ,
tise alwa y s th inking the ton e fo rwa rd a nd yo u wi ll b e

, ,
rewa rd ed by f eel ing yo u r voic e strike the roof of yo ur
m outh A correc t forwa rd pla cing of the tone will do

.
-
a wa y wi th the da rk th ro a ty ton es th a t a re so u npl ea sa n t
m
, ,
inefli cient a nd ha r ful to the thro a t

m
m m
.
,
Cl o se the lip s hu ing ng i or a n Think the tone

, , ,
.
forwa rd D o yo u feel it strik e the lip s?

m
.
Hol d the p a l of yo ur ha nd in fron t of yo ur fa c e a nd sa y

vigoro usly crash da sh whirl buzz Ca nyo u feel the for
, , ,
.
wa rd ton es strik e a g a in st yo ur h a nd ? Pra c tise u nti l yo u

TH E VOICE 1 29
ca n . Remm
b e e r, the only way to g et y our voice for
wa rd is to put it forward .
H ow to D evelop the Carryi ng P ower f

o the Voice
It is necessa ry to sp ea k loudly in order to b e hea rd

not
a t a dista nc e It is necessa ry only to sp ea k correc tly

. .
E dith Wy nne M a tthison s v oi ce will ca rry in a whisp er

’
thro ugho ut a l a rg e thea ter A p ap er ru stling on the sta g e

m
.
of a la rge a uditoriu ca n b e hea rd distinc tly in the further

m o st sea t in the ga llery I f y ou will onl y use y our voice
m
.
correctly you will not ha ve uch difliculty in b eing heard

, .
Of co urse it is a lwa y s w ell to a ddress yo ur sp eech to y o ur

furthest a udi tors ; if they g et it tho se nearer will have
m
,
no troubl e but a side fro this obvious suggestion y ou

m
, ,
ust ob serve these laws of voic e production :

mm
Re e b er to a pp ly the princip l es of ea se op enn ess a nd
m
,
—
forwardn ess they a re the pri e fa ctors in ena b ling y our
voic e to b e heard a t a dista nc e .
D o not ga z e a t the floor a s y ou ta lk Thi s ha bit not

m
.
only gives the sp ea ker a n a a teurish ap p eara nce but if the

hea d is hung forwa rd the voic e will b e directed towa rds the
gro und instea d of flo a ting out over the a udi enc e .
V oice is a seri es of a ir vib ra tion s To streng then it

m m
.
two things a re nec essa ry : ore a ir or brea th a nd ore ,
v ib ra tion .
B rea th is the very b a si s of voice As a b ull et wi th little .
powder b ehind it will not ha ve forc e a nd ca rrying p ower ,
so the voic e tha t ha s l ittl e b rea th b ehind it wi ll b e wea k
m
.
—
Not only will deep b rea thing b rea thing fro the dia
m
1 30 THE ART OF PUBLIC S PE AKIN G
— giv voic b r supp o rt b ut it wi ll giv e
m
p h ra g e th e e a e tte ,
it a stronger reson a nc e by i p rov ing the gen era l h ea lth

m
.
Usua lly ill h ea l th ea n s a wea k voice whil e a b u nda n t

, ,
physica l vita lity is S hown thro ugh a strong v ibra nt voice

m
~
, .
Th erefore a ny thing th a t i p roves the g en era l vi ta li ty is

a n ex c ellen t voic e streng th en er p rovid ed yo u use the voic e
m
,
p rop erly Authorities difi er on o st of the rul es of hy

.
g ien e b u t on on e p oin t th ey a ll a gree : Vi ta li ty a nd l ong evi ty
a re inc rea sed by d eep b rea thing Pra c ti se this un til it

m
.
b eco es second na ture Wh enever yo u a re sp ea k ing

m
.
,
ta k e in d eep b rea ths but in su c h a ,

a nn er th a t the in
ha la tion s will b e silent .
D o not try to sp ea k too l ong wi th o u t ren ewing yo ur

b rea th Na ture ca res for this pretty well unconsciously in
m m
.
conversa tion a nd S he wil l do the sa e for yo u in pla tfo r

m
,
sp ea king if yo u do not in terf ere wi th her p re onitions .
A c erta in very su cc essful sp ea ker devel op ed voic e c a rry
m
ing p ower by running a cro ss country pra c tising his ,
sp eech es a s he w en t The vigoro u s ex ercise forc ed hi

.
to ta k e d eep b rea ths a nd d evel op ed lung p ower A h a rd

m
.
,
fought b a sk etb a ll or tennis ga e is a n effi cient wa y of

pra c tising deep b rea thin g When these ethods a re not m
m
m
.
convenient we reco end the following :

,
Pl a c e y o ur ha nd s a t yo ur sid es on the wa i st l in e
m
.
,
B y trying to enco p a ss y o ur wa i st wi th yo ur fing ers

a nd thu m b s fo rc e a ll the a ir out of the lung s
mm
.
,
Ta k e a deep b rea th Re e b er a ll the a c tivi ty is to

m
,
.
b e c en tered in the iddle of the body ; do not ra i se the

sh oul ders .As the b rea th is ta k en yo ur b a nds will b e
forc ed out .
I 32 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE AKING
Purity of Voice
mm
qua lity is so eti es destroyed by wa sting the
m
This
brea th Carefully control the b rea th usrng only as uch
‘
.
,
a s is n ecessa ry for the p rodu c tion of ton e Utiliz e all tha t .
you g ive out Fa ilure to do this results In a b rea thy tone .
Ta ke in b rea th lik e a p ro dig a l ; in sp ea king give i t out

m
,
lik e a iser .
Voice S uggestions
Never a tte m
forc e yo ur voice when hoa rse
p t to .
D o not drink col d wa ter wh en sp ea king The su dden .
S h ock to the h ea ted o rg a n s of sp eec h wi ll injure the voic e
m
.
Avoid p itching yo ur voic e too high it wi ll — a k e it
ra sp y This is a co
. mm
on faul t When you find yo ur .
voice in too high a ra nge l ower it D O not wa it until yo u

m
.
,
g et to the pl a tfo r to try this Pra c ti se it in yo ur da ily

.
conversa tion Rep ea t the a lpha b et b eginning A on the

.
,
lowest sca le p o ssib le a nd going up a no te on ea ch suc

ceeding l etter for the d evel op en t of ra ng e m
A wide ra ng e
m m
.
,
will give yo u fa ci li ty in a king n u ero u s cha ng es of
pi tch
m
.
D o not for the h a bi t of l i stening to yo ur voic e when
sp ea king You will n eed yo ur b ra in to th in k of wha t yo u

.
a re sa ying
— reserv e yo ur ob serv a tion for p riva te p ra c ti se .
QUES TIONS AND EX ERCI S ES
r Wha t a re the pri e requi sites for good voice ?

. m
2 Tell why ea ch one is n ec essa ry for go od voic e
. r
p o
du ction .
VOICE 1 33
3 . Give o
s mx
e e ercises for develop mn of
e t th ese con
ditions .
Wh y ng of voic d i a b l e?
m
4 . is ra e e es r
ll ng of voic c ul iv d
m
5 T.e ho w ra e e a y b e t a t
.e
How uch daily p ra cti se do you con sider n ecessary

m
6 .
for theprop er develop ent of yo ur voice?

7 H.o w ca n res on a nc e a n d c a r ry ing p o w er b e d e
v elOp ed ?
Wha t are your voic e fa ults?

m
8 .
9 . How a re you trying to correc t the ?

CHA PTER XIII
V OI CE CH A RM
A ee e m
ch rful t p j oin d with innoc nc will
er e ke e e m a u
b ea ty
a tt a c tiv
r knowl dge d lightful nd wit good n tu d
e, e e a -
a re
—J OS E PH ADDIS ON Th
, .
, e Ta ttler .
id tha t the tone of b ea uty is sa dn ess but he

m
Poe sa ,
was eviden tly thinking fro ca use to effect not con ,
tra riwise for sa dn ess is ra rely a p rodu c er of b ea u ty

,
th a t is p ec uli a rly the p rovinc e of j oy .
The ex qui si te b ea u ty of a su n set is not exh ilara ting but

tend s to a so rt of m
el a nch o l y th a t is not fa r fro d elight m
m m
.
The ha un ting b ea uty of d eep q ui et u sic h ol d s ore tha n

m
,
a ting e of sa dn ess The l ovely ino r c a d enc es of bird

m
.
song a t twi ligh t a re a l o st depressing

m
.
The reason we a re a ffec ted to sa dn ess by c erta in fo r s

mm
of pla cid b ea uty is twofol d : ove ent is sti ula ting a nd m
j oy producing while quietu de l ea ds to reflection a nd re
-
, ,
fl ection in turn often b ring s out the ton e of regretful

l onging for tha t which is pa st ; secondly qui et b ea uty ,
produ ces a va gue a spira tion for the rela tively una tta in
ab le do i ul m ndo u fo m
m m
y
,
et es n ot s t a te to th e tre e s ef rt
n ec essary to a k e the di ly desired sta te or ob j ect o urs

m
.
We ust distinguish for these reasons b etween the

, ,
sa dn ess of b ea u ty a nd the j oy of b ea u ty Tru e j oy is a

mm
.
,
deep inner thing a nd ta k es in uch ore tha n the idea

,
of bounding sa nguine spiri ts for it includ es a certain

, ,
a c tive con ten tedn ess of h ea rt I n thi s chap ter however

.
, ,
1 3 6 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PEA IN K G
ctress Ma ry Anderson a sked the p o et Long

m
The a
fellow wha t she co ul d do to i prove her voic e He re

plied Rea d a lou d da ily j oyo us lyric p o etry
m
, , , .
The j oyo u s ton es a re the b right ton es Devel op th e .
by exercise Pra c tise yo ur voic e exercises in a n a ttitude

.
of j oy Under the infl uence of plea sure the body expa nds
.
,
the ton e p assa g es o p en the a ction of h ea rt a nd lu ng s is

m
,
a cc el era ted a nd a ll the p ri

,
a ry con dition s for good ton e
a re esta b l i sh ed
m
.
More song s flo a t out fro the b roken windows of the

negro ca bins in the S o uth tha n fro the p a la ti a l h o es m m
on Fifth Avenue Henry Wa rd B eecher sa id the hap
m
.
piest days of his life were not when he ha d b eco e a n

interna tiona l cha ra c ter but when he wa s a n unk nown
m m
,
inister out in La wrenc evi ll e Ohio sweep g his own , ,
church a nd working a s a ca rp enter to help p ay the

m
,
groc er Happiness is la rgely a n a ttitude of ind of vi ew

m m
,
.
ing life fro the right a ng le The op ti i stic a ttitude ca n

m
.
be cul tiva ted a nd it wi ll exp ress i tself in voic e char

m m
, .
A tel ephone co p a ny recen tly pl a c a rded th is o tto in

th eir boo th s : The V oic e wi th the S il e Win s It m .
do es Try it
. .
Rea ding j oyo us p ro se or lyric p o etry will h elp p ut

m
, ,
s il e a nd j oy of so ul in to yo u r voic e The foll owing sel ec .
tion s a re ex c ell en t for p ra c tise .
RE ME MBERtha t when yo u first p ra c tise th ese classics

yo u a re to give sol e a ttention to two thing s : a j oyo us
a tti tu d e of h ea rt a nd body a nd b righ t ton es of voic e
, .
.
Af ter these end s h a v e b een a tta in ed to yo ur sa ti sfa c tion ,
ca refully review the principles of pub lic speaking laid

VOICE CH ARM 1 37
down in the preceding chap ters and p ut the into pra ctise m
a s you rea d th ese p a ssa g es a g a in a nd a ga in
m
m mm
I t would be .
better to co it ea ch selection to e ory .
S ELE CTIONS FOR PRACTI S E
FROM MIL TON S L ALLE GRO

’ “ ’
Ha ste thee Ny p h , m , a nd b ing with th

r ee
J st nd youthful Jollity
e , a ,
m
Q uip s nd C nk nd w nton Wil s
a ra s a a e ,
Nods nd B ck a nd w thed S il s e s, a rea e ,
S u ch h ng on H b h k
m
’
as a e e s C ee ,
An d l ov t liv in di p l l k
e o e e S ee ,
S p o rt th t wrinkl d C d rid
a e a re e es,
And L ught hol ding bo th his id s

a er s e .
Co m e , a nd
'
i
tr p it a s y e go
On the lig f n ic ht a ta st toe ;
And in thy right h nd l d wi th th
m m
a ea ee
Th ount in ny p h w t Lib ty
e a , s ee er
mm
And if I giv th
, hono du e ee r e,
Mi th d i t
r of thy c w
, a e re ,
T liv with h
o nd liv wi th th
e er, a e ee ,
In un p oved p l su s f
re r ea re ree
To hea r the flight l k

ar be gin his ,
And inging t rtl th dull Night

m
s , s a e e
F o r hi w tch tow r in th s ki a -
e e S es ,
Till th d pp l d D wn doth is ;
m
e a e a r e
Th n t co in p it of o ow
m m
e o e S e s rr ,
And t y window bid good o ow

a -
rr
Through th w tb i th vin e s ee r er , o r e e,
Or th twi st d gl ntin ;
e e e a e
Whil th cock with liv ly din

e e e
S c tt s th
a r of d
er kn s thin e rea ar es ,
And t th t ck th b n doo
m
o e s a , or e ar -
r,
S toutly struts his d s b fo ; a e e re

1 38 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PE KIN A G
m
Oft listenin g how the houn ds a n d horn
ly ou the lu b ring Morn
m m
Cheer r se s e ,
F o th
r id of o ho hill e s e s e ar ,
mm
Th ough th high w ood choing shrill
r e e
m
So ti w lking n t unse n
e e a , o e ,
B y h dg w l e on hill ocks green

e ro-
e s, ,
Right g in t th ea st n g t
a a s e er a e,
Wh th g t S un b g in s his sta t
m m
e re e re a e e,
Rob d in fl e s nd b light a e a a er ,
Th c l o u ds in tho u nd liv i s dight

m
e sa er e ,
Whil th p l ow n n
e t h nd
e a ea r a a
Whi tl s
mm
th furro w d l nd
’
s e o er e e a ,
ilk id S inging blith

m
And th e a e,
And th ow wh ts hi scyth
e er e s e,
And v y h p h d t ll s his t l
e er S e er e a e,
Und th h wtho n in th d l
er e a r e a e .
THE S EA
The se a , op n ea
the sea , the e s ,
Th b lu th f sh th v f ee ;
m
e e, e re , e e er r
Without k without b o und

a ar , a ,
It ru nn th th th s wid gions round ;

m
’
e e ea r e re
It p l y wi th th cl o u d s it
a s ocks th ski s e , e e ,
O lik c dl d c tu li s
m m
r e a ra e rea re e .
on th on th
m
’ ’
I I e sea , e sea ,
I wh
a I wo ul d v b
e re e er e,
With th b lu bov nd th b lu b el ow
e e a e a e e ,
An d sil nc wh o I go
m m
’
e e ere s e e r .
to sh oul d co nd wa k th d
m
If a s r p e a a e e ee ,
Wh t tt ? I sh ll rid nd le p
a a er a e a s e .
l ov l ov t id
m
I e , Oh ! how I e o r e
On th fi c fo ing bu ting tid

m m
e er e , a , rs e,
Wh v y d w v d owns th oon
m
ere e er a a e r e ,
And whi tl l oft it t p t tun

s es a s e es e,
And t lls h w go th th wo l d b l ow
e o e e r e ,
outhw t wind doth bl ow !

m
And why th e s es
I n v w s on th d ull t
e er hoa e , a e S re
Wil d is thy lay l ou d , a nd ,
F in th downy cloud
ar e ,
L ov giv s it n gy ; l v ga v it b irth
e e e er o e e .
Wh on thy d wy wingere , e
Wh rt th o u j o u n ying ?
ere a r e
Thy l y is in h v n ; thy l ov is on a th
a ea e e e r .
f ll nd foun t in sh n
m m
O er
’
e a a ee ,
oor nd ount in gr n
m
O er
’
a a ee ,
m
O th
’
er d st th t h
e re lds th d y ; rea er a era e a
Ov th cl o u dl t di
m
er e e ,
Ov th inb ow s ri ’
er e ra ,
Mu ic l ch rub so r singing a w y !
m m
s a e , a , , a
Th n wh n the gl o a ing co
m
e , s e e ,
L w in th h th b l oo s
m
o e ea er ,
S w t will thy w l co a n d b d of l ov b e !
mm
ee e e e e
E bl of h p p in ss e a e ,
B l st is thy d w ll ing p l c
e e -
a e .
Oh t a b id in th d s t wi th th '
o e e e er ee
—JAME S HOGG
,
I n j oyo us conversa tion th ere is a n ela stic tou ch a ,
ca te stroke up on the centra l idea s g enera lly following

, ,
a p a u se . This el a stic to u ch a dd s viva city to the voic e .
If yo u try rep ea tedly it ca n b e sen sed by feeling the tong ue

,
strik e the teeth The en ti re a b senc e of el a stic to u ch in

.
the voic e ca n b e Ob served in the thic k tong ue of the in

m Try to ta lk wi th the tongu e lying still
m m
toxica ted an .
in the bo tto of the o uth and yo u will Ob ta in l arg ely

m
,
the sa e effec t V iva city of u ttera nc e is g a in ed by u sing

m
.
the tongu e to strike off the e ph a tic id ea wi th a de

cisiv e el a stic to u ch
, .
D eliv er the foll owing wi th d eci sive strok es on the

em pha tic idea s D eliver it in a Viva cio us a nner
. m ,
noting the elastic tou ch a c tion of the tongue A flexib l e -

.
,
v oICE CH ARM 1 41
responsive tong ue is a b solutely esse ntia l to good voice
FROM NAPOLEON S ADDRE S S TO THE DI REC

’
TORY ON HI S RE TURN FROM EGYP T
Wha t v you don wi th th t brill i nt Fr nc which I l ft

ha e e a a a e e
you ? I l ft you t p c nd I find you t w I l f t you

m
e a ea e, a a ar . e
victorious nd I find you d f t d I l ft you th illion of

, a e ea e . e e s
mm m
Ita ly n d I find onl y p oli tion
, a nd p ov rty Wh t h v you
s a a e . a a e
don with th hund d thou nd F nch n y co p nions

e e re sa re e , a
in gl ory ? Th y d d! e This t t of a fl i s c nno t

a re ea s a e a r a
last long ; in l s th n th y a s it woul d p lung us into d s

m
es a ree e r e e
potis .
Pra c tise the following selec tion for the develop ent ,
m
of ela stic touch ; say it in a j oyous spirit using the ex er
m
,
cise to develop voic e char in all the wa y s S ugg ested in

thi s ch a p ter .
THE B ROOK
co mf om un of coo m
mk udd n ll
I e r ha ts t a nd he ,
m
I a e a s e sa y,
And S p a r kl ong f
e out a the er n ,
bick down a v ll y
To er a e .
B y thi ty hill s I hu y down

r rr ,
Or slip b tw n th idg s ; e ee e r e
B y tw nty tho p se littl town r , a e ,
And h lf hund d b idg s

a a re r e
m
.
Till l st by Philip s f
m
m
’
a Ifl w ar o
T j oin th b i ing iv ;
mm m mm
o e r r er
F or n y coe nd a n y go e a e a ,
B u t I go on for v e er .
I ch tt ov tony w ys
a er er s a ,
In littl S h p nd t b l s
e ar s a re e ,
1 42 TH E ART OF PU B LIC S PE KIN A G
I bub b l int ddying b ys
e o e a ,
I b bb l on th p bb l s
a e e e e .
With mny cu v m n f
mny fi ld f llo y b a ks I
a a r e ret ,
mny f i y fo l nd
By a a e a nd a w,
mo
An d a a a r re a set
Wi ill o d
th w w w ee
-
a nd a ll w .
ch ch tt
m
m
I a tter , s I fl w a e r, a o
T j oin th b i ing riv ;

mm m mm
o e r er
F or n y co e nd a n y go e a e a ,
B u t I go on fo v re er .
I wind b ou t n d in
m
a nd ut , a a o ,
With h b l o sso s il ing

e re a a ,
And h nd th e re a lu ty t out e re a s r ,
And h nd th g yling
ere a ere a ra ,
And here a nd there a fo a m

yfl k
m
a e
Up on e a s I tra vel
With mny a a s
,
ilv y w t b
er a er
,
-
rea k
Ab ov e the gol d n g v le ra e .
d m long
b im
m
An d ra w the a ll a , a nd fl ow
j oin ing iv
m m com mmgo
To the r r er ,
For en ay e a nd en ay ,
B ut I go on fo v re er .
I ste a l by l wns nd g sy p l ots

a a ra s ,
I l id by h l cov s
m m
S e a ze er ,
I ov th w t fo g t
e e s nots ee r e -
e -
Th t g o w fah p p y l ov
r or a ers .
lip m
lid I gl oo I gl nce
mm m m
I S , I s e, , a ,
A ong y ki ing w ll ows ;

m m
s s a
k th n tt d unb d nc
m
I a e e e e s ea a e
Ag in t y a ndy h ll ow
s sa s a s.
m
umu und m oon
b m
I r r er a n d sta rs
b ly il d n
In ra w er esses ,
city listen to the b uzz sa w voic es of the chorus girl s

mm
,
a nd -
m
fro so e b url esqu e a ttra c tion The expl a na tion is
m m
.
—b uzz saw lives E erson said : When a a n

mm
si p c -
.
lives with God his voic e S ha ll b e a s sweet a s the ur ur

of mthe b rook or the rustl e of the corn -
It is i p o ssib l e . m
to think selfi sh th o ugh ts a nd h a v e ei th er a n a ttra c tive
p ersona li ty a lovely cha ra cter or a char ing voice I f m
m
,
.
,
yo u wa nt to p o ssess voice cha r cul tiva te a deep sincere

m m
, ,
sy pa thy for a nkind Love wi ll shine out thro ugh your

m
.
ey es a nd ? oc i i f in yo on c of
mm
l l u O
m
p r a tse r t es ne se re t .
the sweetn ess of the c a n a ry s song a y b e his freedo fro

m
’
ta in ted th o ug h ts Yo ur ch ara c ter b ea utifi es or

m
. a rs
yo ur voic e As a a n think eth in his hea rt so is his voice

. .
1 . D efin e m( ) j oy ( ) b u y
(a ) ch a r ; b ; c ea t .
M k li of od l d j
h m
2 . a e a st a ll the w r s re a te to oy .
3 Wi r inu ul ogy of
te a t Joyful M
ree -
te e The an .
liv i hou of no v yo u c Ha
mk up
4 . De er it w t t the use tes . e a re
fu ly con id d qu li i go
voic c m
l s ere a ll the a t es tha t to a e
o d h mn m
e
-
ha r d liv y In its e er ?
ll b i fly in yo u be
m d v l o p ch m
5 . Te r e r own w r s w at ea s ay
e pl oy d e to ing voic e e a ar e .
6 . D i sc u ss the effec t
of voic e on cha ra c ter .
i c u c of c c r on voic e
m
7 D . s ss th e effe t h a ra te .
8 An a lyz e the voic e cha r

. of a ny sp eak er or singer
yo u choo se .
n l y z d f c of giv n voic
m m
9 A . a e t h e e e ts a n y e e .
10 M a k e a S h ort hu o ro u s sp eech i ita ting certa in

.
voice defects p ointing out rea sons ,

.
VOICE CH ARM 1 45
11 . Co m
mi t the following sta nza a nd interpret ea ch
phase of sugg ested or exp ressed by the p o et .
inf nt wh n it g e on light
mm
An a e az s a ,
A chil d th o nt wh n it dr in s th b r
e e e a e ea st ,
A d vot wh n so
e th H o t in sight
ee e a rs e s ,
An A b with t ng
ra f gu t a s ra er or a es ,
m
A s il o wh n th p ri st u ck in fight
m
a r h e e ze as r ,
A i r filling his o t ho d d ch t
se s ar e es ,
F l a p tu ; b u t n t u ch t u j oy
ee r re r p ing
o s r e a re ea
As th y wh w tch wh t th y l ov whil
’
e o a o er a e e e
l p ing s ee .
B Y RON D n , o
CH A PT ER XIV
D I S TIN CTN E S S A ND P RE CI S I ON OF U TTE RA N C E
In m a n sp ea k s G od .
HE S IOD Words a nd D a ys
m
, .
n dl ss od ch n d f
mid
And e e are the e s Of sp ee , a ar
E xt nds f o
e r S e to id
s e the fi l d of w o ds
e r
—
.
HOME R , Ilia d .
I n p opula r usa ge the ter m p onunci ion n un

y nonym
77 (C
s r at , e
a rticul a tion ou l
m
cia tion,
a nd a re s s, b ut rea
pronuncia tion includes three distinct p rocesses ,

a nd ay
th erefo re b e d efin ed a s the , uttera nce o f a sylla ble or a
g roup fo sylla bles with regard to a rticula tion, accentua tion,
D i stin c t a ndprecise uttera nc e is one of the o st i mm

p orta nt consid era tion s of pub lic sp eech How p rep o ster
m
.
ous it is to h ea r a sp ea k er a king so u nd s of inarticula te

ea rn estn ess under the con ten ted delusion tha t he is
m
tell ing so eth ing to his a u di enc e
' Tel ling ? Telling
m m
mea n s co unica ting a nd how ca n he a c tua lly co m
m m
,
unica te wi tho u t a king ev ery w o rd di sti nc t?
S l ov enly p ron uncia tion resul ts fro ei ther physica l m

m
d efor ity or habit A sur g eon or a surgeon d entist a y m
m
.
correct a defor ity , but yo ur own will working by self ,
ob serva tion a nd resolution in drill will b rea k a ha bit , .
All d ep end s up on whether yo u think it wo rth whil e

mm
.
D ef ec tive sp eech is so widesprea d th a t freedo fro

it is the ex c ep tion It is p a infully co
. on to h ear pub lic m
m
Articula tion
m
Artic ul a tion is the fo r
ing j oining of l m n y
m lling t k u
a nd the e e e ta r
o und of p ch
m illion o d h go m
s s s ee . It see s a n a pp a as to tter
ic ul ly h d the t ir of a k
mk
a rt a te - -
w r s t at to a e
up ngli voc b ul y
lly im
our E sh a ar ,
b ut the w a y to a e a be
gin ng pl
f m
ni is rea s e: lea rn to u tter correctly, a nd with
m
ea sy cha nge ro onef f fto the other , ea ch o the orty -
our
ele enta ry sounds in our la ngua g e .
on ic ion p infully lu d by
mny ublic p k
The rea s s why a rt ul a t is so a s rre
g fo u igno nc of
l m di c im
a rea t a p s ea ers a re r: ra e
the n l o und f ilu

e e e ta s in s; b n a re to s r a te etwee
o und n ly lik lov nly l zy of voc l

ill m
s s ea r a e; a S e ,
a use the a
og n o p id ill n y on A
of himlf i ll kno
r a s; a nd a t r w . e who is st a ster
se w ndl ch of h
w how to ha e ea t ese
df c
m
e e ts .
The vo l o und we s o v xing o u c of o

s a re the st e s r e err rs,
p ci lly h h hong fo und Wh o

in i inim
es e a w ere dip t s a re . ha s not
h d uc o i bl v by
Oliv W nd ll o lm
ea r s h err rs a s a re hit off th s ta e erse
er e e H es :
n n cond n b y ond th
L ea r i g e m
ch f h ops e e rea o e
c l lip th t p k f o p f O p ;
T h e a re ess
m
s a s ea o s a or s a
He di c t xil
r e f o he f i
e es b od r r a r a e
T h c l owni h voic e th t u tt
e
m
e d f Od; or r
s a ers r a a
L t n t hi
ess s er w h c ll hi
o Ot co t o a s s c a , a a
An d t hi b O t b li vin g it a b O t
s eers s a e e a .
d on d on u cl ic city
m
bo t
m m
’
Sh p e ar e e, o r a ss s as ,
Wh o sa id a t
n
B u t k it h er b r ws
Ca
o m b rid g e ,
a nd sta
6 st in s tea d
p ed h er a
of
ng ry
6 st
fo ot
,
TO h ea r a T ea h er c c lla a r o ot
‘
a r oOt .
The m
foregoing exa ples a re a ll onosylla b les b ut ba d m ,
a rtic ul a tion is freq uen tly the resul t of j oi ning so u nd s tha t

DIS TINCTNE S S AND PRE CIS ION OF U TTE RANCE 1 49
b elong together x p le no one finds it m

m
do not . For e a ,
diffic ult to sa y bea uty but a ny p ersist in pronouncing

,
duty a s tho ugh it were sp ell ed ei ther dooly or july

m
It .
is not only fro unta ught sp ea kers tha t we hear such

S l ovenly a rtic ul a tion s a s colyu m
for colu n a nd pritty m ,
for pr etty b ut even grea t o ra to rs occ a sion a lly ofi end qui te

m
,
a s u nb lu shing ly a s l ess no ted orta ls .
Nea rly a ll such a re erro rs of c a rel essness not of p ure ,
f c a rel essn ess b ec a u se the ea r n ever tri es

m
ig nora nCH
to hea r wha t the lip s a rticul a te ust b e ex a sp era ting
m
It .
to a fo reig n er to fi nd tha t the ele enta l so und on gives
m
hi no hint for the p ronu nci a tio n of bough cough rough
m
, , ,
thorough a nd through a nd we ca n well fo rgiv e even a
m
, ,
an
of culture who occa siona lly lo ses his wa y a i dst the in

trica cies of E n gl i sh a rtic ul a tio n b ut there ca n b e no ex
m
,
cuse for the S lovenly uttera nce of the S i p l e vowel soun ds

m
which fo r a t o n c e the life a nd the b ea u ty of our l a ngu a g e .
He who is too l a zy to sp ea k distinc tly sho ul d hol d his

tongu e .
The con son a n t so u nds occa sion serio u s tro ub le only for
tho se who do not l ook wi th c a re a t the sp elling of w o rd s
a bo u t to b e p ro no unc e d No thing b ut c a rel essn ess ca n

m
.
a cco un t for sa ying J a cop B a btist sev e a lwus or sadisfy
m
.
, , ,
He tha t ha th ya ws
glo obi c cl gym g v of
to ya w , let hi ya w ,
is the ren
m
dering which a n An p h a
m
er an a e the
fa ili ar scrip ture He tha t ha th ea rs to ea r let hi

h
n mof um
, ,
hea r Af ter hea r ing S ir H p y

hr D a vy
F nch m
. the a e
pronounced a re i d i
m mn u dd d l um
a n who w she
,
to wr te to the
e inent English a th s a resse the etter : S er

Frida v i .
I SO THE ART OF PU B L IC S PE AKING
Accentua tion
Acc en tua tion is the ing of the prop er sylla b les

stress
in wor ds This it is tha t is p opula rly c a lled pronuncia

m
.
For in sta nc e we p rop erly sa y tha t a wo rd is

m
tion .
, is
—
pronounc ed when it Is a ccented in ite instea d of in vite
m
’ ’
-
tho ugh it is rea lly a n offen se a g a in st on ly one fo r of

—
pronuncia tion a cc en tua tion
m
.
It is the wo rk of a lif eti e to l ea rn the a cc en ts of a l a rg e

voca b ula ry a nd to k eep pa c e wi th cha nging usa ge ; b ut
a n a lert ea r the stu dy of w o rd o rigin s a nd the dic tion a ry
m
-
, ,
h abit will prove to b e ighty help ers in a ta sk tha t ca n

m
,
never b e fina lly co pl eted .
Enuncia tion
Co rrec t nuncia tion is the co pl ete uttera nc e of a ll

e m
the so und s of a syll a b l e or a w o rd Wrong a rticula tion .
gives the wrong so und to the vowel or vowel s of a word or

a syll a b l e a s doo for dew ;
,
or u ni tes two so u nd s i p rOp m
erl y a s hully for wholly Wro ng enuncia tion is the
m
,
.
inco plete uttera nc e of a syll a b l e or a wo rd the so u nd

m
,
o itted or a dd ed b eing usua lly consona nta l To say .
needcessity in stea d of necessity is a wrong a rtic ula tion ; to
sa y doin for doing is i m

p rop er enuncia tion The one a r .
ticula tes — —
th a t is j oin ts two so und s tha t S h o ul d not be
,
j oin ed a nd thus gives the word a p o si tively wrong

,
so und ; the o ther f a i l s to to u ch a ll the so und s in the
wo rd a nd in tha t pa rticula r way a l so so und s the wo rd

,
incorrec tly
m
.
My tex a y b e fo un in the fif a nd S ix verses of the

’ ’ ’ ’
I 52 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PE AKING
c ip t a nd no te every so und tha t ay p o ssib ly be is m m

m
s r
pronounc ed Consul t the diction a ry a nd ake a ssura nce

m
.
do ub ly sure I f the a rra nge ent of words is unfa vor

.
m
a b l e to c l ea r en u ncia tion cha nge either words or o rd er , ,
a nd do not rest u n ti l yo u ca n fo ll o w Ha let s direc tion s ’
to the pl a yers .
1 . Pra c tise
p ea ting the following re ra pidly pa ying ,
pa rticula r a ttention to the con sona n ts .
oolish Fl vius flu hing f v ri hly fi c ly found f ult with

F a , s e e s , er e a
Fl o s f rivo l ity
m mm m m m
’
1”
ra .
M ry a tchl s
’
i ic y a k s u ch ischi f
s a e s r e e .
S t d on hining h l
ea e h s ll
s h ll s S a e S e e s sea S e .
Y u youngst
o yi ld d your youthful yul tid y nings
ers e e e -
e ea r
y st d y
e er a .
2 . S o u nd the l in ea ch of the following wo rds ,

re p ea ted
in se quenc e :
B lu b l c k b l ink l ock d B l ck B l ondin s y ’
e a e rs b e a e es .
yo u
m
3 . saDo
y a b loo S ky o r a blu e sky ?
4 .Co p a re the it so und in few a nd in new S a y ea ch .
a l o u d a nd d ecid e wh ic h is co rrec t N00 York New Ya wk

, , , ,
or New York?
c f ul h d di c ion of h i c h p
mm
5 . a re Pa y ee to the re t s t s a ter
in rea ding the following fro Ha let After the in ter

m
.
,
vi ew with the gho st oi his fa ther Ha let tell s his fri ends ,
Ho ra tio a nd Ma rc ellu s tha t he in tend s to a ct a pa rt :
night but this is wondrous st nge !

m m
H ora tio . 0 d a y a nd , ra
H a let . And the re fo s st ng giv it w l co

re a a ra er e e e .
‘S chool a nd Colleg e S p ea ker , M itche ll .

T T
DIS INC NE S S AND PRE CISI ON OF U TTE RANCE I 53
mo ing in v n nd Hora tio

d mof in you
There a re re th s hea e a ea rth , ,
n p hil o op hy
com
Tha a re rea t r s .
m
B ut e;
Here a s b efo re
nv h lp you cy
m
, , e er , so e er ,
How stra nge orodd so I b y lf

m
’
er ea r se ,
A I p ch nc h
s er ft h ll think
a t
e ere a er S a ee
T p ut n ntic di p o ition n
m m
o a a s s o ,
Th t you t u c h ti ing n v sh ll
m m
a , a s e s see e, e er a ,
With d thu thi h d h k

m
’
n u bar s e c er s , or s ea -
s a e,
O by p ono uncing of o
r r doubtful p h s e ra se ,
W ll w ll w know W could n if w would

m
“
A S e , e , e , or e , a e
O If w li t t p k n if th ight
m
” “
r e Th bs o S ea , or ere e, a ere ,
O uch bigu ous giving ut t not

m
r s a -
o , o e
Th t you know ught of thi n t t do

m m
a a e: s o o ,
S g c
o nd ra cy t you o t n d h lp you
e a er a r s ee e ,
S wea r
—Act
.
I S cene V
m m
.
6 . Ma k eon o a l i st
p onu ci io of co err rs of r n at n,
ing ic h wh f ul y ic ul ion o g due to

i com
sa
y a re a t a rt at ,
wr n ao
l un ci ion c c
mk co c ion
centua tion , a nd n p ete en at . In ea h a se
ch y o u m v
a e the rre t .
7 i ici
. Cr t se d ic
a ny sp ee ay ha e hea r wh h
di pl y d f ul
mof m
s a e these a ts .
xpl in f l ing
p ci m ind f om
8 . E a how the a se sha e see to b e too
re se c ul iv ing
ay h f c v b l er us r t at p er e t er a
uttera nc e .
O v p ci ion l ik i f ul b ing
m
9 . er re s i s-
ew se a a t TO r o ut .
a ny syll a b l e u nduly is to c a ric a tu re the w ord Be oder .
a te in rea ding th e fo ll o wing :
THE LAS T S PE E CH OF MAXIMILIAN DE

ROB ES PIERRE
n i of th m Rep ublic m
c ll ty nt ! W I uch th y
m m
The e e es e a e ra ere s e
woul d g ov l t y f r e a e et . I S houl d go g th wi th go l d I S houl d

r e e ,
1 54 TH E ART OF PU B LIC S PE AKING
g a nt th mim
mmuni y y ould g i cri
f om
r e t for the r e s , a nd the w be ra te
ful W uc king v v nq i d
oul d l nd m i guil y u o
. ere I s h , the s we ha e a u she , fa r r de
Rb i
m m y nny m
noun cing o e sp err e , w e e the r t s pp rt ; the re
oul d cov n n b n u
nm
w be a e a t e twee the a nd e T ra st
—
.
v ool i of y nny i do i
om imm
ha e t s . But the e e es t ra , wh ther es the r
nd b o li y W y n
mo co
p a th te ? T o the t , a nd to rt a t ! ha t t ra t is
y p r te t f c ion do b l ong r?o u lv W T o wha t a t I e ?

‘
Y r se es ! ha t
f ction inc th b ginn ing of th R volution h c u h d nd
m
a , s e e e e e , as r s e a
nnihil t d ny d t ct d t ito ? Y u th p op l —
m
a a e so a e eu e ra rs o e e e, o r
— —
,
p incip l f c ion f ction t which I d vot d

m
r t h
es t ta re a a a a o a e e ,
g in t which ll th cound li of th d y i b nd d !
m m
a nd a a s a e s re s e a s a e
Th confi e tion of th R p u b l ic h
r a b n y Ob j ct ; nd I e e as ee e a
know th t th R p ublic n b t bli h d only on th t n l

m m
a e e ca e es a s e e e er a
b is Of o lity Ag inst g in t tho wh hol d

m m
as ra nd . a e, a a a s se o
kind d p incip l th l gu is fo d My lif ? Oh ! y lif

re r es, e ea e r e . e e
I b ndon wi th o u t
a a g t! I h v n th p t ; nd I fo s
a re re a e see e as a re ee
th fu tu Wh t f i nd of this count y woul d wi h t urviv

mm
e re . a r e r s o s e
t h eo n t w h n h
e co ul d no l ong e it — wh n h coul d
e e r s er v e , e e
no l ong d f nd innoc nc g in t opp ion ? Wh fo

er e e e e a a s re ss e re re
houl d I continu in n o d of things wh intrigu t n lly

m m
s e a r er , ere e e er a
t iu p h ov t u th ; wh j ustic i ock d ; wh p sions

m m
r s er r ere e s e ere as
ost b j c t f s th o t b u d ov id th s c d
m m
th e a e , or ea r e s a s r , er r -
e e a re
int sts of hu nity ? In witn ing th ultitud Of vic which

mm
ere a e ss e e es
th to nt of th R volution h s oll d in tu bid co union

mm
e rre e e a r e r
with its civic vi tu I conf s th t I h v so ti s f d th t

m
r es , e s a a e e e ea re a
I h oul d b ull i d in th y of p o t ity by th i p u n igh

m m
s e s e , e e es s er , e re e
b h d of u np incip l d h d th u t th lv s into
m
or oo n wh r e e , o a r s e se e
s oci tion wi th th inc f i nds of hu nity ; nd I j oic

m
a s a e S e re r e a a re e
m
con p i to g in t y count y h v n w by th i
m
th t th a e se s ra rs a a s r a e o , e r
ckl g t c d d p th lin of d c tion b tw n th

m
re e ss ra e, ra e ee e e e ar a e ee e
s lv
e nd
es a ll t u n a r e e .
m
Q u tion histo y nd l n h w ll th d f nd s of lib ty
m m
es r a ea r o a e e e er er ,
,
in ll ti h v b n ov wh l d by c lu n y B ut th ir
m
a e s, a e ee er e e a . e
t du c
m
ra di d l o Th good nd th b d di pp
ers e a s . l ik f o e a e a sa ea r a e r
rth ; b ut in v y diff nt conditions 0 F nch n ! O

m m m
th e ea er ere . re e
y co u n tr y n ! L t n t yo u e n i s wi th th i d e o l tin go r e e e ,
e r es a
doct in d g d you ouls nd n rv t you virtu s ! No

m
r es , e ra e r s a e e a e r e ,
,
u no n l l i i n ”
m m m
C h tt
a !e D t
e,h is n t n t p ! C
ea t s ! o
“
a e er a s ee ze
e fl f o th to b th t otto g v n by cril giou h nds

a ce r e a , ra e sa e s a ,
CHA PT ER XV
TH E TRU TH A B OU T G E S TU RE
When White fiel d a cte d old blind n dv ncing by S l ow

an m
a a a
st p s to w
e d the dg Of th p cip ic Lo d Ch t fi l d ta t d
ar e e e re e, r es er e s r e
up nd c i d
a G ood G d h i gon !
r e : o , e s e
NATHAN S HE PPARD B f n A udi n , e ore a e ce .
Gesture is mm
lly a S i ple a tter tha t requires Ob serva
m
m
rea
tion a nd co on sense ra ther tha n a book of rules Ges .
ture is a n o u twa rd exp ression of a n inw a rd condi tion
m m m
It .
—
is erely a n eff ec t the eff ec t of a en ta l or a n e o tiona l
m
i pulse struggling for expression thro ugh p hy sic a l a venues
m
.
You u st not how ev er b egin a t the wrong end : if yo u

, ,
a re tro ub l ed by yo u r g estures or a l a c k of g estures a ttend , ,
to the c a u se not the effec t It will not in the l ea st h elp

m m
.
,
a tters to ta c k on to yo u r d el ivery a few ec h a nic a l
mm ove en ts I f the tree in yo ur fron t ya rd is not growing

.
to sui t y o u f ertil i z e a nd wa ter the soi l a nd let the tree h a ve

,
su n shin e Obvio usly it wi ll not help yo ur tree to n a i l on a

.
few b ra nch es I f yo ur ci stern is dry wa i t un til it rain s ;

m
,
.
or bo re a well Why plunge a pu p in to a dry hole ?

m
.
The sp ea k er who se th o ughts a nd e o tion s a re well ing

wi thin hi m m m
like a oun ta in sp ring will not ha ve uch
tro ub l e to m m
a k e g estures ; it will b e erely a q u estion of
m m
m
prop erly direc ting the If his en thusia s for his subj ect
m m
.
is not su ch a s to give hi a n a tura l i pul se for dra a tic

m
a c tion it wi ll a v a i l no thing to f urni sh hi wi th a l ong
m mm m
,
li st of rul es He a y ta ck on so e ove en ts but they

. ,
THE TRU TH AB OUT GE S TURE 1 57
will look like the wilted bra nches na iled to a tree to si u m

m
la te life Gestures ust b e born not bui lt A woo den
mm
. .
,
ho rse use the children but it ta kes a live one to

m
ay a ,
go s o ewhere
m
.
It is not only i p o ssib l e to la y down defini te rul es on

this sub j ec t b ut it wo ul d b e silly to try for every thi ng
, ,
dep end s on the sp eech the occa sion the p erso na li ty a n d

, ,
feeling s of the sp ea ker a nd the a ttitude of the a u dience

m
, .
It is ea sy eno ugh to fo reca st the result of ultip lyi ng seven

m m
b y six but it is i p ossible to tell a ny a n wha t kind of
m
,
gestures he will b e i p elled to use when he wi shes to

sho w his ea rne stness m m m
We ay tell hi tha t a ny
.
sp eak ers c l o se the ha n d wi th the e xc ep tio n of the fo re

,
fing er a nd p ointing tha t finger stra ight a t the a udi ence

m
,
pour out their thoughts like a volley ; or tha t o thers sta p

one foo t for e m i M y n of n l
m
p ha s s ; o r tha t r B r a te s a p s
. hi s
ha nd s tog ether for grea t fo rc e ho l din g on e p a l up wa rd

m mm
,
in a n ea sy a nner ; or tha t Gla dstone woul d so eti es

m a k e a ru sh a t the cl erk s ta b l e in Pa rli a
’
en t a nd s i te m m
it with his ha nd S O fo rc efully tha t D i sra eli onc e b roug ht
m m
’
down the house by gri ly co ngra tula ting hi self tha t such
a b a rri er stoo d b etween hi sel f a nd m
the honora b l e
gentle a n m
mm
.
All these thi ng s a nd a bookful

,
ore a y we tell the ,
sp ea k er b ut we c a nno t know whether he ca n use these
m
,
gestures or not a ny ore tha n we ca n deci de whether he

,
could wea r Mr B ry a n s clo thes The b est tha t ca n b e

.
’
.
do ne on this sub j ec t is to offer a few p ra c tica l sugg estio ns ,
a nd let p erson a l good ta ste deci d e a s to where ef fec tive

m
dra a tic a c tion ends a nd ex tra va ga nt o tion b egins m .
Any Gesture Tha t Merely Ca lls Attention to I tself I s B ad
purp o se of a g esture is to carry yo ur tho ugh t a nd

m
The
feeling into the ind s a nd hearts of your hea rers ; thi s
m
it do es by e pha si zing yo ur m
essa g e by in terp reting it
, ,
b y exp ressing it in a c tion by stri king its ton e in eith er a

,
physic ally descrip tive a suggestive or a typic a l gesture

mm m
, ,
b ered a ll the ti e tha t gesture includes

mm m
a nd let it b e re e
a ll phy sic a l ove ent fro fa cia l expression a nd the

mm
,
to ssing of the h ea d to the exp ressive ove ents of ha nd

a nd foo t m m
A S hifting of the p o se a y b e a
. o st effective
gesture .
Wha t is true of gesture is true of a ll life I f the p eopl e

.
on the street turn a round a nd wa tch yo ur wa lk yo ur wa lk

mm —
,
is ore i p orta nt tha n you a re c ha nge it I f the a t .
ten tion of yo ur a udienc e is c a ll ed to y o ur g estures th ey a re ,
not convincing ,
—
b eca use they a ppear to b fi wha t they
—
ha ve a do ub tful right to b e in rea lity studied Ha ve you .
ever seen a sp ea k er use su ch g ro tesq u e g estic ul a tion s tha t
m
you were fa scina ted by their frenzy of oddi ty but coul d
m
,
not fo ll o w his th o ug h t? D O not s o th er id ea s wi th gy
m
‘
S a vona rol a wo ul d ru sh down fro the high pul
m m
na stics .
p i t a ong t he cong re g a tion in t he du o o a t F l o renc e a nd

c a rry the fi re of convic tion to his hea rers ; B illy S unday
sl id es to b a se on the pl a tfo r m m
ca rp et in dra a tizing one of
his b a seb a ll i llu stra tion s Yet in bo th in sta nc es the m
m
es
—
.
sa g e ha S so eh ow stood out bigg er tha n t e g esture
m m mm
h it
is chiefly in c a l a ftertho ugh t th a t en h a ve re e b ered
m m of dra a tic expression Wh en S ir Henry Irv ing
m m
the for .
“ ”
a d e his fa o us ex it a s S hyl ock the la st thing the a udi
he md a
—
e!
”
but they will sa y,
“
I ll vo te for that
’
mu eas re .
He is right I b eli eve In tha t .
Gestures S hould B e B orn f

o the Mo m
ent
b est a ctors a nd pub lic sp ea k ers ra rely know in a d

m m
The
va nc e wha t gestures they a re going to a k e They a ke .
one g esture on c erta in wo rd s tonigh t a nd non e a t a ll to
m m m
,
—
orrow night a t the sa e p oint their va rious oods a nd
interpreta tion s govern their gestures It is a ll a a tter m
m m
.
of i pulse a d in tellig ent feeling wi th the

n — don t over ’
look tha t word intelligent Na ture do es not a lwa ys p ro

m m
.
v id e the sa e kind of su n sets or sno w fl a k es a nd the ove

m m m
,
en ts of a good sp ea k er va ry a l o st a s uch a s the crea

tio ns of na ture
m
Now a ll thi s is not to sa y tha t yo u u st not ta k e so e m
th o ugh t for yo ur g estures m
I f tha t were ea nt why this
.
,
chap ter? When the serg ea nt despa i ri ngly b esought the

rec ruit in the a wkwa rd sq ua d to step out a nd l oo k a t hi m
sel f he g a v e spl endid a dvic e
,
— a nd wo rthy of p erson a l
a pplic a tion Pa rtic ul a rly whil e yo u a re in the l ea rning

m
.
da y s of pub lic S p ea king yo u ust lea rn to critici se yo ur

own g estu res Reca ll the — m
see wh ere th ey were use
m
.
l ess crud e a wkwa rd wha t not a nd do b etter n ex t ti e

, , , ,
.
Th ere is a va st d ea l of differenc e b etween b eing con scio u s

of self a nd b eing self conscio u s
m
-
.
It wi ll req uire yo ur nic e di scri ina tion in ord er to c ul
m
tiv a te sp on ta n eo u s g estures a nd yet give due a tten tion
to p ra c ti se While yo u dep end up on the o ent it is mm

mm
.
vi ta l to re e b er tha t only a dra a tic g enius ca n ef

m
fectiv ely a cco pli sh su ch f ea ts a s we ha ve rel a ted of
TH E TRU TH AB OUT GE S TURE 1 61
Whi tefield S a vona rola a nd others ; a nd doub tless the

m m
, ,
first ti e they were used they ca e in a b urst of spon

ta neous f eeli ng yet Whi tefi el d d ecl a red tha t not un ti l
m m
,
he had deliv ered a ser on forty ti es wa s its delivery

m
,
perfected Wha t sp onta n eity initia tes let p ra c tise co

.
l E v y ffec tiv e sp ea k er a nd ev ery vivid a c to r ha s

“
p e t e
. er e
ob served considered a nd p ra ctised gesture until his

m
,
dra a tic a c tions a re a sub conscious p ossession just l ik e

-
his a bili ty to p ro nounc e co rrec tly wi tho ut esp eci a lly con
centra ting his tho ught Ev ery a b l e p l a tfor mm
m m
. a n has
p o ssessed hi self of a do z en wa y s in which he ight de

p ic t in g est u re a n y giv en e o tm
io n ; in f a c t the ea n s fo r ,
m
such exp ression a re en dl ess a nd thi s is p reci sely why it is
m m
-
bo th useless a nd ha r ful to ake a cha rt of g estures a nd

enfo rc e the m a s the i dea l s of wha t m
a y b e used to exp ress
thi s or tha t f eel ing Pra c tise descrip tiv e sugg estiv e a nd
mm m
.
, ,
typic a l ove ents until they co e a s na tura lly a s a

good a rticula tion ; a nd ra rely foreca st the gestures you
will use a t a given mm
o en t : lea ve so ething to tha t m
mm o ent .
Avoid Monotony in Gesture
Roast b eef xc ellent dish but it would b e terrible

m
is an e ,
a s a n ex clu sive diet No a tter how effec tive one

.
gesture is do not overwork it Put va riety in yo ur

,
.
Mono tony will destroy a ll b ea uty a nd p ower

m
a c tions
m
. .
The pu p ha ndl e a k es one effec tive g esture a nd ,
on hot da ys tha t one is very eloquent but it ha s its

m
,
li ita tions .
Any Move m
ent tha t is not S ignifi ca nt, Wea kens
forget tha t Restlessness is not exp ression A
m mm
Do not . .
grea t a ny useless ove ents will only take the a ttention

of the a u di enc e fro m
wha t yo u a re sa ying A wid ely
m
.
no ted a n introduced the sp ea ker Of the evening one

S u nda y l a tely to a New York a u di enc e The on ly th ing
mm
.
re e b ered a bo ut tha t introduc tory sp eech is tha t the

sp ea k er pl a y ed n ervo u sly wi th the cov ering of the ta b l e
a s he ta lk ed We n a tura lly wa tch oving ob j ec ts A

. m .
j a ni tor putting down a window ca n ta k e the a ttention of

the hea rers fro m
Mr Roo sevel t B y a king a few ove m m
m m
. .
en ts a t one sid e of the sta g e a c ho ru s gi rl a y dra w the
m
interest of the sp ec ta tors fro a big sc en e b etween the
l ea d s Wh en our forefa thers lived in c a ves they ha d to
mm mm m
'
wa tch b j c ov n n d ng W
m
ov g O e ts for e e t
,
s ea t a er e .
ha ve not yet overco e the ha bit Advertisers ha ve ta ken

m
.
a dv a nta g e of it wi tn ess the oving electric light signs

-
in a ny city A shrewd sp ea ker wi ll resp ec t this la w a nd

m
.
conserve the a ttention of his a udi enc e b y eli ina ting a ll

unn ecessa ry ove en ts mm .
Gesture S hould either be S i m ulta neous with or P recede the
Words n ot Follow The

— m
L a dy M a cb eth sa ys °
your
B ea r w e lco m
ein yo u r eye,
h a nd your tongue Reverse this order a nd yo u g et

m m
,
.
co edy S a y There he go es p oin ting a t hi a fter

.
, ,
yo u ha ve finish ed y our wo rds a nd see if the result is not

m
,
co ic a l .
1 64 THE ART OF P U B LIC S PE AKING
'
b a ck of a dra y wagon . The eye ha s b een c a ll ed the w dow

”
m
Of the so ul Thro ug h
. it sh ines the l igh t of our th o ugh ts
a nd f eel ing s .
Do Not Use Too MhG uc esture
m of f c in big c i of lif do go
o ug h m
As a a tter a t, the r ses e we not
thr n y c ion aW n yo u clo

a t f i nd
s . he r sest r e dies
yo u do o up you h nd lk bo u o u g i f
m
not thr w r a s a nd ta a ty r r e .
o l i k ly b ood in y d il nc
mk m
You a re re e to sit a nd r dry -
e e s e e.
The H ud on Riv do
s uch O on
er es not a e n ise its wa y
to the — sea ha lf S O lo ud a s the little creek up in
it Is not
B ronx Pa rk th a t a b ul l frog co ul d l ea p a c ro ss The
m
.
—
b a king dog neve tea s you tro users a t l ea st they say
r
m
r r r
he do esn t D o not f ea r the a n who wa v es his a r s a nd

m m
’
.
sh o u ts his a ng er b ut the a n who co es up q ui etly wi th
m m
,
ey es fla ing a nd fa c e b urning a y k nock yo u down F uss

m
.
is not fo rc e Ob serve th ese p r crp les in n a ture a n d p rac

m
.
tise th e in yo ur d elivery .
The wri ter of thi s chap ter onc e ob serv ed a n in stru c to r

drilling a cla ss in g esture Th ey ha d co e to the pa ssa ge m
m m
.
fro Henry VIII in which the hu b led Ca rdina l sa ys :

F a rewell a l ong fa rewell to a ll y grea tness m
m
,
It is .
one of the p a th etic p a ssa g es of l i tera tu re A a n u ttering

m
.
su ch a sen ti en t wo ul d b e c ru sh ed a nd the l a st thing on
m m m
,
ea rth he wo ul d do wo ul d b e to a k e fla boya nt ove

m en ts Yet thi s c la ss ha d a n el ocu tiona ry a nua l b e m
m
.
fore the tha t ga ve a n a pprop ria te g esture for every oc

m
ca sion fro p aying the g as bill to d ea th— b ed fa rewells
m
.
,
S o they were in stru c ted to throw th eir a r s out a t full

leng th on ea ch sid e a nd say : Farewell a l ong fa rewell ,
THE TRU TH AB OU T GE S TURE 1 65
to a ll y mg n rea t
ess S u c h a g e
.stu re ig ht p o ssib ly b e m
used in a n a fter dinn er sp eech a t the convention of a
m m
-
tel ep hon e co p a ny who se lines ex tended fro the Atl a ntic
to the Pa cific b ut to think of Wolsey s using tha t ove m

m
’
,
en t wo ul d sugg est tha t his fa te wa s ju st .
P osture
The phy sica l a ttitude to b e tak en b efore the a udience

rea lly is inclu d ed in g esture Just wha t tha t a ttitude
.
sh o ul d b e d ep end s not on rul es b ut on the sp iri t of the

, ,
sp eech a nd the occ a sion S ena tor L a Follette stood for

.
three ho urs wi th his weigh t thrown on his forwa rd foo t
a s he l ea ne d out ov er the foo tlights ra n his fing ers thro ugh
m
,
his ha ir a nd fl a ed out a d enu nci a tion of the trusts It

m
.
,
wa s very effec tive B ut i a gin e a sp ea ker ta king tha t

m
.
kind of p o sition to discourse on the d evelop ent of roa d

m ma king a chin ery If y o u ha ve a fiery a ggressive es
.
,
m
sa g e a nd wi ll let y o urself go n a ture wi ll n a tura lly p ull
m
, ,
your weight to your forwa rd foo t A a n in a hot p oli tica l

m
.
a rg u en t or a street b ra wl n ever ha s to stop to think up on
which foo t he sh o ul d throw his weight You a y so m m

m
e .
ti es pl a c e y o ur weight ou y our b a ck foo t if yo u ha ve a
mm —
m
restful a nd c a l essa g e but don t worry a bou t it :
’
just sta nd lik e a a n who g enui nely feels wha t he is

sa ying D o not sta n d wi th y o ur h eel s cl o se tog ether l ik e
m m
.
,
a so l di er or a b u tl er N0 ore sho uld you sta nd with the

m m
.
wid e a pa rt l ik e a tra flic p o lic e a n Use si p l e good

m m
m
.
a nners a nd co on sense .
Here a word of c a ution is n eeded We ha ve a dvised y o u .
to a ll ow y o ur g estures a nd p o stures to b e sp onta n eo u s

1 66 TH E ART OF PUB LI C S PE AKING
not wooden ly p rep a red b eforeha nd but do not go

m m
a nd ,
to the ex tre e of ig no ring the i p o rta nc e of a cquiring
m mm m
m
a stery of yo ur p hysic a l ove ents A uscula r ha nd
m mm
.
,
a d e fl ex ib l e by free ove ent is fa r ore lik ely to b e

m
,
a n eff ec tiv e in stru en t in g esture tha n a stiff pudgy ,
b unch Of fingers I f y our sho ul ders a re l ithe a nd ca rried

m
.
well whi l e yo ur chest do es not retrea t fro a ssoci a tion
m
,
wi th yo ur chin the cha nc es of u sing good exte p o ra neo us

m
,
g estures a re S O uch the b etter Lea rn to keep the ba ck .
of your neck tou ching your colla r hol d y o ur ch est high

m
, ,
a nd k eep down yo ur wa i st ea sure .
S o a tten tion to streng th p oi se flexibil ity a nd gra c e

, , ,
of body a re the fo unda tions of good gesture for they a re ,
ex p ression s of vi ta li ty a nd wi tho u t vi ta l i ty no sp ea k er
m
,
ca n en ter the kingdo of p ower When a n a wkwa rd gia nt

m m
.
lik e Ab ra ha Lincoln ro se to the sub li est heights of

ora tory he did so b eca use of the grea tness of his soul
his v ery rugg edn ess of spiri t a nd a rtl ess h on esty Were
prop erly exp ressed in his gna rly body The fi re of cha ra c
m
“
ter of ea rn estn ess a nd of essa g e swep t his h ea rers b e
m
, ,
fore hi when the tepid words of a n insinc ere Ap oll o

wo ul d ha v e l ef t no effec t B ut b e sure yo u a re a second
.
Lincol n b efo re yo u desp i se the h a ndic a p of physic a l

a wkwa rdn ess .
m
Ty Cobb ha s confid ed to the pub l ic tha t wh en he
“
m
is in a b a tting slu p he ev en sta nd s b efore a irror ba t ,
in ha nd to ob serve the swing a nd follow thro ugh

m
,
of his b a tting for I f yo u wo ul d learn to sta nd well be

m
.
fore a n a udienc e look a t yo urself in a irror but not

,
w
too of ten .Pra c tise wa lking a nd sta nding b efo re the

on the tree r esp ond to the slightest b reeze The uscles . m

of your fa ce the light of your ey es should resp ond to the
m m
, ,
slig htest ch a ng e of f eel ing E erson sa y s : E very

m m
“
m
. an
m
th a t I up io in o I n h I l n
m
eet is y s er r s e w a y t a t . ea r
of hi Illitera te I ta lia ns a ke gestures so wonderful

m
.
a nd b ea u tiful th a t B oo th or B arrett ight ha ve sa t a t

th ei r f eet a nd b een in stru c ted Op en yo ur eyes E erson m
m
m
. .
sa y s a g a in :
“
We a re i ersed in b ea uty but our eyes ,
have no clea r vi sion . To ss this book to one side ; go

out a nd wa tch one ch i l d pl ea d wi th a no th er for a bi te of
a ppl e ; see a street b ra wl ; ob serv e l if e in a c tion D o yo u .
wa n t to know how to exp ress vic tory ? Wa tch the v ic to rs

’
h a nds go high on elec tion night D o you wa n t to plea d

m
.
a c a u se ? M a k e a co p o si te p ho tograph of a ll the plea ders

in da ily life yo u consta ntly see B eg borrow a nd stea l
.
, ,
the b est yo u ca n g et B UT DON T GI VE I T OUT AS

m m
’
,
THEF T Assi il a te it u ntil it b eco es a p a rt of yo u

m
.
th en let the ex p ression co e out .
QUE S TIONS AND EX ERCI S ES
m
Fro wha t so urc e do yo u intend to study g esture ?
Wha t is the first requi si te of good g estures? Why ?
m
2 .
3 . Wh y i s i t i p o ssib l e t o la y down steel c l a d rul es -
for g estu ring ?
4 . D e sc r ib e ()
a a g ra c e f ul g es tu re th a t yo u h a v e Ob
serv ed ; (b) a fo rc ef ul one ; (c) a n ex tra va g a n t one ; (d)

a n in a pp rop ri a te one
m
.
W h g u do yo u p i Wh y
mm
5 . a t es t re s us e fo r e ha s s ? ?
6 . How ca n g ra c e of ove en t b e a cqui red ?
7 . Wh e n in do ub t a bo u t a g es tu re wh a t wo ul d yo u do ?
THE TRUTH AB OU T GE S TURE 69
What a ccording to your ob serva tions b efore a

m
8.
,
irror a re y our fa ul ts in gesturing ?

m
,
in co c h
m
9 ; H o w d o you te nd t o rre t t e ?
Wha t a re so e of the gestures if a ny tha t you
m
10 .
, ,
ight use in delivering Thurston s sp eech page 50 ;’

,
Gra dy s sp eech p age 3 6? B e sp ecific

’
m
,
.
I1 . D escrib e so e pa rticul a rly app rop ri a te g esture tha t

you ha ve ob served Why wa s it app rop ri a te?
mm
.
Cite a t lea st thr ee ove ents in na ture tha t

m m
12 .
ight well b e i ita ted in g esture

m
.
13 . Wha t woul d you ga ther fro the exp ressions :

descriptiv e g esture suggestiv e g esture a nd typica l g esture ?
m m
, ,
S el ec t a ny el e enta l e otion su ch a s fea r a nd

m
14 .
, ,
try b y p ic turing in y o ur i n d a t lea st fi v e different situ

m m
,
ight c a ll forth this e o tion to exp ress its

mm
a tions tha t ,
sev e a l p ha ses b y g estu e

r r — including p o sture ove ent , ,
a nd f a ci a l exp ression
m m
.
D o the sa e thing for su ch o ther e o tion s a s yo u

m
15 .
a y sel ec t
m
.
S el ect three p a ssa g es fro a ny so urc e only b eing
mm
16 .
,
sure tha t they a re sui ta b l e for p ub lic d eliv ery e oriz e ,
ea ch a nd then d evi se g estures suita b l e for ea ch

, S a y why . .
17 . Critici se the g estures in a ny sp eech y o u ha ve hea rd

rec ently
mm
.
18 . Pra c ti se fl exib le ove ent of the ha nd Wha t .
ex erci ses did y o u fi n d u seful ?
19 . Ca reful ly ob serv e so e a ni a l ; m m then d evi se
sev era l typ ic a l g estures
m
.
20 . Wri te a bri ef dia logue b etween any two a ni a ls ;

rea d it a l ou d a nd invent exp ressiv e g es tures .
21 . D eliver, with a ppropria te gestures ,

the quo ta tion
ha t hea ds this chap ter
mic
t .
22 Rea d a lo ud the following incident using dra

.
, at
gestures :
Wh n V olt i w p p ing young ct ss t p p ea r in on
e a re as re ar a a re o a e
of hi t g di h ti d h h nd t h sid with p ck th d
s ra e es , e e er a s o er es a rea
in o d t ch c k h t nd ncy t o w d xub nt g ticul tion

m m
m mm
r er o e er e e ar e e ra es a .
mm
Und thi con dition of co p ul o y obility h co nc d
m
er s s r i S e e e
o ti h bo lf l l y enough ;
m
t
o re h s nd f ea r e , a h or s e e S e re erse ca
b ut t l t co p l t l y c i d w y by h f ling sh bu t
m m
a as , e e a rr e a a er ee s, e rs
h bond nd flung up h
er s a Al d t h up p o d er ar s . ar e a er s se
n gl ct of his in t u ction h b g n t p ol ogi t th p o t ;

m m
e e s r s, s e e a o a ze o e e
h ilingly
e s u d h how v ; th g tu w th n d ir
rea ss re er , e er e es re as e a
a e, e a —
bl b c u it w s i p ibl RE D WAY Th A t A t
se a rre re ss e .
, e c or s
’
r .
23 . Render the following with suita b l e g estures :

One da y whil e c ing Whit fi l d udd nl y ssu d m
m p re a h
m
, , e e s e a e 3 .
n utic l i nd nn th t w i r i tibl with hi

m
”
a a a r a a nd er a e re r es s e , a
b ok forth in th wo d W ll y boy w h v cl sky

m m
“
r e e se r s: e , s, e a e a ea r ,
king fi n h dw y ov ooth b fo light

m
a nd a re a s e ea a er a se a e re a
b nd w
reeze , a h ll oon l o s ight Of l nd B ut wh t
e S a ns
s e s a . a ea
thi su dd n l o w ing Of th h v n n d th t d k cl ou d ri in g
m
s e er e ea e s, a a ar a s
f o b n th th w t n ho i on ? H k ! D on t you h dis
r e ea e e s er r z ar
’
ea r
t nt thu nd ? D on t yo u tho fl h of lightning ? Th

m m
’
a er se e se as es ere
to g th ing ! E v ry n t hi duty ! Th ir is d k
m m m
i
s a s r a er e a o s e a ar
g — gon — hip i on h b
m
th t p t
e e s Ou est s ra th e r as a re e e S s er ea
nd ! Wh t n xt ? At this nu b of s il o in th cong g
m
”
e s a e a er a rs e re a
tion u tt ly w p t w y by th dr
er stic d sc ri p tion l p d
e a a e a a e ea e
Th l ng b t l—t k t th l ongb o t !
, ,
to th ir f t n d c i d
“ ”
e ee a r e : e o oa a e o e a
—NATHAN S HE PPARD B f n Audi n , e ore a e ce .
1 72 THE ART OF PU BL IC S PE AKING
o thers ca n ,
m
do I ca n a tte p t A bol d S pirit conquers.
wh ere Others flinch a nd a trying task cha ll eng es plu ck

, .
This mhod lly deserves short S hrift in a boo k on

m
et rea
pub lic sp ea king for delu de yo urself a s yo u ay public

m
, , ,
rea ding is not pub l ic sp ea k i ng Yet there a re so a ny who

m
.
gr a sp this b roken reed for support tha t w e ust here dis

” —
c uss the rea d sp eech a p ologetic i sno er a s it is mm
m m
.
—
Certa in ly th ere a re occ a sion s a ong th e the Op en ,
ing of Congress the presenta tion of a sore question b efore

m
mm
,
a d elib era tiv e bod y or a hi sto ric a l co o ra tion

m m
, e
wh en it a y see not a l on e to the ora tor but to a ll

tho se in terested th a t the c hi ef thing is to exp ress c erta in
—
th o ughts in p reci se l a ng ua g e in la ng u a g e th a t m
m m m
ust not
b e ei th er isunderstood or isquo ted At such ti es

m
.
ora tory is unhapp ily elbowed to a b a ck b ench the a nu

m m
,
sc rip t is so l e nly with dra wn fro the ca p a cio us inner

p ock et of the new frock co a t a nd every one settles hi self
,
m
resign ed ly wi th on ly a feeb l e flick er of h op e th a t the
m
,
so— c a lled sp eech a y not b e a s long a s it is thick The

m
.
wo rd s a y b e go l den b ut the h ea rers ey es a re p ron e

’
,
to b e l ea d en a nd in a bo u t one insta nce out of a hundred
m
‘
do es the p erp etra tor rea lly deliver a n i pressive a ddress

m
.
—
His ex c use is his a p ol ogy he is not to b e b la ed a s a
m
,
rul e for so e one d ec reed th a t it wo ul d b e da ng ero u s to
mm m
,
cut l oo se f ro a n u sc rip t ooring s a nd ta k e his a udience

m
wi th hi on a rea lly del ig h tful sa i l .
One g rea t tro ub l e on such g rea t occasions is tha t the

essa yi st
— —
for su ch he is ha s b een cho sen not b eca use
T
ME HOD S OF V Y
DE LI E R 1 73
of his sp eaking a bili ty but b eca use his gra ndfa ther fought
in a c erta in b a ttle or his constituents sent hi to Congress m
m
, ,
or his gif ts in so e lin e of endea vor o ther tha n sp ea king
ha ve disting ui shed hi m
m
.
As well choo se a surgeon fro his a bil ity to p l a y go lf .
To b e Sure it a lwa y s interests a n a u di enc e to see a grea t

m m
,
a n ; b ec a u se of his e inence they a re li kely to listen to

his words wi th resp ec t p erhap s wi th in terest ev en when
mm mm
, ,
droned fro a a nuscrip t B ut how uch ore effective .
su ch a d elivera nc e wo ul d b e if the p a p ers were c a st a si de !
Nowhere is the rea d a ddress so co -

m
m
on a s in the p ulp it
—the p ulp it tha t in these da y s l ea st of a ll ca n a fford to
m m
,
invite a ha ndicap D oub tless a ny clergy en prefer

m m
.
—
fini sh to fervor let the choo se : they a re ra rely en who
swa y the m
a sses to a cc ep ta nc e of thei r essa g e m
Wha t .
they g a in in p reci sion a nd el eg a nc e of la ng ua g e they l o se

In fo rc e
m m m
.
There a re just fo ur o tives tha t ca n ove a a n to

m
rea d his a dd ress or ser on :
m m
m
L a z ess is the co onest Eno ugh sa id Even
m m
1
. . .
Hea ven ca nno t a k e a l a zy a n eflicient

mm
.
2
. A e ory so defec tive tha t he rea lly ca nno t sp ea k
wi tho ut rea ding Ala s he is not sp ea king when he is
mm m
,
.
rea ding so his dil e a is p a inful — a nd not to hi sel f
m m mm
,
a l on e B ut no a n ha s a right to a ssu e tha t his e ory

mm
.
—
is u tterly b a d until he ha s b uckl ed down to
mm
ture a nd fa i l ed A wea k
. e
e ory cul
ory is Oftener a n excuse
tha n a rea son
m m
.
3. A g en u in e l a c k of t i e to do o re tha n w ri te the
sp eech . h r r —
T e e a e su ch in sta nc es but they do not occ u r
v y week ! The disp osition of your ti e a llows ore

e er m m
fl exibility tha n yo u rea li ze Mo tive 3 too often ha rn esses
.
up wi th Mo tive 1
m
.
A convic tion tha t the sp eech is too i p orta n t to

m
4 .
ri sk forsa king the a n u sc rip t. B ut if it is vi ta l tha t every

,
wo rd sho ul d b e so p reci se the styl e S O p o li shed a nd the

m m
, ,
th o ugh ts so l ogic a l tha t the p reacher u st wri te the ser on

m m
,
en tire is not the

,
essa g e i p orta nt eno ugh to wa rra nt
ex tra ef fo rt in p erf ec ting its d elivery ? It is a n in sul t to
a cong reg a tion a nd di sresp ec tful to Al m
ighty God to
ph a sing of a m
essa g e a bove the m
essa g e i tself
mm
p u t t h e r .
To rea ch the h ea rts of the hea rers the ser on ust b e

—
d elivered it is only ha lf delivered when the sp ea ker
ca nno t utter it wi th origina l fi re a nd forc e when he erely , m ‘
rep ea ts w o rd s tha t were conc eiv ed ho urs or week s b efo re
a nd henc e a re l i k e cha m
pa gn e tha t ha s l o st its fizz The
m
.
rea ding p re a ch er s ey es a re ti ed do wn to his a n u sc rip t ;

’
he c a n no t giv e the a u di enc e the b en efi t of his exp ression .
How l ong wo ul d a p la y fill a thea ter if the a c to rs hel d th eir

cue boo k s in ha nd a nd rea d th eir p a rts? m
I a gin e Pa trick
m — m
-
Henry rea ding his fa o us sp eech ; Peter the Her i t —

m
,
a nu sc rip t in ha nd exho rting the c ru sa d ers ; Na p o l eon
m
, ,
con sta ntly looking a t his pa p ers a ddressing the a r y a t

m m
,
the Py ra id s ; or J esu s rea ding the S er on on the M o un t !
These sp ea k ers were so full of th eir sub j ec ts their g en era l,
p rep a ra tion ha d b een so richly a dequa te tha t there wa s

m
,
no nec essi ty for a a nu scrip t ei th er to refer to or to serve

,
as a n o u twa rd a nd vi sib l e S ign of their prepa redness .
No even t wa s ever so dignifi ed tha t it required a n a rti

fi c ia l a tte p tma t sp e ec h m a k ing .C a ll a n es sa y by it s
m x ples The wonderful effects a chieved by

m m
g uished e a .
fa ous a ctors were of course a cco plish ed thro ugh the

mm
, ,
d elivery of e ori zed lines

m
m m m m
.
The i nex p eri enc ed sp ea k er ust b e wa rned b efo re

a tte p ting thi s ethod of d elivery t ha t it is difficult
a nd trying It req uires uch skill to a ke it efficien t
mm
~
. .
orized lines of the young sp ea ker will usua lly

mm
The e
sound li k e ori zed words a nd rep el

m m
e ,
.
If y o u wa nt to hear a n exa ple li sten to a d ep a rt ent

m mm
,
sto re d e onstra tor rep ea t her e ori zed lingo a bout the
n ewest furniture p oli sh or b rea kfa st food It requires
m mm
.
tra ining to ake a orized sp eech so und fresh a nd

mm
e
sp on ta n eo u s a nd u n l ess you h a ve a fi ne n a tiv e o ry

m
, ,
e ,
in ea ch insta nc e the finished produc t necessita tes uch

l a bo r S h oul d you forget a pa rt of yo ur sp eech or iss
. m
a few wo rd s yo u a re l i a b l e to b e S O confused th a t l ik e
m m
, ,
Ma rk Twa in s g uide in Ro e yo u will b e co p ell ed to

m
’
,
rep ea t yo u r l in es fro the b eginning
m
.
On the o th er h a nd yo u ay b e so ta k en up wi th trying
,
to rec a ll yo ur wri tten wo rd s tha t yo u wi ll not a b a ndon
yo urself to the S piri t of your a ddress a nd so fa il to deliver ,
it wi th th a t sp on ta n ei ty which is S O vi ta l to fo rc eful de
m
livery .
B ut do not let th ese difliculties frigh ten yo u I f co

m m
.
itting see s b est to yo u give it a fa ithful tria l D o not

,
. .
b e deterred by its p i tfa ll s but by resolute p ra cti se a void

m
,
th e .
m
One of the b est wa ys to ri se sup erior to these difliculties
is to do a s D r Wa lla c e Ra dcliffe O ften do es : co it m
m
.
wi th o ut wri ting the sp eech a king p ra c tic a lly a ll the

,
T
ME HOD S OF DE LI E R V Y 1 77
m
prepa ra tion enta lly without putting p en to —
paper a
m
,
la borious but effective way of cultiva ting both ind a nd

mm ory
mm
e .
You will fin d it ex c ell ent p ra c tise bo th for e ory a nd

[
m
m m
delivery to co it the sp eci en speeches fo und in this
,
m mm
,
volu e a nd decla i the with a ll a ttention to the p rin

m m
,
cip les we ha ve p ut b efore y o u Willi a Ell ery Cha r ing

m
.
,
hi self a distingui shed sp ea ker y ea rs a g o ha d this to sa y

m
,
of p ra ctise in decla a tion :

mm
Is there not a n a use ent ha ving a n a flinity wi th
m m
“
m
,
the dra a which ight b e u sefull y introdu ced a ong us?

m m
,
I ean Recita tion A work of genius recited b y a a n

m
.
, ,
of fi ne ta ste enthusia s a nd p owers of elocution is a

, , ,
very pure a nd high gra tifica tion Were this a rt c ultiva ted
m m
.
a nd enco ura g ed grea t nu b ers now i n sensib le to the o st

m m
, ,
b ea utiful co p o sitions ight b e wa ked up to their exc el

,
f m
lence a nd power .
p N S ea king ro otes
d
The thir m o p op
,
mod of liv y
a nd the st ul a r eth de er ,
p ob b ly l o b b ginn p king
f om im
is r a a s the est one for the e er . S ea
r no id l d liv y
tes is not l in
ea e er ,
b ut we ea rn to sw
Sha llow wa ter b efore going out b ey ond the rop es .
M a ke a definite p la n for y our discour se (for a ful ler

discussion see Cha pter XVIII) a nd set down the p oints
so m
ewha t in the f a shion of a l a wy er s b ri ef or a p rea ch er s
m m
’ ’
,
outline Here is a sa p le of very S i ple notes :

.
A TT E NT I ON
INTRODU CTION
mnc
.
Attention indisp ensa b l e to the p erfor a e of a ny
grea t work Anecdote . .

1 78 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PE AKING “
D E FI NED ILLU S TRATE D

m
mcom
AND .
1 . Fro on ob v ion ser at .
F om liv of g m Robly l Ca r e
2 . r the es rea t en
ert E . Lee .
RE LATION To OTHE R ME NTAL POWERS .
Reason
m
1 . .
I agina tion
m
2 . .
M e ory .
Will Anecdote
. .
IV . ATTE NTION MAY BE CU LTIVATE D .
I nvoluntary a tten tion

m
1 . .
2 . V o lu nta ry a tten tion . E xa ples .
CONCLU S ION .
The con sequences of ina ttention a nd of a tte ntion .
Few b riefs woul d b e so precise a s this one for wi th ,
exp eri enc e a sp ea k er l ea rn s to use l i ttl e tric k s to a ttra c t
—
his eye he m
a y undersco re a c a tch wo rd h ea vil y dra w -
a red circ l e a ro u nd a p ivo ta l idea enc l o se the key wo rd ,

-
of a n a necdo te in a wa vy lined box a nd so on indefi

mm
-
nitely .These p oin ts a re wo rth re e b ering for no th ing ,
so elu des the swif t gl a ncing eye of the sp ea k er a s the
m
-
en ess of typ ewri ting or ev en a reg ul a r p en scrip t
m
sa ,
-
.
S o unin ten tion a l a thing a s a b l o t on the p a ge a y h elp
mm
yo u to re e b er a big p oint in y o ur b ri ef p erhaps —
by a ssocia tion of idea s .
An in exp eri enc ed sp ea k er wo ul d p rob a b l y req uire

m
fuller no tes tha n the sp eci en given Yet tha t wa y li es
m m m
.
d a nger for the co pl ete a nu script is but a short re ove

,
1 80 THE ART OF PU B LI C S PE AKING
yo urself will feel their resp onse a s yo u rea d the efl eCts

of yo ur wa r m
sp on ta n eo u s wo rd s
,
wri tten on their ,
co untena nces .
S en tenc es wri tten out in the stu d y a re li a b l e to b e dea d

a nd co l d when resu rrec te d b efo re the au dienc e Wh en .
yo u crea te a s yo u sp ea k y ou conserve a ll the na tive fi re

of yo ur tho ught You ca n enla rge on one point Or o it m
m
.
a no ther ju st a s the occ a sion or the ood of the a udienc e

m m
,
ay de a nd It is not p o ssib l e for ev ery sp ea ker to use

m m
.
this the o st diflicult of all ethods of d elivery a nd

m
, ,
lea st of a ll ca n it b e used succ essfully wi tho ut uch

pra c ti se but it is the idea l towa rd s which a ll shoul d strive
m m
, .
One da ng er in thi s ethod is tha t y o u ay b e led a sid e

m
fro your sub j ec t into by p a ths To a void this p eri l
m m
-
.
,
fir ly stick to y o ur enta l o utline Pra c tise sp ea king

m mm
.
fro a e orized b rief unti l y o u g a in control J oin a

m
.
—
deb a ting soci ety ta lk ta lk TALK a nd a lways fax te
"
mm
, , ,
r i Y ou ay a k e a foo l of yo u rsel f onc r twic e

p o ze . e o ,
but is th a t too grea t a p ric e to p a y for su cc ess?

No tes lik e c rutches a re on ly a S ign of wea kn ess Re
mm m
.
, ,
e b er tha t the p ower of your sp eech dep ends to so e

ex ten t Up on the vi ew yo ur a u dienc e h o l d s of yo u
m
Gen .
era l Gra n t s w o rd s a s p resid en t were ore p owerful tha n

m
’
his word s a s a Misso uri fa r er I f yo u wo uld a pp ea r in

.
the l igh t of a n a u th o ri ty b e one Ma ke no tes on yo ur

,
.
b ra in instea d of on p ap er .
J oint M ethods of Delivery
mo fic m
ion of the second ethod has b een a dop ted
by m
A di at
ny g a rea t sp ea k ers p a rtic ul a rly l ec turers who a re

,
T
ME H OD S OF DE LI E R V Y 1 81
mll d
co k on a wide va ri ety of subj ects da y a fter
m
m
pe e to sp ea
day ; s h sp ea k ers often co

uc i t their a ddresses to
mmoy but k eep their m
a nu scrip ts in fl exib l e boo k fo r m
m m
e r
b efore the turning severa l p a ges a t a ti e They feel

, .
sa fer for ha vi ng a S heet a ncho r to windwa rd

-
— b ut it is
a n a ncho r neverthel ess a nd hin ders ra p i d free sa i ling
, , , ,
tho ugh it dra g n ev er so lightly .
Other sp ea k ers throw out a still lighter a ncho r by

m
keep ing b efore the a ra ther full o utline of their wri tten
a nd co m
m i tted sp eech
m
m m
.
Others a ga in wri te a nd co i t a few i p orta nt p arts

—
of the a ddress the introduc tion the conclusion so e m
m m
, ,
—
vi ta l a rgu ent so e p a t illustra tion a nd dep end on
m
,
the hou r for the l a ng ua g e of the rest This etho d is .
well a da p ted to sp ea ki ng ei ther wi th or wi tho ut no tes

m m
m mm
.
S o e sp ea k ers rea d fro a n u sc rip t the o st i p orta nt

pa rts Of their sp eeches a nd utter the rest ex te p ora ne m
m
ously .
Thus, wha t w e ha ve ca lled j oint ethods of delivery

a re op en to m
uch p erso n a l va ria tio n You ust d ecide . m
fO r y o ursel f which is b est for y o u for the occa sion for
, ,
—
y our subj ec t for y our a udien c e for these four fa c tors
m
,
a ll ha v e thei r i ndivi du a l c l a i
m
s .
Wha tever for y ou choo se do not b e so wea kly indif

,
—
ferent a s to p refer the ea sy wa y choo se the best wa y
m
,
wha tever it co st y o u in ti e a nd effo rt And of this b e .
a ssure d : o nly the p ra ctised sp ea ker ca n hop e to ga in

m
both co nci seness of a rgu en t a nd co n vic tion in a nn er m ,
p o l i sh of l a ng u a g e a nd p o w er in delivery finish of style ,
a nd fi re in u ttera nc e .

1 . m
Which in your ju dg ent is the o st suita b le for m m
of delivery for yo u ? Why ?
Wha t ob j ec tion s ca n yo u offer to (a ) e o ri zin g mm
m
m
2 .
,
the en ti re sp eech ; (b) rea ding fro a n u sc ri p t ; (c) u sing
notes ; (d) S pea king fro mmm ori z ed outline or notes ;

m
e
of j oin h od
m
m
() y
e a n th e t e t s
Wh h co nd in d l iv ng p c h
m
3 . a t is t er e to e e er i a s e e
in a ny of the fo regoing ethods?

4 . m m
Ca n yo u sugg est a ny co bina tio n of ethod s tha t
yo u ha ve fo und eflica cious?
Wh m h od cco ding yo u ob serva tion do
m
5 . a t et s ,
a r to r ,
o st successful sp ea kers use?

m
S el ec t so e topic fro mthe l i st on p a ge 1 2 3 n a rro w
m m
6 .
,
the th e e so a s to a k e it sp ecific (see p a g e
m m
a nd
deliver a short a ddress utilizing the fo ur ethods en

,
tioned in fo ur differen t d el iveri es of the sp eech

m
.
,
S el ec t one of the j oin t eth ods a nd a pply it to the

m
7 .
delivery of the sa e a ddress

m
.
Which ethod do you prefer a nd why?

m
8 .
,
F o l of u b j c in pp ndi x l c
m m
9 . r t he i st s e ts the A e se e t a
th e e a nd d eliver a fi v e inute a ddress wi th o ut no tes

m
-
but a ke ca reful prepa ra tion wi tho ut putting yo ur

th o ugh ts on p a p er .
NOTE : It is ea rn estly h op ed th a t in stru c to rs wi ll

not p a ss thi s sta g e of the wo rk wi th o u t req uiring of th eir
stu d en ts m uch pra c tise in the delivery of o rigina l sp eeches

m m m m
,
in the a nner tha t see s a fter so e exp eri ent to be

, ,
b est sui ted to the student s gifts Students who are

m
’
.
stu dying a l on e sh o uld b e eq ua lly ex a c ting in d e a nd up on

CHA P T ER XVII
TH OU G H T A N D RE S E RV E P OW E R
Pr ovid nc
e e is a lw ys ona the S id of th l st
e e rv a re se e
—NAPOL E ON B ONAPARTE
.
SO m
ig i ht estp wers o e ep est by d
al c m s a re fe d ,
l in ing g ntl st b !
m
And s eep , how oft , th s tha t e e e
B RR C ORNW
-
A Y ALL Th S , e ea in Ca l .
Wha t wo uld ha pp en if you sho uld overdraw yo ur b a n k

a cco u n t? AS a rul e the ch eck wo ul d b e p ro tested ; b ut if
m
yo u were on fri endly ter s wi th the b a nk yo ur c heck
m m
‘
ight b e honored a nd yo u would b e c a lled up on to a k e

,
good the overdra ft .
Na ture ha s no such fa vo ri tes th erefo re ex tend s no ,
—
c edits S he is a s rel entless a s a ga soline ta nk wh en the
m
r
g a s is a ll u se d th e a c h in e sto p s It is a s rec kl ess for

.
a sp ea k er to ri sk going b efo re a n a u di enc e wi th o u t h a ving
som ething in reserv e a s it is for the o torist to essa y a m

l ong j o urn ey in the wil ds witho ut eno ugh g a solin e in sight .
B ut in wha t do es a sp ea k er s reserv e p o wer con si st?

’
I n a well founded relia nc e on his gen era l a nd p articula r

-
g ra sp of his sub j ec t ; in the qua lity of b eing a lert a nd

reso urc ef ul in —
tho ught p a rtic ul a rly in the a bi l i ty to
thin k whi l e on his feet ; a nd in tha t sel f p o ssession whic h
m
-
a k es one the c a p ta i n of a ll his own fo rc es bodi ly a nd
m
,
en ta l
m
.
The first of th ese el e ents a dequ a te p rep a ra tion a nd

, ,
TH OU GHT AND RE S E RVE P OWE R 1 85
the la st ,
lf
se -
relia nce
discussed ful ly in the cha p ters
,
w ere
on S elf Confi dence a nd Fluenc y so they Will b e
-
to uched only inci d enta lly here ; b esid es the n ex t cha p ter
m
,
Will ta k e up S p ecific ethod s of p rep a ra tion for p ub l ic
sp ea ki ng Therefo re the c entra l the e of this cha p ter is m

m
.
—
the second of the el e en ts of reserve p ower Tho ught .
The M enta l S torehouse
my m
i d lk der ay b e a serious my l m
m
An e p t n ,
i e an e pt ar ,
a tter or not
— a ll wi ll d ep en d on the a va i l a b l e reso urc es .
If there is no foo d in the cup bo a rd the housewife do es not

m
nervously ra ttle the e p ty di shes ; she telepho nes the
grocer If y ou ha ve no idea s do not ra ttl e y o ur e p ty ers m
m
.
,
a nd a hs b ut get so e id ea s a nd don t sp ea k u n til y o u do
m
’
, ,
g e t the .
This, howev er, is b eing wha t the old New Engla nd

not
ho u sek eep er u sed to c a ll fo reha nded The rea l solu tion

”
m m
.
of the prob le of wha t to do with a n e p ty hea d is n ever

to let it b eco e e p ty mmIn the a rtesia n wells of D a ko ta
.
the wa ter ru shes to the surfa c e a nd l ea p s a sco re of feet
a bov e the g ro und The secret of thi s ex ub era n t fl ow is of

.
course the grea t supp ly b el ow crowding to g et out

mm m
.
,
Wha t is the use of stopp ing to p ri e a enta l p u p

when y o u ca n fill y o ur l if e wi th the reso urc es for a n
a rtesia n well ? It is not eno ugh to ha ve erely eno ugh ; m
m m
you ust ha ve ore tha n en ough Then the p ressure of
m m
.
m
your a ss of thought a nd feeling will a inta in y our fl ow
of sp eech a nd give y ou the co nfidence a nd p oise tha t
d eno te reserve p ower To b e a wa y fro ho e with only . m
1 86 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE
. AKING
xact return fa re lea ves a grea t dea l to circ u sta nces ! m

m
the e
-
Reserve p ower is a gn etic It do es not con sist in

m
.
g iving th e id ea th a t yo u a re h o l ding so ethi ng In r e
serve b ut ra th er in the sugg estion th a t the a u di enc e is
m
,
g etting the crea of yo ur ob serva tion r ea ding exp eri , ,
enc e f eel ing th o ugh t To h a ve reserv e p ower th erefo re

m m m
.
, , , ,
yo u ust ha ve eno ugh i lk of a terial on ha nd to supply

suffici en t c rea m
m
.
B ut how S ha ll we g et the ilk ? There a re two Wa ys

m
'
the one s first h a nd fro — the cow ; the o ther is second
m mm
i
‘
—
ha nd fro the ilk a n .
The S eeing Eye
mgSo e sa e ha s sa ho usa nd en who ca n

id : For a t m
p k h t ere is on ly one who ca n think ; for a th o usa nd
m
s ea ,
en who ca n think th ere is on ly one who ca n see
m m
,
To .
see a nd to thi nk is to g et yo ur ilk fro yo ur own cow

m m m
.
When the one a n in a illion who ca n see co es a long

m
,
we c a ll hi Ma ster Old Mr Ho lb roo k of . Cra nfo rd .

, ,
a sk ed his g u est wh a t co l o r a sh b u d s were in M a rch ; she
m
-
confessed she did not k now to which the ol d g entle a n

m
,
a n swered : I kn ew you didn t No ore did I a n ol d —

m m m m
’
.
—
m
fool tha t I a till thi s yo ung a n co es a nd tell s e .
B l a c k a s a sh b u ds in Ma rch An d I v e l ived a ll y l ife

m m
‘ ’ ’
-
.
in the co untry More sha e for e not to know B la ck ;

mm
. .
th ey are j et b l a ck a da
m
-
.
,
This yo u ng referred to by Mr H o l b roo k wa s

“
an .
Tennyson .
Henry Wa rd B eech er sa id : I do not b elieve tha t I

1 88 TH E ART OF PUB L IC S PE AKING
to m
ov mn e lives B eecher stood for hours b efore the
e
’
s .
window of a j ewel ry sto re thinking out a n a l ogi es b etween

j ewels a nd the so uls of en Go ugh sawin a S i ngle drop m .
_
of wa ter eno ugh truth wherewi th to quench the thirst of

fi v e tho u sa nd so ul s Tho rea u sa t so still in the sha dowy
m
.
w ood s tha t bird s a nd in sec ts c a e a nd op en ed up th ei r

secret l iv es to his eye E erson ob serv ed the so ul of a m
m
.
a n so l o ng tha t a t l eng th he co ul d sa y I c a nno t hea r ‘

,
wh a t y o u sa y for seeing wha t yO Preyer for three

m
’
, u a re .
yea rs stu di ed the life of his b a b e a nd so b ec a e a n

a u tho ri ty up on the chi l d ind Ob serva tion ! M o st en m m
m m
.
a re b l in d There a re a tho u sa n d ti es a s
. a ny hidd en
tru ths a nd u ndi scov ered fa c ts a bo u t us to da y a s h a ve
m m m
-
a d e di scov erers fa —
o us fa c ts wa iting for so e one to
p lu ck out the hea rt of their y stery B ut so long a s m
m
‘ ’
.
en go a bo u t the sea rch wi th ey es tha t see not so l ong ,
wi ll these h idd en p ea rl s lie in th eir shell s Not a n o ra to r

m
.
b ut who co ul d ore eff ec tively p oint a nd fea ther his

S ha f ts were he to sea rch n a tu re ra ther tha n l ib ra ri es
m
T0 0 .
few ca n see ser on s in sto nes a nd book s in the run ning

m m
’ ‘
b rook s b eca use they a re S O used to seeing erely ser on s

,
’
in book s a nd only stones in running b rook s S ir Philip .
S id ney ha d a sa y ing L oo k in thy hea rt a nd wri te

m
‘
,
M a ssillo n exp l a in ed his a stu te kno wl edg e of the hu a n

hea rt b y sa ying I l ea rn ed it b y stu dy i ng y self ; B y ron m
m
‘ ’
,
sa y s of Jo hn L ock e tha t a ll his k no wl edg e of the hu an
m m
‘
understa nding wa s d erived fro studying his own ind ’
m m
.
S inc e ultifor n a ture is a ll a bou t u s origina lity o ugh t ,
”1
not to be so ra re .
1 H ow to a ttr a ct a n d H old an A u dien ce, J B erg E s en wein

. .
THOU GH T AND RE S E R VE POWE R 1 89
The Thinking Mind
m l i mic i f c
Thinking is doi ng enta ar th et w th a ts . Add
f c y ou c c in conclu ion
u f omno
this a t to tha t a nd rea h a erta s .
Sub c h tra t t is tr th y ou v fi r a ther a nd ha e a de nite
ul Mul i ly i f c b y no v
mny im occu c
res t . tp th s a t a ther a nd ha e a p re
ci o uc
im y o u v
se p r d t . S ee how a t es this rr en e ha p
p n c c d
fo m
e s in tha t sp a e of t e a nd ha e re a he a ca l
ivi oug oc you

v y k o n ob l m i mic
cul a b le d dend . In th ht p r -
esses p er r
lg b
m m m
of a r th
m
e er n w pr e et a nd a e ra . Tha t is
ic u c xc ll l g n ic
mok n ki g o k nking k
w hy a the at s a re s h e e ent en ta y a st s .
by thin is w
im
B ut the sa e t e ,
n r . Thi ta es
gy i ki g qui i c bo d
m bl
Th e , a nd d
i fo mion
ener . n n re re s t p a t e n e ,
a n r a
n r clat d y on
,
a nd ea rhea d e ness . Be d a isera e
littl e surfa c e scra tching few p eop l e rea lly think a t a ll

-
only one in a thousa nd a ccording to the p undit a lrea dy

m
,
quo ted S O long a s the p resent sy ste of educa tion p re

.
va ils a nd children a re ta ught through the ea r ra ther tha n

thr o ugh the eye so l ong a s they a re exp ec ted to re e b er mm
m
,
tho ughts of o thers ra ther tha n think for the selves thi s
m m
,
—
proportion will continue one a n in a illion will b e
a b l e to see a nd one in a tho u sa nd to think
m
.
,
B ut however tho ught l ess a in d ha s b een there is

m m
-
, ,
pro ise Of b etter thing s so soon a s the ind detects its

own l a ck of th o ught p ower The first step is to stop
m m
-
.
reg a rding tho ught a s the a gic of the ind to use ,
B y ron s exp ression a nd see it a s tho ugh t truly is a —

f m
’
,
weighing f
o idea s a nd a placing o the in rela tionshi p s to
each other . Ponder thi s definition a nd see if yo u ha ve

learned to t hink efliciently .
1 90 THE ART OF PU B LI C S PE A IN K G
—
Habi tua l thinking is just th a t a ha bi t Ha bit co es . m
of doing a thing repea tedly The l ower ha bits a re a c .
quired ea sily the higher ones require deep er grooves if

,
th ey a re to p ersi st S O we find tha t the th o ugh t ha bit

m
-
.
co es only wi th resolute pra cti se ; yet no effort wi ll

yi eld richer dividends Persi st in pra ctise a nd whereas .
,
yo u h a ve b een a b le to think o nl y a n inch deep in to a -
su b j ec t yo u will soon find th a t yo u ca n p en etra te it a

,
foo t
mm
.
Perha p s this h o ely eta ph o r wi ll su gg est how to
b egin the pra c tise of consecutive thinking by which we

m m
,
ea n welding a nu ber of sepa ra te thought—

m
links into a
Ta k e one l ink a t a ti e see th a t ea ch
mm
cha in tha t will hold .
,
na tura lly b elong s wi th the on es y o u li nk to it a nd re e

m m
,
b er tha t a S ingl e issing link ea ns no cha in

m
.
Thinking is the o st fa scina ting a nd exhil a ra ting of a ll

m en ta l e x erci ses Onc e rea li ze tha t yo ur op inion on a
m
.
sub j ec t do es not rep resen t the c h oic e yo u h a ve a de
b etween wh a t D r Cereb ru ha s wri tten a nd Professor m

m
.
Cereb ellu ha s sa id b ut is the resul t of y o ur own ea r

,
nestly a pplied b ra in en ergy a nd yo u will g a in a confid enc e

- -
in yo ur a bility to sp ea k on tha t subj ec t tha t no thing will

b e a b l e to sh a k e Yo ur th o ugh t wi ll h a ve given yo u bo th
.
p ower a nd reserve p ower

m
.
S o eon e ha s conden sed the rel a tion of th o ugh t to

knowledg e in th ese pung ent ho ely lines : ,
m
on t giv m m ink ink
m m
D
’
e e the an who th s he th s,
D on t giv ink kno

m m kno
he
’
e e the an who th s ws ,
B u t giv ink
m kno kno
e th e e an who w s he th s,
An d I h v
"
a e the an who ws he ws!
1 92 THE ART OF P U B LIC S PE AKING
u ming ough p ip ins ; w s th m
m m
p p the nd sa p up thr es a a e ee e
c ic l l bo to y in th b nch ixin g fl vo f th o ng
m
he a a ra r e ra es a r or e ra e
in n b ough ixin g th juic of th p in p p l in noth ; w

m m
o e , e es e ea e a er e
m
b hol d th t
e oth e king ch inf nt co n e dy
ree as a er a ea a a r r a
g in t th l ong wint oll ing it in w ths oft a nd w r s

m m
a a s e er , r s a s a a
w ool bl nk t w p p ing it a ound with g

e s, nts i p rvious t
ra ar ar e e o
in nd fin lly lip p ng th inf nt co n into le p ing b g

m
th e ra , a a s i e a a r a s e a ,
lik th o th E ki o g v D K n
m
e se e s s a e r . a e .
At l ng th w co t f l th t th G ks w r n t f w ong
m
e e e o ee a e ree e e o ar r
in thinking ch t h d d y d in it ni ting it p ot cting

m
ea ree a a r a , a a , r e
it g in t d t u ction dying wh n th t
a a s es r with d So , e e ree ere . e
F d y how u th t ch d op of w t is h th f l ctric
a ra a s s s a ea r a er a S ea or e e
fo c uffici nt t ch g L yd n j s d iv n
m m m m
r es s e o ar e e e ar , or r e a
e ngin f o Liv p ool t L ondon S o S i Will i Tho son

e r er o . e r a
t ll u h w hyd og n g will ch w u p l g i on p ik s
m
e s s o r e as e a ar e r s e a a
child ol will ch w ff th nd of tick Of c ndy Thus

m
’
s a rs e o e e a s a .
ch n w book op n u p o n w nd hith to un xp l o d
m
ea e e s s e e a er e re
rea l of n tu Thu book fulfill f a ure th l g nd of th

. s s or s e e e e
w ond ou gl th t ho w d it o wn ll thing di t nt n d
m
r s a ss a s e s er a s s a a
ll things hidd n Th ou gh books u w o l d b co

m m
a e . s r o r r e es a a
b u d f o th bow Of G od b uty ; th un s p k f o
m
’
r e er s ea e s a a s ar r
th l ight of Hi wi do ; th
e ky s b ubbl on th
s sof His e s a a e e sea
Po w fo M s B owning w o ds N chil d n b
m
’
Ther . e re re r . r s r , o ca e
c ll d f th l s wh h G d n d his oth ; no youth n b

m
a e a er e s o as o a er ca e
c ll d f i ndl s wh h G d nd th co p nion hip of good

a e r e es o as o a e a s
books .
B ook lso dv nt g u in th t th y xhibit th unity of

s a a a a e s a e e e
p og
r t h o l id
re ss , i ty of th c n
e sd th con t in u i ty of
ar hi t o y e ra e, a e s r .
Auth o l d u s b ck l ong th p thw y Of l w of lib ty r

m
rs ea a a e a a a , er o
ligion nd t u down in f ont of th g t n in whos

m
re , a se s r e rea a e
b in th p incip l h d it i A th di cov r l d us f o
m
ra e r e a s r se . s e s e re ea s r
outh of th Nil b ck t th h dw t s of Ny n S O
m
th e e e a o e ea a er a za ,
books xhibit g t id s nd in titutions s th y ov f

m
e rea ea a s , a e e or
w d v wid ning nd d p ning lik o Nil f ding

m m
ar , e er e a ee e , e s e e ee
ny civili tions F r ll th fo s of t d y go b ck t
m m
a za . o a e re r o -
a a o
so for of y t d y Ma n rt go b ck t Ath ns nd
e re e s er a .
’
s a es a o e a
Th b s M n l ws go b c k t B l ckston nd J u tini n M n s"

’ ’
e e . a s a a o a e a s a . a
rea p s nd p l ows go b c k t th s v g sc tc hing th g ou nd

er a a o e a a e ra e r
with his fo k d stic k dr wn by th wil d b ull oc k Th h oes of

r e , a e . e er
THOU GHT AND RE S E R E V P OWE R 1 93
lib ty er m
ch fo w d in ar olid colu n Lincoln g p th
r ar a s m . ra s s e
h nd of W hington W hington c iv d hi w p on t th
m m
a as . as re e e s ea s a e
h nd of H
a s pd n nd C o w ll a Th g t Pu it n l ock
e a r e . e re a r a s
h nd with Luth n d S von ol

m
a s er a a ar a .
Th u nb ok n p oc ion b ing u t l ngth t Hi whos

m
e r e r e ss r s s a e o e
S er on on th Mount w th v y ch t Of lib ty It p ut
e as e er a r er er . s
und divin p ll t p c iv th t w ll co wo k
m
u s er a e s e o er e e a e a re a r ers
with th g t n
e nd y t ingl th d in th w p nd
rea e , a e s e re a s e ar a
woof of civil i tion An d w h n book h v

za l tdu t u . e s a e re a e s o o r
l t d ll th p och t G d who p ovid nc is

m
of hi to y th t ch go on t tim
o wn g and e, a re a e a e e s o o , se r e e
th gul f t ul t u
chi v m nt Al on m
e s rea s r , e se ea ers o s a e s
t n w nd g n unl ight d
c ndl Th m ind n d ombook t kindl it f culti

o e t a n i
rea e r a e e e s . e, a s a e
a e . e ee s s e o e s a es .
B fo B y on b g n t w it h u d t giv h lf n hou t d
ing omf vo it p g Th thought of o g t w it m
e re r e a o r e e se o e a a r o rea
s e a r e a ssa e . e s e rea r er
n v f il d t kindl B y on into c tiv gl ow v n

m
e er a e o e r a rea e , e e as a
m
tch light th kindling u p on th g t bu ning
lu inou m ood B y on m
a s In th
e s e ra e . e se r ,
ind did it b t wo k Th t u book

ti m ul t th m
’
s s r s s es r . e r e
s ind no win n v quick n th bl ood It

a es e as e ca e er e e .
ding th t b ing u t u b t nd ou e ch f cul ty t

it m
i
s re a a r s s o o r es , a r s s ea a o
s o t vigo ou lif
s r s e .
We recognize thi s a s p ure c rea a nd if it see s a t first m m

mm
,
to ha ve its seco nd a ry so ur c e in the friendly i lk a n let

m
,
us not fo rg et tha t the the e is The Uses of B oo k s a nd

“
Rea ding D r Hilli s bo th sees a nd thinks

. . .
It is fa shion a b l e just now to dec ry the va lue of rea ding .
We rea d we a re told to a void the n ecessity of thinking

m
, ,
for o urselves B ook s a re for the en ta lly l a zy
m
. .
Though this is only a ha l f truth the el e en t of tru th

m
-
it conta ins is l a rg e eno ugh to a ke us p a u se Put y o ur .
sel f thro ugh a good o l d Presb y teri a n so ul sea rching self
m m
-
ex a ina tion a nd if rea ding fro — , tho ugh t l a ziness is one - -
of y o ur sins confess it No one ca n shrive you of it

, .
b ut y oursel f D o p ena nc e for it b y u sing y o ur own b ra ins

.
,
1 94 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PE AKIN G
nsgression tha t dwa rfs the growth of tho ught

m m
for it is a tra
a nd d estroy s en ta l freedo At first the p en a nc e will
.
—
b e trying b ut a t the l a st yo u wi ll b e gl a d in it
m m
.
Rea ding S houl d enterta in give infor a tion or sti ula te

, ,
th o ught Here h owev er W e a re c hi efly concern ed wi th
m m
.
, ,
i nfo r a tion a nd sti ula tion of tho ught

m
.
,
Wh a t sha ll I rea d for info r a tion ?

m
The a pl e p a g e of k nowl edge a s Grey tells us is ric h
m
, ,
wi th the sp oi l s of ti e a nd th ese a re o u rs for the p ric e
m m
m
“
of a thea tre ticket You ay co a nd S ocra tes a nd

.
Marc us Aurelius to sit b eside yo u a nd di sco urse of their

choic est hear Linco ln a t G ettysb urg a nd Pericl es a t
m
,
Ath en s stor the B a stil e with Hugo a nd wa nderthro ugh

m
, ,
Pa ra dise wi th D a n te You a y ex pl o re dark est Afric a
m
.
wi th S ta n l ey p en etra te the hu a n h ea rt wi th S h a k es
,
p ea re cha t with Ca rlyl e abo ut h ero es a nd delve wi th

m
, ,
the Ap o stl e Pa ul in to the ysteri es of fa ith The

m
.
g en era l k nowledge a nd the inspiring idea s tha t en

ha ve co ll ec ted thro ugh a ges of toil a nd exp eri en t m
a re yo urs for the a sk ing The S a g e of Chel sea wa s
.
righ t : The tru e u niversi ty of th ese da ys is a coll ec tion

of books
m m m
.
a ster a w o rth wh i l e boo k is to uch el se

m
To -
a ster
b esides ; few of us h owever a ke p erfec t conquest of a

m
, ,
volu e wi th out first owning it physic a lly To rea d a

m
.
borro wed boo k a y be a j oy but to a ssign your own boo k ,
a pl a c e of its own on yo ur own sh el v es — b e th ey few or

m a ny — to l ov e the boo k a nd f eel of its wo rn cover to
m m
,
thu b it over sl owly p a g e by p a g e to p enci l its a rgin s
m m
, ,
in a gree ent or in pro test to s ile or thri ll with its ,

Above ding tha t a kes you use yo ur oWn

a ll, see k rea
m
brains S uch rea ding ust b e a live with fresh p oints of
.
m
Vi ew p a cked wi th specia l knowl edg e a nd dea l wi th sub
, ,
je c ts of Vi t a l in terest D o no t confin
. e yo u r r ea d ing to
wh a t you a lrea dy k now yo u wi ll a gree with Opp o si tion
m
’
wa kes one up The o ther ro a d

. a y b e the b etter b ut ,
yo u will n ever k now it unless you give it the onc e over .
D O not do a ll yo ur thinking a nd investiga ting in fron t of

given Q E m
erely a sse b ling rea sons to fill in m
m
. .
b etween y o ur theore a nd wha t y o u wa nt to p rove will

yo l no pp o a ch ea ch sub j ec t wi th a n Op en
m
g e t i w h ere A r .
—
ind a nd onc e sure tha t y o u ha ve tho ught it out thor
—
o ughly a nd h o nestly have the co ura ge to a bide by the
d eci sion of yo ur own tho ught B ut don t b ra g a bout it .
’
a f terwa rd .
NO boo k on pub lic sp ea king wi ll en a b l e yo u to di sco urse

on the ta riff if yo u know no thing a bo ut the ta riff Know
m m
.
ing ore a bo ut it tha n the o ther a n will b e yo ur only

m m
hop e for a king the o ther a n listen to y o u
m m
.
Ta k e a g ro up of en di sc u ssing a gov ern en ta l p o l icy
m
of which so e one sa y s : It is socia listic Tha t wi ll
m
m m
.
co end the p olicy to Mr A who b elieves in socia l is

m m
. .
, ,
b ut cond e n it to M r B who do es not It a y b e tha t

. .
,
.
n either ha d considered the p olicy b eyond no ticing tha t its

surf a c e co l o r w a s soci a l i stic The cha nc es a re furth er
m
-
.
,
ore tha t nei ther M r A nor Mr B ha s a d efinite idea

m
. . . .
,
of wha t socia li s rea lly is for a s Rob ert Lo ui s S teven son

,
sa y s M a n lives not by b rea d a lone but chiefly by c a tch

m
“
,
wo rds If yo u a re of this gro up of en a nd ha ve ob

m
.
,
serv ed thi s p ro p o sed gov ern en t p o l icy a nd investig a te d ,

TH OU GH T AND RE S E R VE P OWE R 1 97
ought a bout it wha t you ha ve to say c a nno t

mm
it, a nd th ,
fa il to co a nd their resp ec t a nd app rOv a l for y ou wi ll

m
,
ha ve shown the tha t y o u p o ssess a gra sp of y o ur subj ect

to a dop t a n exc eedi ngly exp ressive b it of sl a n g
m
a nd
-
rr
then s o e .
1 . Rob ert Ho udin

ined his son to give one swift
tra
gla nc e a t a S h op window in p a ssing a nd b e a b le to rep ort

a cc ura tely a surp ri sing n u b er of its contents Try this m
m
.
severa l ti es on dif feren t windo ws a nd rep ort the resul t

'
2 Wha t efi ect do es reserve p ower ha ve on a n a udi
3 . Wha t a re the b est moeth ds for a cqui ring reser ve

p ower ?
W ng of u c di g? m
m
4 . h a t is th e d a er too h re a n
lyz o c h y o u v d d
m m m
5 A.n a e s e sp ee th a t ha e r ea or he a r
a nd no tic e how uch rea l infor a tion there is in it Co

m
.
p a re it wi th D r Hilli s s sp eech on B ra ve L i ttl e B elgiu

’
,
.
g
m
p a e 3 94
Write out a three inute sp eech on a ny subj ec t
m m
6 .
-
y ou choo se How uch infor a tion a nd wha t new i deas

m
.
, ,
does it conta in ? Co p a re y our sp eech wi th the ex tra c t

‘
m
on pa ge 1 9 1 fro D r Hillis s The Uses of B ooks a nd
“
.
’
Rea ding .
Ha ve y o u ever rea d a book on the pra c ti se of

m
7 .
thinking ? I f so giv e y o ur i p ression s of its va lu e
m
.
,
NOTE : There a re a n u b er of excell ent book s on the

sub j ec t of tho ught a nd the a na g e m m
en t of tho ught
m
m
The .
following a re reco ended a s b eing especia lly helpful :

Thinking L ea rning to Th ink , Na tha n C S cha effer ;

m
a nd .
Ta lk s to S tu dents on the Art of S tudy Cra er ; As

,
a M a n Th in k eth All en
m m
.
,
8. D efin e (a ) l ogic ; (b) en ta l ph ilo so phy (or en ta l
sci enc e) ; (c) p syc h o l og y ; (d) a b stra c t

.
TH E ART OF PU B L IC S PE AKING
Now the m
i p orta nt thing here is tha t yo u S ho ul d set
a ll yo u r fa c ul ti es to ta k e in the th ing s a bo u t you wi th the
p a rticular ob j ect of correla ting the a nd storing the for m m

use i n pub l ic sp eech You m
ust hea r with the sp ea k er s
m
’
.
ea r see wi th the sp ea k er s eye a nd ch oo se boo ks a nd co

‘
’
, ,
p a nions a nd S ights a nd so und s with the sp ea ker s purp o se

mm
’
in view At the sa e ti e b e rea dy to rec eive unp la nned

m
.
,
for k nowl edg e One of the fa scin a ting el e en ts in yo ur

.
life a s a pub lic sp ea k er will b e the Con sciou s growth in

p o w er th a t c a su a l d a i ly ex p eri enc e s bring I f yo u r ey es .
a re a l ert yo u wi ll b e con sta n tly di scov eri ng f a c ts i llu s

,
tra tions a nd id ea s wi th o u t ha ving set ou t in sea rch of
m m
,
Th ese a ll a y b e turn ed to a cco u n t on the pl a t
m mm m
the .
for ; even the lea den events of hu dru da ily life ay

m
-
b e el ted in to b ull ets for fu tu re b a ttl es .
f m Conserva tion o Ti e in Prepa ra tion
yo u Ih v li l im prepa ra tion— m
m
ind m b o b d by o h m
B ut, sa y, a e SO tt e t e for y
u Web ster D a niel
m
st be a s r e t er a tters .
n ever let a n Opp ortunity pa ss to ga ther a teria l f or his

sp eeches When he wa s a boy working in a saw ill he m
m m
.
rea d out of a boo k in one h a nd a nd b u si ed hi sel f a t so
m
e
ech a nic a l ta sk wi th the o th er I n yo uth Pa trick Henry

m m
.
ro a ed the fi el d s a nd wood s in so l i tu d e for d a y s a t a ti
m m
e
uncon scio u sly g a thering a teria l a nd i pressions for his

la ter servic e a s a sp ea k er D r Russell H Conwell the
m
. .
,
.
a n who the l a te Ch a rl es A D a n a sa id ha d a dd ressed
m m mm
,
.
,
ore h ea rers tha n a ny a n u sed to o ri ze long

m
e ,
pa ssag es fro Mil ton tending the boi ling syrup

'
p a n s in the silen t New Engla nd woods a t night The

‘
.
S U B JE C T AND PREP RA ATION 20 1
o n m
m lo y
der e p er wo ul d
di sc h a rg e a Web ster of to da y for
ina ttention to duty a nd doub tless he would b e justified

m
, ,
a nd Pa trick H enry see ed o nl y a n i dl e cha p ev en in tho se
ea sy goi n g da y s ; b ut the tru th re

-
m
a i ns : tho se who ta k e
in p ower a nd ha v e the p urp o se to use it effi ci en tly wi ll
so m e da y win to the p l a c e i n which tha t sto red up p o w er -
will revolve g rea t wheel s of influ en c e .
Nap ol eon sa id tha t qua rter hours deci de the destinies

m
of na tions How a ny qua rter hours do we let drift b y
m m
.
a i l essly ! Rob ert L o ui s S tev enso n co nserv ed a ll his ti
m
e;
ev ery exp erienc e b ec a e c a p i ta l for his w ork

— for c ap i ta l
m a y b e defin ed a s the resul ts of l a bor sto red up to a ssi st
future p roduction He co ntinu a lly tri ed to p ut into

.
suita b l e l a ngu a g e the sc en es a nd a c tio ns tha t were in ev i
denc e a bout hi mm E erso n sa y s :

. m
To o rrow will b e
lik e toda y Life wa stes i tself whilst we a re p rep a ri ng to
.
live
m
.
Why wa it for a ore conveni ent sea son for this bro a d
m
,
g enera l prepa ra tion ? The fifteen inutes tha t we sp end

on the ca r could b e p rofitab ly turn ed into sp eech cap ita l
m
-
.
Procure a cheap edi tio n of o dern sp eeches a nd b y

m
,
cutting out a few p ag es ea ch da y a nd rea ding the during

m
,
the id le inu te here a nd there no te how soon y o u ca n

m m
,
a k e y o urself f a i lia r wi th the world s b est sp eeches

’
m
.
If yo u do not W ish to utila te your book ta k e it wi th

m m
,
you — ost of the ep och aking books a re now prin ted

m m
-
in s a ll volu es The da ily wa st e of na tura l g a s in the

m
.
Okla ho ajg fi elds is equ a l to ten tho usa nd ton s of co a l

’
Only a bo ut three p er c ent of the p ower of the co a l tha t

en ters thez furna ce ever diffu ses itself fro m
yo ur electric
—
b ulb as light f the o ther ninety seven p er cent is wasted
m m
-
-
.
Yet th ese wa stes a re no l a rger nor ore to b e l a ented

m m
, ,
th a n the tre endo us wa ste of ti e whi c h if co nserved , ,
wo uld increa se the sp ea k er s p o wers to th eir nth d egree

m
’
.
S ci entists a re a king th ree ea rs of co rn g ro w wh ere one
grew b efore ; efficiency engineers a re eli ina ting useless m

m m
”
o tions a nd products fro our fa ctories : ca tch the S piri t of

the a g e a nd a pply effi ci ency to the use of the o st va lua b le m
a sset yo u p o ssess
— ti e m
Wha t do youdo enta lly with m
m m
.
,
the ti e yo u sp end in dressing or in sha v ing ? Ta k e so e
sub j ec t a nd conc en tra te yo ur en ergi es on it for a week
mm
by utilizing just the spa re o ents tha t woul d o therwise
m
b e wa sted You wi ll b e a a z ed a t the result One p a s
m m
. .
sa g e a da y fro the B oo k of B oo k s one go l d en ingo t fro
mm m
,
so ind one fully p o ssessed tho ught of your own

m
e a ster ,
-
ight thus b e a dded to the trea sury of your life D o not

m
.
wa ste yo ur ti e in wa y s tha t profi t yo u no thing Fill

m
.
the unfo rgiving inute with S ixty seconds worth of

m m
m
’
dista nc e run a nd on the pl a tfor yo u wi ll b e i ea sura

b ly the g a in er
m
.
L et no wo rd of thi s h owev er see to d ec ry the va lue
m
, ,
of recrea tion No thing is ore Vi ta l to a work er tha n

.
mm
— o ing vi i ing h i k u
m
rest y e t n th is S O t a t to th e s r er B e s r e .
tha t yo ur rec rea tion re c rea tes A p a u se in the idst of

-
.
la bors ga thers streng th for new effort The i sta ke is to .
p a use too l ong or to fill yo ur pa uses wi th idea s tha t a k e

,
life fla bby .
Choosing S ubject
mi l
a
S ubj ec t a nd a ter a s tre mndou ly influ nc

e s e e ea ch
o ther .
204 TH E ART OF PU B LI C S PE AKING
scious l ction The sub j ec t p op s in to the ind

se e .
‘
m .
’
I n the in tellect of the tra in ed think er it con

centra tes
— b y a p roc ess which we h a v e seen to b e indu c
tion — the fa c ts a nd truth s of which he ha s b een rea di ng
a nd thin king Thi s is m

o st of ten a gra dua l proc ess The
m
. .
sc a ttered id ea s a y b e b ut v a g u ely conn ec ted a t first b ut
m m m
,
ore a nd ore th ey conc entra te a nd ta k e on a single for

m
,
until a t l eng th one strong idea see s to gra sp the soul

with irresi stib l e fo rc e a nd to cry a l o u d Ari se I a y o ur m
mm
‘
m
, , ,
Henc efo rth unti l y o u tra n s ute

m
the e! ,
e b y the
a l che y of y o ur i nwa rd fi re in to vi ta l sp eech y o u sha ll ,
k now no rest ! Ha ppy then is th a t sp ea ker for he ha s

m
’
, , ,
m
found a sub j ec t tha t grip s hi .
Of co urse ex p eri enc ed sp ea kers use bo th ethod s of

m mm
,
sel ec tion E v en a rea ding a nd refl ec tive a n is so eti
m mm
. es
co p ell ed to hun t for a the e fro D a n to B eersheb a

m m
,
a nd then the ta sk of g a th ering a teri a l s b eco es a serio u s
B ut ev en in su ch a c a se th ere is a sen se in which the

m m
one .
sel ec tion co es b y d evelop ent b eca use no c a reful

m
,
sp ea k er settl es up on a th e e wh ich do es not rep resen t
a t l ea st so e mm
a tu red tho ug ht
”1
.
D eciding on the S ubject M a tter
Ev en when m
your the e ha s b een ch o sen for yo u by
so m
eon e el se th ere re m
a in s t o yo u a con sidera b le fi el d
m m
,
for choic e of sub j ec t The sa e con sidera tion s

mm
a tter .
,
in fa c t tha t wo ul d govern you in choo sing a th e e ust

m
,
guid e in the sel ection of the a teri a l Ask yourself or —

m
.
so eon e el se
— su ch q u estion s a s these :
H w
1 oA tt t tod H ld
ra cA di J B
an o Es w i an u en ce , . erg en e n .
S U B JE C T AND PRE P ARATION 205
Wha t is the p recise na ture of the occa sion ? How la rge

a n a udienc e m a y b e exp ec ted ? Fro wha t wa lk s of lif e m
m
do they co e? Wha t is their prob a b le a ttitude towa rd
m
the the e? Who el se will sp ea k ? D O I sp ea k fir st l a st
m
~
, ,
or where on the p rogra ,

? Wha t a re the o ther sp ea kers
oi g lk bo u W n u u di
m m
g n to t a a t ? h a t is the a t r e of the a
Is there a d esk ? Coul d the sub j ec t b e or e

m m
toriu ?
effec tiv ely ha ndled if so ewha t o dified ? Preci sely

m mm
uch ti e a I to fill ?
m m
how
It is eviden t tha t a ny sp eech isfi ts of subj ec t -
sp ea k er occ a sion a nd p la c e a re due to fa i lure to a sk just

m
,
su ch p ertin en t q u estio ns Wha t S houl d b e sa id b y who

m
.
, ,
a nd in wha t circu sta nces co n stitu te nin ety p er c ent of
m
,
effici enc y in p ub lic a ddress No a tter who a sk s y o u

.
,
refu se to b e a sq u a re p eg in a ro u nd ho l e .
Q uestions o f P r oportion
Prop o rtio n in p eech is a ttained b y a nice a djust en t m

m m
a s
of ti e How ful ly y ou a y trea t y our subj ect it is not

m m
.
a lwa y s for y o u to sa y L et ten i nutes ea n nei ther

.
nin e nor ele v en — tho ugh b etter ni n e tha n eleven a t a ll
m m
,
eve n ts You woul dn t stea l a a n s w a tch ; no ore

m
’ ’
.
sh o ul d y o u stea l the ti e of the su cc eeding sp ea k er or
m
,
tha t of the a udienc e There is no need to overstep ti e

m m
.
li its if y o u a k e y o ur p rep a ra tion a de qu a te a nd divid e
yo ur subj ec t so a s to give ea ch thought its due p rop ortion

— m
of a ttention a nd no ore B lessed is the a n tha t m
m
.
a k eth S ho rt sp eeches for he S ha ll b e invi ted to sp ea k

,
a g a in
m mm
.
Ano ther a tter of p ri e i p o rta nc e is wha t p a rt of ,

20 6 THE ART OF P U B LI C S PE AKING
m m m
yo ur a ddress de a nds the o st e pha si s This onc e .
decided yo u will k now where to pla c e tha t pivo ta l sec tion

,
so a s to give it the g rea test stra tegic v a lu e a nd wha t
m
,
degree of prepa ra tion ust b e given to tha t c entra l tho ught

so th a t the vi ta l p art m
a y not b e sub m
erg ed by non
essenti a l s M a n y a sp ea k er ha s a wa ken ed to find th a t he

m m
.
ha s b urn t up eight inu tes of a ten in u te sp eech in

m m
-
erely g e tti ng up stea Tha t is l ik e sp ending eigh ty p er

m
.
c ent of yo ur b uilding on ey on the vestib ule of the ho use

m m
-
.
The sa e sen se of p rop ortion ust tell yo u to stop

—
preci sely when y o u are thro ugh a nd it is to b e h op ed
th a t yo u will di scover the a rriva l of th a t p eriod b efo re
your a u dienc e do es .
Ta pping Origina l S ources
su rest w a y to giv e l if e to sp eech m

a teri a l
m
The -
is to
g a ther your fa c ts a t first ha nd Your word s co e wi th
.
the weigh t of a u th o ri ty when yo u ca n sa y I ha v e

m mm m
,
ined the e p l o y ent rolls of every i ll in this dis

m
ex a
trict a nd find tha t thirty two p er c ent of the chi l d ren e

-
plo y ed a re under the l eg a l a g e N0 cita tion of a utho ri ti es

m m
.
ca n eq ua l tha t ust a dop t the ethod s of th e

m
You.
rep o rter a nd find out the f a c ts u nderlying yo u r a rg u en t
or a pp ea l To do so m
a y p rove l a bo ri o u s b ut it sho ul d
m m
,
.
not b e i rk so e for the g rea t w o rl d of fa c t tee

,
s wi th
in terest a nd over a nd a bove a ll is the sense of p ower tha t

m m
,
wi ll co e to y o u fro origina l investiga tion To see a nd

m
.
f eel the fa c ts y o u a re discussing will rea c t up on yo u uch

m ore p owerfully tha n if you were to secure the fa c ts a t
seco n d ha nd .
208 THE ART OE PU B LIC S PE AKING
S upp o se yo u set to work so ewha t in this way to m

g a ther references on Thinking : First yo u look over
yo ur book titl es a nd there is S cha eff er s Thinking a nd “
m
’
,
Lea rning to Th ink Nea r it is Kra er s Ta lks to

m
’
.
mm
S tu dents on the Art of S tu dy — tha t see s lik ely to p ro
vide so e a teria l a nd it do es Na tura lly y ou till i

,
.
nex t of y o ur book on p sychology a nd there is help there

m m
, .
If you ha ve a volu e on the hu a n intellec t y ou will ha ve

a l rea d y turn ed to it S u dd en
. ly yo u re e b er yo ur mm
encyc l op edi a a nd yo u r dic tion a ry —
of quo ta tions a nd
now m a teri a l f a irly ra ins up on y o u ; the p rob l e is wh a t m
not to use . I n the encyclop edia y o u turn to every referenc e
tha t i nclu d es or to u ches or ev en sugg ests thinking ;
a nd in the dic tion ary of q u o ta tion s yo u do the sa m

m
The
’
l a tter volu e y ou find p eculia rly helpful b ec a use it sug

m
g ests severa l volu es to y o u tha t a re on your own S helves
— y o u n ever wo uld have tho ught to look in the for refer m
ences on this sub j ec t E v en fic tion will supply help b ut
.
,
esp eci a lly boo k s of essa y s a nd biogra phy B e a wa re of .
yo ur own reso urc es

m
.
To a ke a g en era l index to yo ur l ib ra ry do es a wa y wi th
the n ec essi ty for i nd exing individ u a l vo lu es th a t a re m
not a l rea dy ind ex ed
m
.
To b egin wi th k eep a no te boo k by yo u ; or s a ll c a rds

,
-
a nd p a p er c u tting s in yo u r p ock et a nd on yo u r d esk wi ll
serv e a s well . m
The sa e no te book tha t records the i
-
m
pression s of y o ur own experienc es a nd thoughts wi ll b e
en riched by the id ea s of o thers
m
.
To b e sure thi s no te boo k ha bi t ea n s l a bo r b ut

mm m
-
, ,
re e b er tha t ore speeches ha ve b een sp oiled by ha lf

S UB JE C T AND PRE P ARATION 20 9
hearted prepara tion tha n by la ck of ta lent La ziness is .
a n own b ro th er to Over confi dence a nd bo th a re y o ur
m
- -
invetera te ene ies though they pretend to b e soothing

,
friends
m
.
Con serve your a teri a l by ind exing every good id ea
on c ards, thus :
Soc rall s m
S TW ”
lb
m
.
m §
1 se 1913
50c
Ow lg
/
r
M W W
On the ca rd illustra ted a bove clip pings a re index ed b y

m
,
giving the nu b er of the envelop e in which they a re fil ed

m
.
The envel op es a y b e of a ny siz e desired a nd k ep t in a ny

conveni ent recep tab le On the foregoi ng ex a p le Pro
. m ,
gress of S Envelop e 1 6 will rep resen t a clip ping fil ed

m
,
.
, ,
in Envelop e 1 6 which is of course nu b ered a rbitra rily

m
, , , .
—
The fra ction s refer to book s in your libra ry the nu era
m
tor b ei ng the book nu b er the deno ina to r referring to
-
,
m
the p a g e Thus S a fa lla cy ref ers to p a g e 2 1 0 of
m m
.
.
,
volu e 96 in your lib ra ry B y so e a rbitra ry sign sa y —

m
.
red ink — y ou ay even index a reference in a public

lib ra ry book
m m m
.
If y o u preserve yo ur aga zines i p orta nt articles ay

m m
,
b e indexed by onth a nd yea r An entire volu e on a .

210 TH E ART OF PU B LIC S PE AKING
s m
ubj ec t a y b e indica ted like the i a ginary book by m
Forb es If yo u clip the a rticles it is b etter to i ndex
m m
.
,
th e a cco rding to the env el o p e sy ste
m
.
Yo ur own wri ting s a nd no tes a y b e fil ed in envel op es

wi th the clipp ing s or in a sep a ra te seri es
mm
.
Ano ther good indexing syste co bines the l ib ra ry

index wi th the scra p or clipping sy ste b y a king the mm
m
, ,
o utside of the envelope serve the sa e purp o se a s the

c ard for the indexing of book s a ga zines clippings a nd m
m m
, ,
a nusc rip ts the l a tter two c l a sses of a teria l b eing
m
,
enc l o sed in the env el op es th a t ind e x th e a nd a ll fil ed

'
a lph a b etic a lly
m m
.
When yo ur ca rds a ccu ula te so a s to a k e rea dy ref

m
’
erenc e diffic ul t u nd er a S ingl e a lp h a b et y o u a y subdivid e
m
,
ea ch l etter by subo rdi na te g uid e c a rd s a rk ed by the
vowels A E I O U Thus Anti qui ties woul d b e

, , , , ,
.
,
fi ledgunder i in A b eca u se A b egin s the w ord a nd the

m
, ,
second l etter n co es a f ter the vo w el i in the a lph a b et
mm
, , ,
b ut b efo re 0 I n the sa e a nner B eecher woul d b e

m
.
fi l ed u nder e in B ; a nd Hydrog en wo ul d co e u nder

it in H .
Outlining the Address

N0 dvi se yo u how to p rep a re the no tes for a n
m
one ca n a
a ddress S o e sp ea k ers g et the b est resul ts while wa lking

m
.
out a nd ru in a ting j o tting do wn no tes a s th ey p a u se in

,
th eir w a lk Others n ever p ut p en to p ap er un ti l the wh o le

m
.
sp eech ha s b een tho ught out The g rea t a j o ri ty how .

,
ev er w i ll ta k e no tes c l a ssif y thei r no te s w ri te a h a sty

, , ,
first d ra ft a nd then rev ise the sp eech Try ea ch Of these

m
.
,
eth od s a nd c h oo se the one th a t is b est or you Do .

ou line om
pl im
pl m fo —
of outlin n
fo m
the t C ete . The s est r e ot
very sui ta b le for use on the pla t ho

r ,
wever —
is the
following :
WH Y PROS PERI TY IS COMI NG
— m
Wha t pro sp eri ty ea n s The rea l tests of pro sperity
m
.
Its b a si s in the soil —

A erica n a gricul tura l p rogress
m m
. .
—
New interest in fa r ing E nor o us va lu e of our a gri
c ultu l —
products Reci oc l on —
de Foreign
m
ra p r a efl ect tra
—
co untri es a ffected Effec ts of our new interna l econo y
the regul a tion of b a nking a nd —
big b usiness on pro s
— c of d i u d o d fo ign
m m m m m
p er ity E ffe ts o ur rev ise a tt t e t w a r re
a rk ets inc lu ding our

,
ercha n t a rin e
— Su a ry .
Obvio u ly i v y im
spl o u lin
,
th c p b l of con
s er s e t e is a a e
xp n ion und ch h d by ddi ion of

m
the
g um
sidera b le e a s er ea ea a t
f c n inf nc pl
ng d i h m
a ts, ar e ts, ere es a nd ex a es .
Here is o u lin o g d
g um
an t e a rra e wt re re ar for
ar n e t:
F OREI GN IMMI GRATION S HOULD BE

RES TRI CTED 1
FACT As CAU S E : M a ny i igra nts a re pra ctica lly m

m
p a up ers (Proofs involving sta ti stics or sta te
m
.
en ts of a u tho ri ti es ) .
FACT As EFFE CT : They sooner or la ter fill our

m
al s—houses a nd b eco e pub lic cha rges (Proofs m
m
. .
involving sta tistic s or sta te ents of a uthorities ) .
Ad p t d f
1 a e ro mm
p Co osition -
Rhetor ic , S cott a nd D e nn yp
, . 24 1 .
S U B JE C T AND PRE P ARATION 213
III FACT AS CAU S E : S o e of the a re cri ina ls m m m

m
. .
(E x a p l es of recent ca ses
IV . FACT A S EFFE CT : They reenfo rce the cri in a l m
cla sses (Effects on our civic life )
m
. .
FACT AS CAU S E : M a ny of the know no thing of

m
V .
the duti es of free ci ti zen ship ( x l

p s)
m
m
E a e .
VI FACT AS E FFE CT : S uch i igra nts recruit the

m
.
wo rst el e en t in our p olitic s (Proofs)

m
.
A ore highly ordered group ing of top ics a nd sub

top ic s is shown in the followi ng :
OURS A CHRI S TIAN NATI ON
INT RODU CTION : Why the subj ec t is ti ely In m

.
fl uences Op era tive a g a in st thi s co nten tio n to da y .
II . CH RI S TIANITY PRE S IDE D OVE R THE EARL Y HIS

TORY OF AME RICA .
Fi rst p ra c tica l discovery b y a Chri stia n ex

m
I .
p lor er C o lu b u.s w o rship ed Go d on the new
soi l .
‘
)
k The Ca va l iers
s
.
o
o The French Ca tho lic settlers .
h The Hugu eno ts

-
.
l
i
t
The Puri ta ns .
THE B IRTH OF OUR NATION WA S UNDE R CHRI S

TIAN AU S PICE S .
I Chri stia n cha ra c ter of Wa shing ton

. .
2 Other Chri sti a n p a trio ts

. .
3 The Church in our Revo lutiona ry struggl e

.
.
Muhl enb erg .

2 14 THE ART OF P U B LIC S PE A IN K G
OUR LATE R HIS TORY Y EMPHAS IZE D OUR

m
HA S ONL
NATIONAL ATTITUDE Exa pl es of dea ling s

m
.
wi th fo reign n a tion s S h ow Chri sti a n a gn a
m Returning the Chin ese I nd e nity ; m

m
ni ity .
fo stering the Red Cro ss ; a ttitude toward B elgi u .
OU RGOVE RNME NTAL F ORMS AND MANY OF OUR

LAws ARE OF A CH RIS TIAN TE MPE R .
I . The use of the B ib l e in public wa y s o a th s etc , , .
The B ib l e in our school s

m
2 . .
h i i n c h pl in n
m m
3 . C r st a a a s i ister t o o u r la w
a king bo dies to our a r
,
y a nd to our na vy
, .
4 . T h e C h ri st i a n S a bb a th is o ffi ci a lly a nd g en
era lly recog ni z ed
m m
.
i i n f i ly h i i n y
m
5 . T h e C h r st a a a n d th e C r st a s ste
of ora lity are a t the b a sis of our l aws .
THE LIFE OF THE PE OPL E TE S TIFIE S OF THE

POWE R OF CHRI S TIANI TY Ch ari ti es edu ca tion
.
, ,
etc h a ve Chri stia n ton e

.
,
.
OTHE R NATIONS RE GARD U S As A CHRIS TIAN
m
PE OPLE .
V III . CONCLU S ION : The itude which a y rea sona

a tt
b ly b e exp ec ted of a ll good ci tizen s towa rd ques

tion s to u ch ing the p reserv a tion of our sta nding as
a Ch ri sti a n n a tion .
Af ter the m
outline ha s b een p erf ec ted co es the ti e to m
m
wri te the sp eech if wri te it yo u u st Th en wh a tever you
m
,
.
,
do wri te it a t white h ea t wi th not too uch tho ught of

, ,
a ny thing b ut the strong a pp ea ling exp ression of yo ur id ea s

,
.
a nd g et fi rsth and -
i nf o r a tion on so e su b j ec tm of in terest m
to the pub lic Arra ng e the resul ts of yo ur resea rch in the
m
.
for of a n o utline or b ri ef
m
.
,
F o p iv r a pub lic lib ra ry g a th er eno ug h
m
5 . r a r a te o
;
a u tho rita tive a teri a l on one of the fo ll owing q u estion s
to b uil d a n o utlin e for a tw en ty

”
in u te a ddress Ta ke -
m .
one d efini te side of the q u estion (a ) The Ho using of

m
m m m
.
the Poo r ; (b) The Co i ssi on Fo r of Govern ent

for Ci ties a s a Re ed y for Po li tica l Gra f t ; m
m
(c) The
Test of Wo a n s S uffra g e in the W est (d) Presen t
’
Trend s of Pub l ic Ta ste in Rea ding ; M

mm
()
e u nici p a l
Art ; (f) IS the Thea tre B eco ing ore E leva ted in
Ton e ? The E ffec ts of the M a g a zin e on L i tera
”
(g)
ture ; (h) D o es M odern Life D estroy I dea ls? (i) Is
”
m
Co p etition the Life of Tra de ? (j) B a seb a ll is too
m
‘
m
’
Ab sorbing to b e a Wh o l eso e Na tion a l Ga e ; (k)

“
mm
Su er B a seb a ll a nd A m
a teu r S ta nding ; (l) D o es
m
Co ll eg e Tra ini ng Unfi t a Wo a n for D o estic Life ?
”
m
m m m
( ) D o es Wo a n s Co p etition wi th M a n in B us ess
’
m
D ull the S p iri t of Ch iva l ry ? (n) Are El ec tive S tudies
”
S uited to High S chool Co urses? (0 ) D o es the M odern

”
Co lleg e Prep a re M en for Pree inent L ea d ership ?

”
m
m
(p)
The Y M C A in Its Rela tion to the La borProb l e ;
“
. . . .
(9) Pub l ic S p ea k ing a s Tra i ning in Ci ti z en ship

m
.
Con stru c t the o u tli ne ex a i ni ng it c a reful ly for

m
6 .
,
interest co nvincing cha ra cter prop ortion a nd cli a x

m
'
, , ,
of a rra nge ent .
NOTE Thi s ex erci se sh o ul d b e rep ea ted u n til the

m
-
stu den t sho w s f a ci l i ty in syn thetic a rra ng e en t .
7 . D el iv er th e a dd r ess if p o ssib l e b efo re a n a u dienc e

, .
S UB J E C T A ATION
AND PRE P R 21 7
Ma ke hundred word port on ults

m m
8 . a three -
re the res ,
b est y ou are able to esti a te the

m m
as .
ll o ng of b n fi of p iodic l
m
9 T
. e s e thi th e e e ts u s g a er a
( cu ula tive) index

m
o r. .
Give a n u b er of quo ta tions sui ta b l e for a

mm mm
10 .
,
sp ea k er s use tha t yo u ha ve orized in off o ents

m
’
, e .
11 I n the a nner of the outline on p a g e 2 1 3 a na lyze

.
,
the a ddress on p a g es 78 79 — The History of L ib erty

m mm
.
,
Give a n o u tlin e a na ly sis fro no tes or e o ry of

m
12 .
, ,
a n a ddress or ser on to which y ou ha ve listened for this

purp ose
m
.
I3 Cri tici se the a ddress fro

. a stru c tura l p oi n t of
V i ew
m
.
14 Invent titles forz

. a ny fi v e of the the es in Ex er
cise 5 .
15 Cri tici se the ti tl es of a ny fi v e cha p ters of thi s book

.
,
sugg esting b etter on es .
16 Cri tici se the ti tl e of a ny l ec ture or a ddress of which

.
you know .
CH A PT ER XIX
I N F L U E N C I N G B Y E X P OS I TION
kn is till you h v so wh t t S p eak ; m

m
S p ea ot a t a ll , in a ny w e, a e e a o
ca n t f w d of you S p king b u t si p ly nd with

mnd
re o or the re ar r ea , a
undivid d e i for th tru th of yo u

e p ea king r S
—
.
TH OMAS CARL YLE E ssa y on B i g phy , o ra .
A m
co plete discussion of the rhetoric a l struc ture of
pub lic sp eeches requi res a full er trea tise tha n ca n b e un
derta ken in a wo rk of this n a ture yet in this cha p ter a nd , ,
in the succ eeding ones on D escrip tion Na rra tion

m
” “
, ,
Argu en t a nd Pl ea ding
, the u nd erlying p rincipl es ,
a re giv en a nd expl a in ed a s fully a s n eed b e for a wo rking
knowl edg e a nd a dequa te book referenc es a re given for

m
,
th o se who w o ul d p erf ec t th e selv es in rheto ric a l a rt .
The Na ture o E
f px osition
In the w ord exp o se —to lay ba re, to uncover , to show
the true inwa rdness of

—
fo und ion idea of
we see the at -
Exp o si tion It is the c l ea r a nd p reci se setting fo rth of

“
.
—
wh a t the sub j ec t rea lly is it is expl a n a tion .
Exp o si tion do es not dra w a p ic ture for th a t wo ul d b e

m m
,
descrip tion To tell in ex a c t ter s wha t the a uto ob ile

m
.
is to n a e its ch a ra c teri stic p a rts a nd expl a in th ei r

,
wo rking s wo ul d b e exp o si tion ; so wo ul d a n expl a n a tion

m m
,
of the na ture of fear B ut to crea te a enta l i a ge of

” “
m
.
a p a rtic ul a r a u to obile with its g li stening body gra c e

, ,
op en to exp o sition for exp o sition is en tirely

m m
is n ot ,
an intellec tua l proc ess wi th no e o tiona l ele ent , .
The I m p orta nce o f p

E x osition
The i m of ex p o sition in p ub lic speech is p re

im
'
m
p orta nce
o
c of ing fo th a a tter so pl a in ly
m
cisely the p r ta n e se tt r
th a t it c a nno t b e i sunderstoo d .
m
oc of xp o ition is t b co cl r m
m m
To a ste r the p r ess e s o e e a ea
think I know wh n you do n t sk p li d g ntl n

m m
’
1
er .
, e o a e, re e a e e a
up on b ing qu t d t d fin highly co p l x id N w o
m
e re es e o e e a e ea . o s e
l g conc p t d fy xp licit d finition ; b ut no ind houl d t k

ar e e s e e e S a e
fug b hind such x c p tions f wh d finition f il o th r

m mm
re e e e e , or ere e a s, e
fo u cc d S o ti w f l confid nt th t w h v p
m mm
r s s ee . e es e ee e a e a e er
f t t y of n id b u t wh n th ti co s t xp ss it
m
ee a s er a ea , e e e e o e re ,
th cl n b co s h E xp o sition th n i th t t of
m
,
e ea r e ss e e a a ze .
, e , s e es
cl und t nding T p k ff ctiv ly you u t b bl t

m m
ea r ers a . o s ea e e e s e a e o
see y ou ubj ct cl ly n d co p h n iv ly nd t
r s e ea rk you r a re e s e , a o a e
au di nc e it you do
e se e as .
”2
There pitfa lls on bo th sid es of thi s p a th To ex pla in

a re .
too l i ttl e wi ll l ea v e yo ur a u di enc e in do ub t a s to wh a t y o u
m It is u sel ess to a rg u e a q u estion if it is not p er

m
ea n .
fectly cl ea r ju st wh a t is ea nt b y the q u estion Ha ve

m
.
yo u n ever co e to a b lind l a ne in conversa tion by fi nd

ing tha t y o u were ta lking of one a sp ec t of a a tter whil e m
yo ur fri end wa s thinking of a no ther ? I f two do not a gree
in their d efini tions of a M usicia n it is usel ess to dispute
m m
,
over a c erta in a n s right to c la i the ti tle ’

.
On the o ther side of the p a th li es the a byss of tedio usly

expl a ining to o m
u ch Tha t offend s b eca u se it i presses . m
the hea rers th a t y o u ei ther do not resp ec t thei r in tellig enc e
Th W ki
x P i i l f Rh t i J F G
e or ng r nc pa s o e or c , . . e n u ng
H w 2 A o t d H ld
to A di
ttra c J B g E
an wi o an u en ce , . er se n e n.
I NFL U E NCIN G B Y E XP OS ITION 22I
i ng b low a breeze i n to a torna do Ca reful ly

m
or a re try to .
esti a te the p rob a b l e k no wl edg e of y o u r a u di enc e bo th ,
in genera l a nd of the p a rticul a r p oint y o u a re exp la inin g

m
.
m
I n trying to si p lif y it is fa ta l to S illify To exp l a in
m
.
,
ore tha n is needed for the p urp oses of y our a rgu en t or

a pp ea l is to wa ste e n erg y a ll a ro un d In y our eff orts to b e
.
explici t do not p ress ex p o si tion to the e x te n t of dul n ess
the confi nes a re not fa r dista nt a nd y o u a y a rrive b efo rem

m
you know it .
So e Purposes f E xposition
o
m
Fro wha t ha s b een sa i d it ought to b e clea r tha t
m
,
i ri ly exp o si tio n w ea ves a co rd of un dersta n di n g b e
m
p r a ,
tween y o u a nd y o ur a udi e n c e It l a y s further ore a

m
.
, ,
founda tion of fa c t on which to b uild l a ter sta te en ts

m
,
a rgu en ts a nd a pp ea l s I n sci entific a nd p urely ih

m m
.
,
for a tion sp eeches exp o si tion a y exi st by i tself a nd

for i tself a s in a l ec ture on biol og y or on p sy cho l og y ;
m m
, ,
but in the va st a j ori ty of c a ses it is u sed to a cco p a n y

a nd p rep a re the w a y for the o ther fo r m
s of disco urse .
Cl ea rness p reci sio n a ccura c y unity tru th a nd neces

m
, , , , ,
sity
— these ust b e the consta nt sta n da rds b y which y o u
test the efliciency of y o ur e x p o si tio n s a nd i n deed tha t
m m
, , ,
of every exp l a na tory sta te en t This dic tu S hould b e

m
.
wri tten on y o ur b ra in in letters o st p l a i n And let this .
a pp ly not a l on e to the purposes of exp o si tion b ut i n equ a l
m ea sure to y o ur use of the
M ethods of E xposition
The va rio us wa y s a long which a sp ea k er a y proc eed m
in exp osition a re likely to touch ea ch o ther now a nd then ,
ven wh en they
do not eet a nd a ctua lly overla p m
mm
a nd e ,
th ey run S O n ea rly p a ra llel tha t the ro a d s a re so eti es
distinc t ra ther in th eo ry tha n in a ny ore pra c tica l m

resp ec t
m m
.
D efi niti on the p ri a ry exp o si to ry eth od is a sta te
m m
, ,
en t of p reci se l i its Obvio usly here the grea test care

m m
1
.
,
ust b e exerci sed tha t the ter s of definition sho ul d not

m
the selves d e a nd too m m
uch definition ; tha t the la n
g uag e shoul d b e concise a nd clea r ; a nd tha t the defini tion
sh o ul d n ei th er ex c lu d e nor inc lu d e too u ch The fol m
m m
.
l owing is a si ple ex a pl e :
To e xp ound is to set fo th th n tu th ignific nc th
r e a re , e s a e, e
cha ra ct i tics
er s , a nd th b
e ing of n id
ea r g oup of id s
a ea or a r ea .
—ARL O B ATE S T lk n W iting E ngli h

, a s o r s .
Co ntra st Anti th esi s

of ten used effectively to
m m
m
a nd a re
a plify d efinition a s in this sen tenc e which i edia tely

, ,
foll ows the above ci ted d efini tion : -
x o ition th fo diff s f o D sc ip tion in th t it d ls m

m
E p s e re re er r e r a ea
di ctly with th
re ning int nt of it ubj c t inst d of with
e ea or e s s e ea
its p p
a nc ea ra e .
Thi s m
n ti thesis for s a n exp a nsion of the d efinition
m
a ,
a nd a s su ch it ight h a ve b een still further ex tended I n .
fa c t this is a frequen t p ra c tise in pub lic sp eech where the

m
, ,
inds of the hea rers Of ten a sk for rei tera tion a nd exp a nded
m en t to h elp th e m
g ra sp a sub j ec t in its severa l
m
sta te
a sp e c ts Thi s is the v ery hea rt of ex —

p o si tion to a plify
m m
.
a nd c l a rif y a ll the ter s b y which a atter is d efin ed .
10 n the v a riou st p s fd
y e o e fi n ition see a ny coll eg e m a nua l of Rhetoric .
D i scarding is less co m m m
m
on for of pla tfor expla na
a
tion It con si sts in c lea ring a wa y a ssocia ted idea s so th a t

m m
.
the a tten tion a y b e c en tered on the a in th o ug h t to b e
di scussed Rea lly it is a n ega tive fa ctor in exp osition

mm m
'
,
.
,
th o ugh a o st i p orta nt one for it is f unda enta l to

m
,
the con sid era tion of a n in trica tely rela ted a tter th a t
subo rdin a te a nd S id e q u estion s sh o ul d b e set a sid e ih o rd er
m m
-
to b ring out the a in i ssu e Here is a n ex a pl e of the

m
.
ethod :
a a m
c nnot ll ow ys lf t b l d id f o th onl y issu b for
I e o e e as e r m e e e e
thi ju y It i n t p tin nt t consid th t this p ri son r is

m
s r . s o er e o er a e
th hu b nd of h rtb ok n w o n nd th t hi b b s will go
m
e s a a ea r e a a a s a e
throu gh th wo l d und sh do w of th l w s xt
m
’
th e r st er e a e a e re e
p n lty w o k d up on th ir f th W u t fo g t th v n b l
m m
e a r e e a er . e s r e e e era e
f th nd th oth who H v n in p ity took b fo sh

m
a er a e er ea e e re e
l n d of h son s di g c Wh t h v th
ea r e er tt s of h rt
’
s ra e . a a e e se a er ea ,
w h t h v th b l nch d f c
a a e of hi f i nd wh t ha v th
e e e a es s r e s, a e e
p i on s l ong n d h ono bl c sa y b fo this b r

’
r s er t a ra e a ree r o e re a
wh n yo u
e w o n t w igh onl y th dir c t videnc b fo
a re s r you ?
o e e e e e e re
n d o nl y q u tion f r you t d cid on th vid nce is

m m
m m
Th n
e o e a es o o e e e e e
n did wi th r v ng ful in t nt co it th u d r
m
thi
m
wh the er s a e e e e e r e
th t v y i p
a e erti l wi tn s h s sol nl y l id
ar t his doo
a es a e a a r .
Cl a ssific a tio n igns a sub j ect to its cla ss B y a n

m
a ss .
a ll o w a b l e e x ten sion of the d efi nition it a y b e sa id to
a ssign it a l so to its o rd er g en u s a nd sp eci es Cla ssifi ca , ,

.
tion is u sef ul in pub l ic sp eech in n a rrowing the i ssu e to a
desired pha se It is equa lly va lua bl e for showing a thing

.
in its rela tion to o ther thing s or in correla tion Cla ssifi ca ,

.
tion is c l o sely a kin to D efini tion a nd D ivi sion .
u tion of th liqu o t i kes its p l c b sid

m m m
‘
This q es e r ra fli c , s rs , ta a e e e
the ra e g v o l i u s of ll ti ra ss e a es . Wh a te v b e it cono ic
er s e
F
IN L UE N CIN G BY E XP OS ITI ON 225
—nd qu tion it—wh v vit l

m
sig nifi ca nce a who is the re to es a te er a
bea ing up on p olitic l y t

—a nd
m
r it has i th n wh
ou r a s s e s ere o e o
will d ny it — th qu tion of th lic n d loon u t quickly

m
e? e es e e se sa s
ttl d th w o l d in it dv nc nt h ttl d th ques

m m m
b e se e as e r s a a e e a s se e e
ti ns Of con titu tion l gov n nt f th Op iu
m m
o s of th
a er e or e a sse s , e
t fli
ra of th
c, f n d of h l v n t
te ser — , tt
a of cono ic e s a e o as a e rs e
and p olitic l x p di ncy b ut

a e qu tion of ight nd w ong
e e as es s r a r .
Ana lysi s ubj ec t i n to its essentia l p a rts

m m
sep a ra tes a s .
b y va rious p ri n cip les ; for ex a p le

m
This it
m
a y do ,
a na ly si s a y fo ll o w the o r der of ti e (g eo l ogic era s)
m
,
order of p la c e (geograp hic fa cts) l ogica l order (a ser on ,
outlin e) order of i n crea sing i n terest or p roc ession to

m
, ,
a c li a x (a l ec tur e on 2 o th c en tu ry p o ets) ; a nd so on
m
.
A cla ssic ex a p l e of a n a ly tic a l exp o si tion is the foll owi ng :
ioo y con ml ion of m do ith nt

m
In p h l s p h the te p a t s an e er pe e ra te
u o n u fl ct d
m
nt G o d , or a re circu ferred to t a re , or a re re e e or
rev t d up on hi lf Out of which v l inqui i th do

er e se . se e ra r es e re
i th knowl dg divin p hil o op hy n tu l p hil o op hy nd

mn p hil o op hy hum mk d nd
a r se ree e es : e s , a ra s , a
hu nity F ll thin g
t m
a s or a . or a s a re ar e a
p d wi th thi t ip l ch ct of th p ow of G d th
nc of n tu nd th u of m
s a e s r e a ra er, e er o , e
diff
m
e re e na re , a e se a
—LORD B ACON Th A d n
.
nt f L ning , e va ce e o ea r .
1
D iv i sion differsonly fro a n a ly sis in tha t a na ly sis fo l m

lows the inherent divi sions of a sub j ec t a s illustra ted in ,
the fo regoi n g p a ssa g e whil e divi sion a rbi tra rily sep a ra tes
m
,
the sub j ec t for co nveni en c e of trea t en t a s in the fo ll ow
m
,
ing none too logic a l ex a p le :

- -
civil hi to y it i of th kind ; n t unfi tly t b m

m
F or s r , s ree s o o e co
d with th th kind of p ictu i g F of p ictu s

p a re
m m m m
e ree s re s o r a es . or re
g w see o unfi ni h d o p rf ct nd o
m mm
or i a es , e s e a re s e , s e a re e e , a s e
a re d f c d S of hi to i w
e a e .
y find thr
o kind o i ls
s r es e a ee s, e r a ,
Q t d i Th W ki P i ip l
1 uo e n f Rh t i J F G
e or ng r nc es o e or c , . . enung .
2 26 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PEAKIN G
p erfect histories, ntiquiti s ; f r

"
oria ls e history uh a nd a e o mm e ar
mm
fi i d
n she , or the fi st r ough dr fts of history ; and ntiquiti s r o r a a e
m
a re hi sto ry d fa c d r so r na nts of histo ry which ha ve
e e , o e e
p d th ship w c k of ti
m
c sua llyzs
a e ca e e re e
—LORD B ACON The Ad n ent f L ning
.
va ce o ea r l
, .
b ro a d principle or a genera l
mm m
G eneraliza tion sta tes a ,
tru th d erived fro , ex a in a tion of a con sidera b l e nu
ber of individ ua l fa c ts Th i s syn th etic exp o si tion is not

m m
.
the sa e a s a rg u en ta tive g enera l i za tion which supp orts ,
g enera l contention by ci ting insta nces in proof

m
a .
Ob serve how Ho l es b egins wi th one fa c t a nd by a dding

m
,
a no ther a nd a no th er rea ches a co pl ete whole Thisis

m
.
one of the o st effec tive devices in the pub lic sp ea k er s ’
rep erto ry
m m
.
T k holl ow cyl ind

a e a th botto cl o d whil th t p ins er , e se e e o re a
op n nd p our in w t t th h ight of f w inch s N xt

e , a a er o e -
e a e e . e
cov r th w t with fl t p l t
e e p i ton whi ch fi ts th in t i or
a er a a a e or s , e er
of th cyl ind p f ctly ; th n p p ly h t t the w t r nd we

m m
e er er e e a ea o a e , a
sh ll wi tn ss th fo ll o wing p h no n Aft th l p se of o
m m m
a e e e e a . er e a s e
in u t th w t r will b gin t boil ccu ul ting

m m
es end th st a e e o , a e ea a a
t th u p p surf c will k oo f it lf by i ing the p iston

m m m
a e er a e a e r or se ra s
l ightly A th boil ing continu o nd o st will b

m
S . s e es , re a re ea e
fo d nd is th p i ton high nd high till ll th w te

m
r e , a ra e e s er a er , a e a r
is boil d w y n d nothing b u t st is l ft in th cyl ind

m
e a a , a ea e e e r.
N w this chin con i ting of cylind p iston w t nd fi

m m m m m
o a e, s s er, , a e r, a re ,
ngin in its o t l nt y fo
m m
is th t e s ea -
e F r a t e s e e e ar r . o s ea
e ngin y b d fin d as n p p
e a tu s f doing work by
e e ns e a a a ra or ea
of h t p p li d t w t ; nd sinc i ing Such w ight s the

m m
ea a e o a er a e ra s a e a
p iston i fo of doing wo k thi p p tu clu sy nd in n

m
s a r r , s a a ra s, a co
v e ni nt tho u gh it
e y b n w s th d finition p ci ly a e, a s er e e re se 2
m
.
Ref erence to Exp eri ence is one of the o vi l p inci

mof di cou
st ta r
—
ples in exp o si tion a s in every o th er for s rse .
d p G
ms
Q uote in The Wor king P rin ci les of Rhetor ic J F
m m
1 e nu ng
d p
, . . .
’
G C V Hol e q u ote in S eci en s of E x p osition H L a
. . . , . . o nt .
2 28 THE ART OF PU B L IC S PE AKING
Wha t is it a nd wha t is it not?

,
Wha t is it like a nd unlike ?

,
Wha t a re its c a uses a nd effec ts?

,
How sha ll it b e divid ed ?

Wi th wha t sub j ects is it correl a ted ?
Wha t exp erienc es do es it reca ll ?
m
Wha t ex a pl es illustra te it?
QUE S TIONS AND EXE RCI S E S
Wha t woul d b e the effec t of a dhering to a ny one of

m
I .
the fo r s of di sco urse in a p ub l ic a ddress ?
Ha v e yo u ev er hea rd su ch a n a d dress?
m
2 .
I nv i x l i llu iv of
m
3 . e n t a se r e s o f e a p es s tr a t e th e di s
a d e on p a g es 2 3 2 a nd 2 33
m
tinctionS .
4 . M a k e a li st of ten sub j ec ts tha t ight b e trea ted

l a rg ely if not en tirely b y exp o si tion
m
.
, ,
5 . N a e th e s i x s ta n d a rd s by w h ic h e xp o s i to ry
wri ting sho ul d b e tri ed .
6 . D efin e a ny one of the foll o wi ng : (a ) stora g e b a ttery ;
(b) a free h a nd ; (c) sa il bo a t ; (d) The B ig S tick ;

“ ”
(e) non sen se ; (f) a good sp o rt ; (g) short sto ry ; (h)

-
novel ; (i) n ewspa p er ; (j) p o li ticia n ; (k) j ea lo usy ; (l)

tru th ; mm in gi l co ll g h ono y m
m m
( ) ()
m
a t é e r ; n e e r s st e ;
(0) odish ; (p) S lu ; (q) settle en t wo rk ; (r) foren sic
m
.
pl ify d fi ion by n i i
m
7 . A th e e ni t a t th es s
.
8 . I nven t two ex a pl es to illustra te the definition

(qu estion
9 . I nv en t t w o a n a l ogi es fo r t h e s am e su b j ec t (q u es
tion
IN FL UE N CI N G B Y E XPOS ITION 2 29
oM ak e a ch b a sed o n one of the following :

m m
10 . S h rt sp ee
(a ) wa g es a nd sa l a ry ; (b) a ster a nd a n ; (c) w a r a nd

m
p ea ce ; (d) ho e a nd the bo a rding house ; (6 ) struggl e
a nd vic to ry ; (f) ignora n c e a nd a bi tio n m
m
.
M a ke a ten inu te sp eech on a ny of the top ic s

m m
1 1 .
-
na ed in qu estion 6 using a ll the etho ds of exp o sition

m
,
a lrea d y n a
m
ed .
12 . Exp l a in wha t is ea n t b y disc a rding top ic s co l
la tera l a nd subordin a te to a sub j ec t .
13 . Rewri te the j ur y sp eech on p a g e 2 2 4 -

.
D efi n e co rr el a tio n
m
14 . .
Write a n e x a p l e of cla ssific a tion on a ny

m m
15 .
,
p olitica l socia l econo ic or ora l i ssu e of the day

m
.
, , ,
Ma ke a b ri ef a n a ly tic a l sta te en t of Henry W

m
16 . .
Gra dy s The Ra c e Prob l e g

’ “
p a e 36 ,
.
17 . B y wha t a n a ly tic a l p rincip l e did y o u p roc eed ?
(S ee p a g e
Write a short c a refully g en era li zed sp eech fro m
m
18 .
,
a l a rg e a o unt of da ta on one of the foll owi ng sub j ects :

(a ) The serva nt girl p rob l e ; (b) ca ts ; (c) the b a seb a ll m
mm
cra ze ; (d) refor a d inistra tions ; (e) sewing soci eti es ;
(f) co educ a tion ; (g) the tra veling sa l es a n m
m
.
19 . Ob serve thi s p a ssa g e fro Newton s Eff ec tive ’
S p ea king :
m cynic goodn nowh H sn rs

mm
Tha t an is a . He see s ess ere . e ee
t l ov ; id n p lighting h t oth
f snee rs
m m
a t v ir tu e a e to hi th e a e er r
f ch v n in th oth s kiss nothing

m
is an a rt ul s
’
e nd h er . a e sees e e e er
p ty conv ntion lity

”
but an e e a
m
m m
.
Wri te co it and deliver two si il ar p a ssa ges b ased

m
,
on your choice fro this li st : (a ) the ego ti st ; (b) the

'
2 30 THE ART OF PU B LIC S P E AKING
se nsua list ; (c) the hyp ocrite ; (d) the ti i d a n ; mm

j o k “ “
u g a teful
m
)
m m
()
e th e er ; (f ) the fli rt ; (g the n r
wo a n ; (h) the o urnful an . I n bo th c a ses use

the p rincipl e of Reference to Exp erience .
Wri te a p a ssa g e on a ny of the fo regoing cha ra c ters

m
20 .
in i ita tion of the styl e of S h a k esp ea re s cha ra cteriza

’
tion of S ir Jo h n Fa l sta ff p a g e 2 2 7
,
.
2 32 TH E ART OF PU B LI C S P E AKIN G
m
u look d escrip tion a s a p ictoria l p roc ess whether
m
st at ,
the wri ter d ea l s wi th a teri a l or wi th sp i ri tu a l ob j ec ts

”1
.
I f y o u w ere a sked to describ e the rap id fi re gun y o u

m
-
ight go a bo u t it in ei ther of two w a y s : giv e a co l d techni

ca l a cco u nt of its echa ni s m min whole a nd in d eta il or
, ,
el se d escrib e it a s a terrib l e engin e of sl a ughter dw elling ,
up on its effec ts ra ther tha n up on its structure

m
.
The fo r er of these p roc esses is exp o si tion the l a tter

m
,
is tru e d escrip tion Exp o si tion d ea l s ore wi th the gen

m
.
er a l ,
whil e d escrip tion ust dea l wi th the pa rticula r .
E xp o si tion elu cida tes idea s d escrip tion trea ts of things

,
.
E xp o si tion dea l s with the a bstra ct d esc rip tion wi th the ,
Exp o si tion is conc ern ed wi th the interna l de

m
concrete .
,
sc rip tion wi th the ex terna l E x p o si tio n is enu era tiv e

.
,
d escrip tion litera ry Exp o si tion is intellectu a l descrip tion

m
.
,
sensory E xp o si tio n is i persona l d esc rip tion persona l

.
,
.
I f d escrip tion is a vi sua lizing p roc ess for the b ea rer it ,
—
is fi rst of a ll su ch for the sp ea k er he c a n no t d esc rib e
wha t he ha s n ev er seen ei ther phy sic a lly or in fa nc y It is
,
.
thi s p erson a l q u a l i ty— thi s q u estion of the p erson a l eye
wh ich sees the thing s l a ter to b e d esc rib ed tha t — a k es m

descrip tion so interesting in pub lic sp eech Given a .
sp ea k er of p erson a li ty a nd w e a re in terested in his p er

,
son a l vi ew
— his vi ew a dds to the n a tura l in terest of the
sc en e a nd
,
m
a y ev en b e the so l e so urc e of th a t in terest to
his a u di to rs .
The seeing eye ha s b een p ra i sed in a n ea rli er cha p ter
(on S ubj ec t a nd Prepa ra tion a nd the i a gina tion wi ll m

b e trea ted in a sub sequ en t one (on Riding the Wing ed
1 W iti th S h t S t
r ng e orJ B-
Es w i
or y , . erg en e n .
INF LUE N CIN G B Y DE S CRIP ION T 2 33
Horse m u con i m
m om
b ut here we p st s der the icturing ind .
oub l bi ing ng
m m
the -
ind tha t f r s the d e ha t of see thi s
clea r y l — o i in n do i
of im
for w e see re w th the d tha we w th
— gi ng ng
g i g m mn y
he p hysica l a nd then these thi for
t eye re a s
-
u o b o
m
i ds
’
the p rp se of ett n the ef re the e es of the
hea rers N bi
. o u ul
O n
ha of vi u lizi g
t is re sef tha tha t s a n
c l ea r ly obj c c i u io n c ion
imy
the e t, the s ene , the S t at ,
the a t ,
the
p ers on bo u,
a c ib nl
t to b e des r ed . U ess tha t p r ar
p roc ess ca rri ed out clearly the p ic ture will b e b lurred

is ,
for the b ea rer b eho l der -

.
I n a work of this na ture we a re concern ed with the

rheto ric a l a na ly si s of d escrip tio n a nd wi th its etho ds m
m
, ,
o nl y so fa r a s a y b e needed for the p ra ctic a l p urp o ses of

the sp ea ker The fo ll owi ng gro up ing therefo re wi ll not
m
1
.
, ,
b e reg a rded a s co p l ete nor will it here b e n ec essa ry to

m
,
a dd ore tha n a word of exp la na tio n :

S till
Obj ec ts
I n o tion m
S till
S c enes
In cluding a ction
Prec eding cha ng e
S i tua tion s D uri n g cha ng e
After cha ng e
S pea kers
Ac tion s
Person s
l F or fuller tre a t m en t o f s ipti

De cr G on see e nu n g s
’
Wor kin g p
P rinci les of
Rhetoric , Alb ig ht s D
r
’
es cr ip ti
ve W i i B t s T lk
r t ng , a e
’
a s on Writing E ng lish, fi rs t
a nd s eco n ds is d er e . an a ny a d d ht i
v a n ce r e or c .
So mof foregoing processes will overla p in certain

m m
e the ,
insta nc es a nd all a re ore lik ely to b e found in co bina

,
tion th a n singly
m
.
When d escrip tion is in tended sol ely to give a ccura te

—
infor a tion a s to d elin ea te the a pp eara nce not the ,
tec nic l co s u c ion of t e l a test

h a n tr t h Z,
epp elin airshi p — it
is c a ll ed sci en tific d escrip tion a nd is a kin to exp o si tion
, .
When it is intended to present a free p ic ture for the p ur

m m
p o se of a king a vivid i pression it is c a lle d a rti stic ,
d escrip tion With bo th of th ese the pub lic speak er ha s

m m
.
to d ea l b ut ore frequently wi th the la tter for Rhetori

m
.
,
cia ns a k e still fu rth er di stinc tion s .
Methods of D escription
I n pub lic sp ea king description should be ainly by
,
m
sugg estion not on ly b ec a u se sugg estiv e d escrip tion is so
mm m m
,
uch ore co p a c t a nd ti e— sa ving b ut b ec a u se it is so
viv id S ugg estive exp ressions conno te ore tha n they m

m
.
—
li tera lly say they sugg est i d ea s a nd pic tures to the i nd
of the b ea rer which suppl e ent the direc t words of the m
sp ea k er Wh en D ick en s in his Chri st as Ca rol sa y s m
m m
:
.
, ,
In c a e Mrs F ezziwig one va st sub sta n tia l s il e

m
“
m m
, ,
.
ind s co pl ete the p ic ture S O d ef tly b egu n a— u ch

m m
our
ore effec tive proc ess tha n tha t of a inutely deta il ed

descrip tion b ec a use it l ea ves a unified vivi d i pression ,
m ,
a nd th a t is wha t we n eed Here is a p resen t da y bit of

m
-
.
sugg estion : G en era l Trinkl e wa s a gna rly oa k of a

“
an
—ro ugh so lid a n d sa f e ; yo u a lwa ys knew wh ere to find

m
, ,
hi . D ick en s p resen ts M i ss Peecher a s : A littl e p in

c u shion a li ttle hou sewife a li ttle book a li ttl e work box
, , ,
-
,
2 36 TH E ART OF P U B LI C S PE AKING
guida nc e This a tter is o st i p orta nt b e a ssured

.
1
m mm .
A b ri llia n t yet ca refully restra in ed figura tive styl e a

m m
,
styl e a rk ed b y b ri ef p ung en t wi tty a nd hu o ro u s

m
, , ,
co p a ri sons a nd chara c teri za tions is a wonderful re

m
-
so u rc e for a ll k ind s of p l a tfo r wo rk

m m
.
This sta te en t i s pl a in
m
D escription a y be dir ect
‘
eno ugh wi tho u t exp o si tion Use yo ur own ju dg en t a s

m
.
to wheth er in p ic turing you ha d b etter proc eed fro a
m
.
g enera l vi ew to the deta ils or first give the deta il s a nd ,
thu s b ui l d up the g en era l p ic ture but by a ll ea n s B E ,
B RI E F
m m
.
No te the vivid co p a c tn ess of th ese delin ea tion s fro

“
Wa shing ton I rving s Knick erbock er : ’
ny Old g ntl n with d ubl

o qu b m
m m
l
He w a s a sh rt , s a re , ra w e e a , a o e
chin tiff outh n d b o d copp no which w s up

m
, a as , a a r a er se , a s
p o d i th o
se d y t h v cqui d it fi y hu f o th con
h se a s o a e a re s er e r e
t nt n ighbo hood of hi tob cco p ip

s a e r s a e .
x ctly fi f t i inch in h ight nd si f t fi

m
H w e as e a v e ee s x es e , a x ee v e
inch in ci cu f nc Hi h d w s p f ct sp h n d of
m m
es r e re e . s ea a a er e ere , a
su ch tup ndo u s di n ion th t D e N tu wi th ll h

s e s s, a a e a re , a er
s x s ing nu i ty w oul d h v b n p u l d t con tru c t n ck

’
e e , a e ee zz e o s a e
c p bl of up p o ting it ; wh fo h wi ly d clin d th t
m m
a a e s r ere re s e se e e e a
ttl d it fi l y on th t p of his b ckbon j ust

m
te pt nd , a se e r e o a e,
b tw n th houl d Hi body w of n obl ong fo

m
e ee e S p ers . s as a r , ar
ti ul ly c p ciou t bo tto which w wi ly o d d by

m
c ar ; a a s a as se r ere
P ovid nc
r ing th t h w s
e n of s d nt y h bits
e , see nd a e a a a e e ar a , a
v y v
er t th idl l bo of w lking
a e rse o e e a r a .
foregoing is too long for the pla tfor but it is so m

m
The ,
good hu o red so full of delightful ex aggera tion tha t it

-
, ,
1S ee a lso The Art o f V er sifi ca tion J , . B erg E s e nw ein a nd Mar y Ele a n or

Rob e rt s pp, . 28 3 5 ;-
a nd Wr itin g the S hort S tory , J -
. B erg E s w en e in . pp . 152
1 62 ; 23 1 240 -
.
F
IN L U E NCIN G B Y D E S CRIP I ON T 2 37
m m
ve a s a o del of hu orous cha ra cter p ic turing
well m
m
ay ser ,
for here one i nevita b ly sees the i n ner a n in the o uter
mm m
.
D irec t descrip tion for p l a tfor use ay b e a d e vivid
by the spa ring use of the hi storic a l p resen t

m
The fol
m m
-
p
.
lowi ng dra a tic p a ssa ge a cco p a nied b y the o st lively

m
,
a c tio n h a s l i n g ered i n the i n d for thirty y ea rs a fter

m
,
hea ring D r T D e Wi tt Ta l a g e lec ture on. B ig

B lunders The c ra ck of the b a t so un ds c l ea r even to da y :
.
Get rea k you p o ition N w giv u

dy the b a ts a n d ta e r s s . o , e s
b ll TOO l w D on t t ik TOO high D on t t ik

it coml ik lightning
’
th
’
e a . o . s r e . . s r e .
Th e re S t ik ! Aw y it o
es ! High !
e . r e a s a rs er
High ! Run ! Anoth

er b ! F t ! F t ! G ood ! All er a se a s er a s er
around t n t ok ! a o e s r e
Ob serve the re mk bl
lecturer
ar a e wa y in whi h thec
fused sp ea ker a udience sp ec ta tors a nd p la y ers i n to one
, , ,
exci ted ec sta tic who l e

,
— just a s y ou ha ve fo un d y ourself
sta rting fo rwa rd in y o u r sea t a t the d elivery of the b a ll wi th
three on a nd two down in the ninth inni ng No tic e

m
'
.
,
—
too how p erha p s uncon scio usly—Ta l a g e \p a inted the
m
,
sc en e in Ho er s c ha ra c teri stic styl e : not a s ha vi ng

’
a l rea dy ha pp ened b ut a s ha pp enin g b efo re y o ur ey es
m m
.
,
If y ou ha ve a ttended a ny tra vel ta lk s y o u ust ha ve

m
b een i p ressed b y the p a inf ul ex tre es to which the m
—
g
lec tu e s g o with a few no ta b le excep tion s their la n

r r ,
gua ge is either over orna te or crude If y ou woul d lea rn

m
-
.
the p ower of wo rd s to a k e sc en ery yes ev en ho uses
m
, , ,
p a lp ita te wi th p oetry a nd hu a n app ea l rea d La fca dio

m
,
Hea rn Rob ert Louis S teven son Pi erre Lo ti a nd E d ondo

m
, , ,
D e A ici s .
lu di nt moun in
on p p d b fo of c n
m ml l f ing
B e -
sta a ta a rv e st e a ea re e re
—th T p
,
the , it e t h v n it wil d n
e Of chi l d
e, o ea e s er e ss se e
p inn cl fl inging t th
a es, ky th gol d n p y of its d co tion o e s e e s ra e ra
—LAF CAD IO HEARN Chin Gh t
.
, ese os s .
fi l d nd j w l lik b ut n t f o sty
m
Th t w
e s a rs l e re c ea r c o o re , a e e -
e, o r .
A f int ilv y v p ou tood f th M ilky W y All

a s er a ound e r s or e a . ar
th b l c k fi p oint
e a tood u p ight n d t ock till
r
-
B y th whit
s s r a s -
s . e e
n of th p ck addl I coul d M od tin w lking ound nd

ess e a -
s e see es e a r a
ound t th l ngth of h t th ; I coul d h h t dily

m
r a e e er e er ea r er s ea
unching t th w d ; b ut th w n t noth ound v

a e s ar e re as o a er s sa e
th ind c ib b l qu i t t lk Of th
e es r unn l ov th ton
a e e a e r e er e s es
—RO RT§L OU IS S TE VE N S ON T l with D nk y
.
BE ra v e s a
m
o e
m
, .
full utu n n w l t utu n—with th nightf lls

m
It w as a o , a e a e a
gl oo y n d llfithing g owing d k ly in th Old cott g nd

m m
, a a s r ar ea r e a e, a
ll th B ton l nd l oo king o b Th v y d y d
m
m
a e re t a s re , oo . e er a s see e
b ut twil ight ; i u bl cl ou d lowly p ing w oul d ud

m
ea s ra e s, s a ss , s
d nl y b ing d kn
e rt b o d noon Th wind
ar o n d con
e ss a r a . e a e
sta ntly—it w lik th ound Of g t c th d l o g n t

as e e s a r ea a e ra r a a a
di t nc b u t p l ying p of n i d p i ing di g ; t oth

m m
s a e, a r a e a rs , o r es a r r es a er
ti it w o ul d co cl o t th doo nd lift up howl l ik

m
es e se o e r, a a e
wil d b t — PIE RRE L OTI A n I l nd Fi h

ea s s n ce a s er a
m
. .
,
I th g
see t f c t o y wh
e b tt lion ight h v d ill d ;
rea re e r ,
1
ere a a a a e r e
th l ong t b l hund d h d b nt bov the

m
I see eth fi a e s, e v e re ea s e a e
pl t p id otion of fi hund d fo k of thou nd

m
a thes , e ra v e re r s, a sa
h nda nd s, ixt n thou nd t th ; th w

a s of rv nt
ee sa ee e s ar se a s
runn ing h n d th c ll d t col d d hu i d on v y id

ere a e re , a e o, s e , rr e , e er s e
a t onc ; I h e th cl tt of di h th d f ning noi th

ea r e a er s es , e ea e se , e
voic chok d with food c ying ut B d b d ! nd I

m m
“ ”
es e r o : re a -
rea a
f l onc o th fo id bl p p tit th h cul n t ngth

ee e re e r a e a e e, e er ea s re
Of j w th a xub nt lif nd p i it Of tho f ff d y

, e e e ra e a s r s se ar o -
a s .
2
—E D MOND O D E AMICIS , Colleg e Friends .
S uggestions for the Use o f D escription
D ecid e,
on b eginning a descrip tion wha t p oint of vi ew ,
yo u wi sh y o ur h ea rers to ta k e One c a nno t see ei ther a .
1 In the Milit a ry Co ll eg e of M od e na
This fig sp Visi
.
“
3 u re o f ee ch is kn ow n as on .
I nterruption s of the d escription to a ke sid e re a rk s m -

m
a re a s p o werful to d estro y unity a s a re sc a ttered d escri
m
p
tive phra ses The only Vi sua l i p ression tha t ca n b e
.
fec tiv e is one tha t is unifi ed

m
ef .
Indesc ribing try to ca ll up the e o tion s y o u fel t wh en

,
first y o u saw the sc ene a nd then try to reproduc e tho se

m m
,
o tions in y o ur hea rers D escrip tion is p ri a ri ly

m m
e .
o tiona l in its app ea l ; no thing ca n b e ore dea dl y dull

m
e
tha n a co l d u n e o tion a l o u tlin e whi le no thing l ea ves a
mm
, ,
wa r er i p ression tha n a g l o wi ng sp iri ted descrip tion , .
Giv e a swift a nd vivid g en era l Vi ew a t the c l o se of the

p ortra y a l First a nd fina l i p ressions re a in the long est m m
mm
. .
The ind a y b e tra ined to ta ke in the cha ra c teristic

p oints of a sub j ect so a s to vi ew in a singl e scen e a c tion
m
, , ,
exp eri enc e or cha ra c ter a u nifi ed i ion of h o l

m
, p ress the w e ,
.
To d escrib e a thing a s a who l e y o u ust first see it a s a

wh o l e M a ster tha t art a nd yo u h a ve a stered descrip
. m
tion to the l a st d egree .
S ELE CTI ONS FOR PRACTI S E

THE HOMES OF THE P EOPLE
n W hington th oth d y nd I tood on th
m
I w e t to as e er a , a s e
m
C p itol Hi ll ; t b t qu ic k I l ook d t th t o w ing
m y h
m m
a ea r ea as e a e er
bl of y count y C p itol nd th i t g th d in y
m m
’
ar e r s a a e s a e re
ey s s I thought of it t
e a ndous signific nc nd th s is re e a e, a e ar e
an d th t u y nd th ju dg s nd th P id nt nd th
e rea s r , a e e a e res e , a e
C ong nd th co u t
re ss a nd ll th t w e g th d th r s, a And a a as a e re ere .
I f l t th t th un in ll it co u coul d n t l ook down on b tt r

m m
e a e s a s rse o a e e
Sight th n th t j tieho of
a a p u b l ic th
a es t h d t u g ht th e a re a a a e
w o l d it b t l ons of lib rty And I f lt th t if honor nd

m
r s es e ss e . e a a
wi do nd ju tic bid d th in th wo l d woul d t last w

m
s a s e a e ere , e r a o e
t th t g
o at h ou in which th k Of th cov n nt of y country
rea se e ar e e a
i l odg d it fin l u p l if ting nd its

s e , s g n tion
a a re e e ra .
INF L UE NCIN G B Y DE S CRIP I ON T 24 1
dy d I w nt t vi it f i nd in th count y
ft
m m m m
T wo a s a e rwa r , e o s a r e e r ,
od t n with qui t coun t y ho ju t i p l

m
a es a , It w a e r e . as s a s e,
unp t ntious hou t bou t wi th big t nci cl d in dow

m
re e se , se a re es , e r e ea
n d fi l d ich with th p o i of h v t Th f g nc of th
m m
a e r e r se ar es . e ra ra e e
p in k n d h ol layh oc k in th f on t y d w ing l d w it h th o e r ar as e e ar a
of th o ch d nd of th g d n on nt wi th th clu ck
m
e r ar nd a e ar e s, a re s a e
f p oul try nd th hu of b
m
o a e ee s .
In id w qui t cl nlin th ift n d co fo t Th w

m m
s e as e , ea e ss , r , a r . ere as
th ol d cl ock th t h d w l co d in t dy u v yn w
m m m m
e a a e e , s ea ea s r e , e er e
o t th f ily th t h d tick d th ol n qui of th

m
c er o e a , a a e e s e re e e
d d nd h d k p t co p ny with th w tch t th b d id
ea , a a e a e a er a e e s e .
th big tful b d n d th ol d Op n fi pl c
m m
Th w
e re e re e , nd
re s e s a e , e re a e, a
th ol d f
e ily B ibl thu b d with th fing of h nd l ong
a e, e e e rs a s
sin till nd w t wi th th t of y l ong inc clo d hol d

m m
ce s , a e e e a rs e es s e se ,
ing th i p l nn l of th f ily nd th h t n d th con

m
e s e a a s e a a e ea r a e
ci nc f th h o
m m m
s e e o e e .
Out id th tood y f i nd th i p l up ight

m m
s e, ere s t r e , e a s er , a s e, r
n wi th n tg g on hi oof no li n on hi g owing c op
m
'
m m
a , o or a e s r , e s r r s,
of hi l nd nd of hi lf Th w hi old
m m m
t
a s er t s a a a s er se . e re as s
f th n g d t bl ing n but h p p y in th h t n d ho
m
a er , a a e , re a , a e ea r a e
of hi n And th y t t d t th i h o th h nd of th
m m
s so . as e s ar e o e r e, e a s e
old n w nt down on th young n houl d l ying th

a e e a
’
s s er , a e re
th un p k bl bl ing of th hono d nd g t ful f th nd

m
mm
e s ea a e e ss e re a ra e a er a
nnoblin g it with th knighthood of th fifth co nd nt

m m
e e e a e .
An d th y ch d th doo th ol d oth c
as e rea with the e r e er a e e
su n t f ll ing f i on h f c nd lighting up h d p p ti nt
m m
se a a r er a e, a er ee , a e
y whil h lip t bling with th ich u ic of h h t

m m
e es , e er s, re e r s er ea r ,
b d h hu b nd nd n w lco t th i ho
a e er s a aB yond w so e e o e r e . e as
th h ou wif b u y with h hou hol d c cl n of h t nd

m
e se e, s er se a res , ea ea r a
con ci nc th b u c kl n d h lp t of h hu b nd D o wn th
m m
s e e, e er a e ee er s a . e
ln c th chil d n t oop ing h o ft th cow kin g

m
a e a e e re , r e a er e s, se e
t u nt bi d do th qui t of th i h o n t
m
,
as r a r s e e e r e es .
w th night co down on th t hou f ll ing g ntly

m
An d I sa e e a se , a e
th wing of th un n dov And th ol d n—whil

m
as e s e see e . e a e a
t tl d bi d c ll d f o th fo h ill
m
s ar e r t n d th
a e t w r e res , a e re e s ere s r
wi th th crick t ing in th
m m m
’
e y n d th t w
e w s cr ky , a e s a rs e re s ar e s
g t th f il y ound hi nd t kin g th ol d B ibl f o th

m
o e a ar , a , a e e r e
t bl c ll d th t th i kn th l ittl b by hiding in th
m
a e, a e e o e r ee s , e e a e
fold of it oth
s d s whil h cl o d th er s co d of th t
’
ress , e e se e re r a
242 THE A RT OF PU B LIC S PE AKING
i ml by c lling down G od b n diction on th t f ily m
m m
’
s p e da y a s e e a a
a nd th t ho An d whil I g d th vi ion of th t bl
m
a e . e a ze , e s a ar e
C p it o l f d d F o go tt n w u j sty
m
a it t
a e n d it
. r e e re s re a s re s a s a e ,
id Oh u ly h in th ho of th p op l l odg d
m
“
a nd I sa , , s re e re e es e e e a re e
a t l st th t ngth nd th sp on ibil ity f thi gov n nt

m
a e s re a e re s -
o s er e
is of thi p ublic HE N RY W G RADY

,
th h p e nd th p o
o e a — e r e s re . . .
S UGGES TI VE S CENE S
One thingin lif c ll f noth ; th i fitn in v nts

m
e a s or a er ere s a ess e e
a nd p l c s Th sight of
a e pl . nt bo p ut it in u ind t e a ea sa ar r s o r o
On p l c ugg t wo k noth idl n thi d

m
sit th ere . e a e s es s r , a er e e ss , a r
ea ly r ising nd l ong
r bl s in th d w Th ff c t of night
a ra e e e . e e e ,
of ny fl owing w t of light d citi s of th p p of d y of

m m
a a er , e e , e ee a ,
ship of th op n oc n c ll up in th ind n y of nony

m m
s, e e ea , a s e a ar a
ous d i s nd p l u s S o thing w f l houl d h pp n ;

m
e s re a ea s re . e , e ee , s . a e
w kno w n t wh t y t w p oc d in qu t of it
e o And ny ofa , e e r ee es . a
th h p p i t h ou in l if fl t by u in thi v in tt nd nc on
mm
e a es rs e ee s s a a e a e
th g niu of th p l c o nt It i thus th t t cts of “

e e nds e a e a e . s a ra
young fi nd l w ock s th t ch into d p oundings p ti u

m m m
r, a o r a rea ee s , ar c
l ly d l ight nd to rtu So thing u t h v h pp n d

mm m
ar e a re e . e s a e a e e
in su ch pl c h ps g b ck t b s f y c ;
m
‘
nd p a es, a er a a es a , o e er o ra e
nd wh n I w chil d I t i d t inv nt pp op i t g
m m
a e as a f r e o e a r r a e a es or
till t y j u t v inly t fi t th with th p op

m
th e s I , a s r , s as a , o e e r er
to y So p l c s p k di tinc tl y C t in d n g d ns
m m
s r . e a e s ea s . er a a k ar e
cr y l ou d f
a u d ; c t in ol d hou d nd t b h unt d ;
or a r er er a se s e a o e a e
c t in co ts id f hip w ck Oth p ots g in

m m m
er a t as a re se as e or s re . er s a a
bid th i d tiny ugg tiv nd i p n t b l ich

m
s ee t o a e e r es , s es e a e e ra e,
ing ll cho Th inn t B u fo d B idg with it bou nd

a e . e a r r r e, s ar rs a
g n g d n nd il nt ddying iv though it i known —

m m
ree ar e a s e , e r er s
l dy s th p l c wh K t w o t o of his E ndy i n
m mm m m
a rea a e a e ere ea s r e s e o
a nd N l on p rt d f o
e s his E — still a t w it th e r a se e s o a e co
ing of th p p op i t l g nd Within th ivi d w ll b hind

m m
e a r r a e e e . ese e a s, e
m
th s ol d g
e e n hutt s o fu th bu in s s o uld w iting
ree s er , s e r er s es ers , a
m
its ho u Th ol d H w Inn t th Q u n s f y k
m m
’
for r . e a es a e ee e rr a es a
si il c ll u p on y f ncy Th it t nds p t f o th
m
ar a a . e re s a , a ar r e
to wn b id th p i in cl i te of it wn h lf inl nd h lf
m
es e e e r, a a s o a a a
in —in f ont th f ry b ubbling with th tid nd th gu d

, , ,
ar e r , e er e e a e ar
ship sw inging t h ncho ; b hind th ol d g d n with th

o er a r e , e ar e e
2 44 TH E ART OF PU B L IC S PE AKI NG
n l it ting bill ow of fi olling p lunging bounding
n m m
A pa p
'
Op e . a re , r , , ,
g f ll ing w ll ing h ing n d wi th ion bu ting

m
s , a , d p
s e , e av , a a a ss rs
it s d h t id
re und -
o ching ut it
s es nci cling as er , rea o s ar s, e r ,
qu ing g bbing u p w ll owing v ything b fo it with

m m
s ee z , ra , s a e er e re
th h t g dy outh of n p p ll ing on t
d h ound th co n ! Anim
e o ,
ree a a a s er .
H w th h o l in tinct
m
o e rses as ar e r er a s ,
sa y yo u ? o B ut on
m
Ay e, re . r e rea s .
Up th l dd
”
n! e a ers , e
Th tow ing b u il ding i b u i d in b l o t d b nk of v g

m
e er s r e a e a s sa a e,
biting l nt F o k d tongu d t ut nd in dodg h

e e e s . r e es ar o a , e ere
a n d th up n d do w n
e re , n d wind th i cutting dga oun d , a e r e es a r
v y obj ct A c h dull xp l o iv ound nd p uflf of

m
e er e . ra s , a , e s e s , a a
ok l p ut At th high t p oint up on th o f t nd
m
s e ea s o . e es e r o s a s a
d k figu in d p t t it th h nd king f ntic

mwinging wildly— nd th n th body hoot
ar re a es era e s ra , e a s a ra
g tu
m
es th re s , e ar s s a e e s s
ff int o f ightful p c p lu nging u p on th p v nt with

volting thu d Th m mt ik by t nd h d t
o r s a e, e a e e a
n
mm
’
re . e a s ar s r es a s a er a s e ar s
down Th c owd hudd. w y e n d u tt rs l w u u s ers , s a s, a er a o r r
f p ity nd ho o Th f int h t d l ook u hid th i

m
o a rr r . e a -
ea r e e rs o -
e e r
f c
a On w o
es n woon w y e a s s a a .
Poo f ll ow ! D d ! l bo h l ook up on
m
”
r l ine ea ex c a r s a a rer , as e s
n body
m
’
th e a s .
n d I k n w hi w ll t ! H l iv d n x t doo t
m m
“
Ay J e, oe , a e e , oo e e e r o
flight b ck H l v wido w d oth nd tw w

I h l p d him
fi
e, v e s a . e ea es a e er a o ee
b it of o p h n
s r bu y hi w if
a fo tnight g
s . e e r s e a r a o .
Ah J ! b u t it h d l in th o p h n
m m
”
f
’
oe s ar es or e r a s .
,
A gh tly h o u ov on d gging it gi nt of p nic in its

m
as r es , ra s re e a
t il n d l ving c i
ra a on bl otch of c u l ty l ong th p th of
ea r s es r e a e a
night
m
.
th y ll u t fi n?
“
A re e a o ,
re e
m
”
Ay e , a y e , sir !
y n t ! Th s wo n in th t p window hol d
m
No
’ ’
the re o ere a a e o
—ov yond in th ight h nd co n !

,
ing chil d in h
m m
a er a r s er er e r -
a r er
Th l dd e th ! A hu nd d p ou nd t th
a ers , n wh ks e re re s o e a o a e
cu !
mm
th e res e
A do n t t o upp l th n th oth
m
On n ze s ar nd . e a re s e a e ers , a
reckl in hi b v y cl b s t th t p ung of th l dd
e ss s ra er , a er o e o r e a er .
sho rt ! h c i s H oi t noth !
m
“ ” “ ”
T oo e r e . s a er
Up it go H ount t th window f t n th op l h
es . e s o e , as e s e r e, as es
F
IN L U E N CIN G B Y D E S CRIP ION T 2 45
m
o ing th fi into uglyb b p tin n d l ts m m
m m
the r a nd a e , sw s e o e e ss , a e
down t b e cu d by hi co d
m
th e o e r s e s ra es .
B vo fi n ! hout th c ow d
m
“ ”
ra , re a s s e r .
A c h b k th ough th up o of c ckling ti b
ra s rea s r e r ar ra e rs .
L oo k liv oof h f ll n !
m
"
4 ! G t G d ! Th
‘
u p th a e, e re rea o e r as a e
Th w ll w y
e ock nd tu bl in with d f ning o
a s s a , r , a e a ea e r ar .
p c t to c s t b th Th col d t uth v l it lf
m
Th e s e a rs ea e o re a e . e r re ea s se .
Th fi
m
e n h b n c i d into th
re a thin g fu n c
as An o l d
ee a rr e e see r a e .
wo n b nt with th w ight of g u h th ough th fi lin

a , e e e a e, r s es r e re e,
sh i king
r e ving nd w inging h h nd nd op nin g h h t
, ra , a r er a s a e er ea r
of g i f r e .
Poo J ohn ! H w b v l dh w t !
m
r ll I h d ! An d e as a a a ra e a e as , oo
B ut h gon n w H l o t hi wn lif in vin tw o

e s
’
e o nd e s s o e sa
’
o re , a
—
.
w y in th p oin ting t
’ ”
n w
o n w h th o ! h e s p t e re , a a ere s e re ea s , o
th c u l ov n
m
e r e e .
ngin do th i w o k Th fl i
m m
Th e e esdi ut An e r r . e a es e o . ee r e
gl oo h ng ov th uin l ik fo id bl bl ck n d p ll
a s er e r s e a r a e, a e e a .
And t h noon of nig ht i p d

e — ARD E NNE S J ONE S F OS TE R s a sse .
-
.
Q UES TIONS AND ANS WE RS

Write gra p hs on one of these : the ra c e
m
1 . two p a ra
ho rse the o tor boa t golfing tenni s ; let the first b e

, , ,
pure exp o sition a nd the second p ure descrip tion

m m
.
S elec t y o ur own the e a nd do the sa e in two

m
2 .
sho rt e x te p o ra n eo u s sp ee ch es .
l iv o rt o rigi n a l a ddress in the over orn a
m
3 D e . er a sh -
ented styl e
m
.
4 (a ) Point out its defects ; (6) reca st it in a o re

.
fec tive style ; (6 ) sho w how the one surp a sses the o ther
m
ef .
5 M a k
. e a l i st of te n su b j ec ts whic h l end the sel v es
to desc rip tion in the styl e y ou p refer

m m
.
D el iver a two inu te sp eech on a ny one of the

m
6 .
-
us g chi efly b ut not so l ely d esc rip tion
m
, , .
7 For one
. inute look a t a ny obj ec t scene a ction , , , ,
2 46 THE ART or PU B LI C S P EAKING
pic ture or person yo u choo se ta ke two inutes to a rra nge

, , m
—
yo ur tho ughts a nd then deliver a short descrip tion a ll
m
,
wi th o u t a k ing wri tten no tes
m
.
8 In wh a t sen se is descrip tion

. ore persona l tha n
exp 0 5 1tion ?
9 . Expl a in the differenc e b etween a s cientific a nd a n
i ic descrip tion
a rt st .
IO I n the styl e of D ick en s a nd Irving (p a ges 2 34

.
,
wri te fi v e sep a ra te sentenc es d esc ribing fi v e cha ra c ters by

m ea n s of sugg estion
— one sen tenc e to ea c h
m
.
D escrib e a cha ra c ter by ea n s of a h in t a f ter the
m
1 1 .
,
a nn er of Cha u c er (p .
12 Rea d a l o u d the fo llowing wi th sp ecia l a tten tion

.
to g esture :
His v y th o t w o l Y u w good d l of it Y u m
m
er r a as ra . o sa a ea . o
l ook d ov e v y l w f nc of whit c v t (wh of no n

er a er o e e e ra a e re a
h d v
a b h l d th ti f h f t n d it b hind ) nd th it
e er e e e e, or e as e e e , a e re
v ll y b tw n tw j utting h ight of coll n nd

m
l y
a , a a e e ee o e s a r, sere e a
whi k l b fo you It d t y on th p t of M
m
s e r e ss e re . see e o sa , e ar r .
P c k niff i no d c p tion l di nd g n tl n ll is
m m
“
e Th
s , e re s e e , a es a e e e , a
p c h o ly c l p v d S did hi h i j u st g i l d
”
ea e, a a er a es e . o s a r, r zz e
with n i on g y which w
a r ll b u h d ff hi fo h d
ra ,
nd as a r s e o s re ea , a
stood bol t u p ight lightly d oop d in kind d ction with

r , or s r e re a
his h vy y l id S did hi p on which w l k though

m m
ea e e s . o s ers , a s S ee
fr f o co p ul ncy S did hi
ee r r nn which w s soft nd
e . o s a e r, a a
oily In wo d v n hi p l in bl ck uit nd t t of widow

m
. a r , e e s a a s , a s a e er ,
n d d ngl ing dou b l y gl ll t nd d t th s p u p o e nd

m
a a e e e -
a ss , a e e o e a e r s , a
c i d l oud B hol d th o l P ck niff !

r e a ,
“
e e ra e s
”
CHARLE S D ICKE NS M tin Chu l wit -
, ar zz e .
3 1 Wh ic h of th e fo ll o wing do yo u p refer a nd Why ?
m m
.
,
S h w s a b l oo ing l ss of f r sh ight n p lu p
m
e a s a e e ee , a a par
tridg ri p nd
e, lting nd o y ch k d s n of h f
e a e a r s -
ee e a o e er a the r s
'
p c
ea h — IR V I N
es G . .
2 48 THE ART or PUBLIC S PE AKING
Cri ticise,
fa vora b ly or unfa vora b ly the descrip tion s
m
24 .
,
of a ny tra vel ta lk yo u ay ha ve hea rd recently .
25 .D eliver a b ri ef origina l tra vel ta lk a s tho ugh yo u

,
were sh owing p ictures .
26 .Recast the ta lk a nd deliver it witho ut p ic tures .

CHAPTER XXI
I N F L U E N CIN G B Y N A RRA TI ON
of n tion i th t of w iting in hook nd y

m
The a rt a rra s e ar r s a e es .
Th p n p l con i t in
e ri c1 king th p p op i t thought follow
e s s s a e a r r a e
o i o u g o f c o f c in
m m
th epp ap t th r ht th r a e
p p t th p p t ; , e r er a e r er a
fi t p p ing th ind f wh t i t co n d th n l tting it
m
rs re ar e or a s o e, a e e
co —WAL TE R B AGE HOT Lit y S tudi

a , era r es .
ch i cu iou ly hi to ic l Mo t n you y
v y m m
m
Our er sp e e s r s s r a . s e , a
ob v p k onl y t n t ; n t in i p ting wh t th y h v
mm
ser e, s ea o a rra e o ar a e a e
thought, which ind d w oft n v y ll tt b ut inee e re e a er s a a er ,
xhibiting wh t th y h v und gon n which i quit

m m
e a e a e er e or see , s a e
unl i it d n do t lk dil t Cut u off f o N tiv h w

m m
e o e, a e rs a e . s r a rra e, o
woul d th of conv tion v n ong th wi t l n

m
t e s re a e rsa , e e a e ses , a
gui h into d t ch d h ndful nd

s e a ong th fooli h utt ly
e a s, a a e s er
e v p o t ! Thu
a ra e w do no thing b ut n ct Hi t o y w
s, a s y e e a s r e sa
littl b ut cit it —TH OMA CARL YLE On Hi t y

,
e re e . S , s or .
Only a smll gmn of

grea t field of na rra tion
a se e t the
offers its resourc es to the public sp ea ker a nd tha t i n cludes ,
the a n ecdo te biograp hic a l f a c ts a nd the n a rra tion of

, ,
ev ents in g en era l
m m
'
Na rra tion r -
n —
o e ea sily defi ed tha n a stered i s the
reci ta l of a n inci dent or a g ro up of fa c ts a nd occurrenc es
m
, ,
in such a a nner a s to p roduc e a desired effect .
The l a ws of na rra tion a re few b ut its su cc essful p ra c ti se

m m
,
involves ore of a rt tha n wo uld a t first a p p ea r—so uch ,
indeed tha t we c a nno t even to uch up on its technique

m m
,
ust content ourselves wi th a n ex a ina tion of

m
here b ut ,
a few ex a ples of na rra tion a s used in pub lic sp eech .

m
I n a preli ina ry way notic e how ra dica lly the public
m
,
sp ea k er s u se of n a rra tive differs fro th a t of the sto ry

m m
’
wri ter in the ore li i ted scop e a b sence of extend ed

mm
,
dia l ogue a nd cha ra cter dra wing a nd freedo fro ela bora
m
,
tion of d eta il whic h c ha ra c teri z e pl a tfo r na rra tive On

m m
, .
the o th er h a nd there a re severa l si il a ri ti es of eth od :
m
,
the freq uen t co bin a tion of na rra tion wi th exp o si tion
m
,
descrip tion a rgu enta tion a nd pl ea ding ; the ca re

m m
, ,
ex erci sed in the a rra ng e en t of a teri a l so a s to p rodu c e
a strong efi ect a t the c l o se (c li m a x) ; the v ery g enera l
m
pra c tise of conc ea ling the p oin t (déno ue ent) of a story
”
mm
un til the effective o en t ; a nd the ca reful suppression
of n eedl ess a nd therefore hurtful deta il s
m m
.
, ,
S o w e see tha t wh ether for a g a z in e or pl a tfo r
m
, the ,
a rt of n a rra tion invo l ves fa r ore tha n the reci ta l of

a nn a l s ; the su cc ession of ev en ts reco rd ed req ui res a pla n
m
in o rder to b ring the out wi th rea l effec t .
It wi ll b e no tic ed too th a t the li tera ry styl e l n pl a t

m m
, ,
for na rra tion is lik ely to b e ei ther l ess p o li sh ed a nd ore

m
vigo ro usly dra a tic tha n in tha t intend ed for pub lic a tion
m
,
or el se ore fervid a nd eleva ted in tone I n this la tter

m
.
resp ec t however the b est pl a tfo r sp ea king of toda y
m m
, ,
diff ers fro the odels of the preceding g enera tion

mm m
,
wh erein a highly dignifi ed a nd so e ti es p o p o us styl e

, ,
wa s th o ugh t the on l y fi tting dress for a pub lic delivera nce

m
.
mm
Grea t nob l e a nd stirring a s these older a sters were in
m
,
th eir l of ty a nd i p a ssion ed el o quenc e we a re so eti es ,
Opp ressed wh en w e rea d thei r so u nding p eriod s for a ny
m
grea t leng th of ti c ev en a ll owing for a ll tha t we lo se
m
h
by issing the sp ea k er s p resence voic e a nd fi re S o let

’
, ,
.
2 52 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE AKI NG
ev e m ng with Puri ta n
girl to tha t of sitting on a b lock of
a
ice in win ter c ra cking ha i lston es b etween his teeth

,
”1
.
The fo regoing quo ta tion ha s b een in trodu c ed ch i efly

to i llu stra te the fi rst a nd si p l est fo r of a necdo te—the m m
singl e sentenc e e m
bodying a pungent sa ying
m m m
.
Ano ther Si pl e fo r is tha t which convey s its ea ning

wi tho ut n eed of a pplic a tion a s the o l d p rea c h ers u sed ,
to sa y Geo rge Ade ha s quo ted this one a s the b est j oke
.
he ever hea rd :
ol n l o king g ntl m mn iding tog th in a

mn id
Two s e -
o e e e w ere r e er
ilw y c i g On g ntl t th oth I you

m
m W
ra a a rr a e . e e e a sa o e er : s r
wif nt t ining thi u up on th oth g ntl

m
”
e e er a s s er ? here e er e e
na p li d N t v y
re e : o er .
Other necdo tes need ha rnessing to the pa rticula r truth

mm
a
the sp ea ker wi shes to c a rry a l ong in his ta lk S o eti es

m
.
the a ppl ic a tion is a d e b efo re the sto ry is to l d a nd the
a u di enc e is p rep a red to a k e the co pa ri son poin t by m m ,
p oin t a s the illustra tion is to l d Henry W Gra d y used

m
. .
,
thi s eth od in one of the a n ecdo tes he to l d whi l e del ivering
his g rea t ex te p o ra n eo u s a ddress m

The New S o u th ,
.
do ing with t ngth nd vi rtu n

ndo w
m
Ag e es n ot e a ll th s s re a e, or
ll n w thing t b d p i d ho k wh p ut ov
m m
a re a e Th s o e es se . e S e a er o er
hi doo John S ith hop found d 1 760 w o th n

m
’
s r, s s , e , as re a
tc h d by hi yo ung iv l c o
a e th t t wh hu ng u t thi
s r a a r ss e s ree o o s
sign B ill Jon

!
E t bl i h d 1886 N o l d t oc k k p t in this
es . s a s e . o s e
I n two a necdo tes to l d a lso in The New S outh Mr , ,

.
Gra dy i llu stra ted a no th er wa y of enfo rcing the a ppl ic a
1 H ow to A ttra ct a n d H old an A u dience, J B erg E sen we in

.
F
IN LU E NCIN G BY N ARRA TION 2 53
ion : in bo th insta nc es he S p li t the idea he wished to

m mmm
t
drive ho e br g g b o e
m
p a r t ,
ef re a n d p a rt a f ter th
reci ta l of the sto ry The fa c t tha t the sp ea k er i squo ted
.
the words of Gen esi s in which the Ark is d escrib ed did not
see m
to detra c t fro the b url esqu e hu o r of the sto ry m m
I b p k th u tm o t t tch of you cou t y tonight I m
.
f om w h om I com Y u mm
es ea e s s re r r es . a
n t t oub l d bo ut tho b th
m nt him n ighbo with p itch of m
o r e a se r e . o re e er e
n wh o
a wif se t e se ilk o a e r a er ,
wh t ip p ing on th t p t p f ll wi th u ch c u l int up tion

mnt nd whil p icking
o, r e o s e , e , s as a err s
th l nding
m
as e ffo d d into th b
a s a r e , e a se e , a , e
hi lf up h d th p l u of h i ng hi wif c ll u t
se , a e ea s re ea r s e a o :
John did you b k th p itch ?

“
,
rea e er
N I didn t id J ohn b ut I b ding d if I don t

wh c ll t mf om b hind y in p i m m
“ ’ ’
o, ,
sa , e e .
whil tho
ing f om
S o, e se o a o e r e a s re e
wi th n g y if n t with cou g I k n indul g nt h

m
e er , o ra e, as a e ea r r
you I b g th t you will b ing you full f ith in A ic n f i

nkn t judgm
. e a r r a er a a r
n nd f nt up on wh t I h ll y Th
ch onc wh tol d omboy of th B ibl l on
e ss a ra e ss o e a s a sa . ere
n ol d p
d in th m
w as a re a er e o s e s e e e ss
going t o ning Th boy finding th p l c

m
h w e as o re a e r . e s, e a e,
glu d tog th th conn cting p g Th n x t o ning h d

on th bottom
e e er e e a es . e e r e re a
of n p g Wh n No h w n hund d nd
m
“
e o e a e: e a as o e re a
tw t n ye y o l d h t oo k u
ea rsnt o h i l f w if w h we — th n se a e, o as e
tu ning th p g
r n hu nd d n d fo ty cu bi t l ong fo ty
e a e o e re a r s , r
cubits wid built of gop h wood nd cov d with p itch in id

e, er , a e re s e
n tu lly p u l d t thi H d it g in
m
H w
”
and ut o . e as a ra zz e a s . e rea a a ,
v ifi d it nd th n id My f i nd thi i th fi t ti I v
m
er e , a e sa ,
r e s, s s e rs e e er
t thi in th B ib l b u t I cc p t it id nc of th
f fully n d w ond fully m
e s e n e, a e as a ev e e e a sser
tion th t w a e a re de If I coul d g t
ea r a er a . e
you t hol d uch f ith t night I could p oc d ch fully t th

o s a o -
, r ee eer o e
t k I oth wi
as p p o ch wi th
er n of con c tion
se a r a a se se se ra .
Now n a sp eaker wi ll p lunge wi thout introduc

a nd the
tion into a n a n ecdo te l ea ving the a pp lic a tion to fo ll ow

m
, .
The follo wing illustra tes thi s etho d :
A l g l w foot d d ky w l ning g in t th co n of
ar e, S e -
e ar as ea a a s e r er
th il o d t tion in T x town wh n th noon whi tl in th

e ra r a s a a e as e e s e e
c nning f to y bl w nd th h nd hu i d ut b ring th ir
a ac r e a e a s rr e o , ea e
g ub bu ck t Th d ky li t n d with hi h d on n id
r e s . e ar s e e , s ea o e s e,
until th ock ting cho h d quit di d w y Th n h h v d

m m
e r e e a e e a a . e e ea e
d p igh nd k d t hi l f
m m
a ee S a re ar e o se :
h go D inn ti o folk —b ut j 12 o cl ock

m
D f
’ ’
ar s e . er e or s e s es
mc n f c o i
”
fur e !
itu tion in thou nd of A l ge
mll
Tha t is the S a sa s eri a a t r e s, ar
a nd s a , t od y An d why ? t
a t . e c .
, e c .
D o ub tl ess the quent pla tfor use of the a nce m

o f m
m
st re
do te is in the pulpi t The ser on illustra tion h owever

m
.
, ,
is not a lwa y s stric tly n a rra tiv e in fo r b ut tends to

m mm
,
ex tend ed co pa ri son a s the follow g fro D r Alex a nder , .
Ma c l a ren :
M en will nd Indi n f ki do with th i bov th i m

m
sta as a a rs , e r ar s a e e r
h d un til th y tiff n th Th y will p ch th lv up on

m
ea s e s e e re . e er e se es
p ill l ik S i on S tylit f y till th bi ds b u il d th ir

m m
a rs e e es , or e a rs , e r e
n t in th i h ir Th y will u ll th di t nc f o C p
m m
es s e r a . e ea s re a e s a e r a e
C o o rin t J u gg n ut t p l wi th th i bodi s l ong th d usty

m
’
o er a s e e e r e a e
o d Th y w ill w h i hi t n d cou g th lv Th y
m
r a . e ea r a r S r s a s r e e se es . e
will f t n d d ny th lv Th y will b u il d c th d l
m
as a e nd e se es . e a e ra s a
ndow chu ch Th y wil l do ny of you do l bo by fi t

m
e r es . e as a , a r s
an d t rt s a ll th u you l iv
s a t th ndl t k of king your
r r es a e e e ss as a
lv dy f h v n nd winning it by ob di nc nd by
m
se e s re a or ea e , a e e e a
ight ou n Th y will do ll th thing s n d do th gl dl y

m m
r e s e ss . e a e se a e a ,
th n l i t n t th hu b l ing g th t y Y u do “
ra th er a s e o e e ssa e a sa s, o
n t n d t do nything—w h I it you w hing

m
o ee o a th as . s r as , or e
th t will cl n you ? W h nd b cl n ! N ns ’
w t a er, a ea as a e ea aa a
cl ning w only t t of hi ob di nc n d tok n th t it w s

m
ea as a es s e e e, a a e a a
G d w h cl n d hi w s no p ow in Jo d n s w t s ’
o o Th ea se . ere a er r a a er
t t k
o a w y th t in t of l p o y
e a a Ou cl n ing is in th t b l ood
e a e r s . r ea s a
of J u Ch i t th t h th p ow t t k w y ll in nd t
m m
es s r s a as e er o a e a a a s , a o
k th foul t ong t u p u nd cl n
a e e es a s s re a ea .
One fina l wo rd u st b e sa id abo ut the introduc tion m

m
to
the a n ecdo te A c lu sy in ap prop ri a te in trod uc tion

.
,
is
2 56 THE ART or PUBLIC S PE AKING
mn d l of
Ro d qu t o g n f th
m m
ing to
m
ov m m
the a I ea it , wa s n ot a n a e a e r a or . e
g nd n of n tion l ind Ro n subli ity

m m m
ra er t th e e s e a a . a
u t b l ook d f in Ro n ct nd in Ro an yings
m
s,
‘
s e e or a a a .
sa .
Wh g in will you find o d qu t xp ion of th

mm m m
e re , a a a re a e a e e re ss e
—
,
o n j y n in ying of j n
mm
R t t h t h T I p t
‘
a a es s , a e a ra a era ore
— ought t di st nding ;
m m
op t or ere t nt i th t C
s a e or a ae sa r , o e a a
c of i o i l g nd u p lying th t h
mm
sp h
ee p t ! I
e ra r a wh w ra e r a e, o as
“
t h foe o t n
re of ll th i ss w o l d —
a nd in g d t ll a r , a , re ar o a
oth n tion th p nt tiv of hi wn — hould Exp s its

er a s, e re re se a e s o , s res
ch ct i tic vi tu in hi f w ll t— hould di in p in tu
m m m
a ra er s r e s a re e ac s e roc c
h oul d l t n y fi st with Ro n
m
a nd s t th ee th e as e e as e r , a a
count n nc nd in ol di tti tu d If thi h d n i p

m m
’
e a e a a s er s a e . s a a e ra
t i l
or a wh t foll o w h d
-
a con ul j ty nd is l o st th
s a a s ar a es , a a e
g nd t to y up on co d
m m
ra es s r re r .
M iu th o t b v n ti con ul w s in
m
m m
ar n whs, e a o r se o e se e es s , a a
dung on n d l v w nt in wi th co i ion t p ut hi
m
e , a a S a e a s se ss o
d th Th on th tw xt iti s of
m
t o ea w . th p e se e re e e rs s, -
e o e re e
x lt d n d fo l o n hu nity it v nw d n d it r w d
m m
e a e a r r a , s a ar a s ea r ar
Ro n con ul nd n b j ct l v B ut th i n tu l
m
an , a a s a a a e S a e . e r a ra
re al tions t ch o th w o by th c p ic of fo tun
ea er n e re , e a r e r e, o
t u ly inv t d th con ul w in ch in ; th l v w f
mm m
s ro s er e : e s as a s e s a e as or a
o nt th bit of hi f t B y wh t p lls wh t gic

m
e e ar er s a e . a s e , a a ,
did M iu in t t hi lf in hi n tu l p ogativ ? B y
m m m
ar s re s a e se s a ra re r es
v l d wn f o h v n f o th did h in th
m
wh t a ar e s ra r ea e or r ea r , e, e
twinkl ing of n y g in inv t hi lf with th p u p l nd

m
a e e, a a es se e r e, a
p l c b tw n hi lf nd hi s in ho t of h do wy l ic to ?
m m m
a e e ee se a s a ssa s a s s a rs
B y th bl nk up
e e re cy of g t inds ov w k on
a s re a re a er ea es .
H f in t d th l v ttl n k do bi d S t nding
m m
e a sc a e e S a e, as a ra es a e es a r . a
l ik T n iff h ot hi with hi y n d id Tnn

m m m
“
e e er e, e s e s e e, a sa , e,
h o nd o, aid C M i es occ ? D o t thou f ll o w p

ere .u ar a s , e , re s e
t kill C iu M iu ? Wh t th p til qu king und th ”

o a s ar s ere a , e re e, a er e
voic n d ing t ff ont th con ul y

e, or ar nk g ntly t th
o a r e s ar e e , sa e o e
—
g ound tu n d ound up on hi h nd nd f t nd c wling —
m
r r e r s a s a ee a , ra
u t of th p i on l ik ny o th v in l ft M iu t nding in
m
m
o e r s e a er er , e ar s s a
sol itu d t df t nd i
e a s s ea ov bl th c p itol
as a a e as e a .
— TH OMAS D E Q U INCY .
H ere is a s m ml
i ila r ex a p e, r
p e a f c ed by a g enera l his
F
IN L UE NCIN G BY N RRA ATION 57
torica l sta te mn e t a nd concluding wi th a utobiographica l

deta il s :
A REMINIS CENCE OF LE XI NGTON

m
ill b ighty y
o ng in S p ring —
m m
One ra w rni th l g th it w e e ea rs e
d y of thi
a th H n d Ad
s on — ncock
th M o nd A on a a a s, e se s a ar
of th t G t D liv nc w both t L xington ; th y l o

a re a e era e, ere a e e a s
h d ob t uct d n offic with b v w o d B i ti h ol di

m m m
“
a s r e a er ra e r s . r s s ers ,
thou nd t ong c i th nd c y th ov
m
a sa t s r , a e o se ze e a a rr e e r sea
t i l nip th b u d of F do u p iciou ly op ning in

m m
f or nd
r a , a so e re e a s s e
ly p ing Th town iliti c t og th b fo d y

m
th t a ea r s r . e a a e e er e re a
mm
light f t ining A g t t ll n with l g h d nd
,
“
or ra . rea , a a , a ar e ea a a
high wid b o w th i c p t in — n vic

m m
, e n wh h d
r , e r a a , o e o a se e se r e,
h ll d th
a rs ainto lin nu b ing b ut v nty nd b d
e e e, er se e , a a e
v y n l o d hi p i c with p ow d nd b ll I will o d th
m m
“
e er a a s e e er a a . r er e
fi t n hot th t un w y
rs a s id h wh n o f lt d a r s a a ,
”
sa e, e s e a ere .
D on t fi unl fi d up on b u t if th y w nt t h v w
’
re e ss re , e a o a e a a r,
l t it b gin h
m m
e e ere .
G ntl n you know wh t foll ow d ; tho f

m
e e e , nd a e se ar ers a
ch nic fi d th hot h d ound th w o l d A littl

mm
“
e a s re e S ea r r e r . e
onu nt cov th bon of uch b fo h d p l dg d th i

m m
e ers e es s as e re a e e e r
fo tun nd th i c d hono t th F do of A ic nd
r e a e r sa re r o e re e er a, a
th t d y g v it l o th i li bo n in th t littl town
m mm m
a a I w
a e a s e r v es . as r a e ,
nd b d up id th o i of th t d y Wh n boy y
m m m
a re a e e r es a a . e a ,
oth lift d u p n S und y in h ligiou p t iotic

m m d th fi t onum
er e e , o e a ,
er re s, a r ar s,
a nd h l d whil I
e e nt l lin I v e w rea e rs e a e e e r sa
S c d t Lib ty n d th Right of M nk ind

mm m
a re o er a e s a .
S inc th n I h v tudi d th oil bl of G c nd

m m
e e a e s e e e r a ar es ree e a
Ro in ny n nci nt town ; n y on Eg yp ti n ob li k
e, a a a e a , a e s s
h v a d wh t w w itt n b fo th E t n l i d up M o
e rea a as r e e re e er a ra se se s
t l d I l ut of E gyp t ; b ut no chi l d ton h v ti d

m m m m
o ea sra e o se e s e as e er s rre
t
e uch otion th
o s u tic n e of n wh f ll In as ese r s a es e o e
“
th S c d C u of G d nd th i Count y
m
e a re a se o a e r r .
G ntl n th S p i it of Lib ty th Lov of Ju tic w ly

mm mm
e e e , e r er , e e s e, ere ea r
f nn d into fl in y boyi h h t Th t onu nt cov

m
a e a a e s ea r . a e ers
th bon of y wn kin folk ; it w th i bl ood which dd n d

m m
e es o s as e r re e e
th l ong g ng t L x ingt on y wn n which

m
e , ree It w ra ss a e . as o a e
t nd chi l d on th t t on ; th t ll c p t in wh
s a s se e h ll d a s e e a a a o a rs a e
2 58 THE ART or PUB LIC S PE AKING
f ll ow f r s nd ch nics into st rn r y a nd sp ok m m
m
his e a er a e a e a ra , e
su ch b r ve nd d ng ous wo ds s op n d th wa of A ric n
m
a a a er r a e e e r e a
Ind p nd nc — l l v th fi ld w — y f ther s
m
h
’
e te st t e e e, e a o ea e e , as . a
fa th Il n dt d ut of his B ibl nd with a usket h

m
er . ea r e o rea o e, a e
th t d y c p tu d f o
a a th f I l a n d a nother ligious
re r e oe , ea r e re
l sson, th t R b ll ion t Tyr nts is Ob dienc t G d

m
e a eI e o a e e o o .
k p th b oth S c d t Lib ty nd th Rights of M nkind

m m
ee e a re o er a e a ,
to us th both In th S c d C use of G d nd y
e e e a re a o a
C ountry —TH E OD ORE PARKE R

. .
I n this wider e a ncip a ted na rra tion we find u ch m m

m m
,
ingling of o ther fo r s of disco urse grea tly to the a dv a n ,
ta g e of the sp eec h for th i s truth c a nno t b e too stron ly
m g
mm
,
e pha si zed : The efficien t sp ea ker cuts l oo se fro for

for the sa k e of a big free effec t The p resent a na lyses are
m
.
,
for no o ther purp o se tha n to acqua int yo u wi th for — do

not a ll ow a ny su c h od els to ha ng a s a weight a bo ut yo ur m '
n eck
m
.
The foll owing pure n a rra tion of even ts fro Geo rg e

m
,
Willia Curti s s Pa ul Revere s Rid e va ries the bio

m
’ ’
,
gra phic a l reci ta l in o ther p a rts of his fa o us ora tion :

Th t v ning t t n o cl ock ight hund d B itish t oop s
m
’
a e e , a e , e re r r ,
und Li ut n nt Col on l S ith took bo t t th foot of th

m
m m
e
‘
er e e a -
e , a a e
Co on nd c o s d t th C b idg sho G g thought his

a r s e o e a r e re . a e
s c t h d b n k p t b ut L o d P cy wh h d h d th p op l
mm m mm
e re a ee e , r er , o a ea r e e e
s y on th Co on th t th t oop s woul d iss th i i u

m
a e a e r e r a ,
d ceiv d hi G g in t ntly o d d th t no n should l v

e e . a e s a r ere a o e ea e
th to wn B ut s th t oop s c o d th iv E b n Do r
m m
e . a e r r sse e r e r, e e ze r r ,
with ss g t H ncoc k
a e nd Ad s w s iding ov
a e th N c k
o a a a , a r er e e
Roxb u y nd P ul R v w s owing ov riv
m
to r , a th t a e e re a r er e er o
Ch l town h ving g d with hi f i nd Rob t N w n

m
a r es , a a ree s r e , er e a ,
t show l nt n f o th b l fry of th Old No th Chu ch

m
o a er s On
r e e e r r e
if by l nd nd tw if by s
a — s
, S ign l of th
a rc h of th o ea a a a e a e
B ri tish .
2 60 THE ART or PU B LIC S PE AKING
Ha ll H op e C ollege
nd th t s up on th hill it is
of
m m
a nd . U er e re e e
you lv s who you s w lking full Of hop nd d
m
rse e s ee a , es a rea ,
glowing with con ciou p ow nd nou i hing youth ubli

m m
‘
s s e r, a r s a s e
nd in thi f ili t p l which u ly h nev choed with

m
mm
a s a ar e e, s re as er e
el oqu nc f vid nd i n p i ing th t of you co

e e so er nc nt
a s r as a r e e e
o r tion it i n t yond youth in th g ll i s wh th y

m
a s, s o er s e a er e o, as e
fondly b li v whi p ing t y ond id ; it i you

m mm
e e e, a re s er o er a s s r
young lv wh in th d y th t no o u uring
m m m
er se es o, e a s a a re re , a re r
t th f i oth nd g nd oth Of tho id

m m
o t e a re s e rs a ra ers se a s .
H pp y th w o n n d w
a y n e nd w o n in th p ictu
r a ea r a a a e re
coul d th y h v f lt th i ol d y s till gli t ning with th t

m
e a e e e r er e e s s e a
li light nd th i h t y t b ting with undi ini h d

m m
ea r er , a e r ea r s e ea s e
sy p thy n d p i tion
a H p p y w b th n wh t v
a as ra y . a e, re re , a e er a
h v b n chi v d wh t v l ft undon if tu ning t th

m m
a e ee a e e , a e er e e, , re r o e
ho Of u e li y ow b ing wi th u th illi it b l h op
r ea r er e a rs , e r s e a e e,
th u nchill d
e olution th in xtingui h bl f ith Of youth
e res , e e s a e a .
G E ORG E W LL IAM C U RTIS I .
QUE S TIONS AND EX E RCI S E S
Cl ip m ou c fro necdo tes and wh a t

h y m u d illu
I . a ny s r e ten a sta te
tr t u hs t e ay be se to stra te .
D el iver fi v e
of these in your own la ng ua ge wi tho ut
m
2 .
,
a k ing a ny a ppl ic a tion
m m
.
3 F r
.o th e te n d el iv er on e so a s t o a k
,
e th e a pplic a
tion b efo re telling the a n ecdo te .
D el iver a no ther so a s to spl i t the a ppl ic a tion

m
4 . .
5 D e
. l iv er a no t h er s o a s t o a k e th e a ppl ic a tion a f ter
the n a rra tion
m
.
6 D el iv er a no th er in su c h a wa y a s to a k e a sp ecific
.
a ppl ic a tion n eed l ess .
7 Giv. e th ree w a y s of in trod u cing a n a n e cdo te by ,
sa ying wh ere yo u hea rd it etc ,

.
8 D eliver a n i llustra tion tha t is not stric tly a n a nec

.
do te in the style of Curti s s speech on pa g e 2 59

,
’
.
F
IN LU E NCIN G BY N ARRATION 2 61
D eliver ub lic ch c u ing

millu
9 . a n a ddress on a ny p a ra te
,
r s
for in thi s cha p ter

m
the s stra ted .
liv a ddress on so e histo ric a l vent in

mmn
10 . De er a n e the
m
sa e a ner .
II . E xp la in how they p a thies a nd viewp oint of the

s
sp ea k er wi ll co l o r a n a n ec do te a biog ra phy or a histo ric a l

, ,
a cco u nt
m
.
Illustra te how the sa e a necdo te or a section of

m
12 .
,
a hi sto ri c a l a ddress a y b e giv en two differen t ef

,
fec ts by
p er so n a l p r eju dic e .
Wha t wo uld b e the effec t of shifting the vi ewp oin t

m
I3 .
in the idst of a na rra tion ?

Wha t is the da nger of using too uch hu or in m m
m
I4 .
a n a d dress? Too uch p a tho s?

CHA P T ER XXII
I N F L U E N CI N G B Y S U G G E S TI ON
mm
o ti s th f ling th t giv n w y Of l ooking t thing is
m m
S e e e ee a a e a a s
undoub t dl y co ct p v nt th ind f o thinking t a ll

e rre re e s e r a .
In vi w of th hind nc which c t in kind

m
e e ra es er a s or
dg of f ling th ow into th wa y Of thinking it ight b

m m
e ree s ee r e , e
inf d t h t th think u t up p l nt of f ling

m m
erre a th e er s s re ss e e e e ee
in th inn lif NO g t i t k coul d b d If th

m
e er e . rea er s a e e a e . e
to ndow d n with th p ow t think t f l nd t

m
C rea r e e a e er o , o ee , a o
will th s v l cti iti s of th ind n t d ign d t b in

m
, e se e era a v e e a re o es e o e
confl ict nd l ong ny n of th i n t p v t d ll ow d

, a so as a o e e s o er er e or a e
xc it n c ily id nd t ngth n th oth

m
to run t o e e ss , e essa r a s a s re e s e ers
in th i no l function
e r r a s
—
.
NATHAN C S CHAE FF E R Thinking nd L ning t Think

.
,
a ea r o .
W h e n w e w e ig h co p a re a
,
n d d e m
cid e u p on th e ,
v a lue
of a ny given idea s we rea son ; wh en a n idea p roduc es in
,
o p inion c ion i h o u fi b ing u b j c d

m
us a n o r a n a t w t t rs t e s,
e te
m
d l ib ion ov d by u gg ion
m
to e e r a t w e a re ,
e s es t .
Ma n w a s fo r e r l y t h o u g h t t o b e a r e a soning a ni a l ,
b a sing his a c tions on the co nclusions of na tura l logic It

m
.
upp o d h b fo fo ing p inion d ci ng

m
wa s s s e t a t e r e r a n O or e di
on a co urse of conduc t he weighed a t l ea st so e of the
on g in p fo d m o mm
m
d h tt d
m
rea s s f o r a n a a s t t e a e r a n e r r e a r e ,
or l ess s i pl e p r oc es s of r e a soning B u t od er n r es e a r ch .
h a s s h o w n th a t q u i t e t h e o pp o si te is t ru e M o st of o u r .
m
Op i nion s a nd a c tion s a re not b a sed up on con scio u s rea son
ing but a re the result of sugg estion I n fa c t so e

,
.
,
u h o i i d c l h of pu oning v y
m
i
m m
a t r t e s e a re t a t a n a ct re re a s s er
ra r e in t h e a v e r a g e ind M o e n to u s d e ci s ion
.
s a re a d e ,
2 64 TH E ART OF PUB LIC S PE AKIN G
fi es itsel f the m
o
ongly with every a ssa ult up on its
mm m
re str
opinion The la tter typ e is a l o st i une to sugg estion

. .
One of the singul a r thing s a bo ut sugg esti on is tha t it is

ra rely a fix e d q u a n ti ty m
ind tha t is rec ep tive to the
m
The .
a u tho rity of a c erta in p erso n a y p rov e infl exib l e to
a no ther ; m m
ood s a nd enviro n ents tha t pro duce hyp no si s
rea di ly in one i n sta nc e m
a y b e en ti rely ino p era tiv e in
a no ther ; a nd so e mm
ind s ca n sc a rc ely ever b e thus oved m .
We do k now however tha t the feeling of the sub j ec t tha t

m
, ,
a u tho ri ty
— infl uence p ow er do in a tion con tro l wh a t
, , , ,
ev er y o u wi sh to c a ll it
— li es in the p erson of the sugg ester ,
is the b a si s of a ll sugg estion

m m
.
The ex tre e fo rc e of this influ enc e is d e on stra ted in

m The hynop tic sub j ec t is to l d tha t he is in the
m m m
hynop tis .
wa ter ; he a cc ep ts the sta te en t a s true a nd a k es swi
mm ing o tio ns He is tol d tha t a b a nd is a rching down

. m
the street pl a yi ng The S ta r S p a ngl ed B a nn er ;
m
, he
decla res he hea rs the usic a rises a nd sta nds wi th h ea d
,
b a red
m m
.
I n the sa e wa y so e sp ea k ers a re a b l e to a chieve a

m o difi ed hyp no tic effec t up on their a udienc es The
m
.
hea rers willéa p p la ud ea su res a nd id ea s which a f ter in ,

fl
divi dua l reflec tion they will rep udia te unless such refl ec
m
,
tion b ring s m the convic tion tha t the fi rst i p ression is
correc t
m
.
A second i p o rta n t p rincipl e is tha t our feelings ,
m
thoughts a nd wills tend to follow the line of lea st resista nce .
Onc e op en the ind to the y of

swa feeling a nd it
one
requi res a grea ter p ower of feeling ,

tho ught or wi ll,
or ev en a ll three
— to u n sea t it
. Our feeling s influence
F
IN LU E N CIN G BY SU GGE S TION 2 65
judg m volitio n s uch ore tha n w e c are m m

m m
our ents a nd
to a d it S o true is thi s tha t it is a sup erhu a n ta sk

.
to g et a n a u di enc e to rea so n f a irly o n a sub j ec t o n which
it feel s deep ly a nd when thi s resul t is a cco p li shed the m

m
,
su cc ess b eco es no tewo rthy a s in the c a se of H en ry
m
,
Wa rd B eecher s L iverp ool sp eech E o tio n a l i dea s o n c e

m
’
.
a cc ep ted a re soo n cheri she d a n d fin a lly b eco e our v ery
m
,
in o st selves Atti tudes b a sed o n feeli ng s a lone a re

.
p r eju dic es .
Wha t is true of our feeli ng s in this resp ec t a pp lies to

m
, ,
our i dea s : All tho ughts tha t en ter the i n d ten d to b e

a cc ep ted a s tru th u nl ess a stro n g er a nd co n tra dic to ry
tho ught a ri ses

m m m
.
The sp ea k er ski lled in oving en to a c tion a n a g es to
m
d o ina te the m
inds of his a udi enc e wi th his thoughts b y
sub tly p ro hibi ting the en terta i ning of i dea s ho stil e to his
own . Mo st of us a re ca p tured b y the l a test stro ng a tta ck ,
a nd if we ca n b e i ndu c ed to a c t whil e un der the stress of
tha t l a st insi sten t tho ught w e l o se sight of co un ter ih
m
,
—
fl uences The fa c t s tha t a l o st a ll our deci sio ns ii they
mm
. i
—
involve thought a t a ll a re of this sort : At the o ent
of decision the co urse of a ction then under conte pla tion m
usurp s the a ttentio n a nd conflic ting idea s a re dropp ed
,
out of co nsi d era ti n

o
m
.
The hea d of a l a rg e p ub l ishing ho u se re a rk ed on ly

rec ently tha t nin ety p er c en t of the p eop l e who bo ught
books b y sub scrip tion never rea d the They b uy b e m

m
.
c a use the sa les a n presents his wa res so skillfully tha t

every co nsi dera tio n but the a ttra c tiv en ess of the boo k
m
drop s out of the ind a nd tha t thought p ro pts a c tion
, m .
E v ery idea th a t m
nters the ind will result in a ction unless
e
‘
a con tra dic to ry th o ugh t a ri ses to p ro hibi t it Think of

m m
.
s g Ing the usic a l sca l e a nd it will result in yo ur S inging

it un l ess the co un ter th o ugh t of its fu tili ty or a b surdi ty
-
inhib its yo ur a ction I f you b a nda g e a nd doctor a

m
.
,
h orse s foo t he will go l a e You ca nno t think of swal

m
’
.
,
l owing witho ut the uscles used in tha t proc ess b eing
m
,
a ff ec ted You c a nno t think O f saying h ello with out

mm
.
,
a sligh t ove ent of the uscl es of sp eech To wa rn .
chil dren tha t they sho uld not p ut b ea ns up their no ses

is the surest m
eth od of g etting th e to do it mE very
m
.
th o ught c a ll ed up in the ind of your a udienc e wi ll work

ei th er for or a g a in st y o u Th o ugh ts a re not d ea d m
m
. a tter ;
they ra dia te d y n a ic en ergy the th o ugh ts a ll tend to
m
-
p a ss into a c tion Tho ugh t is a no ther n a e for

m
.
fa te D o in a te yo ur h ea rers tho ugh ts a lla y a ll con

m
’
.
,
tra dictory i dea s a nd yo u wi ll swa y th e

,
a s yo u wi sh .
V ol i tio ns a s well a s f eel ing s a nd th o ugh ts tend to

follow the line of lea st resi sta nc e Tha t is wha t a k es m
m m
.
habit S ugg est to a a n tha t it is i p o ssib le to cha ng e his

m m mm
.
ind a nd in o st c a ses it b eco es ore difficult to do so

m
— the ex c ep tion is the a n who na tura lly ju p s to the m
contra ry Co un ter sugg estion is the only way to rea ch
m
.
hi . S ugg est sub tly a nd p ersi sten tly tha t the op inion s
of tho se in the a udienc e who a re Opp o sed to yo ur vi ews
a re Cha nging a n d it requires a n effo rt of the wi ll
— in fa c t
m
m
, ,
a su oning of the forc es of feeling tho ugh t a nd will

m
,
the tid e of c ha ng e tha t ha s subcon scio u sly set in
m
to ste .
B ut not only a re we
,
oved by a utho ri ty a nd tend to ,
wa rd ch a nn el s of l ea st resi sta nc e : We a re a ll infl uenced by

2 68 TH E ART OF PU B LIC S P E AKIN G
H ow the S pea ker Ca n M a ke S uggestion Ej ective '
We ha ve seen tha t under the influence of a uthori ta tive

sugg estion the a u di enc e is i n c li n e d to a cc ep t the sp ea k er s
m m
’
a ssertion wi tho u t a rg u en t a nd c ri tici s B ut the a udi

m m
.
enc e is not in this sta te of ind unless it ha s i plicit con

fi dence in the sp ea k er I f they la ck fa ith in hi question m
m m
.
,
o tives or k nowl edge or even obj ec t to his a nner

m m
his , ,
they wi ll not b e oved b y his o st logic a l conclusions

a nd wi ll fa i l to giv e hi m
a ju st hea ring m
m
I t is a ll a a tter .
Whether the sp ea ker finds it

m
of their confi dence in hi .
a l rea d y in the w a r exp ec ta n t l oo k of his hea rers
m m
, or ,
ust win to it a ga inst Opp o si tion or col dn ess he ust ,
g a in tha t one grea t va nta ge p oint b efore his sugg estion s

ta k e on p o wer in the hea rts of his l i sten ers Confid enc e
m
.
is the o ther of Co nvic tio n .
No te in the op ening of H enry W Gra dy s a fter dinn er

m
’
-
.
sp eech how he a tte d c u confid nc of

m
p te to se re t he e e hi s
a u di enc e He c rea ted a rec ep tive a t o sph ere by a

m
.
hu o ro u s sto ry ; exp ressed his d esi re to sp ea k wi th

ea rn estn ess a nd sinc eri ty ; a c kno wl edg ed the va st in
terests invo lved ; d ep rec a ted his un tri ed a r m

m
,
p r of ess ed his hu i li ty W o ul d n.o t su c h a n in tro du c
tion give y o u confi d enc e in the sp ea k er u n l ess y o u were
m
,
stro ng ly o pp o sed to hi ? And even then wo ul d it not

m m
,
p a rtly disa r yo ur a nta goni s ?
Mr id nt —B idd n by you invit tion t di cu ion of

m m
. Pre s e e r a o a s ss
the c p obl
ra e —r fo bidd n by occ ion t
e r ke p ol itic a l as o a e a
—
m
ch I p p ci t in t ying t concil o d s with p op ri ty
m
S p ee a re a e, r o re e r er r e ,
the p p l
er x i ty of
e t h l i ttl id
e wh bidd n t
e l n t awi , o, e o ea r o s ,
F
IN L U E N CIN G BY SU GGE S TION 26
9
dju d N w go y d ling ; h ng you cl oth on m

m
“
wa s y e t a re , o , , ar a r es
icko y li b n d don t go n th w t
m
a h
’
r , a ea r e a er .
tout t p o tl Of th Chu ch th y i ion y

m y i th
Th e s es a s e e r e sa s e ss ar
m
, , ,
a n d th i ion y wh v h unfu l hi fl g wi ll n v find

e ss ar , e re er e r s s a , e er
hi lf in d p n d Of unction nd dd th n I bidd n
m
se ee er ee a a re ss a , e
tonight t p l nt th t nd d of S outh n D oc t in B o ton

m m
’
o a e s a ar a er e ra s s
b nqu t h ll n d t di cu th p obl of th c in th h o
m
a e a , a o s ss e r e e ra es e e
Of Phillip n d of S u n B ut M
s a P id nt if p u p o t er .
, r . re s e , a r se o
sp k in p f ct f nk n
ea nd inc
er e ity ; if n t und t nd ra e ss a s er ea r es ers a
ing of th v t int t involv d ; if con c ting n of wh t

m m m
e as e re s s e a se ra se se a
y foll ow fu th i und t nding nd t ng nt ;

m
di t
sa s er a r er s er s a a e s ra e e
if th y b count d t t dy u nd i cip l in d p ch nd t
m
ese a e e o s ea s e S ee a o
t ngth n
s re n un t i de
— th n a i I h ll find th cou g r e ar e , s r, s a e ra e
t p oc d
o r ee
m
.
No tel o Mr B ry a n s a tte p t to secure the confi denc e

a s .
’
of his a udi en ce i n the followi ng i n tro duc tio n to his Cro ss

of Gold sp eech delivered b efore the Na tiona l D e o m
cra tic Convention in Chica go 1 896 He a sserts his own
m
.
,
ina bi lity to opp o se the disti nguished g en tl e a n ; he

m a in ta ins the holin ess of his c a u se ; a nd he dec l a res tha t
—
he will sp ea k i n the i n terest of hu a n ity well kn o wi n g m
m
tha t hu a ni ty is lik ely to ha ve confi den c e i n the cha p ion m
of their rights This intro duc tio n co p letely do ina ted m m
m m
.
the a udienc e a nd the sp eech a d e Mr B ry a n f a ous

m m
. .
,
M Ch i n nd G ntl n of th Conv ntion I w oul d

m m
r . a r a a e e e e e :
u p tuou ind d t p nt y lf g in t th di tin

m m m
b p e re s s ee o rese se a a s e s
g ui h d g n tl n t who you h v li t n d if thi w

m
s e e e e o a e s e e s ere a e re
u ing Of bil iti ; b u t thi i n t cont t b tw n p on

m m
ea s r a es s s o a es e ee ers s .
Th hu bl t citi n in ll th l nd w h n cl d in th o of
m
e es ze a e a , e a e ar r a
right ou c u e i t ongs th n ll th h o t Of
a se , o I co t s s r er a a e s s e rr r . e o
p k t you in d f n of c u holy th c u of lib ty

m
s ea o e e se a a se a s as e a se er
th c u of hu nity
m
e a se a .
S o e sp ea kers a re a b l e to b ege t confi denc e b y their very

m a nn er whi l e o thers ca n not
, .
2 70 TH E ART OF PU B L IC S PE AKING
How yo u exp ec t
m m
To secure con fi dence, be confi dent . ca n
o thers to a cc ep t a essa ge in which y o u la ck or see to ,
l a c k f a i th yo urself ? Confid enc e is a s con ta gio u s a s disea se

m
, .
Nap o l eon reb uk ed a n offic er for u sing the word i p ossi

b le in his p resenc e The sp ea k er who will en terta in no
.
id ea of d efea t b egets in his hea rers the idea of his vic tory
La dy Ma cb eth wa s so confiden t of su cc ess tha t Ma cb eth
m
cha nged his ind a bo ut underta king the a ssa ssina tion
m m
.
Co lu b u s w a s so c erta in in his ission tha t Queen

I sab ella p awn ed her j ewels to fin a nce his exp edi tion
m m
.
Assert y o ur essa ge wi th i pl ici t a ssura nc e a nd y o ur own

m m
,
b elief will a ct a s so uch gunp owder to drive it ho e
m
Adv erti sers ha v e l ong u ti li z ed this p rincipl e
m
The .
a chin e yo u wi ll ev en tua lly b uy

” “
Ask the , a n who
owns one Ha s the streng th of Gib ra lta r a re pub licity

”
,
“
,
sl og a n s so f ull of confid ence th a t th ey giv e bi rth to con
m
fi dence in the ind of the rea d er
m m
.
—
It sho ul d but i o u h con
m m
a y not g o w th-
t sa y g t a t
fi dence ust ha ve a solid gro und of erif or there will b e

a ri dic ul o u s c ra sh It is a ll very well for the sp ell
m
.
—
binder to c la i a ll the precinc ts the Oflicia l count is
just a hea d The rea c tion a ga in st over confi dence a nd
.
-
over suggestion o ught to wa rn tho se who se Chi ef a sset is

m
-
ere b luf
m
f .
A sho rt ti e a g o a sp ea k er a ro se in a pub l ic sp ea king

m
-
c lub a nd a sserted tha t gra ss woul d spring fro wood

a sh es sp rinkl ed ov er the soil wi th o u t the a id of seed
,
.
Thi s id ea wa s g reeted wi th a l a ugh b ut the sp ea ker was

m
,
so su re of his p o si tion th a t he rei tera ted the sta te en t
m
forcefully severa l ti es a nd ci ted his own persona l exp eri
2 72 THE ART OF P U B LIC S PE AKIN G
yond thi p l c Of w th nd t r
m
Be s a e ra a ea s
L oo b u t th H o o of th h d
m
s e rr r e s a e,
n c of th y
m
And y t th
e e e a e e e a rs
Finds n d h ll find S un f id ‘
a a e a ra
m
.
it th g t
m
It a tt n t h w t
ers o o s ra e a e,
H w c h g d wi th p uni h nt th c oll
mm m
o ar e s e s e s r ,
I a th of y f t ;
m m
e t a s er a e
I a th c p t in Of
e ya u1 a so .
—W ILL AM E RN E T I S HE NL EY .
Authority is f W g n lly cc p
m
a a ctor e in e er a sugg estion
a e t .
a s tru th a n d wi thou t c ri tici s

, the w o rd s of a n a u tho ri ty .
,
Wh en he sp ea k s con tra dic tory id ea s ra rely a rise in the

m
,
ind to inhibit the a c tion he sugg ests A judge of the

m m
.
S up re e Co urt ha s the p ow er of his w o rd s ultip lied by

the vi rtu e of his p o si tion The id ea s of the U S Co is m
m
m
m mm
. . .
sioner of I igra tion on his subj ec t a re uch ore

eff ec tiv e a nd p o w erful tha n tho se of a so a p a nuf a c tu rer m
m m
,
tho ugh the l a tter a y b e a n a b l e eco no i st .
This p rincip l e a l so ha s b een u sed in a dverti sing We .
a re to l d th a t the p hy sici a ns to tw o King s ha v e rec
m
m We a re info r ed tha t the la rgest m
m
o ended S a na tog en .
b a nk in A eric a Tiffa ny a nd Co a nd The S ta te Wa r

m
, .
, , ,
a nd Na vy D ep a r t en ts a ll use the E ncyc l o p e di a B ri
m m
,
ta nnic a The shrew d p ro o ter gives stock in his co p a ny

m m
m
.
to influen ti a l b a nk ers or b u sin ess en in the co uni ty

m
in o rder tha t he a y use their ex a pl es a s a selling m
a rg u m en t .
I f yo u wi sh to influence yo ur a udienc e thro ugh sugg es

tion if yo u wo ul d h a v e yo ur sta te en ts a cc ep ted wi th o ut m
m m
,
cri tici s or a rgu en t yo u sho uld a pp ea r in the light of

,
a n a uth o ri ty— a nd be one Ignora nce a nd creduli ty wi ll

.
F
IN L UE N CIN G BY SU GGE S TION 2 73
min unch ng d unl uggestion of authority b e

follo d p om m
re a a e ess the s
we p ly b y f c
r t a ts D on t c la i a u tho ri ty un .
’
m
less y o u ca rry your lic ense in your pock et Let rea son .
sup p o rt the p o sition tha t sugg estion ha s a ssu ed .
Advertising wi ll help to esta b lish y o ur reputa tion

it is up to yo u to a inta in it One sp ea k er fo und tha t m
m
.
his rep u ta tion a s a a g a zi ne wri ter wa s a spl endid a sset
a s a sp ea k er Mr B rya n s publicity ga in ed b y three

m
’
.
,
.
no ina tions for the presidenc y a nd his p osition a s S ecre

ta ry of S ta te help s hi to co a nd l a rg e su m m
m m
B ut—
,
s as a
sp ea k er b a ck of it a ll he is a grea t sp ea ker News

m m
.
, .
p ap er a nnounce ents a ll kinds of a dvertising for a lity

m
, , ,
i p ressive introductions a ll ha ve a cap ita l effect on the ,
a ttitu d e of the a udi enc e B ut how ri dicul o u s a re a ll these .
if a toy pistol is a dvertised a s a sixteen inch gu n ! -
No te how a uthori ty is used in the following to supp o rt

the streng th of the sp ea ker s a pp ea l :
’
of o Alf d Ru ll W ll c h s ju t c l b t d hi 9 0th
Pr ess r re sse a a e a s e e ra e s
bi thd y S h ing with Ch l D win th hono of di cov ing

m
r a . ar a r es ar e r s er
volution P of o W ll c h l t ly c iv d ny nd ignal
m m
e , r e ss r a a e as a e re e e a a s
hono s f o ci ntific oci ti At th dinn giv n hi in

m m
r r s e s e es . e er e
L ondon his dd s w l g ly d up of
a re s ini c nc He
as ar e a e re s e es .
vi w d th p og of civil i tion du ing th l t c ntu y nd

m
re e e e r re ss za r e as e r a
d ri of b illi nt nd st tling cont t b tw n th

m
a e a se es r a a ar ra s s e ee e
Engl nd Of 181 3 n d th wo l d of 1 9 13 d th t u
m
a H ffi a e r . e a r e a o r
p ogr s i onl y
res ing nd n t l P of o W ll c in i ts
s see a o rea . r ess r a a e s s
th t th p in t cul p to th chit ct of Ath ns nd

m m m m
a e th a ers , e s rs , e ar e s e a
Ro up io t th od n n th t th v y f g nts
m m
w e ere so s er r o e er e a e er ra e
Of th i bl s n d t p l s th d p i of th p nt d y
m m
e r ar e a e e a re e es a r e re se a
ti t H t ll u th t i p ov d hi t l cop nd
m m
ar s s . e n h e s s a a as r e s e es e a
S p ct cl b ut th t h i l o ing hi y sight ; th t n i i p ov
m m m
e a es , a e s s s e e a a s r
ing hi l oo b ut tiff ning hi fing ; i p oving his uto obil

m m
s s, s e s e rs r a e
a nd his l oco otiv b ut lo ing hi l gs ; i p oving his foods b ut

e, s s e r ,
l o ing his dig tion H dd th t th odern white l v t ffic
s
m
es
o p h n ylu s nd t n nt hou lif in f cto ytown s ke

r a as a
. e a
e e m e
s a
se
e m e a r
s a e
m
ra
a
,
, ,
a bl ck p g in th hi to y of th t w nti th c ntu y
a a e e s r e e e e r .
P of o W ll ce vi w info c d by th p ort of th
m
m m
’
r e ss r a a s e s a re re r e e re e
co i ion of P li nt on th c u of th d t io tion of
ss ar a e e a ses e e er ra
th f cto y cl p op l wn co u nt y P of o Jo d n
m
e a In u
r -
a ss e e . o r o r r e ss r r a
w ns u g in t w int p nc ov w o kin g und f ding

of p oo chil d n nd di tu b s u cont ntm
ar s a a s a r, e e ra e, er r , e r ee
nt with hi H rv st
m m
r re , a s r o r e e s a e
of B l ood P of o J nks is o p i i tic H thinks

m
”
. r e ss r e re e ss s . e
th t th p c th cl i Of city lif h v b ok n
m
a e t n d th
a t e, e a e, a e s re ss e, a e r e
down th Pu it n tock th t in noth c ntu y u Old f ili s

m
m m
e r a s , a a er e r o r a e
will b xtinct nd th t th fl ood of i ig tion n Ni g

m m
e e , a a e ra ea s a a a ra
of u ddy w t fouling th p u p ing of A ic n lif In

a ers e re S r s er a e .
his dd as in N w H v n P of
re s o K ll ogg c ll th oll of th e a e r e ss r e a s e r e
signs of c d g n cy nd t ll u th t thi d t io tion v n

ra e e e e ra a e s s a s e er ra e e
indic t s tr nd tow d c xtinction

a e a e ar ra e e .
NE WELL D WIGHT HIL L IS -

.
m m m
m
Fro v y id co w ning t th A ic n p op l Ou
e er s e e ar s o e er a e e . r
dic l j ou n l fill d with d ng ign l ; n w b ooks nd

m m
e a r a s a re e a er s a s e a
g in f h f fth p t ll u p l inl y th t ur p o p l
' ‘
a az es , res ro e ress, e s a a o e e
a re f onting soci l c i i M J ff on wh w s onc g dd

m m
r a a r s s r e ers o a e re ar e
mm
. .
,
a s good D t h v diff d in op inion

m
ti l u th rity
’
e o cra c a o , see s o a e e re
m
f o th g ntl ng h h
r e dde d u on th p rt of th
e a ou as a resse s e a e
in o ity Th s wh Op p o d t thi s p op o i tion t ll u s th t

m
r . o eg o a re se o r s e a
the i u Of p p on y i function of th b nk nd th t th
m
ss e a er e s a e a , a a e
g ov n nt ought t go ut of th b nking bu in s I t nd
m m
er e o o e a s es . s a
with J ff on th th n with th n d t ll th
m m
e ers ra h did er a e , a e e , as e ,
th t th is u fi f
a en y i function of gov n nt nd th t
s e o t
o e s a er e , a a
th b nk s ug htjt go u t of th gov ning b u sin s

—WILLIAM JENNINGS B RYAN
e a o o o e er es .
Au tho ri ty is the grea t wea pon a ga inst do ub t but even ,
its fo rc e ca n ra rely p reva i l a g a in st p rejudic e a nd p er

si sten t wro ng h ea d e dn ess I f a ny sp ea ker ha s b een a b le
m
-
.
to fo rg e a swo rd th a t is wa rra n ted to p i ec e suc h a r o r let
m m
,
hi bl ess hu a nity by sha ring his secret wi th his pla t

m
m
to the big o Tha t a k es ev erybody wa n t to go
m
st re .
.
You ca n reinforc e the p o wer of yo ur essa ge by show g

th a t it ha s b een wid ely a cc ep ted Po l itic a l o rg a ni za tion s
m
.
sub sidi z e a pp l a u se to c rea te the i pressio n tha t th eir

m
m
sp ea k ers id ea s a re wa r ly rec eived a nd a pproved b y the
’
a udienc e The a dvoc a tes of the co ission for of mm

m m m
-
.
govern ent of cities the cha p ions of vo tes for wo en

m m
, ,
reserv e a s th ei r strong est a rg u en ts the f a c t th a t a nu
m
b er of ci ti es a nd sta tes h a v e a l rea dy su cc essfully a cc ep te d
th ei r pl a n s Adv erti se en ts use the testi oni a l for its
. m
p ower of sugg estion .
Ob serv e how thi s p rincip l e ha s b een a ppl i ed in the fo l

l owing sel ec tion s a nd utilize it on every occ a sion p o ssib l e
m
,
in you r a tte p ts to influ enc e thro ugh sugg estion :
c tu lly b gun Th n xt g l th t sw p f o m
m
The wa r is a a e . e e a e a ee s r
the N o rth will b ing t u

r s th l h of ounding
o o sr ea r e C as re s ar .
Our b rethre n l dy in th fi l d Why t nd y h idl ?

a re a re a e e s a e e re e
—PATRICK HE NRY
.
With l p p o ching th l which in p i d th C u d s

m m
a ze a a r a e zea s re e r sa er
wh foll ow d P t it u ilv D oc t w nt fo th
m m
o th H e e er e er , o r s er e ra s e r
f o victo y u nto victo y until th y bl d n t t

m
r r n w s r e a re o a se e , o o
di cu n t t d b t but t nt up th ju dg nt l dy
s ss , o o e a e, o e er e e a rea
re nd d by th p l in p op l of this cou nt y In this cont t

e re e a e e r . es
b oth h s b n y d g in t b oth f th g in t s n
m
r er a ee a rra e a a s r er , a er a a s o .
Th w e t ti of l ov cqu int nc nd oci tion h v b n

ar es es e, a a a e, a a ss a a e ee
di g d d ; ol d l d h v b n c t id wh n th y fus d
m m
sre ar e ea ers a e ee as as e e e re e
t giv
o xp ion t th nti nt Of tho who th y woul d
e e re ss o e se e s se e
l d nd n w l d h v p ung up t giv di ction t this

ea , a e ea ers a e s r o e re o
c u of t uth Thus h s th cont t b n w g d nd w h v

m m
a se r . a e es ee a e , a e a e
bl d h und s binding nd sol n in t u ctions s w

m
a se
s e ere er a a e s r a ere
ev r i p o d up on p s nt tiv of th p op l
e se re re e a es e e e
—WILLIAM J E NNING S B RYAN
.
.
F
IN LU E NCIN G BY SU GGE S TION 2 77
m m
Figura tive a nd indirect la ngua ge ha s suggestiv e f orce,
b ec a useit do es not a ke sta te ents tha t ca n b e direc tly

disp u ted It a ro u ses no contra dic to ry idea s in the inds
. m
o f the a u dienc e thereb y fulfi ll ing one of the b a sic req
m
“
uisites of sugg estion B y i plying a conclu sion in in di

m
.
rec t or fig ura tive l a ng ua g e it is often a sserted o st

forc efully .
No te tha t in the followi ng Mr B rya n did not sa y tha t

m
.
Mr McKinley wo ul d b e defea ted He i p li ed it in a

mm m
. .
uch ore effective a nner :
M r M cKinl ey no in t d t S t L oui up on p l tfo m m

m
. wa s a e a . s a a r
which d cl d f th int n nc of th gol d t nd d un til

m m m
e a re or e a e a e e s a ar
ch ng d into bi t lli by int n tion l g nt

m mm
it n b ca e a e e a s er a a a re e e .
o t p op ul ong th R p ublic n
m
M M Kinl y w th
r . c n e as e s ar a a e e a s,
onth g v ybody in th R p ublic n p ty

m
an d th ree s a o e er e e a ar
p op h i d hi
r l ction H w i it tod y ? Why th
es e s e e n wh . o s a , e a o
onc p l d t think th t l ook d lik N p ol on th t —

m mm m
w as e h ea se o a e e e a e a
n hu dd
a tod y w h n h
s b th t h w no in t d
ers a e e re e e rs a e as a e
on th nniv y of th b ttl of W t loo N t onl y th t b ut

e a e rsa r e a e a er . o a ,
as h li t n h en h wi th v
s e inc ing di tinctn th
s e ca ea r e er -
re a s s e ss e
sound of th w v th y b t u p on th l on ly h o
e a of S t
es a s e ea e e s re s .
H l n
e e a .
Ha d Tho m
id : A fa lse a n ca nno t found
as Ca rlyl e sa m
a rel igio n his wo rds w o ul d ha ve b een nei ther so sugg es
mm m
,
tiv e nor so p owerful nor so l o ng re e b ered a s his i p li ,
c a tion in these striking word s :
Afl n fou nd a se m
ligion ? Why f l a n c nno t b uil d a re , a a se m a a
b ick hou ! If h do n t know nd foll ow t uly th p op

m
a r se e es o a r e r er
ti of o t bu nt cl y nd wh t l h wo k in it i no
m
es r a r, r a , a a e se e r s , s
h ou k b ut ubbi h h p It will n t t nd f
m
th t h se a e a es , a r s ea . o s a or
tw lv c n tu i
e t l odg
e hund d nd ighty
e ill ion ; it will
r es, o e a re a e s
2 78 THE ART OF PUBLIC S PE AKING
fall ightw y A n ust confo mm mimlf Na tu re
m
m
’
stra a . a r h se to s
la ws b v ril y in co union with N tu u of things

m
, e e a re a nd the tr th ,
or N tu will n swer hi
a re N n t at a , 0, o a ll!
m
uch m
o
Ob serve how the
m re e
pic ture tha t Web ster dra ws here is
pha tic a nd forc eful tha n a ny ere a sser m
t ion co ul d b e :
know n oth m ys lf wh n I m
m mm y f l b ut s f
S ir, I ot how ers a ee , a or e e
u ound d lik C in th s n t hous

'
al a ter s
‘
see y a rr e , e a e sa r e e a e e,
os it ting st b ft t b I woul d n t f this

m m
b y th e who a re re e ra a a er s a , o or
right nd h v h
ha a e er tu n t r nd s yo And thou t
e a y a oo ,
—WE B S TE R
, ,
son .
p ch sho ul d b e b uilt on so und l ogic a l fo unda tions

m
A s ee ,
a nd no a n sh o ul d d a re to sp ea k in b eh a l f of a fa ll a cy .
Arg ui ng a sub j ec t h owever will n ec essa ri ly a rou se con

m
, ,
tra dictory id ea s in the ind of your a udienc e When

m
m
.
i edi a te a c tion or persua sion l s d esired suggestion is

m m
,
—
ore effi ca cious tha n a rgu ent when bo th a re judi
ciously m
ix ed the eff ec t is irresi stib l e
,
.
QUES TIONS AND EX E RCI S E S
I Make an o utlin e ,
or b rief of ,
the contents of this
Revi se
introduc tion to a ny of yo ur written
m
2 . the
a ddresses wi th the tea ching s of thi s c ha p ter in ind

m
.
,
3 Giv
. e tw o o ri gin a l ex a pl e s of th e p o w e r of sug g es
tion a s yo u h a ve ob served it in ea c h of th ese fi el d s : (a )

a dv erti sing ; p o l i ic pu b l ic n i n m
m
()6 t s ; () c se t e t .
4 Giv
. e o rigin a l e x a pl es of s u gg est iv e sp e ec h i llu s ,
tra ting two of the p rincipl es set fo rth in th i s c h a p ter .

CH A PT ER XXIII
IN FL U E N CIN G B Y ARG U M E NT
m
m
o on s ns is th co on s ns of a nkind It is the m
m m
m
m m
C e e e e e .
p rodu c t of co on Ob s v tion nd xp ri nc It is od st er a a e e e e . e ,
p l in a nd un sop histic t d with v rybody ey s nd

’
a ,
It a e . see s e e s e , a
he s with ev ryb ody It h s no c p ricious distinctions

m
’
ar s e s ea r . a a ,
n o p p l xi ti s
er nd no
e y t ri s It n v quivoca tes nd
e , a s e e . e er e , a
n v r trifl s Its l ngu ge is lw ys int lligibl It is known by

e e e . a a a a e e .
ea r
—GE ORGE JACOB HOL YOAKE P ublic S p king nd D b te
cl n s of sp ch nd ingl n s of p urp o
e s ee a s e es
,
se .
ea a e a .
m
very na e of logic is a weso e to o st yo ung sp ea k mm
m
The
ers b ut so soon a s th ey co e to rea l i z e tha t its p roc esses
m m m
, ,
even wh en o st intric a te a re erely technic al sta te ents

m
m
,
of the tru ths enforc ed by co on sense it will lo se its ,
terro rs I n f a c t l ogic is a f a scin a ting sub j ec t well wo rth

.
1
, ,
the pub l ic sp ea k er s stu dy for it expl a in s the p rincipl es
m
’
,
tha t govern the use of a rg u en t a nd p roof
m
.
Arg u en ta tion is the p roc ess of p rodu cing convic tion

m
b y ea ns of rea soning Other wa ys of p roducing convi e .
tion there a re no ta b ly sugg estion a s we ha ve ju st sh own
m
, , ,
b ut no ea n s is so hig h so wo rthy of resp e c t a s the , ,
a dd u cing of so u nd rea son s in supp o rt of a con ten tion
m m
.
S inc e o re th a n one side of a sub j ec t ust b e con sid ered

m
b efore w e ca n cla i to have d elib era ted up on it fa irly
m
,
we o ugh t to th ink of a rg u en ta tion u nder two a sp ects
1 M cCosh s Log ic is a
’
hel pf ul v olu m e , a nd not too tec hnica l for t he b eg inner .
fd s
A b rie ig e t of log ical p i ipl
r nc es a s a ppli d t p
e o ub lic sp eaking is c o n ta in e di n
How to Attract a nd Hold an Aud ience , b y J B e rg E s enw e in . .

F
IN L UENCIN G BY ARGUME NT 2 81
m
b uilding up a n a rg u ent a nd tea ring down a n a rgu ent ; m
m m
,
that is yo u ust not only exa ine into the sta bili ty of
m m
‘
yo ur structure of a rg u ent so tha t it ay bo th sup port

t he pro p o si tion yo u intend to p rob e a nd yet b e so so und
tha t it ca nno t b e overthrown b y op p onents b ut yo u ust m
m
,
a l so b e so k een to d etec t defec ts in a rg u en t tha t yo u
m
wi ll b e a b le to de olish the wea ker a rgu ents of tho se m
who a rgue a ga in st yo u
m
.
We ca n consider a rgu enta tion only generally lea ving

m
,
inute a nd technic a l di sc u ssion s to su ch ex c ell ent work s

a s Georg e P B a k er s . The Princip l es of Arg u en ta tion
’ “
m ,
a nd Geo rg e J a cob Holyo a k e s Pub lic S p ea ki ng a nd

’ “
D eb a te Any good co lleg e rheto ric a l so wi ll giv e help

.
on the subj ec t esp ecia lly the works of John Fra nkl in
m m
,
G enung a nd Ada s S her a n Hill The student is urged

m m
.
to fa i lia ri z e hi self with a t l ea st one of these tex ts .
The following seri es of question s will it is hop ed serv e

m
, ,
a tripl e purp o se : tha t of sugg esting the fo r s of p roof
tog ether wi th the wa y s in which they a y b e u se d ; m

tha t of h elp ing the sp ea ker to test the stren g th of his
a rg u m
en ts ; a nd tha t of en a b ling the sp ea k er to a tta ck
’
m
his opp on en t s a rg u ents wi th bo th k eenn ess a nd justic e .
TE S TI NG AN ARGUM ENT
I . THE QU E S TION UNDE R D IS CU S S ION
mof mn mn m
1 . Is it clea rly sta ted?
()
x m
D o the ter
mning
a s sta te e t ea the sa e to
ch dis pu n ( pl
mg n l mn m m
ea ta t? For e a e, the ea
of the ter e t e uu a a y not be t

a lly a g reed up on ) .
2 82 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PEAKIN G
(6) Is confusion likely to a rise a s to its purpose?

2 . Is it fa irly sta ted?
(a ) D o es it include eno ugh ?
(6) D o es it inclu de too u ch ? m
(c) Is it sta ted so a s to con tain a tra p ?
Is ita deba ta ble question?
Wha t is the pivota l point in the whole question?
Wha t a re the subordina te points?
to fa cts
m
1 . The witnesses as
()
o Is each witness i partia l ? Wha t is his rela
tion to the sub j ec t a t i ssu e ?
m
en ta lly co m
p eten t?
m
(b) Is he
(c) IS he o ra lly credibl e?

Is he in a p o si tion to k now the fa c ts? Is he
a n eye wi tn ess?
-
(e) Is he a wi lling wi tn ess?
(7) m
Is his testi ony con tra dic ted ?
m
Is his testi ony co rrobora ted ?
m
(g)
()
h Is his testi ony con tra ry to well k no wn -
fa c ts or g enera l principles?
(i) Is it p rob a b l e ?
2 . The a uthorities cited a s evidence
uthori ty well recognized a s such ?

m
()
o Is the a -
m
(b) Wh a t con sti tutes hi a n a utho ri ty ?
()
c Is hi s in ter e st in the c a se a n i p a rti a l
one ?
(d) D o es he sta te his o pinion p o sitively a nd
cl ea rly ?
()
e Are the non p ersona l
-
a uth ori ties cited
2 84 THE ART OF PU BL IC S PE AKING
()
e con
Are a ll tr a ry p o si tion s sh own to b e rel a
tiv ely u n ten a b l e ?
m m
,
(f) Ha ve yo u a ccep ted ere op i ons as fa cts?

Deductions
(o) Is the law or genera l principle a well
esta b lished one?
(b) D o es the la w or principle Clearly include the
m
fa c t yo u wish to deduc e fro it or ha ve yo u,
stra in e d the inferenc e ?
m
(c) D o es the i p orta nc e of the la w or p rinciple
m
wa rra n t S O i p o rta n t a n inferenc e ?
(d) Ca n the dedu c tion b e sh own to prove too

mu c h?
3 . P a ra llel ca ses
c a ses p a ra llel a t eno ugh p oints to

m
()
a Are the
wa rra n t a n inferenc e of si il a r c a u se or
effec t?
(b) Are the c a ses p a ra llel a t the vi ta l p oin t a t

issue ?
(c) m
Ha s the p a ra ll eli s b een stra in e d ?
(d) Are th ere no o ther p a ra ll el s tha t wo ul d p oin t
to a strong er con tra ry conc lu sion ?
I nferences
(a ) Are the a n tec eden t condi tions su ch a s wo ul d

m
a k e the a ll eg a tion p rob a b l e ? (Chara c ter
pp o unities of cc used for
m
a nd O rt the a , ex
apl ) e .
ign s tha t point to the inference

m
(b) Are the s
ei th er c l ea r or n u ero u s eno ugh to wa rra n t
its a cc ep ta nc e a s fa c t?
F
IN LU E NCIN G BY ARGUM ENT 2 85
()
c ign
Are the
s c u ul a tive s m ,
a nd a greea b le one
wi th the o ther ?
(d) Co ul d the signs b e a de m to p oint to a con
trary conclu sion ?
m
m
S yllogis s
v Ha b n o in the syllo
gi m ( uc m
()
a e a ny step s ee itted
in syll ogi s
mm
s s? S h as a in
I f so test a ny su ch b y fil l ing
yllogi m
( ) enthy e a ,
out the s s s .
(b) H a v ey o u b een guil ty of sta ti ng a co nclusion

tha t rea lly do es not follow ? (A n on sequitur )
m
.
(c) Ca n y our syllogi s b e redu c ed to a n a b

surdity ? (Reductio a d a bsurdu ) m .
QUE S TIONS AND EXE RCI S E S
S how why unsupp orted a ssertion is not a n a rgu

mn
I . an
m md
e t .
Illu irrel eva nt fa c t

m up o m
2 . stra te how an ay be a e to
gu ent
m md f om
see to s p rt a n a r .
3 W h a.t in ferenc es a y ju stly b e a e r the
following ?
u ing th B o W it w found th t th v g Engli h
m n did n t m u
D r e er ar as a e a era e s
t nd d of c uiting nd th
v g oldi in th fi l d m
a up t th o e as re o e s a ar s re r a e
n if t d l w p l n Of vit lity nd
m m
a era e s er e e a es e a o a e a a
ndu nc P li nt l d by th di t ou con qu nc
m
m
e ra e . ar a e , a ar e e sa s r s se e es ,
in titut d n inv tig tion

s e Th co a i ion pp oin t d b ought
es a . e ss a e r
finding th t l coholic p oi oning w th g t c u of th

m
m
in a a a s as e re a a se e
n tion l d g n cy Th inv tig tion of th co i ion h v

m
a a e e era . e es a s e ss a e
b n up p l nt d by inv tig tion of ci ntific bodi s nd

m
ee s e e e es a s s e e a
individu l sci nti t ll iving t th conclu ion A

m
a e s s, a a rr a e sa e s . S a
con qu nc th B iti h G ov n nt h p l c d d t h st t
se e e, e r s er e as a ar e e ree s
2 86 THE ART OF PUBLIC S PEA KING
of und d citi with billbo d tting fo th th d t uctiv
a h re es ar s se r e es r e
nd d g n ting n tu of lcohol nd p p ling t th p op l

m m
a e e era a re a a a ea o e e e
in th n of the n tion t d i t f o d ink ing l coholic

m
e a e a o es s r r a
b v g Und ffo t di ct d by th G ov n nt th B ritish

m m m
e era es . er e r s re e e er e e
y i f t b co ing n y of tot l b st in s
m
A r s as e a ar a a a er .
Th G ov n nt of contin nt l Eu op foll ow d th l d of
m m
e er e s e a r e e e ea
th B i ti h G ov n
e r nt Th F nch G ov n nt h p l c d d
s er e . e re er e as a ar e
F nc with pp l t th p o p l
ra e tt ib uting th
a d clin of
ea s o e e e, a r e e e
th bi th nd inc in th d th t t th wid p d
m
e t r ra e a re a se e ea ra e o e es rea
of l coholic b v g xp i nc of th G a n
m
nt h b n th s m Th G m m
us e a Th e e ra es . e e er e e e er
G ov n er e n E p o h s
as ee e a e . e er a er r a
cl ly t t d th t l d hip in w nd in p c will b h l d by
H h u nd t k n t lim
ea r s a e a ea ers ar a ea e e e
th n tion th t oo t u t l co h ol in t
m m
e a a r s o a . e as er a e o e a e
v n th d inking of b p o ib l f o th G n
m
e e e s f r e er , o ar as ss e, r e er a
A r
—
y nd N vy RICHMOND PEARS ON HOB S ON B f th U S
a a .
, e ore e . .
Cong ress .
4 . bS inc e the
u rd e n of p r oof l i es on h i who a tta ck s a m
p o sition or a rg ues for a cha nge in a ffa irs how wo uld his
, ,
opp on ent b e lik ely to conduc t his own pa rt of a deb a te?

fi y ll ogi b u l “
b m
gging
m
5 D e. n e (a ) s s ; (b ) r e tta ; (c) e
the q u estion ; (d) p re ise ; (e) rej oinder ; (f) sur

rej oinder ; (g) dil e a; (h) induc tion ; (i) deduc tion ; m
m
(i) a prio ri; (k) a p os teri or i; (l) inf er e nc e .
6 Cri tici se th is rea soning :

.
ought n t t s ok tob cco b c u t do s is cont ry m

m
M en
m
o o e a , e a se o o ra
t b t dic l op inion My p hysici n h s xp s ly cond n d

m
o es e a . a a e re s e e
th p ecti nd i
ra dic l utho ity in thi country
se , a s a e a a r s .
7 . Cri tici se th i s rea s oning :

ought n t t sw p of n ly b c us it is w ong It
M en o o ea r r a e , e a e r .
is w ong f th
r son th t it is cont ry t th M o l L w
or e rea a ra o e ra a ,
and it is con t y t th M o l L w b c us it is cont ry t th

ra r o e ra a e a e ra o e
S c rip tu It is cont y t th S c ip tu s b c u it i c nt ry
re s . ra r o e r re e a se s o ra
b ee n d fined e d finitiongiv n by B la ckston which is
Ta k e the e e
m
. e, :
ul tion and do stic o d of the King
m mm
Th du g e e re a e r er
by th inha b it nts of S t t like e b e s

m m
d o wh , e re e a a a e, r
of w ll gove n d f ily e bound to cOnf thei

‘
a e -
r e a , ar or r
g n l b h vio t th ul s of p op iety of neighb or

m
e era e a r o e r e r r ,
hood n d good ann nd t b d c nt industrious a ers , a o e e e , ,
n d inoff en iv in th i
a sp c tiv st tions
s e e r re e e a
mm
.
W oul d thi nd nt int f with ny S t t c r ying on

m m
s a e e e r ere a a e a r
th p o otion of its do stic o d
m
e r ? e r er
O yo u n t k th d finition in noth fo in which it is

m
r ca a e e e a er r ,
giv n by M Ti d n wh n h s ys r e e a e a
m m
e .
, e :
Th ob j ct of gov n nt i t i p os th t d g Of
m
e e er e s o e a e ree
t int u p on hu n ction which i n c s ry t

m m
re s ra a a s s e e sa o a
unifo on ble nj oy nt of p iv t ights Th

m m
r , r ea s a e e r a e r . e
p ow of th gov n nt t i p o thi
er e t int is er e o se s re s ra
c ll d th p olic p ow
a e e e er .
J udg C ool y y of th liqu o t fii

e e sa s e r ra c:
Th b u in of nuf cturing nd lling liqu o i n m

m
e s e ss a a a se r so e
th t ff c t th p u b l ic int t in ny w ys nd l ds
m
a a e s e eres s a a a ea
ny di o d s It h t nd ncy t incr s
m m
t o a s r er . as a e e o ea e
p up i a nd c ier s It nd a l g fo c of p c r e . re ers a ar e r e ea e
offic s s nti l nd it dds t th xp n of th

m
er es e a , a a o e e e se e
cou t nd of n ly ll b nch s of civil d ini t tion

r s a ear a ra e a s ra
m
.
J u tic B dl y of th Unit d S t t S up
s e ra e C ou t ys e e a es re e r sa :
m
, ,
Lic n y b p op l y qui d in th p u uit of

m
e se s a e r er re re e rs
ny p of s ion nd voc tions which qui p culi

a r e s s a a a , re re e ar
kill nd t ining
s a up vi ion f th p ublic w lf
ra or s er s or e e a re .
Th p of ion voc tion is Op n t ll lik who will

m
e r e ss or a a e o a a e
p p re th lv s with th quisit qu lific tions

a re e se e e re e a a or
giv th qui it curity f p ving p ublic o d

m
e e re s e se or re se r r er .
Thi s is in h ony with th g n l p op o ition th t th

m
ar e e era r s a e
o din ry p u suit of lif fo ing th g t p c nt of

r a r s e, r e rea e r er e
th indu t i l p u u it
e n d o u ght t
s r a b f nd rs s, a re a o e re e a
Op n t ub j ct onl y t uch g n l gul tions

m m
e ll o a , s e o s e era re a ,
p p lying qu lly t th g n l good y d nd

m
a ll e a o a , as e e era a e a .
All suc h gul tion nti ly co p t nt f th

re a s a re e re e e or e
INF LU E NCIN G BY ARGU ME NT 2 89 )
l gi l tu t
e s a k nd in no n n b idgm
re o nt m a e a a re se se a a r e
of th qu l ight of citi n B ut lic n t do th t

m
m
e e a r s ze s . a e se o a
which i odiou nd g in t cos on right i n c ily s a a a s s e e ssa r
an ou t g up on th qu l right of citi ns
ra e e e a s ze .
14 . Wha t mod did J

eth es us e m
pl oy in the following :
Ye a re the sa lt of
l t h v l o t hi the ea rth ; b ut if the sa a e s s
savou wh with h ll it b
B hol d th fowl of th
e
r,
i ; f
lt d ? it i th nc fo th good f
th y
e re
nothing b ut t b c t ut nd t b t odd n und foot of n

e
o
w n t n ith
e
do th y s
as
s a
o ,
e a r
a
e sa
or
e
e
r
so
s
e
e
o ,
e
er
e
r
er
m e
or
e
.
gath into b n ; y t you h v nly F th f d th

p n
m m
re a or er ar s e r ea e a er ee e
A y n t u ch b tt th n th y ?
im
th e . re e o e er a e
And why t k y thought f nt ? Con id th lili

a e e or ra e s er e es
Of th fi l d ; h w th y g ow ; th y toil n t n ith do th y p in
y u nto you th t v n S ol om
e e o e r e o , e er e s
And y t I e sa on in ll hi gl o y w , a e e a s r as
y d lik n of th Wh fo if G d cl oth th
of th fi ld which tod y i nd tom
n t o a rra e e o e ese . ere re , o so e e
g o ow i c t into th
mm
ra ss e e , a s, a rr s as e
ov n h ll h n t uch o clo th you O y Of littl f ith ?

O wh t m m
e , s a e o re e , e e a
of you who if hi n k b d will

m m
n i th
r a a s e re , s so as rea ,
h giv hi
e ton ? O if h
e k fi h will h giv hi
a s e r e as a s , e e a
p n t ? If y th n b ing vil know h w t giv good gift

unto you child n h w uch m m
ser e e e , e e , o o e s
o h ll you F th which i
m m
r re , o re s a r a er s
in h v n giv good thing t th th t k hi ?

ea e e s o e a as
Ma ke origina l syllogis mon ollowing

m
1 5 . fiv e s
1
the f
od l e s:
MAJ OR PRE MIS E : He wh o a d inim sters a rse nic giv es p oison .
m f w w ld m d s
m m O
1 For those w ho k ou a e a further s tu y o f the y llo g is t he ollo ing
d
mdd m O p ms ms m
rules a re g iv e n : 1 . In a sy ll og is the re sho ul be o nl y thre e t er s . 2 . f
s
m p m
the e thre e o nly o ne c a n b e the i l e te r . 3 . ne re i e u t be a flir a
s
p ms ms
tiv e . 4 . The con clusion u st be n eg a tiv e if e ither re i e is n eg a tiv e . 5 . To
p
m
m R T m m
rov e a n eg a tiv e , o ne o f t he re ise u t be n e g a t iv e .
s
m s
Su ary o f eg ula ting P r in cip les : 1 . er w hich a g re e with the sa e
w
d m m m
m m
thing a g ree with ea ch othe r ; a nd h en o nly o n e o f two t er s a g ree with a
W
m mm s
“
thir ter , the two ter s d is a g re e with ea c h o ther . 2 . ha tev e r is afi r ed
s
ss m d d
W
fi
f
mm s
Of a cla ss
“
ay be a r ed o f a ll the e b er of tha t cl a s , a nd ha tev er
d
i e nied o f a cla s ay be e nie of a ll the e b er of tha t cl a s .
"
MINOR PRE MIS E : The p r i on
s er a m
d ini stere d a rse nic t o the
CONCL U S ION : T here fo re the p r ison er is a p oison er .
MAJ OR PRE M IS E : All dogs qu drup d

m
a re a e s .
M INOR PRE MIS E : This a ni l i biped

m
a s a .
C ONCL U S ION : There fo this ni l is n t a dog

re a a o .
1 6. ither the p o si tive or the nega tive side of

Prep a re e
the following question for deb a te : The reca ll of judges

should be a dopted a s a na tiona l principle .
IS thi s q u estion deb a ta b le ? B enedict Arnold wa s

m
1 7
.
Give rea sons for yo ur a nswer

m
a g entle an . .
18 .Cri tici se a ny street or dinn er ta b l e a rg u en t yo u -
ha ve heard rec en tly .
Test the rea soning of a ny of the sp eeches given in

m
19 .
this vo lu e .
20 .Ma k e a S h o rt sp eech a rg uing in fa vor of instruc

tion in pub lic sp ea king in the pub l ic ev ening sc h oo l s .
(a ) Clip a n ewsp a p er edito ria l in which the rea son

ing is wea k (b) Cri ticise it (c) Correc t it
. . .
Ma ke a list of three subj ec ts for d eb a te selec ted

mm m
22 .
,
fro the onthly a ga zines

mm
.
23 .D o the sa e fro the n ewsp a p ers .
Ch oo sing yo ur own question a nd side p rep a re a

m m
24 .
,
b rief sui ta b le for a ten inu te d eb a ting a rg u ent The

m m
-
.
following odels of b riefs a y help y o u :
D E B ATE
RE S OLVED : Tha t ar m ed interv ention is not usti j fi a ble on
the a rt o
p f a ny na tion to collect, in beha lf o fp riva te indi
2 92 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PE AKI N G
() c f
The a ul t ha s a lwa ys b een Wi th Europ ea n
S ta tes wh en forc e ha s b een u sed a nd ,
(d) I n a ny case forc e sh o ul d not b e u sed

mm
, ,
for it co un tera c ts the ove ent towards

p ea c e .
B RIE F OF NE GATIVE ARGUME N T
First sp ea k er —
B ra nch
md in v n ion coll c ion of p iv fina ncia l

cl img in om mic n
Ar e ter e t for the e t r a te
ju stifi a b l e for
m f m
a s a a st s e A er a S ta tes is ,
W
1 . hen other
f ea ns o collection have a iled, ar ed
interv ention a ga inst a ny notion is essentia lly
p p b
ro er , e c a u se
(a ) Justice sh o ul d a lwa ys b e secured

m
(b) Non enfo rce en t of p a y en t puts a p re m
mm
-
iu on di shonesty
I n terven tion for thi s purp o se is sa nc tioned
by the b est interna tiona l a uthori ty
D a ng er of u ndu e co ll ec tion is sl igh t a nd ca n
b e a void ed en tirely by sub ission of cl a i s m m
to The Ha g u e Trib u n a l b efo re intervening
—
S econd sp ea k er S ton e
m
m
2 . Ar ed interv ention is necessa ry to secure j ustice in
m
tropica l A erica , for
() a gov
The er n e n ts of t h i s s e c tion con st a n tly
repu di a te ju st d eb ts
()
b T h ey in si st th a t th e fin a l d eci sion a bo u t
F
IN LUE NCIN G BY ARGUMENT 2 93
m
cla i s sha ll rest with their own corrupt
courts
()
c T h e y ref u se to a rbi tra te so eti e s mm .
Third sp ea k er
—D enn ett
3.Ar m ed intervention is benefi cia l in its results ,
b eca use
m
(a ) It in sp ires resp onsibili ty
I n d ini ing c u o h o u m m
ov
m
()
b a ster st ses it re es
te p ion volutions
ta t to re
(c) It gives confidence to desira bl e capita l

m
.
A ong o thers the foll owing book s were u sed in the

m
,
prepa ra tion of the a rgu ents

N . The MonrO e D oc trin e b y T B Edging ton Cha p
,
. . .
ters —
2 2 28 .
D ig est of I nterna tiona l La w b y J B Moore ,

. . .
Rep ort of Penfi eld of p roc eeding s b efore Ha gue Trib u

na l in 1 90 3
m
.
S ta tes a n s Yea r B ook (for sta ti stics)

’
.
A Mini ster D ra go s a pp ea l to the Uni ted S ta tes in F or

’
.
,
eig n Rel a tion s of Uni ted S ta tes 1 9 0 3 , .
Presiden t Roo sev el t s M essa g e 1 90 5 pp 33 3 7 —

m mm
’
.
,
.
,
And a rticl es in the following a g a zin es (a ong a ny

o thers) :
Journa l of Politica l Econo y D ece b er 1 90 6 m m , ,
.
Atl a n tic Mon thly Oc tob er 1 90 6

m
.
, ,
No rth A erica n Revi ew Vol 1 83 p 60 2

m
. . .
, ,
All of these con ta in a teri a l va lua b l e for bo th sides
m
,
ex c ep t th o se a rk ed N a nd A which a re usef ul only

m
,
for the n eg a tive a nd a flir a tiv e resp ec tively , .

2 94
f
“
’
THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE AKIN G
NOTE —Pra c ti se in d eb a ting is m

o h lpfst e ul to the
pub lic sp ea ker but if p o ssib l e ea ch deb a te sho ul d b e
m
,
under the sup ervi sion of so e p erson who se word will b e

resp ec ted so th a t the d eb a ters
,
ight show rega rd for m
co urtesy a ccura c y effec tive reasoning a nd the necessi ty
, , ,
for c a reful p rep a ra tion The App en dix con ta i n s a li st

.
of questions for d eb a te .
25 Are the foll owing p oin ts w ell con sidered ?

.
THEI NHE RITANCE TAX IS NOT A G OOD S OCIAL RE F ORM

ME A S URE
A D o es k oo t of the evi l
m m
. not stri e a t the r
m
I . Fortunes not a enace in the selv es
A fo rtun e of 8 ay be a grea ter socia l
m
e vil th a n one of
wealth depends its wrong ulation
2 . Da nger o f on accu
mp
a nd use
m
I nherita nce ta x will not prev ent reba tes, ono oly,
3 .
m m
discri ina tion, bribery, etc .
m
ula tion a nd f
4 La ws . ai ed a t un ust j accu use o
wea lthfurnish the true re edy .
B . It wo ul d b e v a d ed
e
m
1 . Low ra tes a re ev aded
2 . R a te ust be high to result in distribution f

o grea t
m
fortunes .
26 .
x ci ses : Mock Tri a l for (a ) so
Cla ss e er e ser io us
p o litica l offen se ; (b) a b ur l esque offense .
2 96 THE ART OP PUB LIC S PE AKIN G
to lter en s
a m Op inio ns
ul terior purpo se is a l o st
’ — the m
a lwa y s a c tion .
The na ture Of p ersua S IOn IS not so l ely in tell ec tua l b ut

m
‘
i s l a rg ely e o tiona l It uses every p rincip le of p ublic

sp ea king a nd ev ery for of disco urse to use a rhetori m
m m
, ,
cia n s exp ression b ut a rg u en t suppl e en ted by sp ecia l

’
m
,
a p p ea l is its p ec uli a r q u a li ty Thi s w e a y b est see by
m
.
ex a ining
The M ethods of P ersuasion
High m
i d d
p ea k ers often seek to ove th eir hea rers m
m
-
n e s
to a c tion by a n a pp ea l to th ei r h ighest o tives such a s love ,
of lib erty S ena to r Ho a r in pl ea ding for a c tion on the

m
.
,
Philip p in e q u estion u sed this eth o d : ,
Wh t h b n th p ctic l t t n hip which comf o m m

m
a as ee e ra a s a es a s es r
you id l nd you nti nt liti ? Y u h v w t d n ly

m
r ea s a r se e a es o a e as e ea r
i hund d ill ion of t u Y u h v c ific d n ly t n

tho u nd Am
s x re s rea s re . o a e sa r e ea r e
sa
—
ic n liv th fl ow of u youth Y u h v
er a es e er o r . o a e
d v t t d p ovinc
e as a e Y u h v l in uncount d thou nd of
r es . o a e S a e sa s
th p op l you d i t b n fit Y u h v t bli h d con

m
com m m
e e e e s re o e e . o a e es a s e re
c nt tion c p You g n l in g ho f o th i
m
e ra a s . r e e ra s a re e r e r
h v t b inging h v w i th th in th h p of oth thou

m
ar es r s ea es e , e s a e er
nd Of ick nd wound d n d in n t d g ut i bl liv

ind Y u m m m
sa s S a e a sa e o ra o se ra e es,
w ck d in body n d k th A ic n fl g in th
m mm
re e a . o a e e er a a e
y Of nu ou p op l th bl of c il g in Ch i ti n
bu ning of hum
e es a er s e e e e e sa r e e r s a
c hu c h n d of th n dw ll ing nd Of th
m
r e s, a e r a e s, a e
h o o of th w t t o tu Y ou p c tic l t t n hip which

di d in t t k G o g W hington nd Ab h m
rr r e a er r re . r ra a s a es a s
Lincoln
m
s a s o a e e r e as a ra a or
ol di of th R volution of th Civil W od l h s
m you x m
th e s e rs e e or e ar as e s, a
l ook d in o c t S p in f l b l i v —
m
e s e p I a se s n y o a or r e a e . e e e a ,
I k now—th t in g n l u offic ol di hu n
m m
a nd e e ra o r e rs a s e rs a re a e .
B u t in o c th y h v c i d on you w f with
of Amic n ing nuity nd C tili n c u lty
s e a se s i e a e a rr e r a r a re a x
tu
m
re er a e a as a r e .
Y ou p c tic l t t n hip h u cc d d in conv ting a “
r ra a s a es a s as s ee e er
F
IN L U E N CIN G B Y PE RS U AS ION 2 97
op l dy t ki th h of th y m
m m mm
pe e w ho three ea rs a g o w e re rea o ss e e e
g nt of th A ic n nd t w l co hi lib to wh
m
ar e e er a a o e e as a e ra r, o
throng d ft you e n wh n th y l nd d on tho

a er i l nd r e ,
e e a e se s a s,
wi th b n diction n d g titu d into ull n nd i concil i bl

m
e e a ra e, s e a rre a e
i po d of h t d which c ntu i c nnot dic t

m
en e es , sse sse a a re e r es a era a e .
M P id nt thi i th t n l l w Of hu n n tu
m m m
r . re s e , Y u s s e e er a a a a re . o
a
y t u gg l g in
s r t it yo u y t y t c
e a p it you y p
a s , a r o es a e , a er
su d you lf th t you int ntion

a e rse b n vol nt th t you a r e s a re e e e , a r
yok will b y nd you bu d n w ill b light but it will

m
e e ea s a t r r e e , a sse r
it lf g in G ov n nt without th con nt of th gov n d

se a a er e e se e er e
—
.
utho ity which h v n n v g v n only b up p o t d by

m
a r ea e e er a e ca e s r e
n which h v n n v nction
m
ea s n ea e e e r ca sa .
ic n p op l h v g t thi n qu tion t n w
m
Th A e er a e e a e o s o e es o a s er .
Th y e y n w it n w ; th y
a n t ka t n ys er tw nty o e ca a e e ea rs , or e
y g n tion c ntu y t think Of it B ut it w ill n t

m
e a rs , o r a e e ra , or a e r o . o
down Th y u t n w it in th nd C n you l wft buy

m m
. e s a s er e e : a a
with on y g t by b u t fo c Of ight t hold in

m m
e ,
th
or e r e r e ar s, e r o
ubjug tion n i nwill ing p op l nd t i p o on th u ch

m
s a a i e e, a o se e s
con titution you n d n t th y think b t f th ?

s as a o e es or e
mk
, ,
S ena to r Ho a r then went on to a e a no ther sort of

app ea l
— the ap p ea l to fa c t a nd exp eri en c e :
We d thi qu tion good ny ti
ha v e a n in th
sw ere s es a m m a es e
p t Th f th
as . n w d it in 1 776 nd found d th R p ublic
e a e rs a s e re , a e e e
up on th i n w which h b n th co n ton J ohn Quin cy

m m
e r a s e r, as ee e r er s -
e .
Ad M on o n w d it g in in th M on o
m
a nd J s a a es r e a s e re a a e r e
D oc t in w hich J ohn Q u incy Ad

r e, d cl d w onl y th doc a s e a re as e
t in con nt of th gov n d Th R p ublic n p ty

m
r Of the e se e er e . e e a ar
n w d it wh n it took p o ion Of th fo c of gov n nt

m
a s ere e s se ss e r e er e
t th b g nn ng of th o t b ill i nt p iod in ll l gi l tiv

m
a e e i i e s r a er a e s a e
hi to y s Ab h r L incoln
. n w d it wh n on th t f t l
ra a a s ere e , a a a
j ou n y t W hin gton in 186 1 h nn oun c d th t th doct in

r e o as , e a e a as e r e
of hi p olitic l c d n d d cl d with p op h tic vi ion th t

s a ree , a e a re , r e s , a
dy t b in t d f it if n d b Y u n w d
m
h w e a s rea o e a ssa ss a e or ee e . o a s e re
it g in you
a lv wh n you id th t Cub wh h d no o
a rse es e sa a a, o a re
titl th n th p op l of th Phil ip p in I l nd h d t th i ind

e a e e e e e s a s a o e r e
p nd n
e Of ight ou ght t b
e ce , f nd ind p nd nt
r o e ree a e e e .
G E ORGE F H OAR -
. .
App ea l to the thing s tha t m hol d d no ther

m
an s ear is a
p o tent for of p ersua sion

lm
.
m m m
Jo sep h S tory in his grea t S a ,
p ch (
e s ee 1 82 8) used this
ethod o st dra a tic a lly :
c ll up on you f th by th h d s of you nc to s—by
I a a ers , e s a e r a es r
—
,
th d e h s which
ea r a s po in thi p ciou oil b y ll you
e re se s re s s a a re ,
ll yo u hop t b — i t v y obj ct of di uni n f ist

m m
and a e o e re s s e er e s o re s
v y nc o ch nt up on you lib ti s i t v y tt p t t
m
e er e r a e r er e , res s e er a e o
f tt you con ci nc s oth you p ublic schools

m
e er s r s e e , or er r , or
xtinguish you y t of p ublic in t u ction

m m
e r s s e s r .
I c ll up on you oth by th t which n v f il in wo n

m m
a , e rs , a e er a s a ,
th l ov Of you off p ing ; t ch th th y cl i b yo u k n s

m m
e e r s r ea e , as e r ee ,
l n on you bo o th bl ing of lib ty S w th

m
or ea r st s, e ess s er . ea r e a
th lt
e a w ith th i b p ti
a r, a s l vow t b t u t th ir count y e r a s a s, o e r e o e r ,
nd n v t fo g t fo k h
m mm
a e er o r e or rsa e er .
I c ll up on yo u young
a n t b who on you ; , e , o re e er se s s a re
wh o inh it nc you p o
se er Lif n n v
a b t e S ho t sse ss . e ca e er e oo r ,
which b ing no thing b u t di g c n d op p ion D th n v

m
r s s ra e a re ss . ea e er
co t es oon if n c oo s y in d f nc Of th lib ti s of your

, e e ssa r e e e e er e
count y
m
r .
I c ll up on yo u Old
a n f you couns ls nd you p y s , e , or r e , a r ra er ,
and you b n diction M y n t you g y h i s go down in

r e e s . a o r ra a r
so ow t th g v wi th th coll ction th t you h v liv d in

rr o e ra e, e re e a a e e
v in M y n t you l t un ink in th w st up on n tion of

a . a o r as s s e e a a
lv
m
s a es .
No ; I d in th d tiny of y count y f b tt hop s f r

m m
rea e es r ar e er e , a
b ight vi ion W whp bl d h ust soon

m
r er s n w s . e, a re o a sse e ere ,
b g th d t th cong g tion of oth d ys Th ti of u

m
e a ere o e re a er a . e e o r
d p tur i t h nd t k w y f u chil d n up on th
m
e ar e s a a , o a e a or o r re e
th t of lif M y G d p d th
ea re e n d th i s
. M y h wh a o s ee e a e r . a e o,
a t th di t nc of noth
e c ntu y sh ll t nd h t c l b t
s a e a er e r , a s a e re o e e ra e
thi d y ti ll l ook ou nd up on
s a , s f h pp y nd irtuous p op l r a ree , a , a v e e .
m
M y h h v on t xult s w do M y h with ll th
m
a e a e re a s o e a e . a e, a e
enthu i of t uth w ll s of p o t y xcl i th t h is

s as r as e a e r e a a ere
—
, ,
s ill
t h i coun y J OS E PH S TORY
t s r . .
—
The app ea l to p reju dic e is effec tive th o ugh not often ,
3 0 0 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE AKIN G
tere d w th tha t i f y nd int e t qui
se v ity
er Ger mn a sa et a er s re re .
W g in t
e a re a t a W nt into n w l if in which
s s u ch f a a e . e e er a e e
all th f cts f w
e a th t w h d p ut b hind
o f fo gott n f th
ar a e a e or r e or e
l t hund d y
as h v
re tu n d t th f ont n d t t u a s
e a rs , a e re r e o e r a es s
th y t t d u f th It wi ll b l ong nd h d o d b s t
m
e es e o r a ers . e a a a ar r a , e e
wi th diffi culti n d di co u g nt b ut w t d it tog th

es a s ra e e s, e rea e er
an d w will t e d it tog th t th ndre a e er o e e .
Ou p tty oci l divi ion nd b i s h v b n w pt w y

m
r e s a s s a a rr er a e ee s e a a
at th o u t t Of u
e ighty t uggl All th int sts of u lif
se o r s r e . e e re o r e
k g d d W h v b ut n int t n w nd
m
Of i wS x ee s a o a re ea . e a e o e ere s o , a
th t tou c h th n k d h t of v ry n in thi s i l nd nd in
m
a es e a e ea r e e a s a a
pi
m
th e e re .
ight f ou lv nd f f do t
mm m
If w te w in th
a re o e r or rse es a or ree o
exi t on th v y n u t Off hi lf f th t rvic nd

s ea r , e er a s er se or a se e a
th t c ific
m xm
a sa r e .
Fro pl
these i ll n e a p icul es it w be see tha t the a rt ar
c p k pp l d i
m —m m
wa y in whi h the s ea ers a ea e to the r hea rers wa s
m v y im
by co ing close ho e to their interests , a nd by the selv es
o n p incipl ch
u k p con n ly in m
whi
yo u m
showing e otion two er p rta t r es
ind
cco m fo m qui
st ee sta t .
li h d p k no l dg of
hum n m
To a p s the r er re res a ee w e e
o iv in g l u nd nding of
m
a t e en era a nd an ersta the
p icul ud nc dd d Wh o iv
hink of h m n ly
ie the
ou m
a rt ar a e a resse . at a re t es
c ion
of yo u m
tha t ? T
mdo n on
ar se en to a t t e ea r est ,
set
bl ind udy
mo ly n h m
the w the ta ets r , st how to
a pp l ea to the o iv w o ul d rthi . The ,
w at t es w be
lik ly pp l h W i id l
m im m co
e to a ea to your ea rers ? h a t a re the r ea s a nd
in terests in l if i k in yo u e? A sta e r est a te ay st
y o u you c pp l p id in pp nc o ul d
mk of m mly l ugh
r a se . To a ea to r e a ea ra e w
— ou
ym y
a e one set en ere a to try to ar se
J in l in o ul d d fo
m
s p a th for the ews Pa est e w b e wa ste ef rt
a ong o h u y you u nc f l yo u
t ers . St d r a die e, ee r wa y, a nd
F
IN LU E NCIN G B Y PE RS U A S ION 30 1
wh en you ha ve onc e ra i sed a sp a rk fa n it in to a fla e b y

,
m
every ho n est reso urc e yo u p o ssess
m
.
Thel a rger y o ur a u di enc e the ore sure y o u a re to fin d

a universa l b a si s of a pp ea l m
A s a ll a udienc e of b a chel or s
m
’
.
will not grow exci ted over the i p o rta n c e of furnitur e

mm
insura nc e ; o st en ca n b e roused to the defen se of the
m
freedo of the p ress
m m
.
Pa ten t edici n e a dverti se en t u su a lly b egi n s b y ta lking

a bo u t yo ur p a i n s
— they b egin on y our in terests If they
m
.
first discussed the size a nd ra ting of their esta b li sh ent

m
,
or the effic a cy of their re e dy y o u wo ul d n ev er rea d the
m
,
If they ca n a k e y o u think y o u ha v e n ervo u s

”
m
ad .
tro ub l es y o u wi ll even p l ea d for a re edy — they wi ll not
ha ve to try to sell it
m m
.
The p a ten t edici n e en a re p l ea ding

— a ski n g y o u to
m m
m
invest y our o n ey in their co o dity yet they do not—
a pp ea r to b e doing so They g et over on y o ur si de of the
m
.
fenc e a nd a rouse a d esire for their n o stru s b y app ea li ng

to yo ur own in terests
m
.
Recently a book sa l es a n en tered a n a ttorn ey s offic e

-
’
in New York a nd i n qui red : D o y o u wa nt to b uy a book ?

Ha d the l a wy er wa n ted a boo k he w o ul d p rob a b ly ha v e
bought one wi thout wa i ting for a book sa les a n to ca ll m
m mm
-
.
The sol ici tor a de the sa e ista k e a s the rep resen ta tiv e
m
who a de his a pp ro a ch wi th : I wa nt to sell y o u a sewing
m a chin e
. They bo th ta lk ed o nly in ter s of their own m
in terests
m m
.
The succ essful p l ea der u st convert his a rgu ents i n to

m
ter s of his hea rers a dva nta g e Ma nkin d a re still selfish
m
’
. .
They a re interested in wha t wi ll serve the Exp ung e

.
3 0 2 THE ART OF P U B L IC S PE AKING
m
fro your a ddress yo ur own p erso na l concern a nd present
m
.
yo ur a pp ea l in ter s of the g enera l good a nd to do this ,
yo u n eed not b e insincere for y o u ha d b etter not pl ea d ,

-
a ny c a u se tha t is not fe r the hea rers good No tic e how

’ ‘
S ena to r Thu rston in his p l ea for in terven tion in Cub a a nd

M r B rya n in his Cro ss of Go l d sp eech con sti tu ted “
m m
.
the selv es the a p o stl es of hu a ni ty
m m
.
E xhorta tion i s a h ighly i p a ssion ed fo r of a pp ea l

m
,
frequen tly u sed b y the pulp i t in efforts to a ro use en to a

sen se of d u ty a nd ind u c e the to d ecid e th ei r p ersona l m
co urses a nd by co unsel in seeking to influenc e a jury The
,
.
grea t p rea chers like the grea t jury la wyers ha ve a lwa ys

m
-
, ,
b een a sters of p ersua sion

m
.
No tic e the differenc e a ong th ese fo ur exh o rta tion s

m
,
a nd a n a lyz e the o tiv es a pp ea l ed to :
Revenge ! bout ! S k ! B u n ! Fi !
A ee r re K ill ! S l y!
a Le t no t
a tra r —
ito liv l S HAK S P AR Juliu C
e E E E, s e sa r .
ik —till th l t
—
S tr e d f xp i e as ar m e oe e re s ,
S t ik
r fe you lt
h
n d yo u fi
or r a a rs a r re s ,
S t ik —
r fe th g n g v Of you i
or e ree ra es r S re s ,
G d — nd you n tiv l nd !
o Ha r a e a
Fi Tz G RE E N HAL L E C K M -
E , a rco B ozza ris .
m
li v g ntl n if it w n t f th o child n h w oul d
m m
Be e e, e e e , e re o or se re , e
n t co k u ch un tion ; if it w n t
m
o h t d y t e e re o -
a o see s re era e re o .
th t by yo u v dic t yo u v n o l i l innoc n
d f ud d w tch f o b com m
a , y p r t th er tt t
, a re e se e e
e ra e ing w nd ing b gg
re es w ll
r e a er e a rs , as e
o p h n on th f c of thi Oh I kno w I n d n t k
m m m
as r a s th e a e s ea r .
,
ee o as
thi v dict f o you cy ; I n d n t xto t it f o you

com m
s er r r er ee o e r r r
p ion ; I will c iv it f o you ju tic I do conju

a ss re e e r r s e . re
you n t f th b ut hu b nd —n t hu b nd b ut s
mn n t m
, o as a ers , as s a s: o as s a s, a
citi n n t
ze— citi n bu t
s o
— as n b ut s
ze s, as e o as e , a
3 4
Go on b eing repro a ched for not ha ving written war

m
ethe,
song s a g a in st the F rench repl i ed I n y p o etry I have

m
m
, ,
never sha ed H ow coul d I h a ve written song s of ha te

.
wi tho u t ha tred ? Nei th er is it p o ssib le to pl ea d wi th full

”
.
effi ci enc y for a ca use for which you do not feel deeply .
F eeling is conta gio us a s b eli ef is con ta gious The spea ker .
who pl ea d s wi th rea l f eel ing for his own convic tion s wi ll

instill his feelings into his listeners S inc eri ty forc e
m
,
.
,
en thu si a s a nd a bov e a ll f eel i ng

—th ese a re the qu a li ti es
mm m
, ,
th a t ove ultitudes a nd a k e a pp ea ls irresi stibl e They

m
.
m
a re of fa r g rea ter i p orta nc e tha n technic a l principles of
delivery gra c e of g esture or p olished enuncia tion i —
mm
, ,
p o rta n t a s a ll these ele ents ust do ub tless b e con sidered .
B a se yo ur a pp ea l on rea son b ut do not end in the b a se

m m
,
en t let the b ui l ding ri se full of d eep e o tion a nd nob l e

-
p ersua sion .
QUE S TI ONS AND EX E RCI S E S
() Wh
a a t eof a pp ea l do yo u fi nd in the fo l
l e mn e ts
l owing ? (b) Is it too flo rid ? (c) Is this style equa lly

p owerful toda y ? (d) Are the sen tenc es too long a nd
invo lved for cl ea rness a nd fo rc e?
g ntl n m m
I thi d y only th cou n l of y cli n t? m
m
Oh
m
e e e a s a e se e
—
, ,
—
NO no ; I
m
th dvoc t of hu nity f you lv you
m m
a e a a e a o rse es r
,
ho —you wiv s—you f ili —you littl child n I

m
es r e r a es r e re . a
gl d th t thi c xhibits such t ocity ; un k d

m m
a a s a se it is
e a r ar e as
by ny itig to y f tu it y top th f ightful dv nc of

m m m
a a r ea re , a s e r a a e
thi c l s ity ; it will b

a a t n w nd k d with v ng nc e e o , a ar e e ea e .
If it b n t f w ll t th vi tu s of you cou ntry ; f w ll t

m m
e o a re e o e r e r a re e o
,
ll co nfi d nc b tw n n; f w ll t th t u n u S p i
m
a n
e nd e e ee a a a a re e o a s
i u
c o nd cip oc l t nd n
s a re without whic hr i g i b ut
a e er e ss , a rr a e s
F
IN L UE NCIN G B Y PE RS U A S ION 3 5
0
con c ted curse If o th t b viol t d l w di g dd

m m
a se ra . a s a re o e a e , a s sre ar e ,
f i ndship b t y d hu nity t p led n tion l nd individu l

r e e ra e , a ra , a a a a
h ono t in d n d if ju y of f th n d of hu b nd will
m m
r s a e , a a r a ers a s a s
giv su ch i c ncy p p o t t th i h o n d wiv
m
e s rea a nd a ss r o e r es , a es , a
da ughters — f w ll t ll th t y t in Of Ir l nd ! B ut I
m
a re e o a a e re a s e a
will n t c st su ch doubt up on th ch ct of y coun t y

m
o a a e a ra er r .
Ag in t th n of th f k p tici of th fo ign
m
a s e s n d theer e oe , a e s e s e re er,
I will till p oint t th do tic Vi tu th t no p fi dy coul d

m
s o e es r es , a er
b t nd no b ib y n p u ch th t with Ro n u g
m
a r er, a r er ca r ase , a a a sa e,
a t onc bellish nd con c t hou hold giving t th

e e a se ra e se s, o e
soci ty of th h
e th ll th p uri ty Of th
e ea r l t ; th t ling ing
a e e a ar a er
a lik in th p l c nd th co tt g till t b foun d c tt d

ov thi l nd—th lic of wh t h w —th ou c p h p
e e a a e a e a e , a re s o e s a e re
m m
er s a e re a s e as e s r e er a s
— lon th t t ly nd g nific nt
mm y b
m m
Of wh t h a sth e a e e e, e s a e , a a e
oria l th t ing th i j ty id u ounding uin

m
e s, a rea r e r a es a s rr r s,
t onc th l nd k of th d p t d gl o y nd th
m m
se rv e a e as e a ar s e e ar e r , a e
od l by which th futu ct d
y b
m
e s e re a e ere e .
P v tho v irtu with v t l fid lity ;

reser e se k thi d y
es a es a e ar s a ,
by you v dict you ho or Of th ir p of n tion ; nd b li v

m
r er , r rr e r a a a e e e
wh n th h nd which co d th t v dict h ll b du t nd
m
e, e e a re r s a er s a e s , a
th tongu th t k it t c l in th g v ny h p p y
m m m
e e a as s , ra e ess e ra e, a a a
ho will b l ess it con qu nc ny oth t ch h

m
e nd s se e es , a a a er ea er
littl chil d to ha te th i p iou t

e on of dul t y e s rea s a er .
C HARLE S PHIL L IPS -

.
Ana lyze criticise the for s of a ppea l used in m

m
2 . a nd
the sel ec tion s fr o Ho a r S tory a nd Kip l ing , ,

.
3 W.h a t is th e typ e of p er su a sion used by S ena to r

Thurston (p a g e
Ci te two ex a pl es ea ch fro m
sel ec tion s in thi s m
m
4 .
,
volu e in which sp ea kers sought to be persua sive by

m m
,
m
sec uring the hea rers (a ) sy p a thy for the sel ves ; (b)
’
sy pa thy with their subj ects ; (c) self pity -

.
5 M. a k e a sh o rt a dd r ess u sing p ersu a si on .

30 6 TH E ART OP PU B LIC S PE AKIN G
m
Wha t o ther ethod s of p ersua sion tha n tho se here
m m
6 . ,
ention e d ca n you n a e?
si er to p ersu a d e m
en to cha ng e thei r co urse
m
7 I s. it e a
of co nduc t tha n to p ersu a d e the to continu e in a given

m
Giv e ex a pl es to sup p ort y o ur b el ief
m
course? .
I n how fa r a re we justified in a king a n a pp ea l to

m
8 .
sel f i nterest in o rd er to l ea d en to a do p t a giv en co urse ?
m
-
o eri t Of the co urse ha v e a ny b ea ring on
m
D s the
m
e
9 .
eri t of the ethod s u sed ?
m
the
10 Illustra te a n unworthy ethod of using p ersua
.
II . D eliv er o
a sh rt s p eech on the va lue of skill in p er
sua sion .
1 2 . D o es f c tiv e p ersua sio n

ef e a lwa y s produc e con
v iction ?
co vicD o es
ion a lw a y s resul t in a c tion ?
m
3 I . n t
Iszit f a i r for co unsel to a pp ea l to the e o tio ns of

m
14 .
a jury in a urder tria l ?

15 Ought the ju dg e use p ersua sion in
. a king his m
cha rg e ?
16 S ay how self con scio u sness
.
-
m
a y hind er the p o wer
of p ersua sion in a sp ea k er
m
.
17 Is e o tio n wi tho u t w o rd s ev er p ersu a sive ? I f so

.
,
i llustra te .
18 M ight g estures wi tho u t wo rd s b e p ersua sive ? I f

.
so i llu stra te
,
.
19 H a s p o sture in a sp ea k er a n y thing to do wi th p er
.
su a sion ? D i sc u ss .
H a s voic e ? D i sc u ss
m
20 . .
21 Ha s a nn er ? D i sc u ss
. .
CHA PT ER XXV
‘
IN F L U E N C IN G TH E CRO WD
u cc s in b u in in th l t n lysis tu n up on touching
m
S es s e ss , e as a a , r s
th i e gin tion of c owd Th

a a on th t p ch in thi
r s . e rea s a re a ers s
nt g n tion l s ucc ful in g tting p op l t w nt

m m m
pre se e e ra a re e s s e ss e e e o a
goodn s th n bu in in g tting th t w nt oto

m m
es a n s e ss e a re e e o a r
c nd p i nol i th t b u in cl s o
m
h t
a rs , a s, a a n s a s, s a s e ss e a a a s a re re
cl o n d d p t tu d nts of hu n n tu nd h v bon d
m
se a es era e s e a a re , a a e e
down h d t th t of tou ching th i gin tions of th

ar er o e ar e a a e
c o d
r w — G E RAL D S TANLE Y LE E C wd
s , ro s .
m
ly p art of July 1 9 1 4 a collec tion of French
m
In the ea r , ,
en in Pa ri s or Ger a n s in B erl in wa s not a crowd in a

, ,
yc o l ogic a l sen se a ch individu a l ha d his own sp eci a l
m
m
p s h E .
interests a nd n eed s a nd there wa s no p owerful co on

m
,
idea to unify the A gro up th en rep resen ted on ly a

m
.
collec tion of individua ls A onth la ter a ny collection

m m m m
.
,
of French en or G er a ns for ed a crowd : Pa trio ti s

m
m
,
ha te a co,
on fea r a p erva sive gri ef ha d unifi ed the
, ,
m
individua ls .
The p sych o l ogy of the crowd is fa r differen t fro

mm m
the
p sychology of the p ersona l e b ers tha t co po se it The .
crowd is a di stinc t enti ty I ndividua ls restra in a nd subdue

m m
.
a ny of th eir i pulses a t the dicta tes of reason The .
crowd n ever reason s It only feels AS p ersons there is a . .
sen se of resp on sibi li ty a tta ch ed to our a c tion s wh ich
m
ch eck s a ny of our incite ents but the sense of responsi m
m
,
bility is l o st in the c rowd b ec a u se of its nu b ers The .
crowd is exc eedingly suggestib le a nd will a ct upon the

F
IN LU E N CIN G TH E CROWD 30 9
w i ldest a nd m
o st ex tre e idea s The crow d in d is m m
m m
-
.
i i iv d i ll c l n d o c io n w h ic h
mm
p r t e a n w hee r p a s a n p erf r a t s
its e b ers w o ul d u tterly rep u dia te

m
.
ob is on ly a highly wro ught cro w d Ruskin s

S
m
A
’
-
.
descrip tio n is fi tti n g : You ca n ta lk a ob into a n y thing ;

m
its feeling s — —
usua lly a re ou the w ho le g enero u s
m
ay be ,
a nd right b ut it ha s no fo un da tio n for the no ho l d of
m m
, ,
You a y tea se or tic kl e it in to a ny thing a t y o ur
m
the .
p l ea su r e It t
.hi nk s b y i nf e c tio n ,f or th e o st p a rt c a tc h ,
ing a n op inion l ik e a co ld a nd there is no thin g so li ttl e

,
tha t it wi ll not ro a r i tself wi l d a bo ut when the fi t is on , ,
no thing so grea t but it wi ll fo rget i n a n hour when the fi t

”
m
is p a st .
Hi sto ry will Show crow d i n d work s The

how the
m m m
us -
.
edieva l in d wa s not given to rea soning ; the edi eva l

m a n a tta ched g rea t w eig ht to the u ttera nc e Of a u tho ri ty ;
his religion to u ched chi efly the e o tio ns These co n di m .
tion s p rovi ded a rich soi l for the p rop a g a tion of the c ro w d
m ind when in the el ev en th c entury fl a g ella tion a v olun

m
, , ,
la ry sel f sco urgi n g wa s p rea ched b y the onk s S ub

m
-
.
,
reci ting p enetintia l p sa l
m
S titutin fl ll t i n f s wa s
g a g e a o o r
a lv oca ted b y the r efo r A sc a l e w a s dra w n up

m
ers .
,
Iraking one tho u sa nd stro k es eq uiva l ent to ten

p sa l s ,
or fif teen tho u san d to the e n tire a l t r T hi c

p s e s ra z e .
sp ea d b y l ea s — a nd c ro wds Fla g ella nt fra ternities

p .
sp ru g u P ri es ts c a rr y i ng b a nn er l d th o u g h th
p . s e r e
strets grea t p roc essio n s r eci ti n g

p a y ers a nd whipp i n g
r
thei b loo d y bo di es wi th l ea thern thong s fi tted wi th four
iron ooints . m
Pop e Cl e e n t deno unc ed this p ra c ti se a nd
1 Sa m e a nd I/ llies .
3 1 0 THE ART OF PUB LIC S PE AKI NG
se vera l of the l ea ders of th ese proc essions ha d to b e

b urned a t the sta ke b efore the frenzy co ul d b e up roo ted .
All western a n d c entra l E urop e w a s turn ed in to a crow d

by the prea ching of the cru sa ders a nd illions of the ,
m
foll owers of the Princ e of Pea c e rushed to the Ho ly La n d
to kill the hea then E ven the c hil d re n sta rted on a cru
m
.
sa d e a g a in st the S a ra c ens The ob sp i ri t w a s so strong
m
-
.
tha t ho e a ffec tio n s a nd p er sua sio n co ul d not p re
va il a ga inst it a nd tho u sa nds of ere b a b es died in m

m
thei r a tte p ts to r ea ch a nd re d ee the mS a c red
S epul chre .
I n the ea rly p a rt of the eighteen th c en tury the S o uth

m m
S ea Co p a n y w a s fo r ed in E ngl a nd B ri ta i n b ec a e a m
m
.
sp ecul a tiv e c ro w d S toc k in the S o u th S ea Co p a ny rose

m
.
fro p oints in Ja nua ry to 550 in M ay a nd sco red

m
,
in J uly Five illion sha res were sol d a t this

mm m
.
p re iu S p ecul a tion ra n rio t Hu n d red s of co p a ni es

m
. .
w ere o rg a niz ed One wa s fo r ed for a wheel of p erp etu a l

“
m
.
o tion Ano th er n ev er tro ub l ed to giv e a ny rea son a

m
.
a ll for ta king the c a sh of its sub sc rib e rs— it erely F
noun c ed tha t it w a s o rg a ni z ed for a d esig n which

“
m
herea fter b e p ro ul g a ted Own ers b eg a n to sell
m
,
.
ob c a u ght the sugg estio n a p a nic en su ed
m
, ,
S ea Co p a ny stoc k fell 80 0 p oin ts in a few d a y s

m
,
ore tha n a billion dolla rs eva p o ra ted in t hi s er

frenzied sp ecul a tio n
m
.
The b urni ng of the wi tches a t S a l e the K1 ,
gol d c ra ze a nd the fo rty eight p eop l e who were

m m
-
ob s in the Uni ted S ta tes in 1 9 1 3 a re ex a ple

m
,
to us in A eric a .
THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE AKIN G
cco plished by unifying the inds a nd m m

m
This ca n be a
needs of the a udi ence a nd a ro using their e o tions Their

m
.
feel gs i on u —
pl yed upon i i is up
m m
in n o t the
,
r re a s st b e a ,
”
Arg u en t ha s its pl a c e on the
m m
to hi to do this nobly .
pla tfor but even its p o tencies ust sub serve the sp ea k
,
er s pl a n of a tta c k to win possession of his a u dienc e
m
’
Rerea d the cha p ter on F eelin g a nd Enthu sia s

m m
It .
is i p o ssib l e to a k e a n a udi enc e a c row d wi th o ut a pp ea l

m
ing to their e o tions Ca n yo u i a gin e the a vera ge gro up m
m
.
b eco ing a crowd while h ea ring a l ec ture on D ry F ly

Fi shing or on Egyp tia n Art? On the o ther ha nd it wo ul d
m
, ,
not ha v e requi re d w o rl d f a o us eloquenc e to h a ve turned -
a ny a u dienc e in Ul ster in 1 9 1 4 in to a cro w d b y disc u ssing
m
, ,
the Ho e Rul e Act The c row d sp iri t d ep ends l a rg ely

.
-
on the sub j ec t used to fuse their individua lities into one

glowi ng whol e .
No te how Antony pla y ed up on the feeling s of his h ea rers

m
in the fa o us funera l o ra tion given b y S ha k esp eare in
Julius Caesa r Fro ur uring uni ts the en b eca e mmm m m
m
.
a u ni t
— a ob .
AN TON Y S ORA TI ON OVER CE S ARS B OD Y

’ ’
m m
i nd Ro n count y n ! L nd you m
m m m
Fr e s, a s, r e e e r ea rs ;
I co t bu y C i hi
m m
e o n t t p
r sa r , o o ra se .
Th vil th t n do liv s ft th ;
e e a e e a er e
Th good i ft int
e d with th i bon
s o erre e r es :
S l t it b w ith C ! Th Nob l B u tu
m
o e e ae sa r e e r s
H th to l d yo u C
a w bitiou aesa r as a s .
g i vou f ult
m
If it w it w
e re so , as a r e s a ,
An d g i vo u ly h th C
r e n w d it
s a sa r a s e re .
und l v of B utu nd th
m
H e re , er ea t e r s, a e re s
For B u tu i r n h ono
s bl n
s a ra e a ,
INFLUE NCIN G THE CROWD 3 3
I
y ono bl m
mI
So a re the a ll , a ll h ra e en
o k in C s fun l
m m
’
C e to sp e a a sa r era .
f nd f i ful ju
y h w m
H w e y as i t h n d t t
r e , a a s o e:
B ut B utu bitiou ;
And B utu i n hono b l m
r s sa s e as a s
H h th b ought m ny c p tiv homt Ro m

r s n s a ra e a .
n omdid th g n l coff fill

e a r a a es e o e,
Who
mm
se ra s s e e e ra e rs :
D id thi in C s bitiou ? aesa r se e a s
Wh n th t th p oo h v c i d C
Am bition houl d b m
e a e h th w p t ; r a e r e , ae sa r a e
d of t n tuff
y h w m
s e a e s er er s :
Y t B utu bitiou ;
An d B utu i n hono b l m
e r s sa s, e as a s
r s n s a ra e a .
Y u ll did th t on th Lup c l
I th ic p nt d himkingly c own
o a see , a , e er a ,
W thi m
r e rese e a r ,
Which h did th ic fu bition ?

y h w m
e r e re se . as s a
Y t B utu bitiou ;
bl m
e r s sa s e as a s
And u h i
s n hono
re , e n s a ra e a .
I p k n t t di p ov wh t B utu p ok
I m
’
s ea o o s r e a r s s e,
k wh t I do know
m
B ut h t
e re p a o S ea a
m
.
Y u ll did l ov hi onc n t wi thout c u ;

m
o a e e, o a se
Wh t c u withhold you th n t ou n f hi ?
m
a a se s e o r or
Oh ju dg nt thou t fl d t b uti h b t
m on —B with m
, e , ar e o r s e a s s,
And n h v l o t th i
e a e ; s e r rea s ea r e
My h t i in th coffi n th wi th C
An d I m u t p u till it comb ck t m
ea r s e ere aesa r ,
i m
s a se e a o e .
M think th u ch on in
ightly of th m
1 Pl b i n e e a . e s e re s re a s
2 Pl If thou con id
e . tt s er r e a er ,
h d g t w ong
m
C aesa rh as a rea r .
m
3 P le . Ha s he , a sters ?
If ea r co in hi p l c
the re w ill a w o rse e s a e .
M k d y hi w o d ? H woul d n t t k th c own ;
m
’
4 Pl e . ar e s r s e o a e e r
fo ti c t in h w n t bitiou
m
Th
’
ere re , s er a , e as o a s .
1 Pl If it b founde . o will d bid it e so , s e ea r a e .
Poo oul hi y wi th w p ing

m m
2 Pl e . d fi r s , s e e s a re re as re ee .
nobl an in Ro th n Ant ony

m m
’
3 Pl Th n t e . e re s o a er e a .
k hi h b gin g in t p k
mm
4 Pl N w e . o ar , e e s a a o S ea .
A nt B u t y t d y th w o d of C
. ight es er a , e r sa r
H v tood g in t th w o l d n w li h th
m
a e s a a s e r : o es e ere ,
An d non p oo t do hi v nc
e so r o re ere e .
3 4
1 THE ART or PUBLIC S PE AKI NG
m if I w i
m m
Oh
’
, a sters ! e re d iS p o s d to st r
Y ou h t nd ind t utiny nd g
r ea r s a s o a ra e,
I houl d do B utu w ong n d C iu w ong

m
s r s r , a a ss s r ,
Wh you ll know h ono bl

m
o, an , a re ra e e .
I will n t do th w ong ; I th choo

m
o e r ra er se
T w rong th d d t w ong y l f nd y u
m
o e ea , o r se , a o ,
Th n I will w ong u c h h ono b l

m
a n r s ra e e .
B ut h p ch nt with th
ere s a
’
l of C ar
; e , e sea aesa r
I found it in hi cl o t ; ti hi will
m
m m
’
s se s s :
L t b u t th co on h thi t st nt
m m
e e s ea r s e a e
Which p don I do n t
, nt ar d e, o ea o re a
And th y w oul d go nd ki d d C w o u nd
’
e a ss ea ae sa r s s,
An d d ip th i n p kin in hi c d bl ood ;
m mm
e r a s s sa re
h i of hi f oy
m
Y b g
ea , e a a r or e r ,
And dying , ntion it wi thin th i w ill , e e r s,
B q u thing it
e ea ich l g cy as a r e a
Unt o th i i u e r ss e .
4 Pl W ll h th will R d it M k Antony
e . e
’
ea r e : ea , ar .
All Th will ! th w ill ! w will h will

m
’
. e C e e ea r aesa r s .
A nt H v p ti nc g n tl f i nd I u t n t d it ;
m
. a e a e e, e e r e s: s o re a
t yo u kno w h w C d you
m
’
It i n t s o l ee o aesa r ov .
n t w ood yo u n t ton
m
Y u o a re o but n; , a re o s es , e
An d b ing ing th will of C

m m m
,n h e e , ea r e aesa r ,
It will infl you it will k you d a e , a e a :
Ti good yo u know n t th t you hi h i ;

m
’
s o a a re s e rs
F if you houl d h wh t w oul d co of it !

or s , o , a e
R d th will ; w ll h it An tony !
m
’
4 Pl e . ea e e ea r ,
Y u h ll d u th will ! C w ill !
’
o s a rea s e sa r s
A nt Will yo u b p ti nt ? W ill you t y w hil ?

m
. e a e s a a e
Ih v y lf t t ll you of it
m
’
a h t e o e rs o se , o e .
I f I w ong th hono bl
ea r n r e ra e e
Who d gg h v t b d C ; I do f
m
it
’
se a er s a e s a aesa r ea r .
Th y w t it o Hono b l
m
4 Pl e . e n! e re ra rs : ra e e
All Th will ! th t t nt !
m
. e e es a e
Th y w vill in u th ! Th w ill ! R d th ill !

mm
2 Pl e . e ere a s, r ere rs e ea e w
A nt Y u wi ll co p l th n t d th will ?
m m
. o e e e o rea e
Th n k ing bout th co p of C
m m m
e , a e a r a e r se sa r ,
h w yo u hi th t d th will
m
An d l t e e s e a a e e .
S h ll I d c nd ? And w ill yo u giv

a es e l v ? e e ea e
3 1 6 TH E ART OF PUBLIC S PE AKING
3 Ple . Oh , w oful d a y !
m
4 P le . Oh tra ito rs vi ll a ins !
, ,
1 P le . Oh o st bl oody sight !
,
2 P le We ill
w be re v e n g
’
d!
bout—s k— bu n—fi —kill— l ly
.
All . Reve nge ; a ee r re S a -

L et
i o live !
m
a tr a t r
A nt S t y cou nt y
. n a , r e .
P c th th nob l Antony
m m m
1 Pl e .! H ea e ere ea r e e .
W ll h hi w ll foll ow hi w ll d i with hi
m
’ ’ ’
2 Pl e . e ea r , e , e e .
A n t G ood f i nd w t f i nd l t n t ti you up
m
. r e s, s ee r e s, e e o s r
T o such udd n fl ood of utiny a s e :
Th y th t h v don thi d d
e a h ono bl
a e e s ee a re ra e:
Wh t p iv t g i fs th y h v l ! I kn ow n t
m m
a r a e r e e a e, a as o ,
Th t a d th do it ; th ya e wi n d h ono
e bl e a re se , a ra e,
An d will no do ub t with on n w you

m , ,
re a s s a s er .
I co n t f i nd t t l w y you h t ;
m
e o , r e s, o s ea a a r ea r s
I no o to B utu i ;
m m
a ra r, a s r s s
you know p l in b lu nt
m
B ut as ll n e a , a a a ,
Th t l ov y f i nd n d th t th y kno w f ull w ll
m m
a e r e , a a e e
Th t g v
a p u b l ic l v t
a e p k of hi e ea e o S ea :
F or I h v n ith wit n w o d n w o th
a e e er , or r s, or r ,
Ac tion n utt nc n th p ow of p ch
m
, or e ra e, or e er s ee ,
T o s ti n bl ood I onl y p k ight on

r e
’
s . s ea r :
I t ll you th t which you you lv do know ;

mm
e a rse es
S ho w you w o u nd p oo p oo du b outh
m m
’
w t C r s ee aesa r s s, r, r, s,
And bid th p kf B ut w
e I B utusS ea or e . e re r ,
And B u tu Antony th r w s n An tony , e re ere a
W oul d uffl up you p i it nd p ut tongu

m
r e r s r s, a a e
In v y w ou nd of C th t h o ul d ov
m m
e er aesa r , a s e
ton of Ro t i nd utiny
m
Th e s es e o r se a .
A ll W ll utiny ! ’
. e
W ll b u n th hou of B utu
m
1 Pl
’
e . e r e se r s .
Aw y th n ! C o k th con p i to s
m m m
3 Pl e . a , e e , se e e s ra r .
count y n ; y t h k
m
Ant Y t h . e ea rp e, r e e ea r e S ea .
All P c h ! H
. ea Antony o t nobl Antony
e, o ea r , s e .
A nt Why f i nd you go t do you k no w n t w h t

.
, r e s, o o a .
Wh in h th C thu d rv d yo u l ov
m
?
’
e re a aesa r s e se r es
Al ! you know n t — I u t t ll you th n

as o s e e .
Y u h v fo go t th will I tol d yo u of
o a e r e .
INF LUE NCIN G THE CROWD 3 1 7
P le . M o st tr u e -
the —
will ! let s sta y
’
, a nd hea r the w ill .
i l nd und C l
m
A nt Here is the w l
’
.
, a er ae sa r s se a .
v y Ro n citi n h giv
m m
To e er a ze e es,
To ev y v l n v nty fi dr ch
er se era a se e -
v e a as
—
.
,
.
2 Pl M o t nobl C e . l w ll v ng hi d
s e ae sa r e
’
re e e s ea th .
0 oy l C
m
3 Pl e ! . r a e sa r
a
A nt H wi th p ti nc
. ea r e a e e .
All P c h ! . ea e, o
Ant M o ov h h th l ft you ll hi w lk
. re er, e a e a s a s,
Hi p iv t bou nd n w p l nt d o ch d
m
s r a e ar rs , a e -
a e r ar s,
On this id Tib ; h h th l ft th you

mm
S e er e a e e ,
And t you h i s fo v o co on p l ur e r re er , ea s re s ,
T w lk b o d nd c t you lv
m
o a a r a , a re rea e rse es .
! Wh n co uch noth ?
m
H w
e re C as a aesa r e es s a er
1 Pl N v nv e
— Co
. w y e w y! er , e er e, a a , a a
W ll bu n hi body in th holy p l c
e
’
r s e a e,
And with th b nd fi th t ito h ou

’
e ra s re e ra rs se s .
T k up th body
a e e .
2 Pl G f tc h fi e . o, e re .
Plu ck down b nch

m
3 Pl e . e es .
4 Pl Plu ck down fo e .s windo w nything r , s, a .
[E xeunt Citizens , with the body .
Ant Now le t it w
. ok r . Mischief , th ou a rt a foot ,
Ta k ou wh t cou thou wilt !

e th a rse
To unify sing l e a u di to rs into a crowd exp ress thei r

m
m m
,
co on needs a spira tions da ngers a nd e o tions de

m
, , , ,
l iver your essa ge so tha t the in terests of one sha ll a ppea r

to b e the in terests of a ll The convic tion of one a n is . m
intensified in proportion a s he fin ds o thers sharing
—
his b elief a nd feeling An ton y do es not stop wi th telling
m m
.
the Ro a n p opul a c e tha t Caesa r f ell he — a k es the
tra gedy u niversa l :
Th n I nd you nd ll of u f ll do wn
e , a , a a s e ,
Whil t bloody t on fl ouri h d ov u s rea s s e er s .
Appla use g enera lly a sign of feeling help s to unify a n

, ,
3 8
1 THE ART or PUBLIC S PE AKIN G
a udi enc e The n a ture of the crowd is illustra ted by the

.
conta gi on of a pp la use Rec ently a throng In a New York

m
.
oving p ic ture a nd va udevi lle ho use ha d b een a ppla u ding

m
-
sev era l so ng s a nd when a n a dv erti se e n t for ta i l o re d
m
,
ski rts wa s thro wn on the sc reen so e one sta rted the
a ppl a u se a n d the crowd l ik e S heep b l indly i i ta ted m

m
, , ,
until so eon e sa w the j oke a nd la ughed ; then the crowd

a g a in fo ll o w ed a l ea d er a nd l a ughed a t a nd a p pl a u d ed its
ow n stup i di ty
mm
.
Ac to rs so eti es sta rt a pp l a u se for their li nes b y sn a p

ing i fi g o m fi o i ll m
m
p the r n er s S . e o n e in th e r st few r w s w is
ta k e it for f a in t a p p l a u se a nd the wh o l e thea tre wi ll chi e

,
An ob serva nt a u di tor will b e i nterested in no ticing

the va rio u s d evic es a m
onologi st will u se to g et the first
ro u nd of l a ug hter a n d a ppl a u se He w o rk s so ha rd b e
.
c a use he knows a n a udienc e of units is a n a udi enc e of

m
indifferent c ri tic s b ut onc e g et the to l a ughing together
m
,
a nd ea ch S ing l e l a ug her sw eep s a n u b er of o thers with

m unti l the whol e thea tre is a roa r a nd the enterta in er
m m
hi ,
ha s scored Th ese a re
. eretricio u s sc he es to b e su re, ,
a n d do not sa vo r in the l ea st of in sp i ra tion b ut c rowd s ,
ha v e not Cha ng ed in their n a ture in a th o u sa nd y ea rs a nd

the on e la w h o l d s for the grea test p rea cher a n d the p etti est
m
stu p k — yo u u m f u y o u u nc h y wi ll
m m
p s-
e a er st se r a di e e o r t e
to y o ur essa g e The d evic es of the g rea t

m
not w a r .
o ra to r a y not b e so ob v io us a s tho se of the va udevi lle

m onologi st but the p rinciple is the sa e : he tri es to m
m
,
strik e so e u niv ersa l no te tha t wi ll h a v e a ll his h ea rers
feeling a lik e a t the sa e ti e mm .

3 2 0 THE ART or PUBLIC K G
S PE A IN
crowd Thi s c a nno t b e done when they

m m
a
-
sc a ttered over a l a rg e sea ting sp a c e or wh en a ny e pty

b enches sepa ra te the sp ea ker fro his hearers Ha ve m
m m
.
your a u di enc e sea ted co p a ctly How a ny a prea cher

m m
.
ha s b e o a n ed the enor o u s edific e over which wh a t woul d

m
nor a lly b e a la rg e congrega tion ha s sca ttered in chilled
a nd chilling so l i tu d e S u nd a y a f ter S unda y ! B i sh o p
m
B roo k s hi self co ul d not h a ve in sp ired a congreg a tion of
on e th o u sa nd so ul s sea ted in the v a stn ess of S t Peter s
m
’
.
a t Ro I n tha t colo ssa l sa nctuary it is onl y on grea t

m
e
.
occ a sions which b ring out the ultitu des tha t the service
— m m
is b efo re the high a l ta r a t o th er ti es the s a ll er side
cha pels a re used .
Universa l idea s surcha rged wi th feeling h elp to crea te

m
the c ro wd a t o sph ere m
Ex a pl es : lib erty ch ara c ter
m
-
.
, ,
righ teo u sn ess co u ra g e fra terni ty a l trui s
m
, , ,
country a nd , , ‘
n a tiona l hero es G eorge Coha n wa s a king p sychology

.
pra c tica l a nd profita b l e wh en he introduc ed the fl ag a nd

fl ag— song s in to his m m m
usica l co edies Cro well s regi
m
’
.
en ts p ra y ed b efo re the b a ttl e a nd wen t in to the figh t
singing h y m ns The French corp s singing the Ma rseil

m m
.
,
la ise in 1 9 1 4 cha rg ed the Ger a ns a s one a n S uch

m
.
,
unifying d evices a ro use the feelings a k e so l diers fa na ti

m m m
,
ca l —
ob s a nd a la s ore eflicent urderers
, ,
.
CHAP T ER XXVI
RID IN G TH E W IN G E D H ORS E
ink nd t f l con titut th tw g nd divi ions of

m m m m
To th
’
a o ee s e e o ra s
—
, ,
en of g niu
e th s n of soning nd th
e n of i gin tion
e re a a e e a a .
IS AAC D IS RAEL I Lit y Ch t f M n f G niu , era r a ra c er o e o e s .
mgin ion bodi fo i

fo mof ing unkno n
And as a at es rth
ot pn
m
’
The r s th s w , the p e s e
un giv i y nothing
nm
T r s the to sha p e s a nd e s to a r
l oc l bi ion
m
m m
A a ha ta t a nd a a e .
A
S H KE S PE ARE , Midsu er -
Nig ht s D rea
’
.
mmm co on a ong tho se who dea l chiefly with life s

m
’
It is ,
pra ctica lities to think of i a gina tio n a s ha ving little va lue

m m
,
in co pa rison wi th direct thinking They s ile wi th

m
tolera nc e when E erson sa y s tha t S ci enc e do es not
m
know its deb t to the i a gina tio n for these a re the words ,
of a sp ecula tive essa y ist a p hilo sop her a p o et B ut

m m
.
, ,
—
when Na p ol eo n the indo ita b l e wel der of e p ires de —
m m
cla res tha t The hu a n ra ce is governed b y its i a gi n a
mm
mm
tion the a u thori ta tive wo rd co a nd s thei r resp ec t
mm m
.
,
B e it re e b ered the fa cul ty of fo r ing enta l i a ges

m m
,
18 a s effi ci ent a cog a s a y b e fo u nd in the who l e ind

mm m
ach e True it u st fi t into tha t o ther vi ta l cog p ure
m
.
, ,
th o ught b ut when it do es so it a y b e qu estion ed
m m
,
wh ich is the ore p ro duc tive of i p orta nt results for the

m m
happin ess a nd well b eing of a n This should b eco e
m
-
.
ore a pp a rent a s we go on .
3 2 2 TH E ART OF P U B LIC S P E AKIN G
I . WHAT IS I MAGINATION ?
k for a definition for a score of va rying
m
L et
m
us not see ,
on es a y b e fo u nd b ut let us gra sp thi s fa ct: B g n

m m
, y 1 a 1 a
tion we ea n ei ther the f a c ul ty or the p roc ess of for ing

m m
en ta l i a g es
m m m
.
The sub j ec t a tter of i a gin a tion a y b e rea lly ex
m
-
istent in n a ture or not a t a ll rea l or a co bina tion of

m m m
, ,
—
bo th ; it ay b e p hys a l or sp iritua l or bo th the enta l
m m m
,
i a ge is a t onc e the o st la wl ess a nd the ost la w a biding

m
-
Chi l d tha t ha s ev er b een bo rn of the i nd
m m
.
Fi rst of a ll a s its na e S u
,
ggests the p rot ess of I a gina
,
tion — for we a re thinking of it now a s a p roc ess ra the

mm
r
tha n a s a f a c ul ty — ory a t wo rk Th erefore we

m m
is e .
ust con sider it p ri a rily a s
m
b
mm
I . Reproductive I a gina tion
We see o r hea r or feel or ta ste or s e ll so eth ing a nd
the ion p a sses a wa y Yet we a re consc10 us of a

sensa t :
grea ter or l esser a bi li ty to rep roduc e such feeling s a t will .
Tw o co nsid era tion s in g en era l will gov ern the vividn ess
m
, ,
—
of the i a g e thus evoked the streng th of the o rigina l
m
i p ression a nd the reproduc tive p ower of one ind a s m
m m
,
co p a red wi th a no ther Yet every nor a l p erson will

m m
.
b e a b l e to evok e 1 a g es wi th so e d eg ree of d ea fness

m m
.
The fa c t tha t not a ll ind s p o ssess thi s i a ging fa cul ty

m
in a ny thing lik e equa l ea sure wi ll ha ve a n i p orta n t m
b ea ring on the p ub lic sp eaker s study of this question
m m m
’
.
No a n who do es not f eel a t l ea st so e p o etic i pul ses

is l ik ely to a sp i re serio u sly to b e a p o et yet a ny wh o se m,
3 4
m ind d e ,
and m
o of st b ent in this d rec tion Clo se
us a re
i
.
you r eyes now a nd re c a ll

— the wo rd thu s hyphen a ted
m m
-
is o re sugg estive
— the sc en e a ro und thi s orning s ’
brea kfa st ta b l e Po ssib ly there wa s no thing Striking in

m
.
the si tua tion a nd the i a g e is therefo re not striking Th en

m
.
—
’
i a g e a ny notable table sc ene in yo ur exp eriencc how

m
h
vividly it sta nds forth b eca use a t the ti e you felt the
m m
,
i pression strongly J ust then yo u a y not ha ve b een

.
conscio us of how strongly the sc ene wa s la y ing hol d up on
m
you for often we a re so in tent up on wha t we see tha t we
,
give no pa rticula r thought to the fa c t tha t it is i pressing

m
a y surp ri se y o u to l ea rn how a cc u ra tely you a re
m m
us. It
a b l e to i a g e a sc en e when a l ong ti e ha s el a p sed b e
tween the con scio u s foc u ssing of yo ur a tten tion on the
m m
i a ge a nd the ti e when y o u S a w the origina l
m m
.
(b ) The a uditory i a ge is p rob a b ly the nex t o st

vivid of our reca lled exp erienc es Here a ssocia tion is
m
.
p o tent to suggest si ila rities Clo se out a ll the worl d .
b eside a nd listen to the p ecul ia r wood a ga inst— wood so u nd

m m
-
of the sha rp thunder a o ng rocky o unta ins the c ra sh —

m
of b a ll a ga inst ten pins a y sugg est it Or i a g e (the m
m m
'
-
.
w o rd is i p erfec t for it see s to sugg est only the eye)

m
,
the so und of tea ring ro p es when so e p recio u s weigh t
ha ng s in da nger Or reca ll the b a y of a hound a l o st

. m
—
up on yo u in pu rsui t Choo se yo ur own sound a nd see
m m
,
how p l ea sa n tly or terrib ly rea l it b eco es when i a g ed

in your b ra in
m m
.
(C) The otor i a ge is a clo se co p etito r with the

a u di to ry for seco n d p l a c e H a ve y o u ever a wa k en ed in
m
m
.
the night every ,

uscle ta u t a nd striving to feel yo ur ,
RIDIN G THE WI N GE D HORS E 3 5
2
lf straining a ga in st the opp o sing foot b a ll line tha t hel d

m
Se -
like a ston e wa ll—or a s fir l y a s the hea dboa rd Of yo ur

mm
-
b ed ? Or volu nta rily rec a ll the ove ent Of the boa t

when y o u cri ed inwa rdl y It s a ll up wi th
,
’
e!
”
The m
peril ous lurch Of a tra in the sudden sinking Of a n el eva tor
m
, ,
or the un exp ec ted topp ling of a rocking cha ir a y serve
m
-
a s fu rther exp eri
m m
m
ents .
(d) The gusta tory i a ge is co on enough a s the idea

m mm
,
Of ea ti n g l e on s will testify S o eti es the p lea sur

m
.
a b l e recoll ec tio n Of a d el ightful dinn er wi ll c a u se the outh

m
to wa ter y ea rs a fterwa rd or the i a g e of p a rticul a rly
m
,
a trocio u s e dici ne wi ll wrinkl e the no se l ong a f ter it
m a de one da y in bo y hood wretched
m m m
.
(e) The olfactory i a ge is even o re delica te S o e

mm
.
there a re who a re a ffec ted to il ln ess b y the ory Of

m
e
certa in Odors while o thers exp erienc e the o st del ec tab le

m
,
sen sa tion s b y the ri se Of p l ea sing Olf a c to ry i a g es
m m
.
(f) The ta ctile i a ge to na e no o thers is well nigh

, ,
a s p o tent . D O y o u shu dd er a t the tho ught of v elvet

rubb ed b y S ho rt n a i l ed fing er tip s? Or were y o u ever
mm
-
b urned b y touching a n ice cold stove? Or ha pp ier e

-
ory ca n y o u still feel the to u ch Of a w ell l oved a b sent ha nd ?
mm m
-
B e it re e b ered tha t few Of these i a g es a re p resent

m m —
in our ind s excep t in co bina tion the sight a nd sound
of the cra shing a va la nche a re one ; so a re the fla sh a nd
rep o rt Of the hunt m
a n s g un tha t c a
’
e so n ea r
“
mdoing
m m
for us .
Thu s, —
i a ging esp ecia lly conscious oductive
m ml
rep r i
a g ina tion
— will b eco e a va lua ble pa rt Of our enta
processes in p rop ortion a s we direct a nd control it .
3 2 6 TH E A RT OF P U B L IC S PE AKIN G
2 . P rodu ctiv e I m a gin a tion
of m
foregoing ex a p les a nd doub tless a lso a ny m
m
All
m
the
m
,
of the exp eri ents y o u y ourself a y origina te a re erely

m
,
rep ro du c tiv e Pl ea sura b l e or ho rrific a s these a y b e they

m m
.
,
a re fa r l ess i o e i a g e s evo k ed b y the p ro
m
p r ta n t tha n th
—
ductiv e i a gina tio n tho ugh tha t do es not infer a sep a ra te
fa cul ty
m m
.
Rec a ll a g a in for exp eri en t so e sc en e wh o se b e

, ,
ginning y o u onc e sa w ena c ted on a street corner but

m
p a ssed by b efore the déno ue ent wa s rea dy to b e disclo sed
m
.
—
Rec a ll it a ll tha t fa r the i a g e is rep rodu c tive B ut
m
.
wha t fo ll o w ed ? L et y o u fa n ta sy o a a t pl ea sure—
m
r r the
su cc eeding sc enes a re p rodu c tiv e for yo u h a v e ,

ore or
less con scio usly invented the unrea l on the b a sis Of the
rea l .
And just h ere the fi ctionist the p o et a nd the pub l ic

m
, ,
sp ea k er will see the v a lu e of p rodu c tiv e i a g ery Tru e .

,
the f eet of the ido l yo u b uil d a re on the gro und b ut its ,
hea d p ierc es the c lo uds it is a son Of bo th ea rth a nd h ea ven

m m
.
,
One fa c t it is i p orta n t to no te here : I ag ery is a

m
.
va lua b l e enta l a sset in p rop o rtion a s it is controlled by

the h igh er in tellec tu a l p ow er Of pure rea son
m
The un .
tu to red chi l d Of n a ture think s l a rg ely in i a g es a nd th ere

m
fore a tta ches to the undue i po rta nc e He rea dily m
m
.
—
confuses the rea l wi th the unrea l to hi they a re of
m
l ike va lue B ut the a n Of tra ining rea dily di stinguishes
m m
.
the one fro the o ther a nd eva lua tes ea c h wi th so e ,
if not with p erfec t justic e

m m
,
.
S O we see th a t un restra in ed i a g ing a y p rodu c e a

3 8
2 THE ART OF PUB LIC S P E AKI NG
prob a b le m
ood itu de toward occ a sion
m
it s a nd a tt the ,
the
t he e ,
a nd the pea ker
s .
(b )
m
Concei ve your speech as a whole while you a re pre
l yo u —i g —
m
pa ring its p a r ts ,
e se ca n n o t see a e how its
pa rts sha ll b e fi tly fra ed together

m
.
i n
x m p o n o u p ch m dic
(C) I a ge the la ngua ge you will use, SO fa r as wr tte
bi of
im
or e te ra e s s ee ay ta te . The ha t
gi g ill giv y o u c oic v i d figu of p ch

mm co m
a n w e h e Of ar e res s ee ,
b dd i ou f p i on
i hou b loom
for re e er tha t an a ress w th t resh ar s s
l ik g d con n i h
comflo ing you
is e a ar en w t t s . DO not be te t w t
the fi ckn y d figu ha tha t w

d m un il
rst e e re es to r p en
p oin iking un u u l
l com
t, but rea on t the str ,
the s a , ye t
the vividly p i o p oi y ou o ugh lik

rea ar s n n ts r th t e
steel do es ow tip the a rr -

.
No te the freshness a nd eff ec tiv eness of the foll owing

descrip tion fro the op ening Of O H enry s story The m .
’
,
Ha rbing er .
ong b fo th S p ingtid is f lt in th dull b oso Of th m

m
L e re e r e e e e
yok l do th ity n know th t th g s g n godd ss is

e es e C a a e ra s -
ree e
up on h th on H it t his b kf t ggs nd to t b gi t
m m
er r e . e S s a rea as e a as , e r
by ton w ll s Op n hi o ning p p nd s j ou na li l v
m
s e a , e s s r a er a see r s ea e
v ern li at th p o t
s a e s .
wh s S p ing s co u i onc th vid nc of ur ’

F or erea s w r r er e re e e e e e o
fin ns s n w th As oci t d P s do s th t ick
e r se e , o e s a e re s e e r .
Th w b l of th fi st obin in H c k n ck th ti ring Of
m
e ar e e r r a e sa , e s r
l in nn ng on b u dding u y ill o
m
th e p s p a B i et t ha Of th p w
e w s , e e ss
al ong th in t t in S y cus th fi st chi p Of th blu

e a s ree ra e, e r r e e
bird th sw n ong Of th b lu p oint th nnu l to n do in

m mm
, e a s e e , e a a r a
S t L o ui th p l int Of th p ch p i ist f o Po p ton N J

m
. s, e a e ea ess r , . .
,
gul vi it Of th t wil d goo s with b ok n l g t th

m
th e re ar s e a e e a r e e o e
p ond n B il g w t
ea r Junction th b tte p t of th D ru g
a er , e a se a e e
T u st t boo t th p ic of quinin foil d in th H o us by C n

m
r o s e r e e e e e o
g ss n Jinks th fi st t ll p op l st u ck by lightning n d the

re a , e r a ar r a
RIDIN G THE WIN GE D H ORS E 329
uu l nn d p icknick wh h d t k n fug th fi t c ck
m
s a stu e ers o a a e re e, e rs ra
j b in th Al l gh ny Riv th finding Of viol t

m
Of th i e ce a e e e er, e a e
in it o y b d by th co p ond nt t Round Co n —th

s ss e e rres e a r ers e se
dv nc d ign Of th bu g oning n th t wi d
m
a re th e a a e S s e r e sea so a a re re
into th wi ity whil th f

e se C nothing b ut wint up on
, e e ar er sees er
hi d y fi ld
m
s rea r e s .
B ut thes b xt n l Th t u h bing is th h rt
e e e re e er a s . e r e ar er e ea .
Wh n S t p hon k hi Chl o nd Mik hi M ggi th n onl y

e re see s s e a e s a e, e
is S p ing iv d nd th n w p p p o t of th fi foot ttl

m
r a rr e a e e s a e r re r e v e ra er
kill d in S qui P tt g w p tu confi d

e re e re re
’
s as re r e .
A ha ckn ey ed writer woul d p rob a b ly ha v e sa id tha t the

newsp ap er told the city a n a bout sp ring b efore the m
mco
fa r er vi denc e Of it but tha t the rea l
ul d see a ny e ,
bi g er Of sp ri ng w a s l ove a nd tha t In the S p ring a

you g m
ha r n
nn a s fa nc y lightly turns to tho ughts Of l ove

’
.
2 . I m a ging in S peach D eliv ery -
When onc e the p a ssion ch is on y o u a nd y ou a re Of sp ee
m — b y ik ing ll the iron is hot

m
wa r ed up p e rh a p s str ti
so tha t y o u a y not f a i l to stri k e when it is hot — y o ur
m ood will b e one Of vi sion
m m m
.
Then (a ) Re i a ge past e otion Of which — ore else

m
-
h
w e er Th e
. a c to r re— ca lls the Old feelings every ti e he
renders his telli n g li nes
m
.
(b ) Reconstruct in i age the scenes you a re to describe

m
.
c
mm
() I a ge th e obj ects in n a tur e w h ose tone you a re
delinea ting S O tha t b ea ri n g a nd voic e a nd

,
ove ent
(g u ) ill ic u fo h h o l convincing l y
m
est r e w p t re rt t e wh e .
In stea d Of erely sta ting the fa c t tha t whiskey ruin s

m m
ho es the te p era nc e sp ea k er p a ints a dru nka rd co ing m
m m
‘
ho e to a b use his wif e a nd strik e his chil dren It is uch .

330 THE ART OF PU B L IC S P E AKING
m
o re efctive tha n telling the truth in a b stra ct ter s To
fe m .
dep ic t the cruelness Of wa r do not a ssert the fac t ab

m
,
stra ctly Wa r is cruel S how the soldi er a n a r swep t .

,
a w a y by a b ursting shel l ly ing on the b a ttl efi eld p l ea ding ,
for w a ter ; S ho w the chil dren w ith tea r sta in ed fa c es -
pressed a ga in st the window p a n e pra y ing for their dea d

fa ther to return Avoid genera l a nd p ro sa ic ter s Pa int m
m m
. .
pictures Evolve i a ges for the i a g1na tion Of y o ur

.
a u dienc e to con stru c t in to p ic tu res Of th ei r own .
III HOW TO ACQUI RE THE I MAGING HAB IT

mm
mic n mn
.
You b d A
um um
re e er the er a sta tes a who a sserte
lic ion ”
im
tha t the wa y to res e is to res e ? The app at
bvio u ginning i h fi pl n l
qu li i of im g m
is O s . Be wt the rst s e a a yses Of
hi y ou king
im
t s Cha p ter, test r own a t es a e -
a .
O by p ci v l kind g h n
in com mny img
ne one ra t se the se era s Of a es ; t e a dd
— v n nv n —o bin ion
com in com l x fo m com
e e i e t thers at ,
for a a es
e to u s lik bin d noi p e r ,

e the e se a nd
hoving do ch ing c o d
f p c i ing on p oduc iv im
s a nd hot O r Of a eer r w .
A ter ra ging u n
t s re r t e a ,
t r to the
produc tive b eginning wi th the rep roduc tive a nd a dding

,
produc tive fea tures for the sake Of cultiva ting invention .
Frequently a llow yo ur o rigina ting gifts full swing by

m m
,
—
wea ving co pl ete i a gin a ry fa b ric s S ights so u nd s , ,
sc en es ; a ll the fi ne wo rl d Of f a n ta sy l i es op en to the
j o urn ey ing s Of y our winged steed

m
.
I n like a nner tra in yourself in the use of figura tive

la ngua ge Lea rn first to distingui sh a nd then to use its
m
.
va ri ed for s When used with restra int no thing ca n b e

m
.
,
ore eff ec tive tha n the trop e ; b ut onc e let ex tra va ga nc e

p rec eded the disturb a nc e ; (c) i a gin e wha t fo llowed it ; m

() conn c o l in d ic n ion m
m
d e t th e w h e a te r se ra a t a rr a t for ,
the pl a tfo r a nd d eliv er it wi th ca reful a tten tion to a ll
tha t y ou h a v e l ea rn ed Of the pub lic sp ea k er s a rt
m
’
.
10 D O the sa e wi th o ther inciden ts yo u h a ve seen

.
,
or h e a rd Of or rea d of in the n ew sp a p ers

, .
NOTE : It is hop ed th a t thi s ex erci se will b e va ri ed a nd

exp a nd ed un til the pup i l ha s g a in ed con sid era b l e a stery m
m
Of i a gin a tiv e n a rra tion (S ee Cha p ter on Na rra .
tion
m m
.
Exp eri en ts h a ve p roved tha t the a j o ri ty Of
m m m
II .
o pl h n k o vivi y in of vi u l i g
m m m
p e e t i st dl t e r s s a a es .
However so e think ore rea dily in ter s Of a uditory

m m m
,
o to r i a g es It is a good pla n to ix all kinds Of

m
a nd .
i a ges in the course Of your a ddress for yo u will do ub tless

ha ve a ll kinds Of hea rers This pla n wil l serve to give .
va ri ety a nd strengthen your effec ts b y a ppea ling to the

sev era l sen ses of ea ch h ea rer a s w ell a s in teresting , a ny m
differen t a uditors For ex ercise (a ) give severa l origina l
m m m
.
,
ex a l co p o u nd i g con u c b i f
m
( )
m
p es O f a es a n d b s t r t ,
r e
d escrip tions Of the sc enes i a gin ed For exa pl e the .

,
fa lling of a b ridge in proc ess of b uilding .
12 Rea d the fo llo wing Ob serva n tly :

.
ik s uff d bitt p ov ty l t winter in N w Yo k

The str
m
er s e re er er as e r .
L t win t wo n vi iting th E st S id Of N w Yo k City

m m m
as er a a s e a e e r
s w
a noth wo n co ing ut Of t n nt hou wringing
a er a o a e e e se
h nd s Up on inqu i y th vi ito fou nd th t a hil d h d

m
her a . r e s r a C a
f int d in n of th p rt nts S h nt d nd sa w th Chil d

a e o e e a a e . e e e re , a e
ill nd in g whil th f th strik oo

m
a ra s, w st
e p t p
e a er , a er , a oo r o ro
vid dic l h lp A p hysici n w call d nd sa id th hil d h d

m m
e e a e . a as e a e C a
f inte d f o l c k of food Th onl y food in the ho wa s dri d

a r a . e e e
RIDING THE WIN GE D H ORS E 333
m
m
ovid d gr oc ies f th f il y nd o d
vi si to d
m m m
fi sh . The r pr e er or e a a r ere
ilk n n to l v ilk f th d ily A onth l t

m
th e r a ea e or e a . a e r she
returned Th f th . Of th fe ily kn lt down b fo h

a er e a e e re e r, and
m
cal ling h n ng l id th t h h d v d th i liv f
er a a e sa a s e a sa e e r es , or the
ilk h ha d p ovid d w
S e ll th food th y h d h d
r e as a e e a a .
In the prec eding p a ra grap hs we ha ve sub sta ntia lly

m
two
the sa e sto ry to l d twic e In the first p a ra grap h we

m
.
,
ha ve a fa ct sta ted in genera l ter s In the seco n d we .

,
ha ve a n outline p icture Of a sp ecific happ ening Now

m
.
exp a nd this o u tlin e into a dr a a tic reci ta l dra wi n g freely
m
,
upon your i a gina tion .

CH A P T ER XXVII
G ROWI N G A V OCA B U L A RY
B oy flying kit h ul in th i whit wing d bi d ;

s es a e r e e r s
Y u c n t do th t w y w h n you flying w o d
’ ’
o a a a e re r s .
ful with fi i good dvic w k now

m
C a re re , s a e e
ful wi th w o d i t n ti doub ly O
m mm
C a re r s, s e es S .
Th ou ght u n xp d ny o ti f ll b ck d d ;
m m
s e resse a s e es a a ea
B ut G d Hi lf c n t kill th wh n th y
o se id a
’
e e e
’
re sa .
W ILL CARL E TON Th Fi t S ttl S t y

_
, e rs e er s
’
or .
mvoc bul y ha s a sp ecia l a s well a s a g en era l

m
The ter a ar
ea ning Tru e a ll voc a b ul a ri es a r e g ro u nd ed in the

.
,
ev eryd a y w o rd s of the l a ng u a g e ou t of which g ro w the ,
m
sp eci a l voc a b ul a ri es b ut ea ch su ch sp eci a l i z ed g ro up
,
p o ssesses a nu b er Of wo rd s Of p eculia r v a lu e for its own

Ob j ec ts .These w o rds m
a y b e u se d in o ther v o ca b ula rl es
a l so b u t the f a c t tha t they a re su i ted to a u niq u e o rd er of
m m
,
exp ression a rk s the a s of sp eci a l v a lu e to a p a rticul a r
c ra ft or c a lling
m
.
I n this resp ec t the p ub lic sp ea k er diff ers not a t a ll fro

the p o et the novel i st the sci en ti st the tra v el er
, ,
H e u st ,
. m
a dd to his ev ery d a y stock w o rd s Of v a lu e for the p ub l ic
p r e s e n t a tio n O f t h o u g h t A s tu d y O f th e di sco u
. rses of
eff ec tiv e o ra to rs d i sc l o ses the f a c t tha t they ha v e a fo nd
n ess for wo rd s signify ing p ower l a rg en ess sp eed a c tio n , , , ,
co lo r light a nd a ll thei r opp o sites They frequently

m m
.
, ,
e p l o y w o r d s e x p re ssiv e Of th e v a rio u s e o tion s D e .
sc rip tiv e w o rd s a dj ec tiv e s u se d in fresh rel a tion s w i th
m
,
no uns a nd a p t ep i thets a re freely e p lo y ed I nd eed

, ,
.
,
33 6 THE ART OP PU B LI C S PE AKIN G
sp ea ker Word s i n their rela tions

. a re va stly m
o im
po re r
ta n t tha n wo rd s con sid ered si ng ly .
Wh n v I d book g th t p ticul ly p l d
m
e e p er rea a or a a ssa e a ar ar e a se
in which thing w id n ff c t nd d with p op i ty

omh p p y m
e, a a s sa or a e e re ere r r e ,
in which th w ith o con p icu ou fo c

m m
ere as e er s e s s r e or s e a
di tinction in th tyl I u t it dow n t onc nd t y lf

s e s e, s s a e a se se
to a p th t qu l ity
e Iw un u cc ful nd I kn w it ; nd t i d
a a . as s e ss , a e a r e
g in nd w g in un u cc ful nd lw y un ucc ful ;

v in bout I g t omp ctic in hyth m
a a , a as a a s ess , a a a s s e ss
b ut t l t in th
in h m
a ea s e se a s o s e ra e r ,
ony in con t u c tion nd oo din tion Of p t

dul ou p t H litt t L m
ar , s r a C r a ar s .
I h v thu p l y d th b t
W o d wo th t S i Thom B own t D fo t H wtho n
a e s a e e se s a e o az , o a , o
r s r , o r as r e, o e e, o a r e,
t M on t ign
o a e .
Th t l ik it a n t i th
, w y t l e n t w it ; wh th I
or o , s e a o ea r o r e e er
h v p ofi t d
fin t p m m
a e n t th t i th
r w y
e It w th w y K t
or o , a s e a . as e a ea s
l n d nd th n v w
ea r e , a nt f lit tu
ere e er as a er e e ra e or era re
th n K t
im
’
a ea s
It i th g
b yond th
e
t p oint of th
s
tu d n t ch hi inim
e it tion th t th
e s
re a till hin
i t bl od l L t hi t y
e
’
s rea ,
e se
s
a
a
s
e m
a
e .
e re s
e m
s
r
es
as h pl e h i till u of f ilu ; n d it i n Old n d v y

ea se , e s s s re a re a s a a er
t u r ying th t f ilu i th onl y high o d t ucc

e sa a a re s e r a o s e ss .
F or m Rf the e erence -
B ook Ha bit
content wi th y o ur g enera l knowledge of a

m
DO not be
—
wo rd p ress yo ur stu dy un ti l y o u ha ve a stered its in
dividu a l sha des of ea ni ng a nd u sa g e M ere fluency is m

m
.
sur e to b eco e d esp ic a b l e b ut a ccura cy n ever The ,

.
dic tiona ry conta in s the c ry sta lli z ed usa ge Of intellec tua l

gia nts N0 one who woul d write effec tively da re d esp i se its
m m
.
definitions a nd discri ina tion s Think for ex a p l e Of

m m m
.
, ,
the differen t ea ning s Of a ntle or odel or qua ntity , ,

.
Any l a te edition Of a n u na b ridg ed dic tion a ry is good a nd

m
,
is wo rth a king sa c rific es to own .

GROWING A VOCAB ULARY 33 7
—
B oo ks of synony s a nd a ntony s used c a u tio usly m m
— m
,
for there a re few pe fect synony s in a ny l a ngua ge will

m
'
b e found Of grea t h elp Consider the sha des Of ea ning s

m
.
ong such word group s a s thief pecula tor defaulter

m m m
a -
, , ,
mny m m
e bezzler , burgla r, e
y gg a n, robber , ba ndit, a ra uder ,
o di inc ion ong

m R mm
pira te, a nd a re ; or the st t s a Hebrew,
b no book of
ynony m u o y unl u d i
J ew, I sra elite, a nd S e ite . e e er tha t
s s is tr stw rth ess se w th a dic tiona ry .
A Thesa uru s of the E ngli sh La ngua g e by D r Fra nci s

“
.
,
A Ma rch is exp ensive but full a nd a utho ri ta tiv e Of

m m m
.
, , .
a ll er boo ks of sy non y s a n d a n ton y s there a re p l enty

l
s .
S tu dy the conn ec tives Of E ngli sh sp eech Ferna ld s

m m
’
.
book on thi s title is a ine of g e s Unsusp ec ted p it .
fa lls lie in the loose use Of a nd or for while a nd a score , , , ,
of tricky little connec tives .
Word deriva tions a re rich in suggestiveness Our

m
.
E ngl i sh owes S O uch to fo reign tong u es a nd ha s cha ng ed

so m
uch with the c enturies tha t whole a ddresses ay grow m
out of a S ingl e roo t id ea hi dd en a wa y in a n a nci en t wo rd
-
Origin Tra n sl a tio n a l so is exc ellen t ex erci se in wo rd

m
, ,
.
a stery a nd con so rts well wi th the stu dy Of deriva tion s
m
.
Phra se book s tha t S how the o rigin s of fa i li a r exp res

sion s wi ll surpri se m
o st of us b y S howing how ca relessly
ev ery da y sp eech is u sed A D ic tion a ry of
’
B rewer s .
Phra se a nd Fa b l e E dwa rds Words Fa cts a nd

m
’
, , , ,
a nd Tho rn ton s An A erica n Gl o ssa ry

m
’
Phra ses ,
a re ,
a ll good
— the l a st a n exp ensive work in three vo lu es
m
, .
A prefix or a suffix a y essen tia lly Cha nge the fo rc e of
1 A b ook of sy no ny m
s a nd a ntony m
s is in p p
re ara tion for thi ss erie s , The
Writer s ’
L ib ra r y.
”
m in m f m — m
m
the ste ,
as a ster -
ul a nd a ster ly, conte pt-
ible a nd
hu ud y o d
mp fix
conte pt -
nous, envi ous a nd envi a ble
- -
. T s to st w r s
in g o up cco ng hi u
g in m y ov d of mning
r s, a rdi to t e r ste s, re es, a nd s ffi x es,
is to hia a a ster er t e r sha es ea ,
a nd
intro duce us to o ther rela ted wo rds .
Do not F a v or one S et or Kind

fi
o f Words m ore tha n Another
S ix ty
y ea rs a nd ore ag o Lord B r a a m
ressing ,
o ugh mdd ,
the stu d en ts of the Universi ty of Gl a sgo w l a id down the ,
rul e th a t the n a tiv e (A n —

gl o S a xon) p art of our voca b ula ry
wa s to b e f a vored a t the exp en se of tha t o th er p a rt W hich
ha s co e fro mm the La tin a nd Greek The rul e w a s a n
m mm
.
i p o ssib l e one a nd Lord B ro ugha hi self never tried

,
serio u sly to ob serv e it ; nor in tru th ha s a ny g rea t wri ter
m m m
, ,
a d e the a tte p t Not only is our la ngua ge highly co

m
.
p o site b u t,
th e co p on en t wo rd s h a v e in D e Quinc ey s ,
’
phra se hap pi ly co a l esc ed It is ea sy to j est a t words in

,
‘
.
’
osity a nd a tion a s dic tion a ry w o rd s a nd the l i k e
m
‘ ’
- -
,
B ut ,
.
ev en L o rd B ro ug h a w o ul d h a ve fo und it diffic ul t to
di sp en se wi th po posity a nd i a gina tion m
”1
m .
The sh o rt vigo ro u s Angl o S a xon wi ll a lwa y s b e p re

,
-
ferred for p a ssa ges of sp eci a l thrust a nd forc e just a s the

m
,
L a tin will con tin u e to furni sh us wi th fl owing a nd s oo th

exp ression s ; to m
ingle a ll sorts how ever will give va ri ety
m
, ,
—a nd th a t is o st to b e d esired .
Discuss Words With Those Who Know The m

m
m
S inc e the
la ngua ge of the pla tfor follows clo sely the
dic tion of everyda y sp eech a ny useful wo rds a y b e ,
m
f m
Co p osition a nd Rhetor ic , J . M H a rt
. .
3 4 0 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE AKING
D ay in Chur ch in co p etition for a university sch ola r ,

m
ship He g ets On fin ely u nti l he p a u ses for l a ck of a word
. .
For n ea rly a n ho ur he sea rch es for this elu sive thing u n ti l

m
,
su dd en ly he is to l d th a t the a ll o tte d ti e is up a nd he
m
,
ha s l o st ! B a rri e a y tell the rest :
no o n y! y th n twig i t f th m
m
E ssa It wa s re a e ssa a a s a re e , or e
mm
gowk h d tuck in th iddl Of hi cond p g Y tu ck is
a s e e s se a e . es , s
ight xp ion hi ch g in d t ch h d t d it wh n
m
th e r e re ss , as s a r e ea er a o a e
th boy w c o x in d H h d n t b n up t o of
m
e as r ss e -
a e . e a o ee o s e
m m
his t icks ;r h h d tu c k n d hi xp l n tions s you wi ll d it
e a s , a s e a a , a a ,
ly p h i d his inc p city

m
ere e a s ze a a .
H h d b ou ght hi
e lf t p ublic co n f l ck of wo d
a r se o s r or a a r .
Wh t w o d ? th y k d t stily ; b ut v n n w h coul d n t t ll
m
a r e as e e e e o e o e .
H h d w nt d
e S co tch w o d th t w oul d ignify h w
a a e ny a r a s o a
p op l w in Chu ch n d it w on th tip Of hi tongu b ut

m
e e ere r , a as e s e,
w o ul d co no f rth Pu ckl w n ly th w o d b ut it did

m m m
e a er . e as ea r e r ,
n S O ny p op l s h nt Th hou h d gon by
m
n t o ea a e e a e ea . e r a e
j u t lik winking ; h h d fo gott n ll bout ti whil s ch

m
s e e a r e a a e e ea r
ing hi ind f th wo d s or e r .
oth fi [ x in
The er v e e a m ers ! were fu ious r . i l You l tt e
ta tti dool i C th o o d do n wo d
m
“
e e, a r r a re , w ere there no t a ze r s
to wil f o if you h d ill u ckl Wh t il d you

m
e r a an ill w -
to p e? a a e
my mm
at a nzy , o r
oug li d To y o fully
md imlf m m
“
I th ht Of a uz rep e w e for he wa s
b u t—b ut
, , ,
oul d
mn
“ ’
a sha e Of h se , a a nzy s a swa r . It w
ea folk in tha t the th k i k w e r e re b u ing zz the gith e r l ik b e ee s ,
in d of i ing
v n if do mn m
ste a s tt still .
E e it es ea tha t , sa id M ru i with i p ti nc
. D th e, a e e,
n d of b ing S O p ticul ? S u ly th
m
wha t wa s the r ee e ar t Of
ar re e a
e sa
s y writing consi ts in u ing th
-
s s e fi t wo d th t co s nd
rs r a e a
hu ying on
[ om
m
rr .
Th t s h w I did id th p oud M L u hl n T y
m
“ ’ ’
a o , sa e r c a c a s
succ s ful co p tito !

e s e r .
m
int p o d M r G l o g th t M cL uchl n sp a k of
1
“ ’ ’
I s ee , er se . a , a a a e s
th r b ing
e e k Of p op l n the chu ch M k is fi n S cotc h
e a as e e 1 r . as a e
wo d r .
GROWI N G A VOCAB ULARY 34 1
ought of sk m im d om
my oul d
m m
md ju mn m
I th a , wh p e re T , b ut tha t w
ea n th ki k w c e r as ra e , a nd I st ea t it to b e iddl ing
m
ful l
l ow woul d h v don ugg t d M L o i
m
m
F a e e, s es e r . rr er .
Fl o w b ut h ndful id To y
’ ”
s a a , sa .
Cu n th n you j ck n p !
rra , e , a a a es
Cu n no nough
M L o i mfl ung u p hi h nd in d p i
’ ”
rra s e .
I w nt d o m m m
m
r . rr er s a s es a r .
th ing b tw n cu n nd k id T o y
dogg dly y t lm
a e s e e ee rra a as ,
sa ,
o t t th c ying
m
e , e a s a e r .
M Ogilvy wh h d b n hiding hi d i tion w ith diffi culty

m m
r .
, o a ee s a ra ,
d id yo u n d o d n
m m
“
t f hi Y w t w t h t t
iddling full W ll why did you n t y iddl ing full—
Sp rean u
a e or . o sa a e a r a ea
f ll mk ?
. e , o sa or
m m
”
e as
Y why n t ? es, d nd d th ini t uncon ciou ly o e a e e s ers , s s
c ught in th n t
p l i d To m m
a e e .
I w nt d n w o d
“
a e y uncon ciou ly void
o e r , re e , s s a
ing it
m
.
Y u j w l! utt d M Ogil y und hi b th b ut ”

o e e e re r . v er s rea ,
M C th o w oul d h v b ng d th boy h d h d n t th
m
’
r . a r a e a e e s ea a o e
ini t int f d s ers er ere .
y t t find th ight wo d id M G l o g
m
m
It i O s S ea s , oo , o e r r , sa r . a .
It s no ; it
’
d ifli ult t hit qui l c i d To y ’
s c as o a s rre , r e ,
and g in M Ogilvy nodd d pp ov l

a a r . e a r a .
n n Odd thing h p p n d A th y w p p ring t

m
m
And the a a e e . s e e re re a o
l v th chool [ C th o h ving p viou ly un To y ut by

ea e e s a r a re s r o
th n ck! th doo Op n d littl nd th d in th

m
m
e e , pp e r e e a e a ere a ea re e
p tu th f c Of T o y t t in d b u t xci t d
mm
a er re e I k n a e , ea r s a -
e e e . e
th w o d n w h c i d it c t onc ; it i h ntl '

m
’
e rt o , e r e , a e o e a a e s a e
M Ogilvy r . id in n c t y t hi lf H sa a e s as o se , e
h d t think Of it till h g t it— nd h g t it

a o Th l ddi e o a e o . e a e
i
s a g niu ! e s
”
QUE S TIONS AND EX ERCI S E S
Wha t is the deriva tion of the word voca bula ry?

m
I .
2 . B ri efly di sc u ss a ny co plete sp eech given in thi s

3 4 2 THE ART OP PU B LIC S PE AKING
m
olu e with ref erence to (a ) ex a c tness (b) va riety a nd
m
v , , ,
c h in of o d
m
()
c a r th e
,
u se w r s .
3 . Giv e o rigin a l e x a pl es of t h e k ind s of w o rd st u di es -
referred to on p a g es 3 37 a nd 338 .
4 . D e l iv er a s h o rt ta lk on a n y sub j e ct using a t l ea st ,
-
fi v e words which ha ve not b een p revio u sly in y o ur dyna

m ic voca b ul a ry
m
.
M k l i u nf i l i r wo rd s fo u nd in a n
m
5 . a e a st Of th e a a y
a dd ress yo u a y sel ec t
m
.
D eliv er a S h o rt ex te p o ra n eo u s sp eech giving

m m
6 .
yo ur opinion s on the eri ts a nd de eri ts of the use Of

un usua l words in pub lic sp ea king
m
.
7 . T ry to find a n ex a p l e of t h e ov e r u se of u n u su a l
-
wo rd s in a sp eech .
8 . Ha ve yo u u sed referenc e boo k s in wo rd studi es?

I f so sta te wi th wha t result
m m m
.
,
9 .Find a s a ny sy nony s a n d a n ton y s a s p o ssib l e
for ea ch of the fo ll o wing word s : E xc ess Ra re S ev ere , , ,
B ea u tif ul Cl ea r Ha pp y D ifferenc e Ca re S ki llf ul In

m
, , , , , ,
vo lve En i ty Profi t Ab surd Evid en t F a in t Friendly

m
, , , , , , ,
Ha r ony Ha tred H on est I nh eren t

, , ,
.
infa nt Quintilia n Ari sto tle regarded it

mu m
p etua l . a nd as a
ea s re Of g e us .
his is very good We a ll agree tha t a relia bl e

mm
Now a ll t .
oy is a n inva lua b l e p o ssession for the sp ea ker We

mm m
e r .
never di ssent for a o ent when we a re sole n ly tol d

th a t his mm e ory sho uld b e a storehouse fro which a t m
plea sure he ca n draw fa c ts fa ncies a nd illustra tion s B ut
mm
, , .
ory b e tra ined to a ct a s the wa rder for a ll the

m
ca n the e
tru ths th a t we h a ve g a ined fro thinking rea ding a nd , ,
exp eri enc e ? And if so how ? L et us see

m
m m
.
,
Twen ty yea rs a g o a p oor i igra nt boy e ployed a s a ,
di sh wa sher in New York wa ndered into the Coop er ,
Union a nd b ega n to rea d a copy of Hen ry G eorg e s ’
Prog ress a nd Poverty His p a ssion for k nowl edg e wa s

“
m
.
a wa k en ed a nd he b ec a e a h a bi tua l rea d er
mm
, B ut he .
fo und tha t he wa s not a b le to re e b er wha t he rea d so

mm
,
he b eg a n to tra in his n a tura lly p oo r ory until he

m mm m
e
b eca e the worl d s grea test e ory exp ert This a n

’
.
wa s the l a te Mr F el ix B erol Mr B ero l co ul d tell the

m
. . .
p opula tion Of a ny town in the wo rld of o re tha n fi v e

m
,
th o u sa nd inh a bi ta n ts He co ul d r ec a ll the n a es of forty

m
.
stra ng ers who ha d ju st b een in trod u c ed to hi a nd wa s
a b l e to tell wh ic h ha d b een p resen ted thi rd eig h th , ,
sev en teen th or in a ny o rd er He k n ew the da te Of every

m
.
,
i po rta nt even t in history a nd co uld not only rec a ll a n

m
,
endl ess a rra y of fa c ts b ut co ul d co rrel a te th e p erfec tly

m mm
.
To wha t ex ten t Mr B erol s re a rka b le ory wa s

m
’
. e
na tura l a nd requi red only a tten tion for its develop en t

mm m
, ,
see s i p o ssib le to deter ine wi th exa c tness but the ,
evid enc e c l ea rly indic a tes tha t ho wever useless were ,

ME MOR Y TRAI NIN G 345
mny of
a his mm
eoy f r ea ts, a highly
“
rete ntive e ory mm
was develop ed where b efore only a good forgettery ”
exi sted
mm
.
T he frea k ory is not worth striving for but a good

mm
e ,
working e ory decidedly is Your p ower a s a spea ker

.
will dep end to a la rg e ex ten t up on yo ur a bil ity to reta in

m m
i pressions a nd c a ll the forth when occa sion de a nds m
mm — m
,
an d tha t so t of
r e o y s like uscle it resp onds to
r i
tra ining .
Wha t Not to D o
It is S h eer m
isdirected effort to b egin to e orize by mm
l ea rning words b y ro te for tha t is b eginning to b ui ld a
m
,
pyra id a t the a pex For yea rs our school s were cursed

m
.
—
by this vicious syste V icious not only b eca use it is
mm
inefficient but for the ore i p orta nt rea son tha t it hurts
m mm
ind True so e inds a re na tively endowed wi th
mm
the .
,
a wond erful fa ci li ty in re e b ering strings of words ,
fa c ts, a nd figures but such a re ra rely good rea soning

m m m
,
inds ; the nor a l p erson ust b ela bor a nd forc e the

mm e o ry to a cq ui re in this a rtificia l wa y
mm
.
Aga in it is hurtful to force the ory in ho urs of

m
,
e
physica l wea kness or enta l wea riness Hea lth is the

m
.
b a sis of the b est enta l a ction a nd the op era tion of

mm ory is no ex ception
m m
e .
Finally do not b eco e a sla ve to a syste Knowledge

m m mm
,
.
of a few si ple fa cts of ind a nd e ory will set you to

work a t the right end of the op era tion Use th ese prin
m
.
ciples wh ether inc lu ded in a sy ste or not but do not
m m
, ,
bind yo urself to a ethod tha t tends to lay ore stress

on the wa y to re e mm
b er tha n on the develop ent of m
mm
oyi lf It is no thing short of ri dic ul o us to mm
o
mm
e r tse . e
riz e ten word s in o rd er to re e b er one fa ct .
m
The Na tura l L a ws f
o M e ory
im n y ou i h
m p in m m
Concentra ted a ttention at the t e whe w s to
o ind fi o izing—
m o m
st re the is the rst ste e r a nd the
po n by fo go fo u h of You
k d yo u b ing omchi fly
st i rta t on e fa r . r t the rt the
li of icl y o u if
st a rt es r w e as e to r h e e
b c u yo u ll o d y ou n ion v in n
n ion m conc m
e a se a we r a tte t to wa er for an sta t
w h n e she ling yo u
wa s tel . Atte t a y not be e
tra ted n ion W n iphon c g d i

mk
a tte t . he a s is ha r e w th g a s it
ci n ly fi l d i c bonic cid v o
mnd ch g d i h id
is suffi e t l e w th the ar a ap r to a e
i flu nc f l
m
its n e e e t; a i ar e w t an ea is
h g d dg u fici n old u ch ch g
ing ill m m
C ar e to a e ree s f e t to h it . TOO ar
w k i on b u
a e the uc s n ion
p h rst ; too h a tte t to
l d i ni y d qu n ion n
f und m
A
mm
trifl es ea s to nsa t . e a te a tte t ,
the ,
is
the n l c a e b ing
ta se re t Of re e er .
n lly do giv f c d qu n ion

mim lm
Ge era we not e a a t a e a te a tte t
h n do po n o v yon
mm
w e it es not se e rta t . A st e er e ha s
see n how thed in ppl p oinsee s o iz dan a e t, a nd ha s e r e
the d a te of Wa sh ing ton s d ea th M o st of us ha ve p er — ’

.
—
h ap s wisely forgo tten bo th The li ttl e nick in the b a rk .
of a tree is h ea led over a nd ob litera ted in a sea son but ,
the g a shes in the trees a ro u nd G etty sb u rg a re sti ll a pp a ren t
a f ter fif ty y ea rs m
I pressions tha t a re ga thered lightly
m
.
a re soon ob li tera ted Only d eep i p ression s ca n b e re

.
c a lled a t will Henry Wa rd B eecher sa id One inten se

m m mm
:
h our will do ore tha n drea y yea rs

'
m
To e orwe .
id ea s a nd words conc entra te on the unti l they a re fixed

m m m
,
fir ly a nd d eep ly in yo ur ind a nd a ccord to the their

348 THE ART OF PU B LIC S P E AKING
f n p oints wi th obj ec ts in the roo m

m
a ssocia ting
'
the dif ere t .
S p ea king on Pea c e yo u ay wi sh to dwell on the co st

, ,
the c ruel ty a nd the f a i lure of wa r a nd so lea d to the
m
, ,
ju s tic e Of a rbi tr a t io n B efo r e going on the pl a tfo r

. if
yo u will a ssocia te fo ur divi sions of yo ur outline wi th fo ur
m
Ob j ec ts in the ro o thi s a ssoci a tion a y h elp yo u to m
m m
,
re c a ll the You a y b e p ron e to fo rg et yo ur third p oin t

mm
.
,
b ut yo u re e b er th a t onc e wh en yo u were sp ea king the

el ec tric l ig h ts f a i l e d so a rbi tra rily the el ec tric l ight g l ob e
mm
,
wi ll h elp yo u to re e b er fa i lure S u ch a ssocia tion s

m
.
,
b eing u nique tend to stick in the ind While rec ently

m
, .
sp ea k ing on the six kind s of i a gin a tion the p resen t w ri ter
m m —
fo r ed the in to a n a cro stic visua l a uditory otor m , , ,
f u ni h d non n
m mm
g u sta to ry ,
ol fa ct or y a nd ,
ta ctile r s e,
the se se
wo rd v a got b ut the six p oin ts were ea si ly re e b ered

m mm
.
,
I n the sa e wa y tha t Children a re ta ught to re e b er

—
the sp ell ing of tea sing wo rd s sepa ra te co es fro m m
m mm
s epa r
a nd a s a n a u to obile d river re e b ers tha t two C s a nd

m m
’
th en two H s l ea d hi into Ca stor Ro a d Co tt a n S treet

m
’
, ,
Ha yn es S treet a nd H en ry S treet so i p o rta n t p oin ts in

m m m
,
yo ur a ddress a y b e fix ed in ind by a rbi tra ry sy bols

invented by yo urself The very wo rk of devising the
m mm
.
sc he o ry a c tion The p syc h o l ogic a l p roc ess

m
e is a e .
is si pl e : it is one Of no ting in ten tly the step s by which a

fa c t or a tru th or even a word ha s co e to you Ta ke m
m mm
.
, , ,
a dva n ta g e of thi s tend ency Of the ind to re e b er by

a ssocia tion
mm
.
Repetition is a p o werful a id to e o ry Thurlow .
Weed the j o urna li st a nd p olitica l lea der wa s tro ub led

m m
, ,
b eca use he so ea sily fo rgo t the na es Of p ersons he et

ME M OR Y TRAININ G 34 9
m
fro day to da y He correc ted the wea kn ess rela tes
mm m
.
,
Professo r Willia Ja es b y for ing the ha bit of a tten d

m
,
ing ca refully to na es he ha d hea rd during the da y a nd

then rep ea ting the m
to his wif e every ev ening D o ub t .
less Mrs Weed wa s heroica lly longsuffering but the

m
.
,
devic e w ork ed a d irab ly

mm
.
Af ter rea ding a p a ssa g e y o u w oul d re e be r cl o se the ,
—
boo k reflec t a nd rep ea t the conten ts a lo ud if po ssib l e
m
.
, , ,
Rea ding thou ghtfully a loud has b een foun d b y a ny to

b e a help ful mm
ory p ra ctise
mm m
e .
Write wha t you wish to re e ber This is si p ly one

m m
.
ore way of increa sin g the nu b er a nd the strength Of

m m
your enta l i p ressio n s b y utilizing a ll y our a venues of
m
i p ressio n It w ill help to fix a sp eech in y o ur ind if
. m
yo u sp ea k it a lo ud li sten to it wri te it out a nd l ook a t it
m m
, , ,
in tently You ha ve then i p ressed it o n y o ur in d b y

m m m
.
ea n s of voca l a u dito ry uscul a r a nd v i sua l i p ressio n s

m mm
.
, ,
S o e folk ha ve p eculia rly distin c t a u ditory ori es ;

m
e
th ey a re a b l e to rec a ll thing s hea rd uch b etter tha n thing s

seen mm
Others ha ve th e vis ua l e ory ; they a re b est a b l e
m
.
to reca ll sight i p ressions As y o u reca ll a wa lk y o u ha ve

mm
-
.
ta k en a re y o u a b l e to re e b er b etter the sights or the
m mm
,
so unds ? Find out wha t kin ds of i p ression s y o ur e ory

reta ins b est a nd u se the m m
o st To fix a n i dea in
m m
,
the .
ind use ev ery p o ssible kind Of i p ression

mm
.
,
D a ily ha bit is a grea t ory cul tiva tor L ea rn a

m
e .
lesson fro the M a ra thon runner Reg ul ar ex erci se

mm
.
,
tho ugh n ever so littl e da ily wi ll streng then y o ur ory in

m
e,
a surp rising easure Try to describ e in d eta il the dr ess

m
.
,
l ooks a nd a nn er of the p eople y o u p a ss on the street .

3 50 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PEA IN K G
Ob serve the r oo myou c lo se yo ur eyes a nd describ e

a re In , ,
its con ten ts Vi ew c l o sely the la ndsc a p e a nd wri te out

m m
.
,
a d eta i l ed d escrip tion of it How uch did yo u iss?

.
'
No tic e the con ten ts of the S how windows on the street ;

m
‘
a ny fea tures a re you a b l e to rec a ll ? Con tinua l

m m
how
pra c tise in this fea t ay d evelop in yo u a s re a rk a b le
p roficiency a s it did in Rob ert Ho udin a nd his son
mm
.
The da ily o ri zing of a b ea utiful p a ssag e in litera

mm
e
ture wi ll not on ly l end streng th to the ory but wi ll

m m
e ,
sto re the ind wi th g e s for qu o ta tion B ut wh eth er

m mm
.
b y little or u ch a dd da ily to yo ur e ory p ower by

pra c ti se
m
.
Me orize out of doors The b uoya ncy of the wood the

m m
.
,
S h o re or the sto r y night on d eserted streets ay freshen

m m
,
your ind a s it do es the inds of co untl ess o thers .
L a stly ca st out fea r Tell yo ursel f th a t yo u ca n a nd

mm m
.
,
will a nd do re e b er B y pure exerci se of selfi s

m
. a ssert
yo ur a stery B e Ob sessed wi th the fea r of forg etting

mm
.
a nd y o u c a nno t re b er Pra c tise the reverse Throw

m m m
'
e . .
a sid e y o u r a n u sc rip t c ru tc h es
— yo u a y tu b le onc e
m
or twic e b ut Wha t
,
a tters th a t for yo u a re going to
,
l ea rn to wa lk a nd lea p a nd run .
Mem orizing a S peech
Now let u s try to into pra c tise the foregoing sug

p ut
g estion s First rerea d this chap ter no ting the nin e ways
mm m
.
, ,
b y which e orizing a y b e help ed

m
.
Th en rea d over the fo ll o wing sel ec tion fro B eech er

m
,
a p pl ying so a ny of the sugg estio n s a s a re p ra c tic a b l e
m m
.
Get the sp iri t of the sel ec tion fir ly in yo ur ind Ma ke .

D m
oc ic l gisl to i It is t g t b ck g in n xt wint r
m
e ra t e a r s . o e a a a e e .
His cond duty is wh t ? Hi s cond duty is t p ut hi s lf u nd r

se a s e o e e
xt o din ry p rovid nc th t ta k s c Of legisla to s

m m
th t
’
a e ra r a e e a e a re r
s l i i cl of th p op h t nd th l and the
m
m
a a r es Th Old . e ra e e r e a e ea
Oil i o u tdon i su bly in u days f r they go t h p oor

m mm
s e ea ra o r , o ere
o n y e n d go ho
ea r , a rich ; in fo u yea s th y b co oney e r r e e e
l nd
e ll by
e rs , a t u t in th t g c ou s p ovid nc th t t kes c
a r s a ra i r e e a a a re
of l gisl to s l i Th i n xt duty ft th t is t s rve the

m
’
e a r sa a r e s . e r e a er a o e
y n nd th n if th is nything l ft of
m m
m m
p t
ar th t t th up
a se e , a e , ere a e
it b l ongs t th co onw lth S o on h s s id v y

m
th e , e o e ea . e e a a er
wi ly th t if
se , n t v ling w ish s t
a li h hi dinn r h h d
a a ra e e o re s s e e a
b tt n t go into th kitch n t it is cook d ; if

m
e er o wh e e o see e re e a
n wi h
a t sp c t
s n d Ob y th l w h h d b tt
es o re e n t go a e e a , e a e er o
t th L gi l tu
o e t e wh th t i cook d
s a re o se e e re a s e .
HE NRY WARD B E E CHE R

m
.
F o l ctu d liv d in Ex t H ll L ondon

m
r a e re e ere e er a , ,
1 886 wh n king his l t tou of G t B it in

, e a as r rea r a .
I n Ca se f
o Trou ble
yo u to do if no twi thsta nding all yo ur

m
B ut wha t a re ,
effo rts yo u sh o ul d fo rg et yo u r p oin ts a nd yo ur ind for

m m
, , ,
inu te b eco es b la nk ? This is a deplo ra b l e condi

mm m
the ,
tion tha t so eti es a ri ses a nd ust b e d ea l t wi th Ob

m
.
yo u ca n sit down a nd a d i t d efea t S uch a

m
m
v iously ,
.
consu a tion is devo u tly to b e shunned

mm m
.
Wa lking slowly a cro ss the pla tfor a y give yo u ti
m
e
to g rip yo ursel f co p o se yo ur th o ug hts a nd sta ve ofi
m m
, ,
di sa ster Perha p s the surest a nd o st pra c tica l ethod

m
.
is to b egin a new sen tenc e wi th yo ur l a st i p o rta nt wo rd

m m
.
Th i s is not a dvoca ted a s a eth od of co p o sing a sp eech

m
erel y a n ex tre ea sure wh ich a y sa ve yo u in mm m
m m
it is e
tig h t circ u sta nc es —

It is l ike the fi re d ep a rt en t the
m m
.
'
l ess yo u ust use it the b etter I f this ethod is followed .
very l ong you a re likely to find yo urself ta lking a bo ut

ME MOR Y TRAININ G 3 53
m
plu pudding or Ch inese Gordon in the o st un expec ted m
m a nn er so Of co urse y o u will g et b a ck to y o ur l in es the
mm m
,
ea rl iest o ent tha t y our feet have hit the pla tfor .
—
L et us see how this pl a n wo rks Obvio usly yo ur ex
m m
,
te p oriz ed wo rd s will l a ck so ewha t of p oli sh b ut in ,
su ch a p a ss cru di ty is b etter tha n f a ilur e
m
.
Now y o u ha ve co e to a dea d w a ll a fter sa ying : Jo a n

of Arc fought for lib erty m
etho d y o u ight m
m
B y this
.
o ng l ik
m
g e t s e thi e t his :
Lib erty is a sa cred p rivil eg e for which a nkin d a lwa y s

ha d to fight These struggl es [ Pla titudC b ut p u sh on!
.
b
fill the p a ges of hi story History records the gra dua l

m m
.
tri u p h of the serf over the l ord the sl a v e ov er the
m m
,
a ster .
a ster ha s co n tinu a lly tri ed to u surp un l i ited
m
The
p o w e r
.s P o w er d u ri ng the edi eva l a g es a ccrued to the
owner of the la n d wi th a sp ea r a nd a stro ng ca stle ; b ut
the strong ca stl e a nd sp ea r w ere of li ttl e a va il a fter the
di scovery Of gunp owder Gunp owder wa s the gr ea test

.
boon th a t lib erty ha d ever known .
Thu s fa r y o u ha ve lin k ed one id ea wi th a n o ther ra ther

Obvio u sly b ut y o u a re g etti n g y o ur second wind now a nd
m
,
a y v e n ture to rel a x y our grip on the too evid en t cha in ; -
a nd so y o u sa y :
m
With gunp owder the hu bl est serf in a ll the la nd
coul d p ut a n end to the life of the tyra nnica l b a ron b ehind
the ca stl e w a ll s The struggl e for lib erty wi th gunp owd er
m
.
,
a s its a id wreck ed e pires a nd b uilt up a new era for a ll

m
, ,
a nk ind
mm m
.
I n a o ent ore y o u ha ve gotten b a ck to your o utline

a nd the day is sa ved .
Pra c ti sing bove will not only fortify

mm
ex ercises like the a
‘
yo u a ga in st the dea th of yo ur sp eech when yo ur e ory

m i sses fire b ut it will a lso provide a n excellent tra ining
,
for fluency in sp ea king S tock up with idea s . .
QUES TIONS AN D EX ERCI S ES
I . Pick b ri efly the nine help s to e oriz

out a nd sta te mm
ing sugg ested in this chap ter
m
.
Rep ort on wha tever su ccess yo u a y h a ve ha d
mm
2 .
wi th a ny of the pl a n s for e ory culture sugg ested in

thi s c h a p ter Ha v e a ny b een l ess su cc essful tha n o thers?
m
.
F l y c i ici of u gg d h od
m mm
3 . r ee r t se a n y t h e s es te et s .
4 .Give a n o rigin a l ex a pl e of e ory by a ssoci a tion

Of id ea s .
L i st in o rder the chief idea s of a ny sp eech in this

m
5 .
vo lu e
m mmm
.
Rep ea t the fro o ry

m
6 . e .
7 .E xp a nd t h e in to a sp e e c h u s ing ,
yo u r o w n w o rd s .
Illustra te p ra c tic a lly wha t wo uld yo u do if in the

m mm
8 .
,
id st of a sp eech on Progress your e ory fa il ed you ,
a nd yo u sto pp e d su dd en l y on the fo ll owing sen tenc e
The l a st c en tury sa w m
a rv el o u s p rog ress in va ri ed lin es
of a c tivi ty
m
.
H n y q u o ion h ll p k
mmm
i
’
9 . o w a ta t s t a t fi t w e n th e s ea e r s
m m
too l c h est ca n y o u rec a ll fro ory ?
m m
e
10 M e o ri ze the p o e on p a g e 4 2
. How u ch ti e
.
do es it require ?
fool or the pig is of a different opinion it is only b eca us e ,
th ey k now on ly their own sid e of the question The o ther

m
.
party to the co p arison k nows bo th sides .
NOW it is preci sely b ec a use the S ocra tes typ e of p erson

lives on the pla n of righ t thinking a nd restra in ed feeling
a nd wi ll ing th a t he p refers his sta te to tha t of the a n i a l m
m
.
All tha t a a n is a ll his h a p p i n ess his sorrow his a chie ve

m
m
en ts his f a i lures his
,
,
a gn eti s
,
m
his wea k n ess a ll a re
m
in a n a a zingly la rg e ea sure the direct results of his
m
,
,
,
thinking Th o ugh t a nd hea rt co bin e to p rodu c e right m

m
.
thinking : a n th in k eth in his h ea rt so ishe

“
m
As a As .
he do es not think in his heart so he ca n n ever b eco e .
S inc e th i s is tru e p ersona l i ty ca n b e devel op ed a nd its

,
l a ten t p owers b ro ught out by ca reful cul tiva tion We .
ha ve long sinc e c ea sed to b elieve tha t we a re living in a

rea l m of cha nc e S O clea r a nd ex a c t a re na ture s laws
.
’
th a t we fo rec a st sco res of y ea rs in a dva nc e the a pp ea ra nc e
m m
, ,
of a c erta in co et a nd foretell to the inute a n eclip se of

And we u nd ersta nd thi s la w of ca u se an d effec t
m m
the S un .
in a ll our a teria l rea l s We do not pla nt p o ta to es a nd

.
exp ec t to plu c k h y a cin ths The la w is u niv ersa l : it

m m
. I
a ppl i es to our en ta l p o wers to ora li ty to p erson ality

m
, , ,
q ui te a s uch a s to the h eavenly bodies a nd the gra in of

the fi el d s m
Wha tso ever a a n soweth tha t sha ll he also
.
“
rea p , a nd no th ing el se .
Ch a ra c ter ha s a lwa y s b een reg a rd ed a s one of the ch ief

fa c tors Of the spea k er s p ower Ca to defined the ora tor
m
’
.
a s vir bonus dicendi eritus

p
— a good a n s k i ll e d in sp ea king .
Phill ip s B rook s sa ys : Nobody ca n truly sta nd a s a n

utterer b efore the wo rld unless he b e profo und ly living
,
RI GHT THI NKING AND PE RS ON LI A TY 3 57
a nd ea r est n ly thinking Cha ra cter sa y s E erso n

,
mis ,
a na tura l p ower lik e light a nd hea t a nd a ll n a ture co
m
, ,
op era tes wi th it The rea son why we feel one a n s ’
m
.
do f l no i l g i y
m
m
’
p r es e n c e a n,
d no t e e a th er 5 is a s s p e a s ra v t .
Tru th is the su i t of b eing : justice is the app lica tion of

it to a ffa irs All individua l na tures sta nd in a sc a l e
m m
,
.
a cco rding to the p uri ty of this el e en t in the The wi ll .
of the pure runs down into o ther na tures a s wa ter runs

m
,
down fro a higher into a lower vessel Thi s na tura l

m
“
force is no ore to b e wi thstoo d tha n a ny o ther na tura l

fo rc e Cha ra c ter is na ture in the highest for m
m m
. .
It is a b so lutely i p o ssib l e for i p ure b estia l a nd selfi sh

m
,
tho ughts to b l o sso into loving a nd a l truistic ha bi ts .
Thistl e seeds bri n g fo rth only the thistl e Con tra riwi se it
m m
.
,
is en tirely i p o ssibl e for co ntinua l a l trui stic sy p a th etic , ,
a nd serv iceful tho ughts to b ri n g fo rth a low a nd vicio u s
cha ra c ter Either thoughts or feelin gs prec ede a nd de

m
.
ter in e a ll our a c tio n s Ac tio ns d evel op i n to ha bi ts

m
,
.
ha bi ts co nsti tu te Cha ra c ter a nd cha ra cter d eter in es

,
d estiny Therefore to g uard our thoughts and contro l

m
.
our feeling s is to sha p e our d estinies The syll ogis

m
. is
co p lete a nd ol d a s it is it is still tru e
m
.
,
S inc e cha ra c ter is na ture in the highest for

m m
the ,
develop ent of cha ra c ter ust p roceed on na tura l li n es .
The ga rden l eft to i tself wi ll b ring fo rth weed s a nd sc ra w n y
p l a n ts ,
b u t t h e fl ow e r b e d-
s n u rtu r e d c a refully wi ll b l o sso m
In to fra gra nc e a n d b ea u ty
m
.
As the stu dent en tering coll eg e l a rg ely d eter in es his

m
voca tion b y choo si ng fro the different co urses Of the
m
curriculu so do we choo se our cha ra c ters by Choo sing
,
ough ts We a re stea dily g oing Up towa rd tha t

m
our th .
which we o st wi sh for or stea di ly si nking to the l evel of

,
our low d esi res Wha t we secretly cherish in our hea rts
m
.
is a sy bo l of wha t w e sh a ll rec eiv e Our tra in s Of th o ugh ts

.
a re hurrying us on to our d esti ny Wh en yo u see the

m
.
fl a g fl uttering to the S o uth yo u k now the wind is co ing

m
,
fro the North When yo u see the straws a nd p a p ers

.
b eing ca rri ed to the Northwa rd yo u rea lize the wind is

b lowing out of the S o uth It is just a s ea sy to a sc erta in
m
.
a n s th o ugh ts by Ob servi ng the tend ency of his

’
a
cha ra c ter
mm
.
L et it not b e su sp ected for one o ent tha t a ll this is

m m
erely a p rea ch en t on the q u estion of ora ls It is m
mm m
.
h u c h o o u c h h o l —
m
t at ,
b u t re for it, t e s th e w e an his
i a gina tive na ture his a bility to control his feeling s the
m m
, ,
a stery of his thinking fa c ul ti es a nd —

p erh a p s o st
,
—
la rg ely his p ower to will a nd to c a rry his volition s in to
effec tiv e a c tion
m
.
Righ t thinking consta ntly a ssu es th a t the will sits

en thron ed to ex ec u te the dic ta tes of m
ind consci enc e a nd
,
h ea rt Never tolera te for a n insta nt the suggestion tha t your

.
will is not a bsolutely efficient The wa y to wi ll is to will

m m
.
a nd the v ery fi rst ti e yo u a re te p ted to b rea k a wo rthy
reso lu tion
— a nd yo u wi ll b e yo u m
a y b e c erta in Of th a t
m
,
You c a nno t a ffo rd to l o se

m
a ke your fi ght then a nd there .
th a t figh t —
You ust win it don t swerv e for a n in sta n t
.
’
,
but k eep th a t reso lution if it ki ll s yo u It wi ll not but

m
.
,
yo u ust fight just a s tho ugh life dep ended on the vic tory ;
a nd ind eed yo u r p erson a l i ty m
a y a c tua lly lie in the
b a la nc es !
Africa .c tua li ze tha t fa ith he ga ve up a ll Leaving

To a .
Engl a nd for the interior of the D a rk Con tinen t he stru ck

the d ea th b lo w to E uro p e s p rofi ts f ro the sl a ve tra d e
’
m .
Jo a n of Arc ha d grea t self confi dence glorified by a n -
infini te ca p a city for sa crific e S he drove the Eng lish .
b eyond the L oire a nd stood b eside Cha rl es while he wa s

,
crowned .
Th ese a ll rea liz ed th eir strong est d esires The la w is .
universa l D esire grea tly a nd yo u sha ll a chieve ; sa cri

m
.
,
uch a nd yo u sha ll ob tain

m
fi ce ,
.
S ta n ton D a vi s Ki rkha ha s b ea u tif ully exp ressed this

tho ug h t : m
a y b e k eep i ng a cco u n ts a nd p resen tl y
“
m
You ,
yo u sha ll wa lk out of the door tha t ha s for so long see ed

to you the b a rri er of yo ur id ea l s a nd sh a ll find yo ursel f ,
—
b efore a n a u di enc e the p en still b ehind yo ur ea r the ink ,
sta in s on yo u r fi ng ers
— a n d th en a nd there sh a ll p o ur out
the to rren t of yo ur in sp i ra tion You a y b e d riving . m

sh eep a nd yo u sha ll wa nd er to the ci ty
— b u colic a nd
m
,
op en ou thed ; sha ll wa nder und er the i ntrepid guida nc e

m m
-
of the S p iri t i nto the studio of the a ster a nd a fter a ti e

m
,
he sh a ll sa y I h a v e no thing ore to tea ch y ou And now

m m m
’
,
.
yo u ha ve b eco e the a ster who did so recently drea ,
of g rea t thing s while driving sheep You sha ll lay down .
the sa w a nd the pl a n e to ta k e up on y o urself the reg en era
tion Of the wo rl d
”
.

I . Wha t in y o ur own wo rds is p erson a lity ?
, ,
2 . How do es p erson a l i ty in a sp ea k er a ffec t yo u as a
li sten er?
RI GHT THI NKING A TY
AND PE RS ON LI 36 1
3 . In wha t wa ys does personality Show itself in a
spea ker?
4 . D eliver a o
sh rt sp eech on The Power of Will in
the P ub lic S pea ker .
l iv h o t a ddress b a sed on ntence y ou

m
5 D
. e er a s r a ny se
ch oo se fro this cha pter .

CHA P T ER XXX
A F TE R D I NN E R A N D OTH E R OCCA S I ONA L

-
S P E A K IN G
The p er c ep t ion Of th lu dic ou i p l dg of nity

e r s s a e e sa
—RAL PH WAL D O E ME RS ON E
.
, ssa ys .
An d let hi
— FRANCIS
m be u t l v o th
s re o ea e er m en the i tu ns t
r r o S p ea k .
B AC ON E y on , ssa Civ il a nd Mora l D iscourse .
Perha p s the m
o b illi n
certa inly the o st
st r a t, a nd m
en terta ining Of a ll sp eeches a re tho se d eliv ered on a fter
,
dinner a nd o th er sp ecia l occa sions The a ir Of well fed

m m
-
.
content in the for er a nd of exp ec ta ncy well pri ed in

,
the l a tter furnishes a n a udienc e which though not

, ,
rea dily won is p rep ared for the b est whil e the sp ea k er
m
, ,
hi self is p retty sure to ha v e b een cho sen for his gif ts Of

o ra to ry .
The first essen tia l of good occa sion a l sp ea king is to

stu dy the occ a sion Preci sely wha t is the Ob j ec t of the
m m
.
eeting ? How i p o rta n t is the occ a sion to the a udienc e ?

How l a rg e wi ll the a u di enc e b e ? Wha t so rt of p eopl e are
they ? How la rg e is the a u ditori u ? Wh o sel ec ts the m
sp ea k ers th e m
Who el se is to sp ea k ? Wha t a re they
m
’
es?
to sp ea k a bo u t? Preci sely how l ong a I to spea k ? Wh o

sp ea k s b efo re I do a nd who fo ll o ws?
I f yo u wa nt to hit the na il on the hea d a sk such ques

tion s a s these 1 No occ a sion a l a ddress ca n su cc eed u nl ess
.
1S ee a l os p age 205 .
6
m
o f non -
se . mm
nse S o e i prudent so uls see to selec t the
o st friendly of a fter dinner occa sIOns for the explosion
m
m
-
of a bo b S hell of dispute Aro und the dinn er ta b l e it is

m m
-
.
the c u sto of even p olitica l ene l es to b ury their ha tchets

a nywhere ra th er th a n in so e conv en m
ient skull It is .
the heigh t of ba d ta ste to ra i se q uestion s tha t in h ours

consecra ted to good will ca n only irrita te
m
-
.
Occ a siona l sp eeches offer good cha nc es for hu or p ar

m
,
ticula rly the fu nny sto ry for hu o r wi th a g en uine p oint
m
,
is not trivia l B ut do not sp in a who l e sk ein Of hu oro u s

m
.
ya rns wi th no ore connec tion tha n the ina n e and threa d

b a re And tha t re inds e m m An a n ecdo te wi th o u t
m m
.
b ea ring ay b e funn y but one less funny tha t fi ts the e

a nd occ a si on IS fa r p ref era b l e Th ere is no wa y sh o rt of
.
,
sh eer p ower of sp eec h th a t so surel y l ea d s to the h ea rt of
m
,
a n a u di enc e a s rich a pp rop ri a te hu

,
o r The sca ttered .
din ers in a grea t b a nqueting ha ll the a fter dinner lethargy

m
-
, ,
the a nxi ety ov er a pp ro a c h ing l a st tra in ti e the ov er -
—
full list of over full sp ea k ers a ll throw out a cha llenge
-
to the sp ea ker to do his b est to win a n in terested h ea ring
m
.
And when su cc ess do es co e it is u su a lly due to a h a pp y

m m m
ix ture of serio u sn ess a nd hu o r for hu o r a l on e rarely
m
,
scores so hea vi ly a s the two co bined while the utterly ,
gra v e sp eech never do es on such occa sions

m
.
I f th ere is one pla c e ore tha n a no ther where second

m
h a nd opinion s a nd pl a ti tud es a re unwel co e it is in the
a f ter dinn er sp ee ch
-
Wh ether yo u a re toa st a ster or
.
the l a st sp ea k er to try to h o l d the wa ning c ro wd a t id

-
mm
night b e a s origina l a s y o u ca n How is it p o ssib le to
m
m m
.
,
su a ri z e the q u a l i ti es tha t go to a k e up the good a f ter

AFTER DINNE R AND OTHE R OCCAS IONAL
-
S PE AKING 6
3 5
dinner sp eech when we re e b er the ini i tab le serious

,
mm m
drollery of Ma rk Twa in the sweet southern eloquenc e of
m
,
Henry W Gra dy the fun erea l gra vi ty of the hu oro us

m m
.
,
Charles B a ttell L oo is the cha r of Henry Va n D yke

m
, ,
the g enia lity of F Hop kin son S i th a nd the a ll ro und

m
-
.
,
delightfulness of Cha uncey M D ep ew ? A erica is

m
.
litera lly rich in such gl a dso e sp ea kers who punctua te

m
,
rea l sense wi th non sense a nd so a k e bo th effec tive
m
mm mm
m
.
,
Co e ora tive occa sions unveilings co enc e ents , , ,
dedica tions eulogi es a nd a ll the tra in of sp ecia l p ub lic

, ,
ga therings offer ra re Op p ortuni ties for the disp la y of

m
,
ta c t a nd good sen se in h a n dli ng occ a sio n the e a nd a u di , ,
enc e When to b e dignified a nd when colloquia l when to

m m m
.
,
so a r a nd when to ra b l e a r in a r with y o ur hea rers

m
,
—
when to fla e a nd when to soo the when to i n stru c t a nd
m
when to a u se in a wo rd the who l em a tter Of AP PRO
,
m m
,
PRIATE NE S S ust co nsta ntly b e in in d lest y ou wri te

your sp eech on wa ter
mm m
.
Fina lly re e b er the b ea titu d e : B l essed is the

m
, an
tha t a k eth sho rt sp eeches for he sha ll b e invi ted to ,
sp ea k a g a i n .
S ELE CTI ONS FOR S TUD Y
LAS T DA YS OF THE CONFEDERAC Y

(E x tra c t)
ugg ts noth c n t which llu ion has

Ra p ida n
m
The s es a er s e e o a s
Oft n b n d inc th w b ut which ill u t tiv l o Of

m m m
e ee a e s e e a r, , as s ra e a s
p i it Of both i I y b p itt d t c ll in thi

m
th e S r ar e s, a e er e o re a s
conn ction In th ll ow twilight of n Ap il d y th tw

m
‘
e . e e a r a e o
ar i w holding th i d
es ere p d on th Op p o it hill e r re ss a ra es e s e s
6
3 6 TH E ART OP PU B L IC S PE AKI NG
bo d ing th v At th cl o of th p d gnific nt m
m
r er e ri er . e se e a ra e a a e
b ss b nd Of th Union y p l y d with g t p i it th
m
ra a e ar a e re a s r e
p t iotic i
a r H il C olu bi a rs ,nd Y nk D oo dl aWh a , a
“
a ee e . e re
up on th F d l t oop p ond d wi th p trioti ho u t

m
e e e ra Th
r s re s e a a c S . e
b nd th n p l y d th oul ti ing t in Of D ixi t

m m m
s a e a e a e e s -
s rr s ra s e, o
which ighty p on c f o t n thou nd S outh n

mm m
‘
a re s se a e r e sa er
t oop o nt l t wh n th t h d co
m m m
r A f w s . e ut s e s a er , e e s a rs a e o a
w itn nd w h n ll n tu in h ony th c fo
m m m m
e sse s a w e a a re as ar , e re a e r
b nd th Old l ody H o S w t Ho
m
“ ”
th e sa e a e A its e , e, ee e . s
f ili nd p th tic not oll d ov th w t nd th ill d

a ar a a e es r e er e a er a r e
th ou gh th p i it Of th ol di s th hill v b t d with
m m
r e s r s e s er , e s re er era e a
thu nd ing p on f o th unit d voic of both i Wh t

m m
er re s se r e e es ar es . a
in thi Old Old u ic t O tou ch th cho d of y

m m
w asth e re s , s , o S e r s s
p thy th i ll th p i it nd c u th f Of b ve n t
m m m
a , so r e S r s a a se e ra es ra e o
bl with otion ? It w th thought Of ho TO thou

m
t re e e as e e .
nd doub tl it w th thought Of th t Et n l Ho t
m
sa s, e ss , as e a er a e o
which th n xt b ttl ight b th g t w y TO thou nd Of

m
e e a e e e a e a . sa s
oth it w th thought Of th i d rthly h o
m
e rs as e wh e r ea r ea es, ere
l ov d on t th t twilight hou w bow ing ound th f ily

e es a a r ere r e a
a lt nd king G od c ov th b s nt ol di boy
a r, a as
’
s a re er e a e s er .
—G E NE RAL J B G ORD O N C S A . .
, . . .
WELCOME TO KOS S UTH
(E x tra c t)
Le t m e a sk you ich th to i mgina e t ha t the cont e st , in wh e
Unit d S t t t d th i ind p nd nc Of G t B it in h d
m
e a e s a sser e e r e e e e rea r a , a
b n un u cc ful ; th t u
ee s i th ough t on
e ss l gu a o r ar es , r rea s or a ea e
of ty nt g in t u h d b n b ok n nd c tt d ; th t th
m m
ra s a a s s, a ee r e a s a ere a e
g t n wh l d th
rea e nd wh w y d u co uncil
o e
— u e , a o s a e o r s o r
W hington u F nkl in nd th v n bl p id nt Of th
m
as , o r ra , a e e e ra e re s e e
A ic nerC ong a
— h d b n d iv n fo th xil s If th
re ss a ee r e r as e e . e re
h d x i t d t th t d y in ny p t Of th ivili d w o ld
m
a e s e a a a , a ar e C ze r , a
o f ul u b l ic i in i u ion ing on
m
p w R
er p w th t te t t t h ,
f u n d s s re s e sa e o a
tion of l ib ty w hich
s u wn cou n t y
er n sought t t bli h o r o r e o es a s ,
w o ul d th h v b n in th t R p ub l ic ny ho p i t l i ty t
m
e re a e ee a e a s a oo
co di l ny y p thy t d p ny l f th i gl o ious but

r a , a s a oo ee , a ze a or e r r
unfo tun t c u t f v nt t ctiv t b hown to w d

r a e a se , oo er e or oo a e o e S ar
a nd po r sp er —
ity G ROV E R CL E VELAND d liv , e ere d at the Pr inc ton e
S esq ui C nt nni l
-
e e a , 189 6 .
E ULOGY OF GARFIELD
(E x tra c t)
in lif h w s surp ssingly g t in d th F no

G rea t e, e a a rea ea . or
c u in th v y f n y Of w ntonn s n d wick dn ss by th
m m
a se , e er re z a es a e e , e
r d h nd Of u d h w thrust f o th f ul l tid of this

m —
e a r er , e as r e e
w o l d s int t f o it hop ; it p ir tions it vic tori into

’
r ere s , r s es s as a , s es,
th vi ib l p nc of d th nd h did n t qu il N t l on
mm
e s e re se e ea a e o a . o a e
ho rt o nt in which tunn d nd d d h coul d

m
f th
or n e o e s e , s e a a ze , e
giv up lif ha dl y w Of it linqui h nt b ut th ough d ys

e e, r a a re s re s e , r a
of d dl y l ngu o th ough w k Of gony th t w n t l s

m
ea a r, r ee s a , a as o es
gony b c u il ntly bo n with cl S ight nd c l cou g

m
a e a se s e r e, ea r a a ra e,
h l oo k d into his op n g v Wh t blight nd ruin t his

m
e e e ra e . a a e
nguish d y s whos lip ll— wh t b rilli nt b ok n

m
a e y t
e e , e s a e a a , r e
pl n wh t b ffl d high bition wh t sund ing of t ong

mm
a s, a a e , a s, a er s r ,
nh ood s fri nd hip wh t bitt nding Of w t

m
w
’
ar , a e s s, a er re s ee
h ou s hol d ti ! B hind hi p ou d xp ct nt n tion gr t

m
e es e a r , e e a a , a ea
h o t of u t ining f i nd
s s ch i h d nd h pp y oth w
s a r e s, a er s e a a er , ea r
ing th full rich hono s Of h

e ly toil nd t a s ; th wif of r er ea r a e r e e
his you th who whol l if l y in hi ; th l ittl boys n t y t

m m
, se e e a s e e o e
m
g d f o hil dhood d y of f olic ; th f ir young d ught ;
m
’
e er e r C s a r e a a er
th tu dy on j u t p inging into cl o
e s r s t co p nion ship cl i
s s s r ses a , a
ing v y d y nd v y d y w ding f th s l ove nd c r ;

m m
’
e er a a e er a re ar a a er a a e
m
and in hi h rt th g sj oicing p ow tea t a ll d nd e ea e r , re er o ee e a .
B fo d sol tion nd g t d kn s ! And hi oul w

m
e hi re , e a a rea ar es s s as
h k n Hi co un t y n w th ill d with inst n t p

m m
n t o s a e . s r e e re r e a , ro
foun d nd u niv s l sy p thy M t ful in hi ort l w k

m
a er a a . a s er s a ea
n h b c th c n t n tion s l ov nshrin d in th
m
’
e ss , e Of e a e e e re a a e, e e e
p y of w o ld B ut ll th l ov nd ll th sy p thy coul d
m
ra ers a r . a e e a a e a
n t h
o wi th hi his suff ing
s a re H t od th win p s l on er . e r e e re s a e .
With unf lt ring f ont h f c d d th With unf iling t nd r

m
a e r e a e ea . a e e
m
n h took l v Of lif Abov th d oni c hiss of th
e ss e ea e e . e e e a e
a ssa ssin bull t h h d th voic of G d With si p l sig

’
s e e ea r e e o e re
—
.
mm
n tion h bow d t th D ivin d c
a e JAME S G B LAINE
e o e e e ree . .
,
d liv d t th
e ere ori l s rvic h l d b y th U S S n t nd
a e e a e e e e . . e a e a
Hou s Of Rep esent tiv s

e r a e .
AFTE R DINNE R AND -
OTHE R OCC S ION L S PE A A AKING 369
E ULOGY OF LEE
(Ex tra c t)
At the botto m Of a ll tr c o wn u e her oi s m is un selfi shne ss . Its r
ing xp c ific Th wo ld i u p i i u Of v unt d

s ion i
m
“
e re s s sa r e . e r s s S c o s a e
he o s B ut wh n th t u h o h co know th t
m
r e . end w e r e er as e, a e a
h i in v ity h ! h w th h t of n l p fo rth t g
m m
h ere e s er a t o e ea r s e ea o ree
—
,
o i fu y l co od nob l o k
m
’
hi ! h w w h p o ll w w rs G st w th e e e s e r e
st ong hon t f l s up ight n In Rob t L w s uch

m
r , es , ea r e s , r a . er ee a s
o vouchs f d t u nd t nkind nd wh th w b hold

m mm m
a h er a e o s a o a , a e er e e
d clining co nd Of th f d l y t fight th b ttl s

m m
hi e a e e era ar o e a e
a nd h Sth i i s Of hi wn p op l ; p ocl i ing on the

a re e ser e s o e e r a
h ights in f ont of G tty b u g th t th f ul t Of th di

m
e r et w s r a e a e sa s er as
hi wn ; l ding ch g s in th c i i Of co b t ; w lking u nd
mm m
s o ea ar e e r s s a a er
th yok of conqu st without u u of co p l int ; fu ing

m
e e e a r r a or re s
fo tun t co h in th youth Of hi count y in th

mm
r e o nd t e e re a ra e s r e
p t
ah s O f d u ty — h is v th s , k g nd e l f — ifi in g
e er e a e ee , ra , se sa cr c
sp i it r H .h xhibit d qu liti s n t l w o thy nd h oic

e re e e e a e o ess r a er
th n thos disp l y d on th b o d nd Op n th t
a e a e Of confl ict e r a a e e a er ,
wh n th y s of n tion w tch d hi v y ction H in th

m m
e e e e a s a e s e er a . ere e
cl a po of civil nd do tic duti nd in th t ying outin

re se a es es, a e r r e
Of inc nt t k h liv d lif high wh n d y by d y

m
e ssa as s, e e a e as as e , a a ,
h e h ll d n d l d his thin nd w ting l in s

a rs a e a nd l p t by
e a as e , a s e
night up on th fi l d th t w t b d nch d g in in bl ood up on

m m
e e a as o e re e a a
o ow And n w h h s v ni h d f o u fo v
m
th e rr . o And e a a s e r s re er .
i thi ll th t is l ft Of hi —thi h ndful Of du t b n th th

m m
s s a a e s a s e ea e
bl ston ? NO ! th g n w th y is f o th gul f
m m
ar e e e a es a s er a s e r e r e s
of ti lie th w cks Of kingdo t t s hol ding

m
wh e, ere nd e re s a es a e ,
up in th i h nd th i only t op hi th n s of tho
m
e r a s as wh e r r es, e a e se o
h v w ought f n in th l ov nd f of G d nd in lov
m
a e r or a e e a ea r o , a e
unf ing f th i f ll ow n NO ! th p nt nsw b nding

m m
ea r or e r e -
e . e rese a e rs , e
by hi to b NO ! th futu nsw
s . th b th of th e on re a ers a s e rea e r
ing f n it di nt b ow nd it oul d inks in w t in p i tions

m m
a s s ra a r , a s s r s ee s ra
f o th lov ly lif of L think th v y h v n c ho

m
r e NO !e e ee . e s e er ea e s e ,
l t into th i d p ths th wo d of v nt l ov th t voic

m
a s e e r e e r s re e re e a e
t of n t th tingl ing t
m mm
th h e ea r s e o e s a rs .
Co w th n t d y in l oy l l ov t s nctify u ois
m mm
e e e o -
a a e o a o r e r e ,
t p u ify u hop s t k t ong ll good int nt by co union

m m
o r o r e , o a e s r a e
with th S p i it Of hi e wh b ing d d y t sp k th Co
r o, e ea e ea e . e,
chil d in thy S p otl inn oc nc ; co wo n in thy p urity m m
m m mm
, e ss e e e, a ,
co youth in thy p i ; co nh ood in thy t ngth

m mm m
e, ,
r e e, a , s re
co e g in thy rip wisdo ; co iti n ; co oldi ; let

m
, a e, e e, C ze e, s er
m
u s st w th reos s nd lil i of Jun ound his to b f h like
e r e a es e ar , or e,
xh l d in hi lif N tu b n fi n nd th g av h s
m
’
th e , e a e s e a re s e e ce ce , a e r e a
consec t d th t life nd giv n it t u ll ; l t us c own hi to b

mm
ra e a a e o s a e r s
with th bl Of hi t ngth nd with th l u l

mm
k th e oa , e e e s s re , a e a re ,
bl of hi gl o y nd l t th gun who voic s he

m
th e e e s r , a e ese s, se e
kn w Of Old w k th cho s Of th ount ins th t n tu

m m m m
e , a a e e e e e a , a a re
h lf y j oin in hi sol n qui

erse a Co f h h sts s e re e . e, or e re e re ,
On this g
by thi f i t ree nb a nk , s a r s rea m ,
W s t t d y votiv ton
mm m m
e e o -
a a e s e,
Th t o y y his d ds d
a e r a ee re ee ,
Wh n l ik u ire ,u on gon e o r S es , o r s s a re e .
— J OHN WARWICK D ANIEL on th , e
unv il ing Of L s t tu t Washington nd

e ee
’
s a e a a
L Univ ity L xington Vi gini 1883

ee ers , e , r a, .
QUES TIONS AND EX ERCI S ES
1 . Why m pl c ho ul d hu or find
s a a e in a fter dinn er -
p king
i fly giv yo u im
s ea ?
2 . Br ep ion e r ress s Of a ny no ta b le a fter
nn dd yo u h v h d
im
di er a ress tha t a e ea r .
3 i fly o u lin
. Br e gin y occ tion of a ny so
e an rt a ar as
a nd give th ree sub j ec ts a pp ro p ri a te for a ddresses
m
.
4 D eliv er one su ch a ddress not to ex ceed ten in u tes

.
,
in leng th
m
.
5 Wha t prop o rtion of e o tion a l idea s do yo u find in

.
the ex tra c ts giv en in this c ha p ter ?
—
6 m i
Hu o r wa s used in so e of the fo regoing a ddresses

. m
ih wh ich o th ers w o ul d it h a ve b een in a pp rop ri a te?
7 P r
.e p a re a n d d el iv er a n a f ter dinn er sp eech suited -
CHA P T ER XXXI
MA K I N G C ON V E RS A TI ON E F F E C TI V E
In conv ersa t ion void th xt

a e e re mof fo
es rwa r dn e ss a n d reser
—
ve .
CATO .
C onve
rsa t o i n is the l a b ora t ory a nd w o kshop of
r the st u d nt
e
—E ME RS ON
.
, E ssa ys: Circles .
fa ther of W E Gla dston e considered conversa tion

mm
The . .
to b e bo th a n a rt a nd a n a cco pl i sh en t Aro und the

mm
.
dinner ta b le in his ho e so e topic of loca l or na tiona l

m
interest or so e d eb a ted qu estion wa s consta ntly b eing
m
, ,
disc u ssed I n this way a friendly riva lry for supre a cy

m m
.
in conversa tion a ro se a ong the fa ily a nd a n incident

m
,
ob served in the street a n idea glea ned fro a book a

m
, ,
d educ tion fro p ersona l exp eri enc e wa s c a refully stored

m m
,
as a teri a l for the fa i ly ex cha ng e Thus his ea rly yea rs .
of pra ctise in el ega nt conversa tion p rep a red the y ounger

Gl a d ston e for his c a reer a s a l ea d er a nd sp ea ker .
There is a sen se in which the a bi li ty to converse effec

tiv ely is effici en t pub l ic sp ea king for our conversa tion is
m
,
often h ea rd by a n y a nd occ a siona lly deci sions of grea t

mm
,
o ent hing e up on the ton e a nd qua li ty of wha t we say

in p riva te .
I ndeed conversa tion in the a ggrega te prob ab ly wi el d s

m mm
,
ore p ower tha n p ress a nd pla tfor co bined S ocra tes

m m
.
ta ug h t his g rea t tru ths not fro pub lic ro stru s but in
m m
, ,
p ersona l converse M en a de pilgri ages to Goethe s

.
’
MAKING CON E RS V ATION E FFE CTIVE 3 73
library a nd Colerid ge s ho e to b e cha r ed a nd instructedm m

m
’
b y their sp eech and the culture of a ny na tions wa s

m
m m
"
i ea sura bly influenc ed b y the thoughts tha t strea ed

m
out fro tho se rich w ell sp n ng s
m m
-
.
M o st Of the world oving sp eeches a re a de in the

m
-
course of conversa tio n Conferenc es of dip lo a ts b usi

m
,
.
ness g etting a rgu ents decisions b y bo a rds Of direc tors

-
, ,
considera tio n s of corp ora te p o licy a ll of which influence

m mm
,
the p o l i tic a l erca n til e a nd eco no ic ap s of the world

m
, ,
a re u sua lly the resul ts of c a reful tho ugh info r a l con
m
versa tion a nd the a n who se op inion s weigh in such
,
crises is he who ha s first ca reful ly pondered the words

of both a nta gonist a nd p rotagoni st
m m
.
However i p orta n t it a y b e to a tta in sel f con tro l
m
-
in light socia l converse or a bout the fa ily ta bl e it is

, ,
undeniab ly vi ta l to ha ve on eself p erfectly in ha nd while

ta king p art in a mm
o ento us conference Then the hints .
tha t we ha ve given on p oi se a l ertn ess p reci sio n Of wo rd
m
, , ,
clea rness Of sta te ent a nd force Of uttera nc e wi th re

, ,
sp ec t to p ub l ic sp eech a re equ a lly a pp lic a b l e to con

,
versa tion
m m
.
The fo r o f nervo u s ego ti s — —

for it is bo th th a t
su dd enly ends in fl usters ju st when the vi ta l wo rd s need
to b e u ttered is the S ig n of co ing defea t for a conversa m

m
.
, ,
tion is Often a con test If y o u f eel thi s tendenc y e b a rra ss
m
.
ing y ou b e sure to li sten to Hol es s a dvic e :

,
’
And whe n you stick on conv tion l bu s ersa a r ,
D on t t w you p thw y wi th tho d dful

’
s re r a a se rea urs .
Here b ring y our will into a ction , for y our trouble is a

wa ndering m
ntion You ust force yo ur ind to p er
a tte . m
sist a l ong the c h o sen lin e of conversa tion a nd reso lutel y
m
m
ref use to b e diverted by a ny sub j ec t or ha pp e ng th a t
ay un exp ec tedly p o p up to di stra c t yo u To fa i l here .
is to l o se effec tiven ess u tterly

m
.
Conc entra tion is the keyno te of conversa tion a l ch ar

a nd effi ci ency The h a ph a zard h a bi t of exp ression th a t
m
.
uses bird S ho t when a b ullet is n eeded insures i ssing

m m
-
the ga e for dipl o a cy of a ll so rts rests up on the p reci se

m
,
a pplic a tion Of p reci se wo rd s —

p articula rly if one ay
,
—
p araphra se Tallyra nd in tho se cri ses when la nguage is
no longer used to concea l thought
m
.
We ay frequen tly g a in new light on Old subj ects by

l ooking a t word deriva tions Conversa tion signifies in
m
-
.
the o rigin a l a turn a bo ut ex ch a ng e of id ea s yet o st

m m
-
p eopl e see to regard it a s a onol ogue B ron son Al co tt

m
.
used to sa y tha t a ny coul d a rgue but few converse

mm
.
,
The first thing to re e b er in conv ersa tion then is tha t

m
, ,
—
li stening resp ec tful sy pa thetic a l ert listening is not
,
— ,
onl y due to our f ellow converser but due to o urselves .
Ma ny a reply l o ses its p oin t b eca u se the sp ea k er is so

m uch in terested in wha t he is a bo ut to sa y tha t it is rea lly
m
no reply a t a ll but erely a n irri ta ting a nd hu ilia ting m
irreleva ncy .
S elf exp ression is exhila ra ting This expl a in s the

m m
-
.
etern a l i pulse to d ecora te to te p ol es a nd p a int pic

tur es wri te p o etry a nd exp o u nd ph i l o so p hy
,
One of the .
chi ef delights of conversa tion is the opp ortunity it a ffords

for sel f exp ression A good conversa tion a li st who onop o
-
. m
l iz es a ll the conversa tion wi ll b e vo ted a bo re b eca use
,
m m
for for hi to fla un t his own wo es or the d efor i ty m
m m
bad ,
of so e one else s chara c ter The pub lic de a nds plays

’
.
a nd sto ri es th a t end h a pp i ly All the worl d is seeking

.
happiness They c a nno t long b e in terested in your ill s

m m m
.
a nd tr oub les Georg e Coha n a de hi self a illiona ire

.
b efore he wa s thirty by writing cheerful pla ys One of .
his rul es is g en era lly a pplic a b l e to conversa tion Alwa ys

m
:
l ea ve the la ughing wh en you say good bye

m
.
D yn a ite the I out of yo ur conversa tion Not one

” “
m m
.
a n in nin e hundred a nd sev en ca n ta lk a bo u t h i sel f
wi th o u t b eing a bore m
a n who ca n p erfo r th a t m
m m
The .
fea t ca n a chi eve a rvels wi th out ta lking a bo ut hi self

m
,
so the etern a l I is not p er issib le even in his ta lk

”“
.
I f yo u h a bi tua lly b ui ld your conversa tion a round yo ur

own in terests it m
a y p rov e v ery tireso m
e to y o u r l i sten er
m
.
He ay b e think ing of bird dog s or dry fly fi shing whi l e

m m
yo u a re discussing the fourth di en sion or the eri ts of
m m
,
a c u cu b er l o tion The Cha r ing conversa tiona list is

m
.
p rep a red to ta lk in ter s of his listen er s in terest I f

m
’
.
his l i sten er sp ends his sp a re ti e inv estig a ting Guern sey

m m
c a ttle or a gita ting socia l refor s the discri ina ting con
m
,
v ersa tiona list sha p es his re a rk s a cco rding ly Richa rd

m m
.
Wa shb urn Chil d sa y s he knows a a n of ediocre a bility

who ca n Cha r mm m m
uch a b ler th a n hi self when he
mm
en
di scusses electric lighting Thi s sa e a n prob a b ly

.
wo ul d bo re a nd b e bored if he were forc ed to converse

m
, ,
a bo u t usic or Ma da ga sc a r .
Avoid pla ti tu des a nd ha ck n ey ed p hra ses I f yo u

m m
.
eet a fri end fro Keo kuk on S ta te S treet or on Pik e s

m
’
Pea k it is not n ec essa ry to Ob serv e :

,
How s a ll thi s
MAKING V
CON E RS ATI ON EFFE CTIVE 3 77
worl d is fter all ! Thi s ob serva tion wa s doub tless a de

”
m
m
a
prior to the for a tion of Pik e s Pea k This o l d worl d

m
’
.
is g etting b etter ev ery day Fa r er s wives do not

“
m m
’
.
have to work a s ha rd a s for erly It is not so .uch

the high co st of living a s the co st of high living S u ch
m
.
Ob serva tion s a s these exci te a bo ut the sa e degree of
m
ad ira tion a s is dr awn out b y the app eara nce of a 1 90 3
m odel touring ca r If y ou ha ve nothing fresh or interest
m
.
ing you ca n a lwa y s re a in silent How woul d y ou like .
to rea d a n ew sp ap er tha t fla shed out in bol d hea dl in es
Nic e Wea ther We Are Having or da i ly g a ve co lu ns m

m m
,
to the sa e old a teri a l y o u ha d b een rea ding week a f ter
week ?
QUE S TIONS AND EX E RCI S E S
I . Giv e a o
sh rt sp ee ch describing the conversa tiona l
2 . In a few wo rds give y our idea of a mg con

cha r in
verser .
3 .W ha t q u a li ti es of t h e o r a to r S ho ul d not b e u sed in
conversa tion
m
.
4 .Give a sho rt hu oro u s delinea tion of the conversa

tiona l ora cle .
5 .G iv e a n a cco u n t of y o u r fi r st d a y a t ob se rving con

versa tion a round y ou
m
.
Give a n a cco un t of one da y s effort to i p rove yo ur

’
6 .
own conversa tio n .
iv l i of u b j c y o u d c u d d u i g
m
7 .G e a st s e ts hea r di s sse r n
a ny rec en t p erio d y o u a y sel ec t
m
.
8 .Wha t is ea n t by ela stic touch in conversa tion ?

“
9 . Ma ke a li st Of B ro m
id
es, as Gellett B urg ess
m
calls th o se threa dbg re expressions which bore us to ex “
tinction — itself a B ro ide

m
.
Wha t ca uses a phra se to b eco e ha ckn eyed ?

m
10 .
m
D efin e the words (a ) tri te ; (b) sol eci s
m m
°
II .
,
collo quiali s ; (d) sla ng ; (e) vulgaris ; (f neo logis .
12 Wh a t constitutes preten tio us ta lk ?

.
THE ART OF PU B L IC S PE AKIN G
Is the Presid en tia l S y ste mb for mof gov n

mn li m
a etter er
Uni ted S ta tes tha n the Pa r n l

m
e t for the a e ta
S y ste ?
o ul d l gi l ion h d o d g du l
b n onm
Sh s at be t wa r the
“
our e s ap e ra a
n of o c iv i
gov nm of h l g ci
a a d e t the p r te t e ta r ff ?
o ul d v d
n nin m
ties b e
com m m
Sh the er ent t e a r er este
sol lye ini ion of

a o ss not re tha e en ,
l c d by vo l g
p m
e e te the ters at a r e?
h o ul d n ion l b nk i d i u ub j c
gov nm
S at a a s be er tte to ss e, s e t
to ta x a nd n u v on no b d oner e t s p er i si ,
tes a se
i g n l
ho ul d o m
the r e era a ssets ?
n giv n b llo on p n
m
S w a be e the a t the rese t
b i of u f g
as s s f ra e for en ?
oul d p b i uf g ic d
mn n o l p c d lu ion
Sh the resent a s s Of s f ra e be restr te ?
hop of
nd diplo mic
Is the e p er a e t w r d -
ea e a e s ?
Sh o uld i d the Un te S ta tes se a at rep re
senta tiv e ic a n ?
to the V a t
S h o ul d the Pow ers of the wo rl d sub sti tu te a n in ter

n a tio na l p olic e for nationa l sta nding a r i es? m
S h o ul d the Uni ted S ta tes a in ta in the M on ro e m
D oc trin e?
S ho ul d the Reca ll Of J u dg es b e a dop ted ?
S ho ul d the I ni ti a tiv e a nd Ref erendu b e a dop ted m
a s a na tio na l p rincip l e ?
Is it d esira b l e tha t the n a tion a l gov ern en t S h o ul d m

own a ll ra i l ro a d s o p era ti ng in in tersta te terri to ry ?
Is it d esi ra b l e tha t the n a tio na l gov ern ent sho ul d m

ow n in tersta te tel eg ra p h a nd tel ep hon e sy ste s? m
Is the n a tion a l p ro hibi tion of the l iq u o r tra ffi c a n
econo m
ic n ecessi ty ?
AP PE NDICE S 3 8 1
S ho uld the Uni ted S ta tes ar m

y a nd na vy b e grea tly
gthened ?
m m
stren
S ho ul d the sa e sta nda rds of a ltruis ob ta in in the

rel a tio n s of n a tio n s a s in tho se of in dividua l s ?
m m
S ho ul d our govern ent b e ore highl y c entra li zed ?
S ho ul d the United S ta tes co ntinue its p olic y of
m
opp o si ng the co bina tion of ra ilro a ds?
m
I n ca se of p erso n a l i njury to a work a n a ri sing out
mm m
Of his e p l o y en t sho ul d his e p l o y er b e li a b l e for
m
,
a d equ a te co p e n sa tio n a n d b e fo rbid d en t o set u p

a s a d efenc e a p l ea of co ntrib u to ry n eg lig enc e on
m
the p a rt of the wo rk a n or the negl ig enc e of a
m
,
f ellow work a n .
S houl d a ll corp ora tion s doing a n intersta te b u sin ess

b e req uIred to ta k e out a Federa l lic ense ?
m
S ho ul d the a o unt of p rop erty tha t ca n b e tra n s
m
ferred b y inherita nc e b e li i ted b y la w ?
m
S ho ul d equa l co p ensa tion for equ a l la bor b etween
m m
,
wo en a nd en u niversa lly p rev a i l ?

,
D o es equa l suffra g e tend to l essen the in terest of

m m
wo a n in her ho e ?
S ho ul d the Uni ted S ta tes ta k e a dva n ta g e of the co m
m ercia l a nd in du stri a l wea k n ess of fo reign n a tio n s
m
,
b rought a bo ut b y the wa r b y trying to wrest fro

m m m
,
thei r a rk ets in Centra l a nd S o u th A eric a ?
m
the
S ho ul d tea chers of s a ll chil dren in the p ub lic

mm m
schoo l s b e sel ec ted fro a ong o thers?
S houl d foo tb a ll b e restric ted to coll eg es for the sa k e
,
of p hy sica l sa fety ?
S houl d coll eg e studen ts who rec eive co p en sa tion m
THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE AKING
for m
m
pla ying su er b aseb a ll b e deb a rred fro a a mm
teur sta nding ?
S ho ul d da ily sch ool h o urs a nd sc h oo l v a c a tion s bo th

-
b e sh orten ed ?
m
S ho ul d h o e stu dy for pup il s in gra d e sch oo ls b e
-
a bo li sh ed a nd l ong er sch oo l h o ur s su b sti tu ted ?
m m
-
S houl d the h ono r sy ste in ex a in a tion s b e a dop ted

in pub lic high schoo ls?
m m
-
S h o uld a ll co ll eg es a dop t the self g ov ern en t syste

-
for its stu d en ts?

S ho ul d coll eg es b e c la ssifi ed by n a tion a l la w a nd
sup ervi sion a nd u nifo r m
en tra nc e a nd gra d ua tion
m m
,
req ui re en ts a in ta in ed by ea ch college in a
p a rticula r cla ss?
m
S h o ul d ini sters b e required to sp end a ter of yea rs m
m
in so e tra de b u siness or profession b efore be
m
, , ,
co ing p a stors?
Is the Y M C A l o sing its spiri tu a l p ower?
. . . .
Is the c hurch l o sing its h o l d on thinking p eo pl e?

Are the p eopl e of the United S ta tes ore devo ted to m
rel igion tha n ev er?
D o es the rea ding Of m

a g a zin es con trib u te to in tel
l ec tua l sha llown ess?

TH E PROB LE M OF OLD AGE .
“
Old Ag e D ef erred ,
”
Arno l d Lo ra nd .
WH O IS THE TRAMP ?
Artic l e in Century 2 8 : 4 1 , .
Two M E N I NS IDE .
D r J ekyll a nd Mr Hyde R L S teven son

“
. . . . .
,
TH E OVE RTH ROW OF POVE RTY .
“
The Pa n a c ea for Pov erty Ma dison Peters , .
M ORAL S AND MANNE RS

A Chri sti a n s Ha bi ts Rob ert E S p eer
“ ’
. .
,
J E W A N D C H RI S T IAN .
J esus the Jew Ha rol d Wein stock

,
.
ED U CATION AND THE M OVIN G PICTURE .
Articl e by J B erg E senwein in

. The Th ea tre of
S ci enc e Rob ert Gra u
,
.
B OOK S A s FOOD .
B oo k s a nd Rea ding R C Ga g e a nd Alfred ,

. .
Ha rco urt .
WHAT I s A NOVE L ?
The Techniq u e of the Novel Ch a rl es F Ho rn e
“
. .
,
M ODE RN FICTION AND M ODE RN LIFE .
Artic l e in Lippincott s Oc tob er 1 90 7

’
.
, ,
OU R PROB LE M IN M E XI CO
m
.
The Rea l M exico Ha i l ton Fyf e

“
.
,
TH E JOY OF RE CE IVING
m mm m
.
Artic l e in Wo a n s Ho e Co pa nion D ec e b er
’
, ,
1 1
9 4 .
PH Y S ICA L TRAININ G COLLE GE ATHL E TICS

m
VS . .
Articl e in Litera ry Digest ,

Nove b er 2 8, 1 9 1 4 .
APPE NDICE S 385
CH EE R UP .
The S ci enc e of Happ iness Jea n Fino t

“
.
,
TH E S Q U ARE PE G IN TH E ROUND HOLE

“
Job the Ma n a nd the B o ss Ka therine
m
The , , ,
B la ckfo rd a nd Arthur Newco b .
THE D E CAY OF ACTIN G

m
.
Article in Current Opinion Nove b er 1 9 1 4

, , .
TH E YOUN G MAN AND THE CHU RCH

m
.
A Yo ung a n s Rel igio n N M cGee Wa ters

“ ’
. .
,
INHE RITING S U CCE S S

Articl e in Current Opinion Nove b er 1 9 1 4
,
m , .
TH E INDIAN IN OKLAH OMA

m
.
Articl e in Litera ry D igest Nove b er 2 8 1 9 1 4

, , .
HATE AND THE NATION

m
.
Articl e in Litera ry Dig est Nove b er 1 4 1 9 1 4

, , .
APPEND IX C
S U GGE S TIV E S U B JE CT S FOR S PEE CHE S 1
Wi th Occa ion l Hint on T ea t nt

s a s r m e
MOVI E S AND MORALS .
THE TRU TH AB OU T LYIN G .
The essenc e of tru th telling a nd lying L ies th a t a re -

.
not so con sidered The sub tl eties of di stinc tion s

m m
.
required Exa ples Of i pl ied a nd a c ted lies

. .
B E NE FIT S THAT F OLL OW D I S A S TE RS .
B en efi ts th a t ha ve a ri sen out Of fl ood s fi res earth , ,
qua kes wa rs etc , ,

.
HA S TE F OR LE I S URE
m
.
How the speed a nia is bo rn of a va in desire to
enj oy a l ei sure th a t n ev er co es or on the con tra ry m

m m
, ,
how the see ing h a ste of the worl d ha s given

m m
en
sh o rter h o urs of l a bo r a nd ore ti e for rest study , ,
a nd pl ea sure .
S T PAUL S ME S S AGE To NE W YORK

m
’
. .
Tru th s fro the Epi stl es p ertin en t to the grea t ci ti es

of toda y .
EDUCATION AND CRIME .
Loss 1 3 THE MOTHE R OF GAIN

mm
.
How a ny en ha ve b een con ten t until l o sing a ll , ,
th ey ex erted th ei r b est efforts to rega in su cc ess a nd
m
,
su cc eed ed ore la rg ely tha n b efore .
1 It msu t be re mm d e be re tha t the p h si g

ra n of the sub e ct j will not ne ces
sarily s erv e for the title .

388 TH E ART OF PUB LIC S PE AKING
TH E E G OIS TIC AL TRUI S T .
Herb ert S p enc er heory disc ussed in

’
s t as The D a ta
of Ethic s .
ME NACE S
m
How CITY NATION
m
THE TH E .
E cono ic p ils in a ssed p opula tion S how a lso

m
er .
the o ther sid e S ign s of the p rob l e s b eing so lved

’
. .
THE ROB U S T NOTE IN MODE RN POE TRY

m
.
A co p a ri son of the wo rk Of Ga l sworthy Ma sefi eld

m
,
a nd Kipling wi th tha t Of so e ea rl i er p o ets .
THE IDE AL S OF S OCIALI S M .
TH E FU TU RE OF TH E S MALL CITY
m m m
.
How en a re co ing to see the econo ic a dva n tages

m m
Of s a ll er unicip a lities .
CE N S ORS HIP F OR THE THE ATRE

m
.
Its rel a tion to o ra ls a nd a rt Its difii culties a nd its .
b enefits .
FOR S U CH A TIME As THI S .
Mo rd ec a i s exp ression a nd its a pplic a tion to op por

m
’
tunities in m
od ern wo a n s life ’
.
Is THE PRE S S V E NAL ?

S AF E TY F IRS T .
ME NE S AND E XTRE ME S .
RUB ICONS AND PONTOONS

m m mm
.
How grea t en n ot on ly a de o ento us decision s

b ut c rea ted m
ea n s to c a rry th e m
A sp eech full
m
out .
of historic a l ex a ples .
E CONOMY A RE VE NUE .
THE PATRI OTIS M OF PROTE S T AGAIN S T POPU LAR

IDOL S .
S AVONAROLA THE D IVINE OU T CA S T

,
.
APPE NDICE S 389
THE TRU E POL ITI CIAN

m ng of
.
Revert origina l o rd B uil d

ml
ea ni
m ci
to the the w .
the sp eech a ro un d on e an as the h ef ex a p e .
COL ONEL S AND S H E LL S .
L ea der ship ca nnon fo dder o g —ain

m mm
a nd p r test a a st
wa r its effec t on the co on p eop le .
WHY Is A MILITANT ?
m
A di sp a ssio na te ex a in a tion Of the cl a i s of the m
m
B ri tish il ita nt suffra g ette .
ART AND M ORAL S .
The differenc e b etween the nu d e a nd the n a k ed in a rt .
CAN MY COUN TRY B E WRON G ?

Fa l se p a trio ti s m a nd tru e wi th ex a p l es of
,
m
O
p p u la r y
-
h a te d p a tr io ts .
GOVE RN ME N T B Y PARTY
m
.
An a na ly si s of our p resent p o li tic a l sy ste

mm m
a nd the
ove ent towa rd refor .
TH E EFFE CT S OF FICTI ON ON HI S T ORY .
THE EFFE CT S OF HI S T ORY ON FICTI ON .
THE INF LUE NCE OF WAR ON LITE RA TU RE .
CHINE S E GORD ON .
A ulog y
e .
HI GHE R EDU CATION

m m
TAX E S AN D .
S h oul d a ll en co p elled to contribute to the

be
supp o rt of u niversi ti es a nd p rof ession a l sch oo l s?
PRIZE CATTLE v s PRI ZE B AB IE S

. .
Is E ug enic s a sci enc e? And is it p ra c tica b l e?

B E NE VOLE NT AU T OCRACY
m
.
Is a stro ng ly p a tern a l govern en t b etter for the

m a sses tha n a m
uch larger freedo for the individua l ? m
39 ° THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE
,
AKING
HAND OPINI ONS

m
45 S E COND -
.
The tendency to swa llow re views instea d of for ing

on e s own views
’
.
PARE NTAGE OR POWE R?

m
A stu dy of which for of a ri stocracy ust eventua lly m
preva il tha t of b lood or tha t Of ta lent
, .
TH E B LE S S IN G OF D I S CON TE NT
m m m
.
B a sed on a ny ex a ,
ples Of wha t ha s b een a cco
by h o V let well eno ugh
“
p l ish e d t se w h o h a e n ot -
a l on e.
CORRUPT AND CONTE NTE D .
A stu dy of the rel a tion of the a p a th etic vo ter to

vicio us govern ent m .
THE MOL OCH OF CHILD LAB OR -

.
EVE RY MAN HAS A RI GH T To WORK .
CH ARI TY THAT POS TE RS PAUPE RIS M .
“
NOT IN OUR S TARS B U T IN OU RS E LVE S .
D estiny vs c h oic e . .
E NV IRONME NT v s HE RE DITY . .
THE B RA VE RY OF D OU B T
m
.
D o ub t not ere u nb el i ef Tru e gro unds for do ub t

m
. .
Wha t do ub t ha s led to Exa pl es The wea kn ess

m m
. .
of ere do ub t The a ttitude of the wholeso e

.
doub ter versus tha t of the who lesa le do ub ter .
THE S PIRI T OF M ONTICELL O

m m m
.
A essa g e fro the l if e of Tho a s J efferson .
NARROWN E S S IN S PE CIALIS M .
The da ng ers of sp ecia l i zing wi th o u t first p o ssessing

b ro a d knowledg e The eye too c lo se to one obj ec t
. .
B a l a nc e is a vi ta l p rerequi site for S p ecia liza tion .

39 2 TH E ART OF P U B LI C S PE AKING
RI GHT MAKE S MIGHT .
ROOMIN G WI TH A GH OS T
m
.
I nfluenc e of the wo a n gra dua te of fifty yea rs b efore

on the colleg e girl who lives in the roo onc e occu m
pi ed by the di stinguished Old gra d .
No FACT I s A S IN GLE FACT

m
.
The i p o rta nc e of w eighing f a c ts r el a tiv ely .
Is CLA S S ICAL EDU CATI ON D E AD To RI S E NO M ORE ?

INVE CTIVE AGAINS T NIE TS CHE s PHI LOS OPHY ’
.
WHY HAVE WE B ossE s?

m m
A fa i r ind ed exa in a tion of the u ses a nd a b u ses of
-
the p o l i tic a l lea der

.
A PLE A F OR S E TTLE ME NT WORK .
CRE DU LITY v s FAITH

. .
WHA T I s HUMOR?
US E AND AB U S E OF TH E CART OON .
TH E PU LPI T IN POL ITICS .
ARE COLLE GE S GROWIN G Too LARGE ?

THE D OOM OF AB S OLU TI S M .
S HALL WOMAN HE LP KEEP HOU S E F OR TOWN CITY , ,
S TATE AND NATI ON ?

,
THE EDU CATIONA L TE S T FOR S U FFRAGE .
THE PROPE RTY TE S T F OR S U FFRAGE .
THE ME NACE OF THE PLU TOCRAT .
THE COS T OF HIGH LIVING .
TH E COS T OF CONVE NIE NCE S .
WA S TE IN AMERICAN LIFE .
TH E E FFE CT OF THE PH OT OPLAY ON THE LE GITI

MA TE TH E ATRE .
90 . ROOM F OR THE KICKE R .

APPE NDICE S 3 93
NEE D F OR TRAI NE D D IPL OMAT S .
TH E S HAD OW OF THE IRON CH ANCELL OR .
TH E TYRRANY OF TH E CROWD .
Is OU R TRIAL BYJU RY S ATIS FACTORY ?

THE HI GH COS T OF S E CU RIN G JU S TICE .
TH E NE E D F OR S PEE DIE R COU RT TRIAL S .
TRIU MP H S OF TH E AME RICAN EN GINE E R .
GOE THAL S AND GORGA S .
PU B LIC EDU CATION MAKE S S E RVI CE To THE PUB LIC

A D U TY .
1 00 . MAN OwE s HIS LIFE 1 0 THE COMMON GOOD .

APPEND IX D
S PE E CHE S F OR S TUDY AND PRACTIS E
NE WELL D WI GH T HI LLIS
AVE LITTLE B E L GIUM BR
m
m
D liv d in Ply outh Chu ch B ooklyn N Y Octob r 18 19 14
e e re r , r , . .
, e , .
U ed b y p ission
m
s er .
L ong g Pl to a d distinction b tw n th occa sions of

o a a e a e ee e
w
su f c
nd th
ar a
m
r a nd
c u of w Th occ ions of w r li up on th
e a
know n nd d Of ll n whil th c uses Of
e, a a re
ses
a
ar .
rea
e
a
as
m
m e
a
e
e
e a
e
m
,
w r a b dd d in ci l nt goni
a re e e in p ol itic l n d
e ra a a a s s, a a eco
no ic cont ov i N tiv hi to ri n s p o rt y th occ asion
r e rs es . a rra e s a ra e s
of w ; p hil O Op hi hi to i n th c t nd hidd n c u s
ar S c s r a s, e se re a e a se .
Thu th s p k Of fi e Sth t f ll i th occ ion Of n xp l o ion

ar re a a s s e as a e s ,
b ut th c u Of th h voc i th
e a se l tion b tw n ch co l nit r
e a s e re a e ee ar a e
m
,
a nd ltp t Th occ ion of th Civil W w th fi ing up on

sa e er . e as e ar as e r
Fo t S u t
r Th c u w er th coll i ion b tw n th id l of
e a se as e s e ee e ea s
m
.
th Union p
e nt d by D ni l W b t nd th s c sion t ught
re se e a e e s er a e e es a
St p T
a m
by C lh oun Th occ ion Of th A ic n R volution w s th
m
a
; th
.
c u w th conviction on th p rt of ur
ax e
e
a se
as
mas e
e er a e
e a
a
o
e
fo f th th t n wh h d f do in w o hip c rri d l o
re a
th c p ci ty f
e a
e rs
a
a
lf gov n nt Th occ ion Of th F nch
or se
e
-
o
er m m a
e
ree
e as
rs a
e
e
re
a s
m
.
R volution w th p u ch
e Of di ond n ckl c f Q u n
as e r a se a a e a e or ee
M i Antoin tt t ti
th c u
ar e
e Of th
a se
wh n th t
volution w f u d li
occ ion of th g t conflict th t is n w h king u
as
e
e
u y w s xh ust d ;
e a
e reN t o th wi
re a th w
a
th me
as
a
e
e a
e
o
rea s
s
S
.
a
r
o
a
o
er
r ea r
e a
se ,
e
as
e
th
e m e
in tion Of n Au t i n boy nd gi l b ut th c u i
e a ssa ss
b dd d in ci l nt goni
A f Ru i th c u Of th w
s or
e
a
nd
ss a ,
cono ic co p tition
ra
w sh
a a
a
d si t obt in th
e a
a
se
m mm
s r a
s s a
e ar
e
a
a er
r ,
e re
e
o
e a
a
.
se s
e
B o p ho u — nd n op n
h
i h
s
er a
s
tt ck up on G
er
a
r s p o t which i th p i
a
ny A f Au t i th c us Of th w r
f Of th g owing p ow Of th B lk n S t t s nd th
ea r e
a
er
Off
r
m dfr e
a
sea
. s
r
er
or
,
s r a,
e
s
a a
e
e a
r ze
a e
e
,
e re
a
e
o
a
e
p og
r ivre ssl icing w y O
e f h S t i t o y A f Fa nc th a er err r S or ra e, e
m m
.
c us of th w i th instinc t of lf p
a e e ar v tion th t si ts
s e se r e se r a a re s
m
-
a n inv din g h o t a AS f G ny th c us is h r d p s t d
s or er a e a e e ee -
ea e
m
.
,
conviction th t v y count y h a o l ight t th outh

e er r as a ra r o e
Of it g t t riv ; u n b l t co p t wi th E ngl nd by ou nd
s re a e s er a e o e e a r
m
,
a bout s out s nd Ki l C n l h w nts t us th out

ea r e a a e a a s e a o e e r e
m
,
th t n tu
a digg d f h th ough th outh of th Rhin As
a re e or er r e e e
m
.
for E ngl nd th oth l nd is fighting t cov h s n

a , e er a o re er er e se
Of curity D u ing th N p ol onic w s th s cond Willia
se r e a e ar e e
m
.
Pitt xp l in d th qu d ru p l ing Of th t x
e a e th inc
e Of th
a e a e s, e rea se e
a
sta t em
n vy nd th nding Of n E ngli h r y g in t F nc by th
, a e se
ent th t j u stific tion Of th i p op o
a d w r is th Pr s rv a
a
s
s
r
a
se
a a
a
s ra
e
e,
e e a
e
39 6 THE ART OF PU B LI C S PE AKING
ha v b en d ni d h
It is
e
NO o th l nd h ol d
l nd wh a
e
er
Th gol d i in th h a t of h
a
e
v ybody wo ks In th wint wh n th
a
e
c o p u d nt indu triou nd th ifty
e re
p op l
s a ra
er
e
.
er
e m e
re r
r
s
e ,
e e
s
e
r
s a
er
er e
r
e .
. e e
s u n do n t i until h lf p t s v n th B lgi n cott g h v
es o r se a as e e , e e a a es a e
light in th i window t fi
s nd th p op l
e r a dy f n s a v e, a e e e re rea or a
e el v n ho u d y A
e ul ll hil d n w o k ft 12 y s of
r a
mm
s a r e a C re
m mm r a er ea r
-
.
a g eTh x qui it p oint d l c th t h s d B lg iu f ous

e e s e e a e a a a e e a
m
.
,
is w ou ght b y w o n wh fulfill th t ks Of th hou hol d ful

.
r e o e as e se
e
fi ll d by A ic n w o n nd th n b gin th i t sk up on th
e
x qui it l c th t h v nt th i n
s e a
er
es nd f
a
th ou ghou t
a a
e
e se
, a
e r
e
a m m
e
e a
s e r
a
a
e r
e
i
th w o l d
s so
e
p
Th i w g r l w th i wo k h d b u t th i lif
.
c ful nd p o p ou th t f w B lgi n v
ea e
e r
a ig t
a
r
e s a re
s er s
o ,
a
e r
e
m m r
e a
ar
s e
,
er e
e r
ra e
e
o
m
t fo ign cou nt i re
co p ul o y th i chool f s
Of l t th y h v
r
m
d th i duc tion
It i do ub tful wh th
e r s
r es
ny o th
.
s ree
a e e
s
a
m
e a e
e
e r e
er a
a
er
m
, .
count y h
tion
d g t ucc s Of th i y t Of t n p o t
r as
Y u will p y 5 0 c nt t j o u n y o
o
a
tw n ty odd
e a
ail s
re a er s
e s o
es
r e m e r s
m s
s e
e e
ra s r a
m
.
o ut t
m Ro lyn on u L ong I l nd il o d b u t in B l giu
o
m
s
co ut j ou n y tw nty il in t th f cto y nd b ck g in
er r
,
e s
o r
e m s a
es o
ra r
e
a
a
,
r a a
e
a
a
%
a
e v y night nd k th i doubl d ily j ou n y s t n nti
er
cost Of 37 c nt p w k l th n th
a
e ount th t you p y
s
a
er
es
ee
e s x
e ss
e
a
a
e a m r e a
a
a e
a
re
m m m
,
f orth j ou n y n w y f
e lik di t nc in thi count y Out
r e o e a or a e s a e s r
m
.
Of thi h s co B l giu p o p i ty on y t ’
s a Sh h th e e s r s er . e as e e o
b uy good f o o th count i s n d sh h th p op ty t
s r er r e a e as e r er o
m
,
e
hu nd d
r o
m
xp o t t fo ign l nd L t y th Unit d S t t s with its
re
illions Of p op l i p o t d l s th n
re
a s
e
.
e,
as ea r
r e
e
e s
e
a
a e ,
a
o
nd xp o t d
u p
count i
s
e
c p it er B l giu
r es
r e
a m
If u p op l h d b n s p o p
w w oul d h v p u ch
wo th of
a as
good
d f o oth
nd xp o t d
e , e
r
o r e
a e
e a
r
s
a se
ee
a
m a
r
e
r s
r e
er
er
S O l g ly h v w b n d p nd nt up on B l giu
Of th
ar e
ngin u d in digging th P n
e e es
a
C n l cse
th te
f o th
ny e ee e e
e
e
a m a a a
e
a
m
mm
a
m e
a
r
a
e
C ock ill w o k th t p odu c tw tho u nd s of th s
er r s ngin s a r e o sa e e e e
e v y y in Li g It is Oft n s id th t th B lgi n h v th
es
er
b t cou t in xi t nc Th S up
ea r
r s
e
C ou t of Li ttl B lgiu
e s e
e .
e e
e a
re m e
a
r
e e a s
e
a
e
e
m e
m
.
h asb u t n J u tic Without w i ting f n p p l j u t oon

o e s e a or a a ea s as s
mm
.
,
as a d ci ion h b n ch d by l ow C ou t whil th
e s as tt s
ee re a e a er r , e e a er
a re till f s h in ind nd ll th wi tn s nd f cts dily
res a a e e sse a a rea
ob t in bl thi S up
a
on ith id nd without
e
a
er s
Justic vi w ll th Obj ctions i d
e, s
otion f o nyon p ss s on th
e a m re e
a
e re e
r m s a
a
e
e
e
a e
ra se
e
d ci ion of th inf io cou t On th o th h nd th l ow
e
cou t
th w g e
s
Op n t
r s a re
n a
n i
n d n w boy
e ea r nd fi h
e
e
di t s ttl nt of di p ut s b tw n
n
e rs , a
o a m
l o t d ily
m er r
e
e
s
r
a
.
e
s a
e e mm e
s
e
er
er
e
a
s
a re a
,
m
e
e
e
s
ee
a
er
se e n going t th ju dg f d ci ion g ding di p ut ov

o e e or a e s re ar a s e er
fi v e t n c nt
or Wh n th j u dg h c o qu tion d both
e e s . e e e as r ss -
es e
S id with out th p
es , nc Of tto n ys o r th n c ity Of rv
e re se e a r e , e e e ss se
ing p oc s a i ing doll nd qu t s h th p oo st
r e s , o r ra s a ar a a a r er , a e re , e re
Of th p oo h v e th i w ong ight d It i s id th t n t ne
r a e e r r s r e . s a a o o
d ci ion ut of n hund d is pp l d thus c lling f th
e s o o e re a ea e , a or e
e xi t nc Of n tto n y
s e e a a r e .
APPE NDICE S 3 97
m
ea r
m m
oth in titution o g ni d in th int t of th w g
To
m
a ll
n h b n dd d th n tion l ving b nk y t th t
er as
er
ee
s
a e
s
e
r a
a
ze
a sa
e
s
e re s
a s s e m
m
e a
a
e
m
,
k lo n t
a es n of ll a n th t n bl th f
s nd
o e s a ea s, a e a es e ar er a
a m mm
th w o king
t th
ickn
e
mm mti
n t b uy
B lgiu
e sa
r littl g d n nd buil d hou whil
e
a
in u ing th wo king n g in t ccid nt nd
n count y it h b n id
e
o
s r
a
e
e ar
r
e a
a a a s
a
a
se ,
e a
e
p oo
’
s i
ess e s a r a s r as ee sa
m m
.
, ,
b c u in titution h v b n d ini t d in th int t of th

e a se s s a e ee a s ere e ere s e
n of e ll ff i s a a a rs .
AT B L G U M PLAIN IN HI TORY
THE G RE E I S
B u t th in titutions of B lgiu
e nd th indu t i l p o p
s ity e m a e s r a r s er
of h p op l lon
h oier
er
m
L ong g
s
en t qu l t th
in hi Co
e a xp l n tion of h uniqu
nt i Jul ius C a
e a re
id th t o,
o
s
e
m
m a o
e
e e
a r es,
a a
ae sa r sa
er
a
e
m
.
G ul w
a inh bit d by th t ib th B lg th Aquit ni
as a e ree r e s, e e ae . e a ,
th C l t Of who th B l g th b v t Hi to y w ill
”
e e s, w e e ae ere e ra es s r
m
.
S how th t B lgi n h v a cou g th i n tiv

e ight f onl y
a s a e ra e as e r a e r , or
th b v coul d h v
e ra u viv d Th outh t n p t of B lgiu
e a e s r e e s ea s e r ar e
m
.
i
s a ser e si of ock p l in nd if th p l in h v b n h good
r a s, a ese a s a e ee er
fo tun in ti
r eof p c th y h v fu ni h d th b ttl fi l d of
es ea e, e a e r s e e a e e s
W t n Eu op f tw thou nd y
W t n G
e s er
e s er ny m r No th n F nc
e
ough j gg d nd w ood d b ut th
er a
nd
or
a re
o
r
sa
a
e a rs
e
.
a
r er
e
ra e a
m m
, ,
B l gi n p l in w
e a id l b ttl fi ld F thi
a s on th g n
e re ea a e e s or s re a s e e
m
.
l of G
e ra s ny nd of F nc h v u u lly t n d t uggl d
er a a ra e a e s a e a s r e
for th t y on th
e wid B l gi n p l in
a s er On n of th e se e e a a s o e ese
m m
.
g ound Jul iu C
r s w n th fi t b ttl th t i s co d d Th n
aesa r o e rs a e a s re r e . e
c a King Cl ovi n d th F nch wi th th i c
e p ign ; t ow d
s a e re , e r a a s ar
th p l in
e se l o th S c n w hu ying wh n
a s a s ult d by e a ra e s e re rr e a ssa e
Ch l M t l On th B lgi n p l in th D u tch bu gh
a r es
th S p ni h r i
e a s
ar e
a m
m
.
l d by B l oody Alv fought u t th i b ttl es ,

nd
e
e e a a
a,
s e
m o
r
e r
ers a
a e
mm
.
Hith t c
er , N p ol on n d th g
oo , t ound of W t l oo
a e a e a e rea a er
m
,
i th
s onu nt t th D uk of W llington victo y It w
e e o e e e
’
s r . as
t th B lgi n p l in
o e el o th t th G a n g n l l t Au gu t
a s, a s a e er a e e ra as s
m
, , ,
ru h d hi t oop E v y coll g nd v y city

s e s r ch f
s er e e a e er se a r es or
mm m
.
s o l v l p ot of l nd wh th cont t b tw n Op p o ing
e e e S a ere e es e ee s
tea y b h ld
s nd fa o th n tw thou nd y
e e th , a or re a o sa ea rs e
B l gi n p l in h
e a b n th c n of th g t b ttl b tw n th
a as ee e s e e e r ea a es e ee e
w in g n tion of W t n Eu op
a rr a s es e r
m
‘
r e .
N w u t of ll th
o , colli ion th h co
o a h dy c e se s s e re as e a ar ra e,
inu d t p ilre ich in fo titud l oy lty p ti nc th ift lf
o er , r r e, a , a e e, r , se
re li nc nd p v ing f ith F fi hund d y th B lgi n
a e a e rse er a or v e re e a rs e e a
m
.
chil d n nd youth h v b n b ought up up on th d d of nobl

re a a e ee r e ee s e
re nown chi v d by th i nc to
tod y h w oul d w
a
,
e
a
B l giu
If Jul iu C
e e w
b v y lik b ight w o d gi d d
h
ea r e
e r a
m ’
s
es
ra
rs
er
.
e a r
s sa r
s r
e re
r
e re
e
m m
,
t hi thigh
o s An d wh n thi b v l ittl p op l wi th t nding e s ra e e e e, a s a
m m m
.
ar y of fo ty tw thou nd n ingl h nd d d fi d tw
r -
o sa e s e a e e e o
m
-
illion of G n it t ll u th t Aj x h co b ck onc
s er a s, e s s a a as e a e
o t d fy th god of lightning
re o e e s .
A TH RIL L ING CH APTE R F ROM B E L G IUM HIS TORY
’
S
Perha p s ch p t s to n f o th p g s of B lgiu s
one or tw o a er r r m e a e e m
m
’
i o y ill n bl u t und st nd h p nt d y h ois

h st r w e a e s o er a
m er re se a er
-
m mm
,
ju ts n gold n bough p lu ck d f o th fo e t will xp l in

as o e e e r e r s e a
th e ichn s of th u tu n Y u
r es b th t V nic w s
e a . o re e er a e e a
onc th fin nci l c nt of th wo l d Th n wh n th ba nk
e e a a e er e r e e e ers
m
.
l o t confid nc in th n vy of V nic th y p ut th i j w ls nd
s e e e a e e e e r e e a
t Nu
o
f t high L t
ee
m
gol d into ddl b g nd ov d th fin ncia l c nt of the wo l d
bu g b c u it w ll w
re
.
sa
r
a
,
e
bout 1500 A D th di cov y of th N w

er , a
a
v n f t thick nd tw nty
e a
s a
se s a
e
s
.
ere se
e
.
a
e
e
ee
s
e
er
er
a
e
e
r
e
,
W o ld tu n d ll th p op l into c Of going folk nd th

r r e a e e es ra es sea -
a e
m m m m
,
E ngl i h n d D utch c p t in vi d with th

s a il o s of S p in nd a a s e e sa r a a
Po rtug l N c p t ins w
a o p o p ous th n th
o a a in s e re re r s er a e ar er
m m
.
of Antw p In 1568 th w 500 er . bl n ion in this ere ere ar e a s s

city on th M u B l giu b c
e c k t fill d with j w ls
e se e e a e a as e e e e
m
. .
Th n it w s th t S p in tu n d cov tou
e a y s no thw d S t d
a a r e e s e e r ar . a e
with hi p l u b ok n by indulg nc nd p ion th E
s ea s re s , r e e e a a ss , e
pe ror Ch l s th Fifth ign d his gol d nd th on t his n

ar e e re s e a r e o so ,
King Philip Finding hi coff d p l t d Philip nt th D uke

. s ers e e e , se e
Of Al v w ith a, S p ni h oldi s u t on l ootin g xp dition a s s er o a e e
m m
mm
.
,
Th ir e pp o c h fi ll d Antw p wi th con te n tion f

a r a h r
e er s r a , or e
ch nt w bu y with co
er a s c nd n t with w
e re s Th er e a o ar e
m m
.
sa ck of Antw p by th S p ni d k s up
er volting p g in e a ar s a e a re a e
m
hi to ry Within th
s
s c
as a
. d y n wo n nd chil dr n w e
d nd th S p ni h soldi s d unk with win nd bl ood
re a e
re e
a
a
s
s
er
e ,
r
e a
e a
e er
mm
, , ,
h ck d d own d nd b u n d l ik fi nds th t th y W
a e , r e a Th r e e e a e e re . e
B l gi n hi to i n t ll u th t 500
e a s bl sid nc w
r a e du c d
s s a ar e re e es e re re e
t b l ck n d u in s
o a On incid nt will
e e r k th v nt st nd ut e e a e e e e a o
m m
. .
Wh n the S p ni ds p p o ch d th city
e a wea lthy b u gh r
ar a r a e e a r e
h st n d th d y of his on ri g D u ing th c r ony ’

a e e e a s s ar a e r e e e
m m
.
th sol di s b ok
e down th g t of th city nd c oss d th
er r e e a e e a r e e
thr shol d of th ich n s hou Wh n th y h d strip p d th ’

e e r a se e e a e e
m m m
.
gu t of th i p u s nd g s un ti fi d th y kill d th
es s e r r es a e sa s e e e e
m
, ,
b rid g oo l w th
e r n nd ca i d th b id ut into th night
s e e e a rr e e r e o e .
m
, ,
Th n xt e o ning young wo n c d nd h lf cl d w s
e r a a , ra ze a a a , a
found in th st t ching ong th d d bodi s At l st

e ree se a r a e ea e a
m
.
,
sh found youth who h d h lift d up on h r kn s ov r

e a se ea S e e e ee e
m
, ,
which h c oon d h s song e s young oth ooth s he b a b e

r e er s, a a er s e r .
a
A S p ni h offi c
sol di t u
a p ing
his d gg
er
s by hu
o
i l i t d
se
by th
er
nd p ut th gi l ut of h
S p c t cl o
a ssd
i ry
e e
a
d
er a
,
a e
e r o
e e
er
a
m e,
se
r
.
r
THE HORRORS OF TH E INQ U IS ITION
S p ni d
loot d Antw p th t ea su ch st of B lgiu th
Ha ving
t up th Inqui ition s n o g ni d
e
n s of se c u g
er , e r re e
m e m , e
a ar s se e
n s a a r a ze ea ri
p por ty It i
er t ng f c t th t th S p ni d h s x
s a s ra c l l d n e a a e a ar a e e e i
m
.
c u l ty oth n tion h v xc ll d in t sci nc

r e as er an n s a e e e e ar or e e or i v e
tion S p in c u l ty t th M oo n d th ich J ws fo
m
’
. a s r e ne o e rs a e r e r s o
of the bl ck t ch p t in hi to ry Inqui ito s b c

a es fi ndsa e rs s . s r e a e e .
THE D EATH OF E GMON T
B ut s m
o of you will s y th t th B lgi n p op l ust h v
e
m a a e e a e e mm a e
b n b ls nd guilty of so
ee
a
e
h v ov t k n th
e
re
e
e
er a
,
a xc ss nd th t h d th y
qui sc nt n d n t fo nt d t on th t no such f t coul d
a
t th h nds of S p in
e
o
V y well e mm in d
I willa
e e
e
e e
a
rea s
e , a
a
a
a a
!
er
e re
a e
a e
m
. .
t k
a youth wh t th b ginning b li v d in Ch l th Fifth
e a o, a e e e e e a r es e
-
m
, ,
a n wh
a w as t u t his id l s
o asth n dl t th p ol r e o ea as e ee e o e e
m
m
.
On d y th B l oody C ou ncil d c d th d th of E g ont ”

e a e e ree e ea
a nd H o n
his wn h ouso
a
I
A
r .
invit tion t E g ont t b th gu st of hono t b nqu t in

o m
di t ly ft w d th D uk of Alv s nt n
v nt f o th p l c th t night d liv d
e
e
se r
a e
o
a
a
e
r
er
m e
ar
e
e
,
a a
e
e
e
r a
a
a
a
a
e
e
e
e re
a
m mm m
.
t th C o u nt
o e lip of p p cont ining w ning t t k th
a s a er , a a ar o a e e
fl t t ho
ee e s nd fl th city
rse a nd f o th t o nt n t t t ee e a r a e o o ea
m
,
or Sl p w ith out p i tol

ee t his h nd T ll this E g ont s s a a o a re
mm
.
s p n d d th t no
o e on t v liv d wh coul d with n invit tion
a s er e er e o , a a
of ho p it lity t ick p t iot Lik
s a , b v r n th C o u nt
a a r . e a ra e a , e
w nt t th D uk p l c H fo u nd th gu t b l d b ut
’
e o e e s a a e e e e s s a sse e
m m m
.
,
wh n h h d h nd d hi h t nd cl o k t th s v nt Alv g v
e e a a e s a a a o e er a , a a e
m
a S
wh d
ign nd f o b hind th cu t in c
o
, a r
nd d his swo d F in t d of b nqu t h ll th
e a e
S p nish u sq u t
e
r
e
or
r a s
s ea
a e
a
a
a e a
e eers ,
e
m
.
,
C o unt w t k n t asc ll fitt d up a e dung on Al dy o a e a r, e as a e . re a

E g on t h d ll b u t di d f a his cou nt y
a H h d u d hi hip e or r e a se s S s,
m m m
.
his t d his gol d f ighting th p op l w ong H w

.
’
ra e, or r e e e s r s e as a
l g f ily— wif nd l v n chil d n— nd p op l
.
,
n of
a a ar e a a e a e e e re a e e
m
m m
l ov d hi
a
e
e
t
d up hi ind th t th
idol t y B ut Alv w in x o bl H h d
as
s
uch hidd n gold nd if h kill d th i b v st nd b t t o
e
o
ch nt nd bu gh s h d till
a
a
a
r .
e
e m er
e
a
a
e r
s a
as
ra e
e ra
r
a
er
e .
es
a
e
s
err r
a
m m
, ,
w oul d f ll u p on ll l ik a nd th t th gol d h n a d d woul d b

a e, a a e e ee e e
fo thco ing Th t ll th p op l ight witn th sc n h
u
r
too k hi p i on
b l ic qu
s
I
sn
t B u s l
t h v
r s
ning
a re
.
n d d cid d t b h
E g on t c
e rs
iv d t h
a
d th in th
no t
o
ic
a
th t
r s e s a
e e e
m e e
re
o
e
e
e
e ss
ea
e
e
e m e
e
e,
a
e
e
p . e e e
hi h d w oul d b c hopp d Off th n x t d y
s ea A S c ff ol d w s
e e e e a a a
m
.
e re ct d in th p ublic qu
e Th t v ning h w o t
e l tt s a re . a e e e r e a e er
th t is a v l Of t int
a ar e re s ra
S i —I h v l
.
m re
h v n ve h d thou ght n d b l i v
a e e
n d thi v ning th s nt nc which you
j ty h b n p l d t p onounc up on
a es as
r a
a
ee
e
y lf n v t h v don
a
ea r
Al thou gh I
ea se
e
a
o
s e
r
e
e
e e m e
se
e e
e
m
e
er
e .
e
o a e e a
r
m
,
d d which woul d t nd t th p j udic of you s vic

ee e t th o e re e r er e , or o e
m
,
d t i nt Of t u ligion n v th l s I t k p ti nc t b
e r e r e re e er e es a e a e e o ea r
m m m
,
th t which it h
p y yo u
ra
a p l s d th
m
good
m
j ty t h v co p ion on y p oo wif
r
G
a es
d t p
as i t T h fo
ea e
o
I
y a
e
e a ss
o o
m
er .
r
ere
e,
re ,
chil d n nd y v nt h ving g d t y p st vic In

B u r ls
sse
re
which hop I n w co
a
nd ys lf t th
e
dy t d i this 5th of Jun 1568
rea
o
ser
cy of G d Fro
o
mm
ma
e,
s,
e
a
e
re ar
o
e,
e
o
m er
.
a se r
o .
e .
m
,
L AMORAL D E GMONT
“ ’
m m
.
Thu di d
m
John E liot f E ngl nd
thi s yo ung
n whs did s u ch p ob bly f Holl nd a s
e
L f y tt f
or
a
F nc
a
S aul ,
o
or
a
a a e e
r
or
a
ra
or
e, or
a
a m e
Ad s f
a or p u b l ic re .
AP PE NDICE S 40 1
THE WOE OF B EL GIUM
And of all this glo ious p ast co s the w of B l giu

now out
m r m e oe e m
m
.
D sol tion ha s co lik th whirlwind nd d truction lik a es
mm
e a e e e , e a
to n do r B ut nin ty da ys g
a nd B l gi u w s e a o a e a a
m
.
du stry nd in th fi l d w a h d th h v t songs S udd nl y

e e s ere ea r e ar es e
m
.
, ,
G r e ny struck B lgiu
a Th whol w o l d has b ut n voic e e e r o e e,
m
.
B lgiu inn oc nt h nds S h w s l d lik l b t th

“ ”
e h as e a e a e e a a o e
mm m m
.
Sla ught Wh n th l ov of G
er ny i k d t xp l in
e e er er a s as e o e a
m
.
Ge rny s b ea kin g Of h ol n t ty up on th n ut lity of

a
’
r er s e rea e e ra
B l giu
e th G n st nds du b nd p chl ss M ch nts
e er a a a s ee e er a
m
.
,
hono th ir w itt n obl ig tion

r e T u citi ns consid
r e th ir a s r e ze er e
m
.
wo d r good th ir bond ; G
as ny g v t ty nd in th
as e er a a e rea a e
m m m m
,
p s nc
re e of G d n d teh civi l i d w o l d on t d in
a to s ol n e ze r e ere a e
m
,
cov n nt with B lgiu

e a T th nd of ti th G ee n ut o e e e, e r a s
m
.
exp ct this t unt s worthl s s G

e a n t ty S c c ly
“
a es a a er a rea
”
ar e
m
.
,
l ss bl ck th tw
e a th known x p l of c u lty w ought
e o or re e e a es r e r
mm
up on non isting B lgi ns In B ooklyn liv B lgia n wo n
S h p l nn d t
e tu n ho
a
re s
in l t Jul y t vi it f th wh h d
e o re
e
r
a .
e a e
r
o
es a
s a
e
a er o
a
a
.
suff
m m
Wh n th G
d p lysis n g d oth nd si t wh nu s d both
ere
e
a ra
ns d cid d t bu n th t vill g in E t n
e er
,
a
a a
e
e
e o
er a
r
a s er
a a
o
e
r e
a s er
.
m
B el giu
a
the d ughtm m, m
th y did n t wi h t b u n l iv this Old n d h lp l ess
n s th y b yon tt d t d
th t nu
a
o
,
d th
e
er
e
th th ol d a n nd w o
a
e
o
n nd
rse
e
s
o
e
o
ea
r
e
a e
a a
a
a
e
, a
m m
.
L t u s j u dg n t th t w b n t j u dg d
e eThi is th o n a e e o e s e o e
m m
.
,
x p l of t ocity th t you nd I ight b bl p on lly t

e a e a r a a e a e ers a o
p ovr B ut v ry l oya l G
e n in th count y n k nsw r
e e er a e r ca a e a e :
m m
.
Th s sol di dr unk with win nd blood S uch n

“
e e w e rs ere e a a
m m
.
t oci ty
a r is p es nts G ny nd h oldi
re r Th b a king
e er a a er s ers. e re
m
of G ny s t ty wi th B lgiu nt th di hono of
’
er a p rea e re rese s e s r a
mm m
a m
ilit y ring
sk th t ju dg
m
nd n t th p rfi dy of
ar ,
nt b p o tp on d until ll th f ct
a
a
e
of p op l W
in B ut
o
e s
e e
e a e a s a re
e e
”
. e
m
.
,
eanwhil th n wh l ov hi f ll ow t idnight in his

e, e a o es s e s, a
m
dr s w lk c o th fi lds of b ok n B lgiu
ea
m
th night i th
e co
a s a
th s b Of R ch l w p ing f
a r
r ss
ere
All th ough
h
e
es
e
e o
r e
a
e
e
.
ee
r
or er
m
,
chil d n b c us th yre n t Ine a ood of bitt n of doubt

e e a re o s er ess,
m m
.
,
nd d p i th h t c i s ut H w coul d ju t G d p r it “
a es a r e ea r r e o , o a s o e
su ch c u l ty up on inn oc nt B l giu N n knows Cl ou d
”
r e ? e e 0 a s
m
.
a nd d kn ss ar ound bout G od s th on
e a re r Th sp i it of vil a
’
r e
”
e r e
mm
.
c us d this w b ut th S p i it of G d y b ing good ut of it

a e a r, e r o a r o
m m
,
ju t s th u
s a n p ir th
e s v g s Of wint M nwhiler ca re a e ra a e er . ea e
th h rt b l ds f
e ea B l giu F B u
ee l th thi d ost or e or r sse s , e r
m mm
.
b utiful city in E u op ! F
ea L ouv in onc ich with its lib a
r e or a e r r
nu c ip ts—n w
,
i s c th d ls st tu p inting i l
r e , a e ra , a e s, a s, ssa s , a s r o a
ruin Al s ! f th uin d h v ts nd th a or okin g vill ges !
e r e ar es a e s a
m
.
Al s f a th C th dr l th t i
, or h p e nd th lib
a y th t is a
e a a s a ea , a e ra r a
ruin Wh th ng l of h p p in s w s th
. ere t lk F
e a in e a es a ere s a a e
a nd D th G on th L nd of G otius ! P i h d th p in tings
ea . e, e a r er s e e a
of Rub ns ! Ruin d is Louv in Wh th wh t w v d n w
e e a . ere e ea a e , o
m mm m
G d
i id a bill owy with g v s B ut l t u b li v th t
the h ll s
o
ilit ri d i l ik S t
s n W
es
igns P ch nc B lgiu is l in lik th S viou th t
re
i t
.
re
er
hout h dding of innoc nt
a e
a e
e
e
a a
m ra e
s a
.
S
e
e
e
e
s
a
e e
r,
e a
a
y a . e
bl ood th i no
Th
is ion of sin th ough ty nny nd g d
e re
i no win witho ut th c u shing of th g p s f o
ere s
s
th
e
re s
e r
s r
e
ra
ra e
a
r m ree
e
.
mof lif S oon Lib ty G od s d chil d will t nd within ’

t re e e er ea r s a
m
.
, ,
th e n
e nd co f o t th
s e d ol t F lling up on th g t
e a r e es a e. a e rea
m
w o l d s lt st i in thi hou wh n wisdo i igno nc nd
’
r a ar a rs , s r e s ra e, a
th st ong t
a
m
e n clutch s t du st nd t
r
f ith victo ious ov t s th t o
es
r ti
w l t u b li v with
a
G d will g th er ea r
e a
a
a
s m m
mm s ra
e
,
e
e
o
s e e e .
a er
m
,
b ok n h rt d littl B lgiu into Hi

r e -
ea end co fo t h s e e s ar s a r er a
a F th co fo t th his w ll b l ov d chil d
a er r e e -
e e .
HE NRY WATTERS ON
AME RICANIS M TH E NE W
(Ab idg d ) r e
a
E ight y g tonight th
young G o gi n wh n t without
ea rs atood wh
e r
I st nding n w
o
on cogni d th
a o,
,
o
e re s ere
rea s
m a
re
a
ze
o
e
m
, ,
“
ignific nc of his p s nc h
s a e
”
nd in w o d s wh o l re e e ere , a , r se e o
qu n e I c nno t hop t
ce c ll p p l d f o th N w S outh
a e o re a , a ea e r e e
t N w E ngl nd f
o e unit d count y a or a e r
m m
.
H i gon n w B ut ho t
e s hi lif w s it h v n bo n
e o S r as s e a s ea e -
r
m
.
, ,
i ion w ful fill d ; th d

ss as Of his c hil dhood w e li d ; e rea a s re a ze
f
m
or
m m
on th good will t
ea r m
h h d b n p p oint d by G d t c
e a
n nd thi don
ee y ss ga
h v ni h d f o
of p a c
th o
e
e a
o
s
o a rr
e, e
a
a
e
s
a
e
e
r
e e
e
m
, , ,
S ight Of o t l y v n s th dov f o th kr a e e s, e e a e e r e ar
m m m
.
G dy tol d ura nd to l d u s t ul y of th t typ ic l A

s, ric n
a r a a e a
m m m
,
in D T l g ind s y w co ing but wh in

'
’ ’
wh o, r a a e s e e, as o,
m m
.
,
Ab h L incol n ctu lity h d l dy co In so c nt

’
ra a s a a a a rea e e re e
m m m
.
,
s tu di into th c
es of th t n I h v ncount d nye a reer a a a e e ere a
m
,
st tlin g confi
ar tion of this j u dg nt ; nd f o th t rugged
r a s e a r a
t u nk d wing it su t n nc
r ra f o gn l d oot int lock d s s e a e r ar e r s, er e
mm
,
with C v l i Sp y nd Pu it n b nch d p b n th th
a a er ra s a r a ra es ee e ea e
soil h ll S p ing i
s a
p inging h p rl y t — sy t ic in ll
s s r a s a e re e e r a
its p t —u nd
m m
,
m m
, ,
ar s wh o S h lt ing bough thi n tion h ll h v

er se e er s s a s a a e
th n w b i th of f
e e do Lincoln p o i d it n d nkind th
r ree r se , a a e
re fug which w s ought by th fo fath wh n th y fl d f o
e a s e re e rs e e e r
m
h d th i d y
a
ress
m
op p ion Th nk G d th
Th y h v gon
e r
.
a
th gibb t
l t us hop
nd th st k h v
a
t k p co p ny e
o
a
,
e
e a x,
e, e
e e , a
e, o ee
e a e
a
a e
m m
.
wi th th l o t ts It h s b n d
e s on t t d th t g t w ongs
ar a ee e s ra e a rea r
m
.
y b
a d d nd g t fo
e re resseb chi v d without th a rea re r s e a e e e
sh dding of n d o p of hu
e n blood ; th t v ng nc do s n t
o e r a a e ea e e o
m m
r
t n ction i
ra
m m
p u ify b u t b u t li
dog of th o t f
sa
a
, ; nd th t tol
s
ing st t s n hip
e
r
s
nc which in p iv t
ckon d vi tu b co s in p ublic ff i re
a
s
ze s
e
a r se e
-
a
a r
a e
a
e,
a
e
e ra
s
e
.
e,
a
r
a rs
a e
a
40 4 TH E ART OF PU B L IC S PE AKING
by
y
s o
the m m
o im
B ut is it m
st eo n o ld m
o im o n
ov m
p rta t w r
n
n
ming im
l und d
e
o ing
e t of the a st h re
e a rs . re p rta t tha the a a z , p s
di qui ing i io of J n O u o i y
,
a n d p erha p s
,
s et appar t n ap a ? n e a th r t
in i
s sts tha t whe n u i d c nd d in o
R ss a es e e t the Fa r E a st a nd p she u d
f on i on
her r t e r the Pa cificto the fo y i d d g of l i ud
rt th r e ree at t
m e,
m
-
tha t wa s one
m
ofthe o
st fa r rea h c ing f c
y of u o —
a ts Of er od n i o y
h st r , -
tho it a
the
l o
m c d
st e s a p e
n ono oli d by f i in
p ze
the e e s
a fa rs
E r p e a ll her p er ep t
the L e a t v n Who ca n sa y ?
c ion
s
m m
m
.
Ma ny cou rses ofthe su n we re ee e n d d b fo

e re en coul k
d ta e the
full i o ic
L oyol
h st r
The e ter
a , the C
c n of g vi y fo v
ra
u of u
ea s res
ouncil of
t is
L ther , Ca v i , K
n
l n nox
Tre t , a nd a ll the
re er S h t if ing
, the p
; the
coun
ea s re
ter re r a t fo
oli ic l xi of
t a a s the
u of
ion m -
.
w ro ld p erp et au lly c nging

ha B u t we a re n ow fa r e noug
h Off to .
di c n
s er how st p e u ndou s a th ing
wa s don n f
e whe , a te r two escycl
of bi tte r wa r , one fo ign
re , the o
the r civil
a nd in in i
test e , P tt a nd
Wa sh t , w th a sp a
the
ing on i in
found ion
at s Of the A er a
n of l
ess tha
ic n
Rep b
n co
a s
u lic
re of y
ea rs, p a te l n d
m .
Wh t Fo b s s stock d a t Fort Pitt h s g own t b you know

m m
’
a r e a e a r o e
b tt
e th n I
er The hu g triu p hs of Pittsb u g in
a t ri l p r e r a e a
du ction—i on st l cok gl ss nd ll th st of it — n onl y
o
m
.
r ee e, a a a e re ca
m m
, , ,
b tol d in col o s l fig u s th t
e l ost s h d t
sa li in re a a re a a ar o re a ze
ou
tim r
e
inds s th figu s of st ono ic l dist nc
It is n t quit cl
a e
th t ll th fo u nd s of th C o
o e
g ol ogic
re
on
ea r a
a
a
r
e
a
er
a
m
mm
e
e
or e
m m
.
w l th woul d h v surv y d th wond rful sc n with th s

ea a e e e e e e e e a e
exul t tion a s th i d sc nd nts S o
a
d ni d th t th s g t c nt s of industri l d oc cy ither
e e a e e
of th woul d h ve
e r
re a
e e
e
a
er
. e
a
e
e m ra e
a
in th Old Wo l d r in th N w lw ys st nd fo p rog ess

e
th h l th
e
er
e
J ff son s id I Vi w g t citi s s p stil nti l t th o a ls
eand th
a
a
,
“
r
lib ti s of n I consid th cl ss of e
o
e
er
rea
e
e e
e
m a
a
a a
e e
a
a
er
m o
r
e
e
a
r
r
.
m
.
,
h w nt on s th p nd s of vic
“
a rtifi s ce r ,
e e nd th instru
, a e a er e, a e
e nt by which th lib ti s Of country g n lly ove
e er e a a re e e ra r
th own
r In E ngl nd th y ck on 70 p c nt Of ur p Op ul
a e re er e . o a
With yo u I
.
tion s dw ll s in town s
a e er d th t only 25 p r .
, rea a e
c nt of th p opul tion liv in g oup s s l g s
e e a p son s e r o ar e a er
m
. .
If J ff e on w s right u outl ook woul d b d k L t u hop

e rs a o r e ar . e s e
th t h w s w ong
a e nd in f c t t o w
a r d th nd of his ti qu lifi d
, a a ar e e e a e
his ly i w Fr nklin t ny r t woul d I f l su h ve
ea r v e . a , a a a e, , ee re , a
m
rev l d in it a ll
mm m
e e .
Th t g at n — a n
rea in th fo f ont ong the p ctic l
a a e e re r a ra a
int ll ig nc s of hu n hi tory—onc tol d fri nd th t wh n h
o l
e
e
i tic s o l
e
s a nmm m
dw lt up on th p id p og ss tha t
d t
e
h a ts
ra of l iving
e
n d wh n h
a
nkind w s king in
ra
con sid ed
s
r
r
re
e
m a
a
a e
e
a
e
m
a
a
e
ere
e
p , , ,
th t a ch n i p rov nt lw ys b g ts a noth h f lt ssur d

ea o e e e a a e e er , e e a e
th t th f utu
a pe og ss of th re c e w s lik l
r y t b quick th n
re e ra a e o e er a
it h d v
y t t co
e
a
o
e
m
b en H w s nev w ri d of fo t lling inv ntions
er
m
nd h wi she d h coul d
e, a
e .
visit th rth t th nd
e
e a
e
er ea e
re
re e
e ea a
e
e e
m
of c ntury t s h w nkind w s g tting on With ll y
a
he t I S h
ar
e
his wi sh a re
o ee
Of a ll the en who ha ve b uilt up g
o
. t
a
ma e . a
rea
AP E ND P ICE S 40 5
S tates I
a nd s
do b li v
,
ingl y de e e of
b e nefi cence co d ai oul m
o l c i y of ound n
e e e the re is not one wh se a a r t
m f ly u d
be m
re sa e
s se se
tr ste
m m
-
tha
no cmm m
n nkl in d
F ra
i a nd p
to ra wlig f o
oli ic l confu ion of
t a
ht r
s
m m
c l ou d
s i
the
our t
i c s a nd p er e the eco
e
m
We ca n i a e
gin
m
.
n
the a a ze e t a nd co l c ncy of p a e t d b nign n ind
h a t sh r e w e a t
if could c gi n v l of you ll fu n c
_
he w a t h a ll the a t ar e s r i s a nd r a es
m m
,
u d vi d by
a nd a ll the a pp a ra t s e se ond ou inv n iv f c i
the w r s e t e a ul t e s
of an ; if co d v fo
he ul ha e n re see x i n i
tha t his e p er e ts w th the
ki in
te g dn i dl i
his a r e a t Ph l a e p h a his t ub yd n j
es his Le e a rs
w oul d en din l c ic
the e e tr li nc of
a pp a es
,
l g
to d a y — ,
the
-
a r e st
l c ic l n in
e e tr p a t a ll to l d on
h e w r i of o
t h e s t euqu n if
F rt D e s e ;
he
v
could v
ni d
ha e he a r
the U te S ta te s
li d
d of
by l c ic o o o in y
of
e e tr
of
t r p we r
gici n l of
m
ng c i d in
m
p a sse
if co d
i
a
ers
ea r ;
a rr e
he
m ul
m
ha e rea z e a ll the re st
’
the a a s ta e our t e .
ha e
i o
S t ll
v fo
unb ok n
r e
re w
rese e ,
ould
n b yond
ng of
stre
e
th
v b n ound d
he ha e ee a st
dv nc in
a ll a a
o i ic l u c u
es
l d co d
ic
e
i l oduc ion ma n d e a te
a te r a
tha t p l t a str t re wh h he ha d so
pr t
ul
,
he
the
g nd
ra
m
a sha re
i f noon
th s a ter
in ing n o i v y gion
re a r
v f
I t th s er re
swep t w a e a ter w a e
.
v of i ig ion ngli ra tm
m
where we a re
; E sh
m m
,
for i gini fl o d ov
Vr a we bo d b in i g ngli
er the r e r, r g n i E sh tra ts ,
l u bi of ind co
itera t re , ha ts
m
; S co o i o igin lly f o
ts , or S t Ir sh , r a r
m
-
l
U ster fl o d in f o
we n l nn ylv i
C e tra Pe
m olic f o Ca th
'
, r s an a ; s r
S ou n l nd
ther Ire a o f o ou n
; n ew h sts r S n l
the r a n d E a st C e tra
uo
E r pe i
Th s is not the F rth
. ou of u y J l o l of v y
B ut p e p e
. e er
c ool ou d g
s h w l a re e tha t it is no xub nc of e era o ice on y
rh e t r it is l
m
,
s ob u
e r tr th to sa y tha t the p erse er v ing b o ion inco
a s rp t a nd r
p ora tion of i c l
a ll th s o n of
ea se ess t rre t og nou l n
heter e s e e e ts
no
i t on e
c iv n
a h e e
uc ni
Ch r h
u d
mnite
e t tha t ni
bl indu iou
y n in
e the r B za t
sta , e
e ther the R
i
o n
e E
, str
ru in
e
i
n
a
omr
m
cific
m
s , a nd p a
R ss l
a
o n
E p re n o r the R
n o t
S ta te is a n
C h a r e s t
a
h
m
e
, p ,
l i
G rea t nor Cha r es the F fth no r Na p e ol on v iv l d e er r a e or a p
p roa ched .
We a re s a a p t to e se the s wer ra te l era p r ress

u u lly x cu lo of ib l og
judic u viv l ol ci m n c oni mconv n ion
in ou r OldWo ld by con r ing ob u c iv b i of
tra st the str t e a rr e rs
p re
tion
e s r ,
ob in ly oo d v n
a ll so st
a , s
a te r
e
n
s a a hr
b nc m
te , e e whe the rab
, s ,
e t
he s see
institu
,
a re
m
,
a nd b ok n in old o ld i
r e , an w ro n di ng g d g ound
w th the p e a n d
,
se a e r
of the n e w in f c you di cul i
Ye t . a t r lffi t e s we re a t e a st a s for id a
o of
b le a s th se ol d civili ion in o o f ui f
the er za t si g t w h se r t ul he r ta e
you v n d
ha e e tere
k of inco o ion
ta s
niqu
rp ra t
U
m
n c i y of i gig n ic
. e w a s the
i il ion of o l of div f i
the a ss at m
e e ss t
pe p e
m
th s a t
e rs a ths
—how to
m
,
c
a n d ra e cond di cul y
A se o fo id bl i l
ffi t wa s re r a e st l
m
.
c n li d conc of f d l y mi l oc l
c o k o ful
e re t a nd w r a p we r l y on uc
a nd w ea th y S ta te s h a s ste as
to co bin e the e tra ze ert a e era s ste w th a
m
ind nd nc
ep e e
n of individu f do
e t
uni coll c iv n gy i
e , a n d to
al ree
te e t
m
ncou g
e e er w th the e ra e
m
.
i l di icul y
Th s a st
u ou n d
s r
ff you v
t tha t
n ou conf on
te , a t the p re se t h
u cc ful yha e so s
o
r coun y r ts the
e ss
ther m
l up to now
tr
40 6 THE ART or PUB LIC E
S P AKIN G
a nd d p ly p rp l x s h st t
ee e mm
n Lib rty nd union h v e e er a es e e a a e
m
.
b n c ll d th tw in id of A ic S t th y
ee a e e th ea s er a o, oo , e a re e
m m
.
twin id l of ll
bl e n diff e
p on ib l
ea s
ong th s lv
n in G
t th
er a
a
m m
t B ri t in ;
m
ltho p on i
re s
f t p th on which
s
e
e
e
e
es a s
rea
o e sa e s
a a
a
re s s
t t v l to w d th co
m
on go l nd th th di iding oc n ‘
o ra e ar e a a o e v ea
m
, ,
in oth r w ys s u ch u f i nd int p o f u cas of n

e a o o r r e , er se s , or o r e a
i l nd S t t
s a th f g oup of isl nd S t t obst cl f o
a e , o r ra er or a r a a es, a es r
which contin nt l S t t lik you i h pp ily ltog th f
a
N obody b l i v th t no diffi culti e e
e
in S o of th
es
a
m
m
a
a e e rs
e s re m
s
m mm m a
a
a
e
e er
e
re e
a re
.
m
.
ob iou B ut th co on n th ixtu of p ti nc nd
v s e -
se se , e re a e e a
m
.
d t in tion th t h conq u d i k nd i chi f in th

e er a a as ere r s s a s e s e
p t as y b t u t d with th futu
, a e r s e e re .
S t ng rand d vio u
shining c h nn l
m g t
e th
a
p aths of h i
y t iou ly ilt d up H w ny ti
e s
t o y e B o d nd
e m s a re
s er s
e a
s e
m m mm s
o
r .
a
r a
a
a
e
m
.
wh t a d gl o iou high o d p ov no o th n
se e e a r ul s r a r es re a a e
t ck cul d Think of C nning fl hing bo st ’
ra or e re -
e sa c
-
a s as a
m
.
,
wh n h in i t d on th
e e cognition of th S p ni h p ublics in
s s e e re e a s re
S o uth A —
ic th t h h d c ll d n w w o l d into xi t nc
d s th b l nc of th ol d Thi i n of th s ying — f
er a a e a a e a e r e s e e
to re
which o t
re s
ny noth
s r m e a a
ight b found—th t k the fortun
a a
e
er m e .
e
s s o e
a mm a
e
e
‘
a s o
e
c u m
of h to ici n y t t nd ill th w
a r
t n s a
e
ce
r
.
nd t
a , of ti fi d ci
Th n w w o l d th t C nning c ll d into x i t nc
e
e
e
s a
r
e
a
ea r a
a
ea r
a e
m
e
e s e
x r
e
h f tu n d u t sc n of ingul
a s so ar r di nch nt nt
e o a
m e e s ar se a
m e .
Th n t wi thou t gl i p
ra
o
cou g nd v n wi do th t
e a
o on occ ion of th t h oi
th e tt ib ut s of
e n l ot
nd
s m se s
a a re
m
as
e a r em m a er
a
s
a
a
s
a t th w o t th t l h
mm
sa s e r , s
e b nt rs u ch t l of n chy nd
,
di t till l ing ho st of p p l xiti s f t t s n both in

ea v
e a e
a
as ee
er
oo
e e
a
or s a e
a e
m a ar
e
a
A
tu n of
r m
ic nd E u op It h l ft l o t tud nt of p hil o op hic
er
ind n of th
a a
o t int ting of ll th p obl
o e
r e
t b
.
e
as
s
e
ere s
a s o s
a
e s
e m a
r e
s
s o e
ra mm
found in th whol fi l d of oci l ccl i tic l ligious nd
m
e
ci l ov nt Why i it th t w do n t find in th outh s
a e e
e
—
e
s
s
a
a ,
e
e es a s
o
a , re
e s
, a
a
m
.
e
m
w find in th no rth of thi h i ph e
g t S p ni h A ic n p op l t tching f o th Ri G nd
rea a s -
p o w rful f d
er
tion
a
s
e
e
e s re
s ere a
r
e
e
e era
o ra
a
e
to
m mm
C p Ho n ? Ta n w th t qu tion woul d b t h d
e r
fl ood of light up on ny d p hi to ic fo c in th Old W o ld
o a
a
s er
ee
a
s r
es
r es e
e o s e
r
a
m m
,
of which ft ll th ,
ov nt of th N w
a er a but
, p e se e e s e e a re a ro
mm
l ng ti n nd
m o nif t xt n ion
o a o a re a es e e s .
Wh t o i p o ing p h no non do s hi tory p s nt t u

a re s e e e s re e o s
th n th
a i of S p ni h p ow t th p inn cl of g atn
e r se
gl o y in th ixt nth c ntu y ? Th M oh
r e s d ns aft
ee
a nd
n
s
e r
er o
e
e
a
a
m
m e
e a
re ess a
e r ce
m
,
tu i of fi c nd tubbo n w d iv n b ck ; th whol p nin

r es er e a s r a r, r e a e e e
sul
a
ra
b ought und
a
s
r
F nc hu b l d E ngl nd
e m
sm
ingl ul with ingl c d ; no ous
cqui ition f o th N th l nd of N p l S icily th C n i s ;
r
n c d ttl nts d in A i
e
er a
e
s
a
e
m m mmm er a
e r
e
e
a
s
e
a
se
a s
es ,
e
e
e
ree
a
e
e
e
a
r
ar e
s a
n d N o rth n Af ic — S p in in A
m
, ,
a er ic b co p o s d of r a a er a e e s e sse a
v t contin nt nd of o th n n
s a
as
i l nd Y t b fo
a
s .
e
e
of S p in und w nt hug d cl n ion th t ito y und her
chip l go of p l ndid
c ntu y w ov th ov ign j ty e
a
e
re a
a
e m re
e
r
e
a
e
as
o
s
e
er
ar
e
e s
err
e a
e re
r
S
a es
er
e
er
,
40 8 THE ART or PUB LI C E
S P AKI NG
as
t
m
im W e
ti
.
on
e went
in
d in o
, swell e
ha t w a s n ew
o d conflu nc of odern
t the b r a
nsfor tion of thought
1 776 wa s the tra m a
e e m
in o c u l
o
t
l i tic s
t
in
a
t
p olity
h
a
ir w id s t
a
Wh t is p og ss ? It is b st t b sl ow in th co p lex rts of
s n
r
n
e d n
re
t t
.
hu rry t d fin
e If yo u e se , a
e o
o
e
o
m e
o
-
e
a
p e
m
.
w nta p l ti tu
a d th a is no thi ng f s
e,upp lying it like d fi ni
ere or a e
tion O sh ll w sa y th t o st d finitions h ng b tw n p l ti
r a e a e a e ee a
m m
.
tu d nd p
e a dox ? Th a ra sa id th I h v n ver coun t d to ere a re , o a e e e ,
b e d finition of ligion Th e ust b a b out s ny

s re . ere e a a
of p o t y Th
e r n h. dl y b f w ere of lib rty o v n of
ca ar e e er e , r e e
h pp in s
a
I a m
n t b ol d
e s .
nough t try d finition I will n t t y t

o e o
m a e o r o
m
.
ga ug h w f r th dv nc of o l fo c h s k p t p c with
e o a e a a e ra r es a e a e
th t x t n ion of
a e e t ri l fo c s in th wo l d of which this con
s a e a r e e r
tin nt con p icu ou

e b fo s ll o th b s uch stounding
s e re a ers , ea r s a
m m
,
evid nc e This of co urs is th qu stion of qu stions b c u s

e e, e e e
—
e a e
mm
.
, ,
as n ill u t iou s E ngl i sh w it

a s r t wh o by th w y I w y r er o e a o e
ny l ong y s g — s M tth w
m m
, ,
fri ndship with you found

e r er a ea r a o a a e
A no l d s id in A
r ic h
a it i o a l id th t t botto
er a ere , s r ea s a a
d cid th st ndin g f ll ing of st t s nd n tions Without
m
e
op ning thi v
e
e e
t discu ssion t l gs
a
as
or
ny S ign of p og ss is
—
a
a m a r e,
a e
a
a
a
a .
r re
mm
b
m
yond
e
ast k er
i
y
t
of
k
p
T
og
h
es s
p
— i
s
c
s at i of s
e
n w fo c in
oci
.
r
t d c tion
hundr d fi l d
re
n
e of th
nd
ra
s a
se
m e
a s
r e
a e
a
a
e
o
e
e
s, a
e
m
with i su bl div ity of fo
ea
in t iu p h nt w ong Tol tion in ligion h s b n ca ll d
r a
ra Th e
r
is l ss cqui sc nc ers
e ra
r s .
re
ere e
a
a
ee
e e
e
e
m m
.
th b st fru it of th l t fo u c ntu ri s
e e n d in sp ite of f w as r e e , a e a e
bigot d su viv ls v n in u Unit d Kingdo
e r a e n d so e s v g o r e a e a a e
mmm
, ,
o utb ks of h t d h lf ligiou ha lf ci l on th Contin nt

rea a re a re s, ra a e e
m
, ,
of Eu op thi gl orious g in of ti
r e, s y n w b ta k en s s cur d a e a o e a e e .
P h p s of ll th con t ib utions of A
er a a ic t hu n civili
e r er a o a za
tion thi s is gr t t
m a
er a
Th
int v ls it h s its triu p h nt hou but
ign of fo c i n t y t ov
ea es
a
nity fight with ucc s th i l ong nd t dy b ttl f wid s
. nd
on j ustic hu
es
t
m e re
e r
a rs ,
a
r e
s ea
s o
rea s
a
e
e
er , a
or a
e,
a
er
sw y a .
Of ll th p oint of soci l dv nc in
a e y cou nt y t l st
s a a
mm
a m e, r a ea
m
,
du ing th l st g n tion non is o

r e a e k d th n th ch ng
e ra e re ar e a e a e
in th p o ition of wo n in sp ct of right of p op ty of
m m
e du c tion of a
e s
cc s t n w c llings As f th i p ov nt of
a es o
e
e
,
a
re
m m
e
m or
s
e r
r
e
er
e
,
m
.
,
t i l w ll b ing
a er a nd it d ifi u i n
e -
e ong thos who l b ora s s o a e se a
m
,
is a p ri f cto in its c tion w ight g ow s t d with th

e a r rea e r a e e
mm
,
j ubil nt onotony of its figu if w did n t t k good c t

a re s , e o a e a re o
re eb in th x c ll nt wo ds of th P id nt of H v d
er , e e e e r e re s e ar ar ,
th t thoa g ins lik th p o p ou w o king of you in titu

se a e e r s er s r r s
m
,
tion s nd th a p incip l by we h ich th yr r u t in d in

es e a e s s a e , a re
e ss nc e o l contributions b ing p rincip l s of son nt r
e ra
“
e e rea e e
m m m
, ,
p isr cou g f ith nd ju tic ov p sion lfi hn s in rt

e, ra e, a a s e, er as se s es e
m
, , ,
n ti idity nd di t u st o l i p ul s th t ”
ess , It i th
, a s r . s e ra se a
att Wh th y
er . f ll is f
ere e a re sa e , a sa e .
APPENDI C S E 40 9
Wh n thi nd th lik i s id nobody upp os th t th l t

e s a e e s a s es a e as
mm R p ub lic ni m
,
wo d h r b n p ok n t th condition of th p op l ith in
as ee S e as o e e e e e er
A icer E u op
a or i n t its lf
r e p n c
. f e a s s o e a a a ea or
c no ic diffi cul ti
e o Of lf it n n ith tifl n
es pp. th se ca e er s e or a ea se e
a c nt of oci l di cont nt S l ong it h no oot in u
ce s s a s e . o as as r s r
n y con n i lf tok n of p og
Wh t c i th k p tic wh t h s b comof ll th hop of
ve y e d thie di t
v t t i s s e se s a e r ress
m
.
,
a r es e S e a a e e a e es
m m
, ,
th ti e wh n F nc e tood up on th t p of gol d n h o u ? D
e ra e s e o e rs o
n t l t us f
o
e m
mm
th ol d h op
mm
e th ch ll ng
ti
ea r
h s b ought es
M u ch h co
t tu
e of th
of n we
And ov
a
a
e
r
e .
a s ra m as e
e .
e . er
h op
Lib
m
li i o ti
nd you
es , a
era
y oft n h
s u p ct d of b in g col d t th n w
it
s s
id th t Lib li i l dy
a
e
e
es s
ea r
s e
sa
e
m a
e
e ra s
o ese
s a rea
e
sup
a
a
m d d by S oci li
erse
e
e
e
Th t
n mwill xtingui h th p incip l of oci ty which

n r
ch ng i p ing ov p ty
in Eu op i p l in but you y b u th t no ch ng in
es e s
s
a
a
s
oot d e se
.
r
a a
mes
a
a
s
e
e s
s
re
e
a ss
a
er
a re r
a
ar
e
Twic A
for
m
in th n tu of thing n d
e
e ic h
Ind p nd nc in th e
a
e
re
a
cc dit d by th i u cc s
v d Lib li in G t B it in Th W
er a s sa
ight nth c ntu y w th d f t of
e e
e
s,
e e
a
e ra
ee
a re
s m a
e
re
re a
r
e
r
as
a
e r
.
e
s
e ea
e
es
ar
.
u u p ing p ow no l in E ngl nd th n h
s r
in th nin t nth c n tu y g v th d ci iv i p ul
e e ee
er Th W f Union
ess
e t c itic l r a
a
e e mm m
a
e s
e re
e
. e
se
ar
o a
or
r a
count y Any i sc i ge of d m
e xt n ion of ufi g nd n
e s
r .
s of p op ul
oc cy h m
rafo in th oth
e, a
ct g in t
a rr a
a era
e ra
a r re
ere
r
rea s
e
a a
er
p og s in G
r re s t B i t in
ning of m
rea r
m
a .
m
m mm m
p li m
If you k th l see o t od n di p g nt of
e rea ea s er s a ra e e
of th mlv s t
p op ul a r or nt y gov n nt it i no o th n thi
ar a e ar er e s re a s,
m m
,
th t no p olitic will ufli k n tion oul ’

a s s ce e se e o a e a a s s .
Wh t coul d b o t u ? Wh y it will ? B ut w
a e re y d r e o sa s e a e
p nd up on it th t th
e oul will b b t k p t liv in n tion wh
a e s e es e a e a a ere
th ere i th high t p op o tion of tho
s e wh in th p h
es of
r r se o, e ra se
mm
a n ol d w o thy of th
an ligion t
’
s re
v nt nth c ntu y think it p t of
r
t it th t hi coun t y b w ll gov n d
o se e
e se
o
e
a
ee
s
e
m r
r ,
e e
a
er
ar
e .
a
st
D
er
oc cy th y t ll u i fflict d by dioc ity nd by
e ra
ility B ut h n t d oc cy in y count y
,
as
e
in you
o m e
e
s, s
ra
a e
m e
r
r
as
a
rs ,
m mm
.
,
sho wn b fo n w th t it w ll kn o w h w t choo
e re o rul a n ith e s o o se e rs e er
in
edioc n t il ;
m c titud in cl
re
re n o th n th qu l in un lfi hn
or s e r
ight in fo c of ny b oluti t t t
e,
e
ea r S n
e re
r e,
a
a
e e
a
a s
s s
se
s a es m
mm
S eS S ,
a
m
, ,
th t v
a in ti
e er p t bo th c p t ? If I liv f w onths
es as re e s e er e a e ,
or it y b v n f w w k long I hop t h v
a e e e a n oe s er, e e see s
—
ee o a e
d mnd th oth
thing of th l ctions n in C n d n in th Unit d King
r ee e e o e a a a, o e e e
a mo
p t f o
ar
m
, a h
h ight of oci l p
r
With u in p c t of l d hip nd
id nt i s you know th p i m
e
tig
e th p
er
on g co p onding
ere
s
.
a re s
s,
e, e
res
e rs
e
a e
ea
rres
ers , a
t th p
o
m mm
e
r l l ction thi ti
e a e e
res e ini t
s, a
owing t p on l ccid nt of th p ing
s
Ou g n
e, o
,
ers
e
a
r
a
e
e
s er .
e
r
a ss
e
m
m
ho u
mmmini t m m
r,
my n t d t a
b u t it will d t
s er ,
in quit o x ctly wh h ll b th p i
e er
in th p ty f o which th p i
ini t h ll b t k n On no l occ ion u l ction of
s er S a e a e
e er
e
e
e e
r
e
a
a
ar
as
r
o S
s o
a
r e e
e e
e
r
r m e
e
a
mm m
.
p i r ini t i as di ct nd p on l you n d in choo ing

e s er s re a ers a as rs , a s
a b of P li nt p op l w
e er ar lly f awhol g n e tion e e e re rea or a e e era
choosing wh th D is li o Gl dston
h d of th gov n
ea nt e
e S lisb u ry shoul d b
er
er m e
ra e r a e or a
m
e
mm m
.
Th n c nt l diff nc b tw n you syst

e o e e nd o u s is
ra e re e e ee r e a r
m
m m
th t th A
a
B iti h p ri
r
ric n p
s
id nt is in f
e fi x d ti
e
inist d p nd up on th upp o t of th Hou of
e
wh e
a th res
er e
e
e s
mm
or a
e s
e
r
e,
e
er a s
se
e
m
Co
a do
on If h l o s th t hi p ow
n y s Th ze
s
onth ; if on th oth h nd h k p s it h
n t
.
y n t n du
ny o int ting i p o
ea r
e
e
tw lv
y hol d offi c f
se
er
e re a re
a
a
,
o
,
s
mm e
a
ee
er a
re
e
o
eres
a
e re a
or m
e
e
e
or
r
m m
.
t nt qu tion in p ol itic l di cu ion th n th qu tion wh th

a es s a s ss a e es e er
m
ou c bin t gov n nt you p id n ti l y t of gov n
r a e
nt i th b tt Thi i n t th p l c t gu it
e s
—
e e
er
er
—
e
s
or
s o
r
e
re s
a e
e
o ar
a s
e
s e er
m
. .
B tw n 1868 n d n w
e ee p iod of th i ty i y s w h v
a o a er r -
s x ea r e a e
h d ight
a
a
h lf y a
e
s
ini t i
Of th
Thi w oul d giv n v
ight gov n nts fi l t d ov r fi
ea r
g lif of fou nd
s r es .
e se e
s
er m
e a
e
a e ra
v e
e
as e
e
mm e
r a
ve
m
.
y s B o dly p king th n u x cutiv gov n nt h v

ea r . r a S ea , e , o r e e e er e s a e
l t d bout th l ngth of you fix d t
as e a As f e ini t s e r e er or s er
mm
.
sw p t w y by
e gu t of p ion I n onl y c ll th ov th ow
a a a s a ss , ca re a e er r
of L o d P l ton in 1 858 f
r b ing thought t ub vi nt
a e rs or e oo s se r e
t F nc
o ra F y wn p t I h v
a
e
mmm
. lw ys thought th t by its
f p l y its co p tiv fluidity it p id fl xibility of d p t
re e
or
a ra
o
e
ar , a e a
s ra
a
e
a
a a a
m m
, ,
tion u c bin t y t
o r h o t t y f i t lf
a e s s e as s o sa or se
m
.
,
Wh th d oc cy will k f p c w ll h v y t t s
e er e ra a e or ea e, e a a e e o ee
m
.
S f o d oc cy h don littl in E u op t p ot ct u s g inst

ar e ra as e e r e o r e a a
th tu bid Whi lp ool of
st ta
e
m
r ilit y g Wh n th vil of iv l
nt goni tic c s t ito i l cl i s nd ll th oth
es , a a
r
s
s
ra e
a
err
ar
r a
a e .
a m e
a
e e
a
s
e
r a
er
m
, ,
fo ul of int n tion l conflict

r a f lt t b unb bl nd
er a a a re e o e e a ra e a
th c u e b co trse g t t b ny l ong b o n
e sch ool
es f oo re a o e a er r e, a o
t ch will p h p is t p ick up g in th th d of th b st
m
,
ea ers er a s ar e o a a e re a e e
w it s nd wi s st ul s on th
r er a of th volution M ov nt
in this gion of hu n things h n t ll b n p og iv If
re
e r
m er
a
m
e ev e
as o
e re
a ee r
.
ress
e
e
e
m
.
w u v y th Eu op n cou ts f o th nd of th S v n Y
e s r e e r ea r r e e e e e ea rs
'
W do wn t th F nch R volution w no t th
ar o k d g owth
e re e e e e ar e r
m m
,
of di tinctly int n tion l nd p cific p i it At no

a s in th er a a a a S r e ra e
m
.
wo l d hi t o y find ny Eu op n t t s n ft
’
r n w
s s r ca e so a r ea s a e e a er
p c
ea n
Th t s nti
a
d th good
e a
sco u g th w o l d
r
nt c
e
gov
e
rn n t of w
m m
e
h ic h p
t viol nt nd wh n N p ol on
e
e
c is t
r
h b t
os t
.
lly
a e
e
o
e
e e e
ea e
a e
e es
ar
a
e o
.
ROB ERT TOOMB S
G FROM THE S E NATE 1861

ON RE S I NIN G ,
(Ab idg d ) r e
n a m
Th su cc ss of th Ab ol itionists nd th i
e
e lli s und th
e
of th R p ublic n p ty h p odu c d its l ogic l ' ul t
e e
e
a ar as
a
r
e r a
e
e ,
a
er
re s
e
s
m m
,
l dy Th y h v f l ong y
a re a b n sowing d gons t th
e a e or e a rs ee ra ee
m
.
and h v fin lly g t c op of
a e d n Th Union S i is a o a r ar e e . e , r,
dissolv d Th t i n cco p lish d f ct in th p th of this dis
e . a s a a e a e a
in a ll ich th ir in titutions xist outsid th p
the S ta tes i n wh e s e e e ro
t ti n of f d
ec
re
o
m
l l w ; with h ving id d nd b tt d in u
e e ra
ction f o within nd n i n f o without with the Vi w of
r
a
a
s
1 v as o
a
r m a e a a e
m
e
e
s r
subv
th ir fi
e
ting tho
er
id s F
i n titu tion
re s
nd d
th s c u s th y h v t k n up
e .
ol ting th i ho s nd
se
or s
s
e e a
s,
se
a
e
es
a
a
e a e
e r
ar m e
.
a
a
m
I h v st t d th t th di cont nt d S t t s of thi U nion h ve
a
a
d nd d nothing b ut cl
e
e
e
a e
cknowl dg d constitution l right ight ffi d by th

e e
distinct un quivoc l w ll
—
a e s
a
ea r ,
e e
s
a
r
e
s
e
a r
s
m e
a ,
a
e
e
high t j u dici l t ib u n l s of th ir co unt y ; rights ol d
C on stitution ;
es
ight which
a
p l nt d up on th
r
r th n th
i ut b l
s
a e
a re a
r
e m
m
e
m
er a
a
e
e
p rincip l s of n tu l j u tic ; rights which h v b n ffi

e a ra d by s e a e ee a r e
m
th good nd th wi
e
inju u conf d t S t t
re o
of ll count i
a
d nd no p ow t inj u ny n W d nd no ight t
e a
r W d
n d of
e
e
er
ll c ntu i s W
nd no ight t int rf
e ra e
se
o
a
re a
a es .
mm m
e
r es, a
a
e
.
a
e e
a
r
a
e
o
r e
r
.
e ere
e
o
wi th th i in titu tion e r ith by w o d s d d W h v no s, e er r or ee e a e
m mm
.
right t di stu b th i p c th ir t nquill ity th ir cu ity W

i p ly ol ly nothing l —
o r e r ea e, e ra , e se r . e
h v d
a e nd d of th
e a e t giv u se s s e -
e se o e
m
,
eq u lity a u ity nd t nq uillity

sec G iv u s th
r a nd p c ra e e se , a ea e
m
.
,
sto s i ts lf R fus th n d t k wh t yo u
'
re re e . e n g t e e , a a e a ca e .
Wh t do th b ls d nd ? Fi t th t th p op l of th
e
a
Unit d S t t s sh ll h v n qu l ight t
a e
e re e
ig t nd ttl
a a
e
e a
a
e a
rs
r
,
o e
a
m e
ra e a
e e
se
e
e
in th p s nt
p op ty th y
r
e
er m m
ny futu
re e
y p os
cqui d T rito i s with wh t v
s (inc lu ding
e
or a
l v s) nd b s cu ly
a se s
re a re er
S a e
r e
a
,
e e
a e
m
re
er
m
,
p ot c t d in it p
r e e c bl nj oy nt until uch T ritory y
s ea ea e e e s er a
b
a
e a
s h s
a
y d m m m
d itt d s S t t into th Union wi th without l v y
e
Th t i u T rito i l d
t
s o
in on
a
e
n q u l
a
i ty w
e er i t
a
h ll
nd W h v fought f this T ri
r er
x i ting S
r a
a e
t t e,
e
a
a
e
e
.
a
e
,
a e
a
or
e s
or
S a
a es
er
er
.
,
”
to y wh n b l ood w
r its p ic
e W h v p id f it wh n gol d as r e e a e a or e
m
.
w s its p ic
a W h v n t p op o d t x clu d you th you
r e e a e o r se o e e o
m
.
,
h v cont ib ut d v y l i ttl of b l ood

a e r e on y I f er p ci lly e or e re er es e a
m
.
to N w E ngl nd e W d nd onl y t go into thos T ito i s

a e e a o e e rr r e
m
m m
.
up on t of qu lity with you

er s qu l in this g t Conf d
e a as e a s re a e
m m
,
era cy t nj oy th co on p op ty of th whol Union nd

o e e r er e e a
m
, ,
c iv th p ot ction of th co on gov n nt until th

re e e e r e e er e e
m
,
T ito y i c p bl of co ing into th Union

e rr r s a a eov ign e as a s ere
S t t wh n it
a e, y fi x its wn in titu tion s t
e a uit its lf o s o s e .
m m m
cond p op osition i th t p op ty in sl v h ll b
m
“
Th e se r s, a r er a es S a e
entitl d t th e p o t c tion f o
o th gov n
e sa nt of th Unit d
e r e r e er e e e
St t in ll of it d p t nt v ywh which th C n titu
a es, a s e ar e s, e er e re , e o s
tion conf s th p ow
p ovid d no thing h
r e
up on it t xt nd t ny oth p op ty
er e
in cont in d sh ll b con t u d t l i it
er
ere a
o e
e
e
a
o a
e s r
er
e
r
o
er
m ,
a boli h
e
t in th
or re s ra
m a
s
ight n w b l onging t v y S t t t p ohibit
, or e s a
d nd of th co on gov n nt t u its g nt d p ow t
e r
t b l ish nd p o t ct l v y wi thin its li i ts
e m
m W
a
o
r
e
er
e
m e
S a er
o
o e
se
er
ra
a e
e
m o r
.
”
ers
,
e
o
as
r
m
p ot c t u p op ty
e o w ll s you s F
as
It h s b n t x d by you n d ol d by you f
a ee
r r
u ch you do Thi v y p op ty i subj ct t t x t on
a e
thi p o t ction w p y
er
t x s
.
as e
s
a
a
er
s
r
r .
er
or
s
or
s
a
r
e
e
e
.
o a a i
e a
.
Th title t thou nd s n d t n of thou s nd s of l v s is de

e o sa a e s a S a e
AP PE NDICE S 413
r e r m
iv d f o th Unit d S t tes W cl i th t th gov rn nt e e a e a m a e e m e
m
.
,
whil th C on titution
e e cogni u p op s ty f th p u p os s re z es o r r er or e r e
of t x tion h ll giv it th
a a , p ot ction th t it giv
S a you e e sa e r e a es rs .
th co
Ou ght it n t t b
e itt m
m ? Y u
id no Y ou n to
y no
R p es nt ti es y no Th oughout th l ngth nd b dth

e r e a
o
ee sa
v
Ev y n of you up on
y no
o
Y o u H ou
sa
e so
of
s
.
o
r se
r
sa
a
.
rs sa
e
er
e
.
o e
a
r
rea
se
m
.
of you con p i cy g in t th C on titution th i b ut n

r s ra a a s e s e re s o e
S
a
hout of no ! Thi
l l gia nc
e
cognition of thi ight i th p ic of y
Withh ol d it nd you do n t g t y ob di nc Thi
e
s re
mm a
s r
o e m s e
e
r
e
e
e s
m m m
.
, .
is th p hil o op hy of th
e d n wh h v p ung up in thi
s e ar e e o a e S r s
m
country D you k
r
.
y p op ty ; th t will p lun der

t up p o t gov n nt th t will t
o
; th t will d a
as
nd y bl ood
m
e o s
er e
r a
a
er
mm e
e
a
a ax
m
,
a n d will n t p o t ct ? I w oul d
o th r th p op ul tion of
e e ra er se e e a
y n t
su p p o t f
iv S tat l
n h ou
r
id i fe t b n th h
a e d th
u ch gov n nt P ot ction i th p ic
or o e
n t
ah y h o u
r s
l d s x ee
a m e
er
ea
e
er so
r e
a e
s
S
e r e
m m
.
of ob di nc v yw h e e in ll coun t i
e e It i th onl y thing
er ere , a r es s e
m
.
th t a k gov n nt sp ct bl D ny it n d you n n t
a es er e re e a e e a ca o
m
.
h v f
m ubj cts citi n ; you y h v l v s
m
a e ree s e or ze s a a e S a e
m
.
W d e nd in th n xt p l c
e a th t p on co itting e e a e,
“
a e rs s
mm mm
,
cri g in t sl v p op ty in n S t t nd fl in g t noth
es a a s a e r er o e a e, a ee o a er ,
S h ll b
r m
a
m
d liv d up in th
e e
c i s g in t oth p op ty nd th t th l w of th S t t
e a a s
nnere p on co itting
er r
e sa
er
e
a
a er a s
a e
ers
a
m s
s
e a e
m
,
f o which uch p on fl h ll b th t t of cri in lity

m
”
r s e rs s ee s a e e es a .
Th t i a noth n of th d nd of n xt i t nd
s a er o e bl e e a s a e re s a a re e
m
.
m
B u t th non l v hol ding S t t e t ch ou t th i o th nd
co p ct h v t dil y fu d if th c i in l onl y tol n g o
a s, a
s a
e s ea
e
re se
a e s, rea
e r
er
m
s
a
o e r
s e a
a s a
e r
m
,
a n d th t n g o w a l v t d liv hi up It was fu d
e r as a s a e, o e er . re se
twic on th e qui ition of y wn S t t e re l ong tw nty tw
s o a e as as e -
o
y ea rs a g It w fu d by K nt nd by F i fi ld gov no
o a s re se e a a r e er rs
m
.
,
of M in nd p nting I b li v
a e, a ch of th th n f d l
re re se e e e, ea e e e e ra
m
,
p tiar W pp l d th n t f t nity b u t w ub itt d ; n d

es e a ea e e o ra er e s e a
m
.
,
thi con ti tution l ight h

s s b n p ctic lly d d l tt f o
a r as ee ra a a ea e er r
th t d y t thi
a a Th n x t c o c up b tw
s . n u nd th e e a se a e e ee s a e
S t t of N w Y o k wh n th p
a e e nt nio n to [M S w d!
r , e e rese se r se a r r . e ar
w th gov no of th t S t t ;
as e nd h
er fu d it Why ? H
r a a e a e re se e
m m m
.
s id it w
a n t g in t th l w of N w Y o k t
as o a t l a n g o nd s e a s e r o s ea a e r a
m
,
th fo h woul d n t co p ly with th d nd H
e re re e d o e e a . e a e a
s i il fu l t V i gini Y t th
ar re sa u conf d t ;
o r a e ese a re o r e era es
m
.
thes u i t S t t ! Th i th b g in ; th is th
e a re o r s s er a es ere s e ar a ere e
co p ct Y u h v w o n t it B oth th gov no w o
t ito Th
a .
e se
o
n to f o N w Yo k w o t it Th gov no a
a
rm e s
r
r
e
o .
r s re
ese
o
er
e
rs s
er
re
r
m
. .
of Ohio wo t it wh n h w in ugu t d Y u n n t bind

s re o e e as a ra e o ca o
m
.
th e by o th Y t th y t lk t u of t on ; nd I supp os
a s e e a o s re a s a e
m
.
th y xp ct t whip f
e e e n into lo in g uch b th n ! Th y
o ree e v s re re e
will h v good ti in doing it !
a e a e
It is n tu l w houl d w nt thi p ovi ion of th Constitution

a ra e s a s r s e
S up
r e
m
ca r i d ut Th Constitution ys sl v s
Court s ys
re
o
e
.
; th C on titution sa ys s a
p op rty ; th
e
Th th ft of so e
sa
s
a e a re
o .
r e
e e
e
l v s is c i ; th y
s a e a
“
r m
ub j ct tt of f l onious a sp t e e a re a s e -
m a er e or a
tion B y th t xt n d l tt
e
.
m of th Con titution you g d t

giv th up Y u h v w o n t do it nd you h v b ok n
e
e e
o
a
a
e
e s
er
r o
e s
a a
a
e
ree
r e
o
m
.
,
you o th Of cou tho wh h v don

r a s . l ook ut f p rse , se o a e e so o or re
t xte N obody xp ct d th
s t do oth wi I do n t thin k
e e e e o er se o
m m
. .
I v e w p ju
e r sa h ow v b l d nd n k d wh coul d n t
a er rer , e er a a a e o o
m m
,
inv nt o e p t xt t p ll i t hi c i
s e wh coul d n t f
re e o a a e s r e , or ”
o o or
m
,
fift n hilling hi n Old B il y l wy t inv nt o f hi

ee S s, re a a e a er o e s e or
xt md nd of n xt i t nd m m
.
Y t thi
e qui nt of th C on titution i noth n of th
s re re e e s s a er o e e
e re e e bl a s a e re s a a re e .
Th n xt tip ul tion i th t f u gitiv

e e l v h ll b u nd d
s a s a e S a es S a e s rre e re
und th p o i ion of th Fugitiv S l v A t of 1850 without
er e r v s s e e a e c
m
,
b ing ntitl d ith t w it of h b co p u

e e e t i l by ju y
e er o a r a ea s r s , or r a r
m
,
or oth i il ob t uction of l gi l tion in th S t t t which

er S ar s r s e s a , e a e o
h e y fl H a is th C on titution
ee . e re e s :
N p on h l d t rvic
0 l bo in n S t t un d th
ers e o se e or a r o e a e, er e
l w th of c p in g into noth
a
ny l w
a
s
g ul tion th
a
e re h ll in con qu nc of
in b di ch g d f o u ch
or re
, es a
ic a ere
a
e
er ,
s
S
ar
a
e
,
mm r
se
s
e
se rv
e
e
m m
,
l bo b ut h ll b d liv d up on cl i of th p ty t
or a r, S a e e e re a e ar o
wh o uch vic l bo s y b du ser e or a r a e e
”
m
.
Thi l ngu g i p l in
w y fa
W hington ti
as
s
th fi t fo ty y
or
n
a
tw
nd v ybody und
e
st ood it th
a
of you gov n nt In 1 793 in rs
d t c y u t thi p o i ion
’
s
e
mm
sa s
e, a
r
a
ac
, a
ea rs
as
e er
a ss e
r
o a rr
er m
er
o
e .
s r v
e
s
,
e
p .
It w dop t d un ni ou ly in th S n t of th Unit d S t t
as a e a s e e a e e e a es,
a nd n ly in th Hou of R p nt tiv s Nobody th n
ea r so e se e re se a e e
m
.
h d inv nt d p t xt t
a e ho w th t th Con titution did n t
e re e s o S a e s o
n n g o l v It w cl ; it w p l in N t onl y th
ea a e r S a e . as ea r as a . o e
f d l cou t but ll th l oc l cou t in ll th S t t d cid d
e era r s, a e a r s a e a es , e e
th t thi w as
a con titution l oblig tion H w i it n w ? Th
s a s a a o s o e
m
m
.
N o th o u ght t v d it ; foll o wing th in tincts of th i n tu l

r s o e a e e s e r a ra
ch ct th y co
a ra nc d with th f u dul nt fiction th t
er , e e e e ra e a
fugitiv w ntitl d t h b co p u ntitl d t t i l by j u y
es e re e e o a ea s r s, e e o r a r
in th S t t t which th y fl d Th y p t nd d t b li v th t
o u f u gi tiv
r
e
lv w
a e
ntitl d t o ight th n th i whit
e S a
o
es ere e
e e
e
.
o me
re r
re e e
s
o
a
e
e r
e e a
e
citi n ; p h p th y w
th n I do
a
ze
Y u
s
y ch g w hi t m
er
m m
ight th y kn ow n noth b tt
n wi th t
a
oon f l ony
s
a
e e re r
ar e a
,
e
e
a
o e a
rea s or
er
e
e er
m
.
, ,
or oth c i n d yo u do n t
er r qui ny t i l by ju y b fo
e, a o re re a r a r e re
h i giv n u p ; th
e
e
e
a
s
l g l ly ch g d with c i
i nothing t d t
d liv d up up on d nd Whit p op l
ere
e
n d th t h fl d
ar
in b u t th t h is
n d th n h i t b
e
d liv d up v y
ere
e m
am r
a
s
e a
e
a
o
e
e
e er
e a re
e , a
e
e
e
ere
e
a
s
e
o
e
er
e
m
.
d y in thi w y ; b ut n t l v
a s Sl v bl ck p op l you y
a o S a es . a es , a e e, sa ,
a re e ntitl d t t i l by ju y ; nd in thi w y ch
e o h v b n
r a r a s a s e es a e ee
inv nt d t d f t you p l in con titution l oblig tion

S n to
e
e
a
e
th C on ti tution i
a rs ,
o
oblig tion nd th duti of th f d l gov n nt I

s a
e ea
co p ct It cont in s ll u
e
con e
s
r
es
a
s a
e
s
e e ra
m a
a
.
er m m
a
e
a
s .
a
a o r
m
.
t nt n d h v
e v b n cont nt t u t in it Whil I doub t its
a a e e er ee e o s s a . e
p rf ction whil I do n t b li v it w
e e , g od c o p ct nde o e e e as a o a , a
41 6 THE ART or PUB LIC S PE AKI NG
THE ODORE ROOS E VEL T

A GU RAL ADDRE S S
IN U
(1905 )
MY FELL OW CI IZE NS
n f
to b e tha k ul tha
“
T
n ou
—
i
o l on
No p e p e v o c u
id v n ly in
rs , a nd th s is sa
ea rth ha e
ii
re ere t ,
m re a se
no sp r t
of bo fu n in
a st l ess our own stre ng i g i ud
th , b ut w th ra t t e to the
G eriv of ood
v n bl d
G , Who ha s esse us w th the
ha e e a e us to a h e e so a r e a
in
ha p p ess .
c iv
bl d
l g
i
m
condi i n
u of l ing
ic
ea s re
t o s wh h
we l b e-
a nd
o l
To u s a s a p e p e it ha s b ee ng n d ra te found ion
to la y the at s of
our n ion l lif in
at a e con in n
a n ew t e t . We a re the he rs
i of the
g v
a e s, a nd y et we ha e ha d to p a y few of n i ic in
the p e al t es wh h
ol d coun i x c d
tr es a re e a te b y the ea ha d d nd of ygon ci i a b e v il za
tion We ha e not b ee
v n oblig d fig e to xi nc g n
ht for our e ste e a a i st
m
.
a ny a e li n c ra e ; a n d y et our l if c d
e ha s a ll e vigo
for the o r a nd eff rt
i ou
w th t whi h the c nlia di vi u i
er a n d ha r er y
rt es w ther a wa .
.
nd u c condi ion
U er s h t oul d
s it w f ul f il d
b e our own a t if we a e ,
a nd the s u cc ic v
e ss wh h we ha e ha d in u cc
the p a st , the s c ess whi h
we con d n ly b li v
fi e t e e e thefu u ill ing oul d c u in
t re w br sh a se us
m
,
no f ling of v ingl o y
ee a r , b ut ra ther a d biding li i n
e ep a n d a rea za t o
of
resp
tha t
on ibil i y ic
und
s
er a
f
a ll tha t li e h a s
t wh h is
f gov n n
ree
o
ou
d
ffere us ; a
er m m
rs ;
e t a
fu l ckno l dg n of
fix d d
a nd a
g y o l
l a
e in ion
e te rm
we
iv
at
i ht p e p e ca n thr e b est,
o
e t
to S h w
the
a l ik
uc
g d
e a s re a r
M h ha s b ee
m n giv n
ing of
the th
e
s
m body
the
to u s, a nd uc
ing of
a nd the th
l ig fully
h wil r ht
oul
s the s
b e ex
.
p ected r
—
fo us
a n d we c a n S h r
.
ikni
We ha e t es to thers a nd t es to rse es
v du i
e ther
o
We ha e b e
v co
du i
m g
ou lv
n ion
e a re a t at
m m
.
,
fo c d by
r e f c of g n in o l ion
the a t its rea t ess t re a t o to the ther na
tion ofs the ea rth a nd we, u v b
st b eha e a s esee o l i
s a p e p e w th
suc h reS p onsib ilitie s
o d
b e on e of co di lr
o
T wa r a ll ther a t
.
n ion l g
inc f i nd i
a a nd s
s, a r e a nd s
e re r e sh p
ll
u
mm
We o
i ud u
a , ou r a tt t
onl
st S h w n ot
e m st
m
.
in od
ou r w r s b ut in d d
ou r n ly d i ou
ee s tha t we a re ea r est es r s of
se cu i g i good i ll by c ing o d
rn the r w a t t wa r the in i i of j u
a Sp r t st
a nd g n ou cogni ion of
e er s re t i ig
a ll the r r hts
m
.
B ut j u ic
st e a n d g n o i y in n ion
e er s t a at in as individu l
an a ,
m m
,
coun o t st whe n o n sh w no t b y the wea k by b ut ong the str .
Wh e e er a re ul to re ra r
il v c f f in f o onging o
wr u
the rs, we st b e
no l in i n
e ss s ste t tha t w e a re not wr ong d ou lv e rse es i
. We w sh
p e a c e ; b u t w ei w sh th ec of j u ic
p ea e st e , t c of ig ou
h e p e a e r hte s
n ess . We w sh it b e a se we th
i c u ink ig bc u
it is r ht, a nd n ot e a se
we a re a ra f id . No weak n ion at c ig ly
tha t a ts r ht j u ly a nd st
o d v
sh ul v c u
e e r ha e f
a se to ea r , a nd no ong o str ou d v
p w e r sh l e er
bl
b e a e to S
Our re a t
b ut st ll mm
ingl
l ion
i o i o n
e u s out a s a s
s with the o
ub j c
o
ther p w ers
l ion
of
in ol n gg ion
e t fo r s e t a
m
o ld i o n
the w r
ong ou lv
re ss
a re
u
m .
p rta t ;
S ch
re p rta t a re ou r re a t s a rse es.
APPE NDICE S 41 7
g owth in w lth in p op ul tion nd in p ow

r n tion h s
ea a a er , a s a a a
m m
, ,
se n du ing
e c ntu y n d qu t of it n tion l lif i in it
r a e r a a a r er s a a e, s ev a
bly acco p ni d by lik g owth in th p obl which
a vr
e a e r e r e s a re e e
m
b fo v y n tion th t i t g tn
e re e
ns both p on ibil ity nd d ng
ea
erPow
Ou fo f th
inv i b ly
f cd
re s
a
s
a r ses
a
o
a
re a
er
e ss .
r re a
er
ers
ar a
a e
m
.
c t in p il which w h v outg own W n w f c oth p rils

er a er s e a e r . e o a e er e
h v y xi t nc of which it w i p o ibl th t th y houl d
t
e er e s e e as ss e a e s
C
ore see
h ng a
lif i both com
M odern
w ought by th
es
.
xt o din y indust i l d v lop m

p l x n d int n
r
e nd th t
s ndou
nt e e
e
ra
a
r ar
e se , a
r a
e
e
m re
e
e
e
s
b ing N v b fo h v m
of th h lf c ntu y f lt in v y fib of u oci l nd p olitic l
e
xp i nt th t of dm
e
m
a
n t i d
e
e
er
r
v t nd fo id bl n
e
a re
re
e
a e
e
e
er
r e
er
so
o
as
r s
a
a a
rm a e a
a
und th fo mof d m
.
e er e ini t ing th ff i of contin nt

as a a s er e a a rs a e
h v t ol d f
a
d v l op d t
e
e
e
er
u m
v y high d g
e
oc tic p ublic Th condition which
e
v l ou
u
r
o
s
t i l w ll b ing which h v
or o
n gy lf li nc nd
a
r
er
a
ar
e
e
ra
s
e
m
ree
re
a er a
o r e
.
er
e -
e
e
se -
,
re a
s
e, a
a e
in p bl f om m
,
individu l initi tiv l o h v b ought th c

a a nd nxi ty
e, a s a e r e a re a a e
se a ra th ccu ul tion of g t w lth in indu t i l
e r e a a re a ea s r a
c nte
Up on th
e rs
ucc of u xp i nt uch d p nd —n t onl y

.
g d th w lf of m
e s e ss o r e er mm e e e s o
lf gov nm
a s reg d u wn w lf b ut
ar s o ro nk ind e a re , a s re ar s e e a re a .
If w f il th c u
e a ff , e nt th oughout th w o ld
a se o re e S e -
er e r e r
wil l ock t it found tion
r n d th
o fo u s p on ib ility is a s, a ere re o r re s s
h vy t ou
ea lv s t th wo ld it i t d y nd t th g n
, o rse e , o e r as s o -
a , a o e e era
tion y t u nbo n
s e r .
Th i no good
ere on why w houl d f th futu but
s re a s e S ea r e re ,
hiding f om ou lv th g vity of th p obl mb fo u n

th i
e rev y on why w hould f c it iou ly n ith
s e er re a s e S a e ser s e er
f ing t pp o ch th p obl mwith th unb nding unfl in h

,
r rse es e ra e r e s e re s, or
ea r
ing p u p o t olv th r
o a
ight
se
r a
o s e
e se
e mm ar
r e
.
s e e , c
f om
Y t ft e ll th th p ob l
a er a n w th th t k t b fo
o e r e s a re e o e as s se e re
m
, ,
u diff
s th t k
er t b for u f th w h fou nd d n d
e as s se e re o r a e rs , o e a
and p
e
m
v d thi R p ublic th p i it in which th t k u t
b und t k n nd th
re ser
er a p ob l
e s
f c d if u duty i t b w ll
e a
e
ese r
,
e m
e S
s
r
a e o r
e se
s
as
o
s
e e
s
m
,
don e, in re nti lly unch ng d W know th t lf

a s e sse a a e . e a se
gov n nt is diffi cult W know th t no p op l n d uch high
er e e a e e ee s s
m m
.
t it of ch
ra s ct th t p op l which
a ra k t gov n it fi i
er a s a e e see s o er s a a rs
aright th ough th fr ly xp r d will of th f n wh
e ee e re sse e ree e o co
po
th
itse
e m
n of th e
.
B ut w h v f ith th t w e h ll n t p ov f l
a e
e m t a
ighty p t Th y did th i wo k ; th y l ft us
o i of a
as
e s
.
a
e
o r
e r
e a se
r
mm
o e
e
r es
e
th p l ndid h it g w n w nj oy
e S e W in u tu n h v n
er a e e o e . e o r r a e a
u d confi d nc th t w h ll b bl t l v thi h it g
a ss re e e a e s a e a e o ea e s er a e
unw t d nd nl g d t u chil d n chil d n
m m
’
as e a e ar e o o r re s re .
T do o w u t ho w n t so , ly in g t c i but in th
e s S , o e re re a r se s , e
ev y d y ff i of lif th qu liti of p ctic l int llig nc of
er -
a a a rs e, e a es ra a e e e,
cou g of h dihood nd ndu nc nd bov ll th p ow
ra
of d votion te
e,
l ofty id l which d g t th
ar
o a n wh
, a
ea
e
,
ra e, a
m a e
, a
rea
e a
e
,
m e
e
er
o
41 8 THE ART or PU B LIC S PE AKING
m
founded this Rep ublic in the days of W shing ton ; a wh h ic a d m e
g e t th
r a
Ab ah
n who p
Lincol n
r a m
s rv d this Rep ub lic in
e e
.
re e e the a d ys of
ON AME RICAN MO HE RHOOD T

(19 05)
In
da ng s t er
our
t ba
m
od n indu i
civili tion th
coun
o l nc
err a ny a nd gra ve
the sp l ndo s nd the triu p hs er It
str al
a e
za
e r
ere a e
a
mm
‘
m m
.
is n t a go od thing t s
o citi s g ow t disp op ortiona te sp d o ee e r a r ee
r l tiv l y t
wh
the
e a
o o
m
th cou ntry ; f
n wh til l f
e
wn th ir littl ho
e s th
s
th s
nd th m
o
m m
ll l nd own e s th
e
e
fo t very l g ext nt
n of th s oil h v hith rt o
o ar
e
ad
n
e ,
e
or
a
e
e
e re
a
e
re
a
o a
a e
r
ar e
,
e
e
m e
e
m
, ,
the fo u nd tion of l sting n tion l l if in ev ry S t t ;

a nd if th
a a a e e a e a e
m mm
,
fo und tion b co s ith t w k t n ow th sup r

a e e e er oo ea or oo a rr e e
m
,
tu e no tt ctiv s in n nt d ng r of
’
a tt r h w i i
s
'
s
u
jl g
c r e o a ra e, e a e
mm
,
iz
m
.
B ut f o i p o t nt th n th qu stion of th
ar re u tion r a a e e e occ a
N o m
m tt
r
wh t th t occ up tion
a er
e
yb m
of u citiz ns is th qu stion of h w th i f ily lif is n u t d
o
m l ong s th is
a
e
a l
e
a
o
a
e r
e, a s
a
m a
e
e re
co c e
a rea
.
ho
t
nd
ne no th
o o
l ong s thos wh
e a
consequ nc wh th th e
ask up th t ho e do th ir duty
em
t th i n ighbo s n d t th S t t it is of
a er ,
e
o
n s t d is p li d in th cou ntry r
a
inor
er
e r
e
e
e
a
o
’
r
a
a
ra
e
e
o
a
e
e
a e,
e
e
m o
in th city wh th it c ll s f the wo k of th h nds f th
e e er a or r e a or or e
m
,
wo k of th h d
r e ea
m m
.
N p il d up w lth no S p l ndo of
o e -
t ri l growth no b ril
ea e r a e a
m m m
, ,
li na of rtistic d v l op nt will p
ce a n ntly v il ny p op le
e e e er a e a a a e
m
,
unl ss its ho lif is h lthy unl s th v g

e e n p o ss ss s
e ea , es e a e ra e a e e
hon sty co u g
e co on s n nd d c ncy u nl
ra s h
e, w o ks e se , a e e es e r
m mm
, ,
h d n d is will ing t n d t fight h d ;

ar a nd u nl ss th v g a ee o ar a e e a era e
wo
m
n is good wif
a good otha
fo th fi t nd g t st duty of wo nhood bl nd will ing
r e rs
bl nd willing t p
a re a e
e, a e r, a
a
e a
a e a
o er
m m
,
t b
o nd t b ring up s th y sho ul d b b ou ght up h l thy
ea r , a o a e e r , ea
chil d n ound in body ind nd ch ct
re , s nd nu rou s , , a a ra er , a e
e nough s th t th c h ll inc s nd n t d c
o a e ra e S a rea e a o e rea se
m
.
Th c t in ol d t uths which will b tru s l ong s this

e re a re er a r e e a a
w o l d ndu
r
ese
nd whic h no
e
mm
ount of p og ss n lt
res , a
of th is th t uth th t th p i y duty of th husb nd i t b
e r
On
a em a
r ar
r re
e
ca a
a
er .
s o
e
e
th hoe
mm
k th b dwinn f his wife nd child n nd
e a e r, e re a
m er or a
m re a
-
m m
,
th t th p i
a ry du ty of th
e wor n is t b th h lp t the
a e a o e e e a e,
hou s wif a nd e oth Th wo
e, n houl d h v p l e du c er e a S a e a
mm e a
-
.
ti n l dv n t g s ; b u t s v in x c p tion l c
o a a a a s the n u st a e e e a a se e a
b
for a
nd h n
e, a
lif l ong c
d n t b nd g n lly ought n t t b t in d
s th
e
S e ee
f ily b dwinn ; nd th fo a reer a
o e, a
e a m e era
rea er
o
a
o
,
e,
ere
ra e
re ,
F m sp W a shing ton f
m
1 ro his ee ch in on M a r ch 1 3 , 19 05 , b e o re the Na tiona l
Cong re ss of M other s . Printe df ro a co p f y u rni sh d b y th
e e p re s i d en t for thi s
coll e ction , in re sp son e to a req ue st .
420 TH E ART or PUB LIC S PE AKIN G
our resp e ct s is no n l ; b ut sh s ntitl d t it onl y b u

a o e e se e i e e o e ca se ,
a nd
mm m
l ong as h is worthy of it Eff ort nd lf s rifi
so s e a se ac ce a re
-
m
.
,
th l w of w o thy l if f
e a th n s fr th w o n ; th n ith
e or e a a or e a o e er
th ffo t n
e e th lf sa rifi
r or y b th e se f th n s f -
c ce a e e sa e or e o e a or
typ m m m
th oth e
m e m I do n t in th l
m
er . t b li v
of wo n in th w o n wh sub its t g o s nd l ong
a
n th p ti nt G ri l d
o
e
e ea s
a
e
o
e e I e
o
a
r
e
s a
se a
m m
,
continu d ill t t nt ny o th n I b li v n
e re a e n wh a re a e e e I a a o
m
,
t a ly ub it t w ongful gg s ion N w ong doing i

e s s o r a re s . o r -
s so
a bho nt s w ong doing by
rre a n t ow r d th wif nd th -
a a ar e e a e
m
m
S lfi hn s t ow d th
e s
mm
chil d n wh houl d ous v ry t nd f ling in hi n tu
re
es
o S
l ck of t nd n s tow d th
ar l ck
ar
e
e
a
e e
e
e
er
er
es
ee
ar
s
e
a
a
re .
m
, ,
of con id tion f th s e ra bov ll b rut lity n ny fo tow d

or e , a e a , a 1 a r ar
th e h oul d ou th h ti st sco n nd indign tion n v y
S ar se e ea r e r a a 1 e er
m
,
up ight oul
r s .
m m m
I b li v n th w o
e e n k p ing h
e I lf e p ct j u t I b li v a ee e r se res e s as e e e
-
in th
m
b li v in th
e
i g
e m
n doing
e
e n
I b li v
a
n d ind
n h ights j u t s u ch as I
d littl o ; nd I g d
e a
so
S,
.
a
e e e I
ee a
er r
e re
s a
a re ar
a rr a p rtn ship in which
e as a ch p tn i in hono
a er ea ar er s r
mm m
,
bound t think of th ight of th oth s w ll of hi h

o e r s e er a e as s or er
o wn B u t I think th t th duti v n o i p ort nt th n a e e s a re e e re a a
ight ; nd n th l ong un I think th t th w d
.
th e r s a I epl r a e re ar is a er
a nd g t
m
individu l ight n c
duty i h d you
f duty w ll don th n f th in i t nc up on
rea e r
a y th thi t
r
or
s,u t oft n b Y ou
e essa r
e
o
e,
s,
a
oo ,
or
s
e s s e
e e .
e
r
s p on ibil ity g
ar t ; b ut g t t of
r re s ll is s rea rea e s a
m
,
you w d I do n t p ity you in th l t On th cont ry

r re ar . o e ea s . e ra ,
If l
m m
m
p c t nd d i tion f you
ee re s e a a ra or .
m
Into th w o n k p ing i co itt d th d tiny of th ’
e a s ee s e e es e
m m mm
g n tion t co
e
oth
era
m
ut e rs
ft u In b inging up you chil d n you
s
b th t whil it i
s
o
re
e a
nti l t b l oving
e
er
er
s
a
. r
e s e sse a
r
o
re
e
a
a nd m
n d t nd
ff ction
e
a m
it i no l er
ut n t b t td
e
nti l t b wi nd fi
s
int ch ng bl t
s
F ooli hn
ess e sse
; o e
a
re a
o
e
e
as
se a
er
r
a
.
ea e
s
er
ess
s
m
a nd b
m m
id t ining you on n d d ught in th oft nd
er
m
es es
ild vi tu you u t k t giv th tho t n nd h dy

r es ,
ra
s
r s
se e
s a
o e
a
e
e rs
se s er
e s
a
er a
ar
a
m m
qu liti which in ft lif th y will u ly n d S o child n
es
will go w ong in p it of th b t t ining ;

r nd
a
S o will go
er
e
e
e
e
es
s
ra
re ee
a
.
s
e
e
re
m
th lm
m m n i
e e ss a m
ight v n wh n th i u ounding
e
n
e e o t unfo tun t ; n v
ount d p nd up on th f ily t ining
e se a
e r s rr
e e
s a re
s
s
e
r
a
a e
ra
e er
m
.
If you
a
m m m
oth th ough w kn b ing up you on t b lfi h
n d t think onl y of th
o
e rs
lv you will b
r
p on ib l f u ch e
ea
se es,
e ss r
e re s
r s
s
s o
e or
e se s
sa
m
dn e ss a
If you l t you d u ghtm
ong th w o n wh
e
t b th i wiv e
g ow up idl p h p und th i
r a
in th futu e
er s r
o a re o e
e,
e r
er a s
es
er
e
e
re
s
.
t k n
a
e
u l t oth
m m
se e ss
ep
m
S
ion th t you you lv h v h d t wo k h d
I
th y h ll k now onl y n j oy a
nd bu d n
o
re ss
nt you
t th lv
ers a
p p ing th
a
T c h boy
t b
nd
e
as
r e
e
s
,
o
rse
e
es
a re
se
a
es
e
re ar
a
ea
o
e
r
s a
o
ar
e
m
.
gi l lik th t th y
r s a e n t t l ook fo w d t liv p nt in
a e a re o o r ar o es S e
a
a
m
T c h th
ea m
voiding difficulti b ut t liv p nt in ov co ing diffi culti
m m m m
th t w o k f
cu b u t bl ing ;
r se
e
kt
th
a
a
k th h p p y t
ess
es ,
lv nd l o f oth i n t r
k th
,
see
or
o
e
o
es S
se
a
e
es a
e e
a s
er
a
or
o
e rs ,
a e
s
e
es
o
.
,
APPE NDICE S 42 I
e nj oy lif b ut k l o t e, k th f c lif with th st df st

see a s o mm m a e e a e e e ea a
re s
t in h
olution t w t ucc f o l bo nd dv ity nd t do
th i whol du ty b fo
e r G d nd t
e
o
on nd h d ught i th ic fo tun t
n
re s
S u ly h wh e
s
n thu s
ong w o n
re
e ss
o m r
a
a
o
r a
a .
a
re
ers
S
m m e
, a
o ca
o
m m
ra er s sa er a ers s r e r a e a e .
Th ny good p op l wh
e re a re
ing of chil d n n d f th w h v th
h
re
d ni d th up
a
p ct n d y p thy
a
bl
or
e
e se
e
m e
o a re
a e
e
e re s
e
e
e s
m a
re
s
e
a
e ss
mm m
,
a lw y du t tho wh f o no f ult of th i wn
a s e o se d ni d o, r a e r o , a re e e
a ny of th oth g t bl ing of lif B ut th

e er n wo
re a n e ss s e e a or a
m
.
wh d l ib o t ly fo go
e th
e ra bl ing wh th f o viciou
e re es ese e ss s, e er r s
n e ss , col dn h ll ow h t dn
ess , lf indul g nc
S a -
ea r e ess , se -
e e, or er e
mm
f ilu t p p ci t
a re o ight th diff nc b tw n th ll
i p o t nt nd th uni p o t nt why uch c tu
r a a
a re
e
a e
it m
ar
r a
e
-
e re
s
e
a
e
m rea
ee
re
e
er
a
s
mm
, ,
cont p t h ty e n y vi it d up on th
as ea r oldi wh un as a s e e s er o r s
a w y in b ttl
a up on th a n wh e, fu t w o k f th
or e a o re se s o r or e
s upp o t of tho d p nd nt up on hi nd wh th bl bodi d
r se e e e , a o o a e -
e
i y t con t nt t t in idl n th b d which oth p ovid
mm m m
s e e o ea e e ss e rea ers r e .
o n i
Th
e
xi t nc of w o n of thi typ fo
e e
ea sa
d i of vi ion
s so
s e
m m
unp l nt nd unwhol o f tu of od n lif If ny
t f il t
a
e n of th o t
wh t tho ou ghly unl ov l y
s as
es
e
o a
e ea
o see
s
re s
e
a
m
r
a
s o
er
r
e
e .
e
a
e
s
c tu uch w o n i I wi h th y w oul d d Judg Rob t

rea re s a a s s e rea e er
G nt nov l U nl v n d B
m d p ond iou ly th ch
m
’ “ ”
ra s e ea e e rea e r ser s e ar
m
,
a c t of S ler n d think of th f t th t w oul d u

e a , a ly ov co e a e a s re er e
a ny n tion which d v l op d it
a v g n d typ ic l w o n l ong e e e s a e ra e a a a a
s uch lin
typ e e
.
mm m
Unfo tun t ly it w oul d b unt u t
es
xi t only in A ic n nov l Th t it l o xi t in A i
s s
r y th t thi a
er
e
a e s
e
a
r
a s
e o sa
e s s m a
er
s
m m
.
ca n l if i d unp l ntly vid nt by th t ti tic s t th

e s a e e a sa e e e s a s s a o e
dwindling f ili in o l oc liti a It i es d vid nt in s e a es . s a e e e
e qu lly ini t f hion by th c n u t ti tic
a S s er as t divo c e e s s s a s s as o r e,
which
ho
ee
m mm m m
,
n incit
e, a
m
f i ly pp ll ing ; f
a
mmm
a re
b n b n t ny n tion cu t oci ty
nt t
a
a r
e
y divo c i n w it v h
i d unh p p in
o a
e
a
nd t i
e
a
n c t th
o lity
a
o
,
a rr e
or ea s
a rse
a
o s
r e
e ss a
e
s
,
o
a
o
as
e a
e
e
ra
er
o
as
e
m m
,
a n vil thing f
e n nd till o hid ou vil f w o n
or e a a s re e s e or e .
Th eseunp l nt t nd nci in u A ic n lifea sa e d e es o r er a e a re a e

e
a g in o
e
mm
c t in p p whm
vid nt by ticl s uch s tho which I ctu lly d n t long
a er a
ar
cl gy n w qu ot d
e
a
s
ingly
er,
a
e re a
se
er a
a
as
a rea
e see
o
m m
,
with p p ov l a xp ing th g n l A ic n ttitud wh n

r a , as e re ss e e e ra er a a e e
h e sa id th t th bition of ny v v y ich n houl d b
a e a a sa e a er r a S e
t o rea r tw chil d n only o t g v hi c h il d n n o pp o tuni ty
re so a s o i e s re a r
m
,
m f w of th good thing of lif

m
“ ”
t t to as e a e e s e .
a m
Thi s
o l t ch
n w ho
ra
m
p of
ea
a ion n,d c ll ing h o
ctu lly t b fo oth th id l n t of t in
er , a
u l dseh v d h i
r
a
e ss
se
a
e re
a
ers
S
e ea
a e
o
a e
ra
m m m
,
ing chil d n t do th i duty n t of nding th fo th with

re o e r o se e r
m
,
s tout h t nd dy ind t win t iu p h f th

ea r s a re a lv s o r s or e se es
a n d th i
m mm
count y n t of ll owing th th op p o tunity nd
m
e r
giving th th p ivil g of king th i wn p l c in th w o l d
e e
r
r
, o
e e
a
a
e
e r o
e
a e
r
e
, a
r
m
,
b ut fo oo th of k p ing th nu b
, rs , of chil d n li it d th t
ee e er re so e a
th y ight t t f w good thin g ! Th w y t giv chil d ”
e as e a e s e a o e a
a f i ch nc in lif i n t t b ing it up in luxu y b ut t s th t
a r a e e s o o r r , o ee a
ki d of ining ill giv ng of c c
f om vi l qu ion of n ion l l f
it ha s the n tra tha t w e it stre th ha ra ter .
vn g ding
m
E e a p a rt r the ta est at a i e , a n d re a r
m
only ind vidu l in of c ild n lv i
m
the i a tere st the h re the se e s , ha p p
n in
m
e ss
giv n
u n
the tr e se se is a h
of l y f ily of mdre
m
un dfol d o co
re a p t to
l y ind d c il d n
e to a n y
m
n e b er a he a th a h ea th h
e
g e re ,
-
m m
ll b oug ll du c d ug y u if
we r ht u p , w e e a te , b u t ta ht tha t the st S h t
m lv u i by i
fo r the se e s , st win the r own w a y a n d , the r own e x er
t
m
ion k i
a e th e r o wn p s t
m
o i ion of u fuln n
e ss , tha it is a p t to
s s se
co o o
e to th se w h se p a re ts the n lvse v c d on
e s ha e a te v
a n d ha e
tra ein d i c il d n
the r h re to a ct on , lfi
the se sh a n d s r o did oy the r
ol
mof l if good ing
m
“ ”
tha t the wh e en d e is to ta ste a few th s .
The
for the m
in l ig nc of
te l e
st r m mm
e
o u di n y n l oc e ta r
the re a r isk on
e ta p r
i
a p a r w th its
o d v o n
ess w ul
o li y
ha e S h w the
ra t ;
k
S p e a e r tha t if v g f ily
the a era e a ic
in wh h there a re h c il d n re
con i d
ta n e b ut tw o h c il d n re n ion
the a t ol o d d c
a s a wh e w ul e rea se
in o p p ul a t ion i y
so ra p dl in
tha t g n ion
two or thre e e era t o d
s it w ul
v y d v y on
er e se r e dl be the p oin of x inc ion
t e t t o l
, so tha t the p e p e
who ha d a te
p l c
a e t o o t
c d on i b
h ers w th
th s a se a nd se sh
i b v ra er a n d m
lfi doc in o d giving
o obu id l
re r
tr e w ul
st ea s
.
be
o d
Nor w ul
uc h a re sul t b e in g
a ny wa y re retta bl c ci d
e ; for a ra e tha t p ra t se
c i d c uicid — oul d
s
s u c doc in
h t r e — c
tha t is , a ra e tha t p ra t se ra e s e w
by conclu iv ly o u fi xi
m
the re s e S h w tha t it w a s n t to e st , a n d tha t it
b
ha d etter giv l c o l
e p a e to p e p e who ha d n ot fo go n r i y
tte the p r ar
la ws
To su
c
m
of i b ing
the r e
n
.
up , the , the w h e
ind vidu l f
i
ol m i l noug
a tter is S
l u of o
m mp e e i
h If e ther
o l
.
a ra e or a n a p re e rs the p ea s re re ef f rt e ss
of lf ind g nc i fini ly d in ni l y
com
ea se , se -
ul e e , to the n te e ep e r , the fi te
g l u
hi her p ea s re s tha t o
e to th se who kno oil
w the t a n d the
in lo j oy of d du y l don
individu l m
wea r e ss , b ut a s the , ha r t wel e
, why , tha t
c
ra e or tha t
l ding l bo v id
of ea a if e
a
th a p
u in vi b ly in
m
st e
ignobl
a nd
ta
.e m
N0 a n a n dno o n
n ly
the e n d p a y the p e a t
w a m
reall y o y of
w rth the n a e ca n c a re fo r theli n o l ly
fe S p e t s e or
c fly in
e
hie
x c ion l c
ep t a
the a void nc of i k
a e
i
r s
mo
a se s the p r ze s w rth ha
oub l
a nd tr
ving in li
l bo
e a nd a
u m
fe
v in
r Sa e
.
id
st b e p a
for, a n d the lif o living u

e w rth
m lif of o k
st b e a e o y
w r for a w rth
m
en d , a nd o din i y of o k o
r ar l w r o
re for n
thers tha on for lfe s se
’
—
.
o n k is ot ea s y no k o doing ta s w rth y
m
is ea s
’
The w a s ta s n
doing n don
m ll co
e it, there S ha
b u t in it, a n d whe S he ha s e to her
ig
the h hest a n d h oli j oy kno n
est w to nkinda ving don
; a n d ha e
ll v
it , S he sha ha e the rewa r p r p hes e d o i d in c i u S r p t re ; for her
u b nd
h s a a n d he r c il d n
h o l
re , ye s , a n d a ll p e p e who real ze tha ti
her w r o k li es a t the fo nd ion of
u at n i n l
a ll at o a inha pp ess a n d
g n
rea t ess , S ha ll i c l
r se u p a nd a l her b esse l d .
NOMI NATING WOODROW WIL S ON

ion l D oc tic C onv ntion B lti o e
At the Na t a e m ra e a m r
m
m
, ,
M yl nd Ju n 1 9 12 ar a e,
m
.
,
Th N w J
rea
m
t iu p h nt l e d
r
e
a
y d l g tion i co is ion d t p nt th
a
e
g t c us of D oc cy and t Off you it ilit nt nd
e
chol n t c h l t n ;
e rse
a
e
er a S t t
e e
n nt
ra
a
a r, o
s
o
a
er
ar a
s
a
e
as
,
o re
a s a es
s mm re s e
a
a
a
o
e
m m
,
a doct in i ; p ofound l wy n t p litt of l g l h i ;

r a re a r a er , o a S er e a a rs
a p ol itic l cono i t n t n goti tic l th o i t ;

a e s p c t
,ic l o a e s a e r s a ra a
mm
a
o l i tici n w h
nc nd d t u ction ;
e a
c
a n t u
, ct odifi
i tl
es r
o
m
t
db t
in
m m
w oi th
nd con u
o u
s rt di tu b
t
s,
a re s s
es ,
e ss
re s ra
e a er
s,
m
a s m
m s
a e
r
m
df e a
t of t t nt n t
a s er
of h ct er
s a e
n d l iv
C ;
co op olit n nd co p o it of A ic ; g ntl n of unp
s a
op hi t ; hu nit i n n t
a ra
a m m
n wh o
e ,
ind i t onc
e rs a
o
s
a
e
e re s
es a
er
s
a
a
a
a e
se mm
a
e
ar a
a
s a
, o
re
a
e
m
t nti u h bit
e o wi th th f
s a of G d in hi h t n d th l ov of
s,
nk ind xhibit d in v y t of hi lif ; bov ll p ublic
a e e e
e
er
ea r
ac
o
s
s
mm
e
ea r
a
a
e a
e
a
e
se r
w nting—
a
Wood ow Wil on
a
t chl
r
m
v nt wh h b n t i d t th utt o t nd n ve found
o as
unconqu r bl th ulti t D oc t
a
s
ess ,
ee r e o
e a
e
e,
er
e
s a
a e
e
e m
r
ra ,
m
.
N w J
in u p io
e yh
r Cre
erse
m
on f h cou
p ign of ilifi
se s
L t u s n t b d c iv d
a s re a s
ti n co up tion n d f l
a a
s or
s
er
v
rse
ca
.
o
e
rr
o e
a
e e
a se
e
m m
.
,
p t nc h v l o t th i u fuln
re e e a e Th volution of n tion l
s e r se e ss e e a a
m
.
e
a
n g y i t ow d
ll oth
Th t
er
e e m
s
nd p u p o
o int llig nt o lity in p olitic nd in
re a
er
ar
l tions Th itu tion d it of no co p o i e
er
s a
of th A ic n p ublic will tol t

a
.
r
re
se
e S
e
m m
a m me
e
a
er
ra
a
s
s a
r
e ra
s
e
.
p
no oth Vi w Th indiff nc of th A ic n p op l t
p ol itic s h
er
m m
di p p d Any p l tfo
confo ing t thi v t oci l n d co
r
as
e
o
sa
.
nd n y c ndid t
e a re
ci l b h t will go
s
e
n t
as
.
s
e re
a
mm
m a
e
a r a
e
er
a
a
er a
a
e es
e
a e
e
o
o
down t igno iniou d f t t th p oll

o s e ea a e s
m
.
M n e known by wh t th y y nd do Th y
a re known a e sa a e a re
m m
.
by tho wh h t n d op p o th
se o M ny y
a e a g W ood o w se e a ea rs a o r
m m
.
Wil on id N s sa n is g , t w h thin ks hi
“
o lf an d no r ea o se so , a
n i good w h
a s do n t t y t cu th h p p in o es nd o r o se re e a e ss a co
m
fo t f oth Th i i th c t of hi lif Th d d of this
m
”
r o ers s s e se re s e e ee s
m
.
m
.
o l nd int ll ctu l gi nt
ra a known t ll n Th y cco d
e e a a a re o a e . e a r ,
n t w ith th
o
a
h
a
nd f l
ar m
e p t nc
n tion l h ony with th il lion of p t iot d t in d t
S of p olitic bu t k
a s a a se
e m m
mm
re e
s
es
a r s
s,
e er e
a e
o
A m
co ct th w ong of p lutoc cy n d
r re e r
ic n lib ty in ll th i gn nt b uty nd p ctic l ff
er a er
t bl i h th s
a
xi s of
e r re
ra
m a
a r ee s a
ea a
s
ra
e a
a e ec
ti n
h h
v e
e as m
N w J
e ss . y l ov s W ood ow Wil on n t f th n i
e
d N w J y l ov hi f wh t h i N w J y
a e .
e rse
e e rse
e
esm r
or
s
a
o
e
or
s . e
e e e
e rse
es
ar
onl y
es
m mm
gu th t W ood ow Wil on i th only c ndid t wh n n t
k D oc tic u cc
a
a
e c t inty but cu th
e
r
ra
s
s
s
e ss
e
a er a
a a e
se
o ca
re
o
e
m m
,
l cto l vot of l o t v y S t t in th Union

e e ra e a s e er a e e .
N w J e y will indo hi no in tion by

er se j o ity Of rse s a a a r
or e
of h lib t d citi n W
v n g n tion b ut f ll ti
e a e
er
e ra
n t b u il ding f
e ra
N w J s y b li v s th t ,
e d y ze
or a
s .
m e
e a re
. e
o
er e e
or a
e e
a
a
,
APPE NDICE S 42 5
there is a n
cne te rs in
o ni ci nc in n ion l in inc
Wood o Wil onr w
s e e
s
at a min inc
st
b n in oli ic l lif l
He ha s ee
t Tha t
t a
st
e
t
e ss
.
m
.
tha n y
tw o e a rs no o g ni ion o y
He ha s ha d r a za tc ic l
; nl a p ra t a
ea —
m
m
.
id l b li
the re esta n of qu l o o u i y
sh e t e a d d
p p rt n t Not his ee s
m mm
.
alon e
m
n o t hi s c l
i o l o d lon
n o t his
o
r ta
lon
a t h e ss p w ers a
w r s a on li y lon
e , n ot his p e rs
co b n d co l n ion l
e , b u t a ll i e
m
a t
pe
a
at a
e,
fi
T i
o
m
a th a n d confid nc in
e a ndci cu
ou
r
e
ncsta
e v y c i i volv
hi
e ha e e
N rth , the S th , the E a st , a n d the

E er
v volv d Wood o Wil on
W uni in
e
e st
m
r s s e
r w
te
es its
hi
s
a ste r
Th e
Ne w
.
m .
.
m
.
J y
e rse
Wil ons
m
l
m
, tha t h e
i conv n ion giv
a p p e a s to th s
o nay g
e t n ion Wood o
to
of o uni y v y
p e the a te s
e th e
Op p rt
at
t to e e r
r w
an ,
m
wo
th
e
n nd chil d und u fl g by fo ing bu
e re
er
a
by t ching th in hi
es
, a
tchl
ea wo d
n gi int llig ntly th t p c ju tic nd p o p ity y e
t l
nd
th i
e
m e ,
er
a
o
s
r
ea
m a
e,
a ,
e ss
s
re
e
r
a
r
s,
m
“
a
o re e a se
r s er
se s , a
e r
a
m
,
reign N w J y j oic th ough h f ly cho n p

”
e e rse re es , r er ree se re re
m
.
sent ti at n f th p
v es , id ncy of th Unit d S t t th
o a e or e re s e e e a es e
P inc ton chool
r e t Wood ow Wil on s a s er , r s .
HENRY W . GRA D Y
TH E RA CE P ROB LE M
Deliv
c n
ere
ha ts Ass
a t the
at
nnu l b nqu t of th B o ton M
oci ion t B o ton M ’
d
D c b 12 1889
a
, a
a
s
a
,
e
a ss .
, e
e
e m s
er ,
er
.
m
—
M R PR DE NT B idd n by you invit tion t
Of th c p obl
e ra
.
—
ESI
fo bidd n by occ ion t
e r
di cu ion
k p olitic l
e r
e
e
r
as
a
o m o a
a e a
s ss
a
m
— concil o d with p
Sp ch I app ci t
ee in t ying t re a e, r o re e r e rs ro
p
swi
i t
r ey
w
th
m p p l xity of th l ittl
y t dju d
,
N w go
as
e id wh bidd n t l n t
e
er
m
e
y d ling ; h ng you cl o th
a re
e
o
e
m a ,
ar
o,
a
e o
r
ea r
es
o
y i th m
, , , ,
on hicko y li b nd don t go n th w t
a r a
’
ea r e a er
”
m
.
,
Th tout t p o tl of th C hu ch th y
e s es ai ion y s e e r e sa s e ss ar
m
, , ,
a nd th i ion y wh v h unfu l hi fl g will n v find

e ss ar ere er e r s s a e er
m
, ,
hi lf in d p n d Of unction nd dd
se ee th n I bidd n
er ee a a re ss a e
m m
,
t night t p l nt th t nd d of S o ut h n D oc t in B o ton ’
o -
o a e s a ar a er e ra s s
of Phill ip n d of S um
b nqu t h ll nd t di cu th p obl of th c in th ho
a e a , a o s ss e r e e ra es e e
n B ut M
s a P id nt if p u p o t er .
,
r . res e , a r se o
s p k in p f ct f nk n
ea n d in c ity ; if n t und t nd
er e ra e ss a S er ea r es ers a
di t y fo ll o w fu th
sa s e r m
ing of th v t int t involv d ; if con c ting n of wh t
e
m
i und a
as
t nding n d t ng
e re s s
nt ; r m
er
e
s
a
ers a
se ra
a
se
e s ra
se
e m e
a
if th
t t
y b count d up on t
e se
ngth n n unt i d
o s re —
t dy u ndi ci p l in d p
a
th n
e
i I h ll find th cou g
e a
ch nd e
r e m
ar
o s ea
e S r, S
s
a
e S ee
e
a
ra e
H p py m m m
,
t p oc d
o r ee
m
.
aI th t thi i ion h b ought y f t t l t t

a a s ss as r ee a as o
N w E ngl nd hi to ic oil n d y y t th know l dg
m
’
p re ss e a s s r s a e es o e e e
of h b uty n d h th ift H within touch of Ply outh
er ea a er r ere
Rock n d B u nk Hill—wh
f ll ow ng Emon thought nd Ch nning p ch d h
.
a W b t thund d n d L ong er e re e s er ere a

—
e
in th c dl Of A ic n l tt
e
sa
ra nd hn
,
e t of A m
e rs
ic n lib ty er a e e rs a
a
a
a
os m rea
er a
e
er
e re ,
,
I ha ste to n kma e theob i nc e sa v y

e tha t e er ic n o
A er a m
m wes New
E ngl nd
S tra ng
a whe nfi
i ion
e a pp a r t i
nd uncov d in
rst he sta
n
! Th s ster a nd
s
—
uniqu
ere
m
ig yher
—c v d f o
e fi g u re
n ht p rese ce
ar e r m .
a m
the oc n
id
ea
the st o
a
m
n
r
d t h
of i
s
ld n
e w i
w n
er ess
of
t r a nd
e
j y kindli g
its a est
u il l
wa rs — nt
g o ing
n
gl oo
a nd
a t a st the
r w
m
wa s r e
ok
b ok n
m
,
d
b u y di cl o d in
its ea t
b — i
w r e rs re ste a t its a se wh l e sta rt e
s se
m
un in
the s
l d king
sh
m oic
e , a n d the her
o
s a nd e p er rs
g d
a ze
c on bl k
a st
a nd
a ea
ld
a rv e e
a nd
m
fo
tha t r
u nkno n o
u d ouc of i
m
the r
ou d v co
w sh re S h l ha e
e t h
mm m
n ul th s ha df
e the e
h m
bodi d g niu of u n gov n n
e
u n ib y
a
o
e s
l ert ! G od
a n d p r sp e r the
h
bl
fo un of rt
a
ess the
es
er
mm
o y of o i o l o k
e
i iving on
the r l
r
f c d od l
e t a n d the p er e te
th se
s s—
m
m u
rta w r ers,
a nd p erp et a te
e Of
m
the in i on of i ndi o k
sp ra ti the r ha w r .
y
Two ea rs a g o , sir , I sp ok o e s o d in
e w r s okNew Y r tha t
c ug
a ht the a t te t n ion of o
the N rth d i
As I sta n here to re tera te ,
—
m
.
a s I h av don v y
e e e e r w h v y od
er e , e er nu
w r I the d tte re to d e
cl a re tha t the se ti n n e ts I then vo d a univ lly
we w e re ersa
—
ap
ov d
p r e in the S
c
tha t S p ee h is a r e
ou
l g lym m
th li
I rea ze tha t the
on ibl
resp s
co d nc b go n by
e fo r nc
nfi e
nig
y p rese e here to
e e tte
-
ht
m
.
I Sh oul d di ono y lf if b y d
sh r se I e tra e tha t confid nc by u e e tter
ing one
of
b fo
the tr th
in nc
u
si
re the p ra se
. m
od
ere w r , o r
o o of i l
Ap r p s
i of
by i ol ding w thh
th s a st , let
ngl nd
New E
co
di d on
ha s
e
nil l n
one e sse t a
li m
id n
e e
nf ess , M r Pre s e t ,
.
e t
e a e y p s , tha t I
li v
v n n ou nd
se e tee
b
b e e e the est p r
m
th m modu c of
sa on
V er
t
oc
t De
n l if
her p re se t oc ion of
e is the p r
ny
ra ts tha t fo r twe t
e ss
-
two
y
s
ea rs ,
ion v
b lo
al
, ha
ts a n d
e m
undi ini d by d
m
she
c d ov
a r he
gon b ck o
e a
un c ui d by b
ea th ,
i ugg d i l c
er the r r
h y
re r
e
e to p ra
te
i
conv
irth or
oc ic
h l s , a st the r D e
i un g n
for the r
m er
ra t
re e era te
n ig bo
e
m k
h rs , a nd a wa e to re a the re rd co d of ny ou nd
twe t S ix th sa
-
Rep
her
ublic n j o i y
oic l
a
m m a
he p the , a n d
r t . M a y the G o d
i u dy ib inc
a y the r st r
of l l
tr e
the he p ess a nd the
m
rea se .
F a r to the S ou id n
th M r Pre s e t , sep a ra te dfo i c ion
r th s se t
e—
.
,
by a l in onc d fin d in i
e e e ibl dif nc onc
rrep re ss e fere e , cd e tra e
in f icid l bl ood
ra tr
li f i
a
— es the a rest a nd r hest ic m nk
, a n d n ow , tha
do n of i ai
v ng do
God , b ut a a nishi
th s ea rth oIt is the h
sha
m w
e
mm m
.
of b v
a o i bl o l
ra e a n d h sp ta e pe p e cn d
There is e tere a ll tha t ca n
m
.
p lea s e o r por s p e u k nd
r h a n i . f c cl i
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APPE NDICE S 42 9
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a e
e
er
r ph i
hi
ser
e e
e,
e r
e se
.
s se
m m e e s
o e
e ss ,
a s ze
s
m
,
a nd gnify hi w ong Thi di p o ition infl d by p judic

a s r s s s s a e re e
m
.
,
a nd p ti n y har l d t inju tic

sa r nd d lu ion
, as L wl s en o s e a e s . a e s e
y a v g county in Iow nd it i cc p t d
ra a e a n incid nt a a s a e e as a e
thm
m
in th S outh d unk n w i d cl d t b th fi x d h bit Of
e
e ,
co unity R gul to s y whip v g bond in Indi n

a r
ts tt ntion— ch nc coll i ion

e
e
a
ro
r m
s
a
e a re o
a
e
a
e
s
e a
a a
m m
.
by p l toon n d it c c ly
a s a s ar e a rre s a e a a e s
in th S outh ong l tiv ly th
as e
e
m
vid nc th t n c i d t oying th oth e
a cl
a
i g v ly cc p t d
o W
re a
ight
e ra e
e
s es r
e sa e a sse s
e
s
er
ra e
e m
a e e
as
m
.
w ll c l i
e th t th Union w
a ung t ful t th col o d sol di
a e as ra e o e re er
wh fo ll ow d it fl g b c u
o e G nd A sy p o t in Conn cticut
a e a se a ra r s e
cl o d it doo t
se ngo vt n
s rs f you t givo a ci l e r e e ra as or o e ra a
s ignific nc t v y incid nt in th S outh
ti n l g o u nd
o a
a
th r
e
ul of u oci ty I
o e
s as
m
t er cc p t
n t n of tho e r
p
e
e
o r s
e
e m ,
a
or o a
o o
e
e
e x ce
se
m m
.
wh b cl ou d A
o e ic n hono with th p d of th out g of er a r e a ra e e ra es
e ith
t b o
ction n d b li A ic n ch ct by d cl ing th
er se
ignific nt nd p nt tiv I p f t
e S
,
a
a
a
e
int in th t re
e
rese
er
a
a
e
a ra er
re er o m e
a
ar
a
e
a
m
.
of u p oo f ll n hum
th y e n ith a re n d t nd f e nothing b u t th p ion nd in
er, a s a or e a ss a S
o r nity If oci ty l ik
r a e chin w a . s e , e a a e, ere
no t ong th n it w k t p t I houl d d p i of both
s r er a s ea es ar , S es a r sec
n m
tion B u t kno wing th t oci ty
s nti nt nd sp on ibl in a s e se e a re s e
m
.
, ,
g ntl n wh com
e v y fiber nd nd p i until th whol h th t ngth
e r , ca e a re a r e e as e s re
with mh
Of th b t I d p i of n ith
e es Th es a r e er ese e e e o e
m
m
.
,
knit into G o gi bu y lif

e e re , th y nv e r a s
’
s e as e a re , e er
sa w I d t n ou t g co itt d on n g o ! An d if
a re a sse r a ra e e a e r
m nd w om m
, ,
th y did no n of yo u w oul d b
e w ift
o t p v nt
e p uni h e s er o re e or s
mm
.
th m —m
,
It i th ou gh th
s r n d th n n wh think with
e a e e a e o
king nin t nth of v y S outh n co unity—th t
,
e a e -
e s e er er a
th tw
e se c h v b n c i d thu f with l of viol nc
o ra es a e ee a rr e s ar e ss e e
th n w oul d h v b n p o ib l
a
th i f i n
e r
th l w th t
e a
nd co u
a r
n b p s
g nd t df tn
d
ess a
a
nywh a l on th And in
e
ll th b yon t th t
ca
—
ee
o th n in ll
n b
e u
ra
a sse
ss
e a
or a
e a
s ea
e
ere e se
as
a
e ss
e s
m m
ea r
a
re
ca
.
e
a
s
d—i th h op Of u futu
,
t e re s e e o r re .
nywh i n t dom
Wh n will th bl ck c t f b ll ot ? Wh n igno nc
e e a s as a re e a e ra e
a ere in t d by th will of th int llig nt ; wh n

s o a e e e e e e
th l bo e a nywh c t vot unhind d by hi bo ; wh n
rer a ere as s a e e re s ss e
th vot of th p oo
e e nywh i n t influ nc d by th p ow of
e r a e re s o e e e er
th ich ; wh n th t ong nd th t df t do n t v ywh

e r e e s r a e s ea as o e er ere
cont ol th uff g of th w k nd hiftl

r e s ra
— th n e nd n t e ea a S e ss e , a o
till th n will th b ll ot Of th n g o b f
e e Th whit p op l
a e e r e ree . e e e e
m
,
of th S outh e b nd d M P id nt n t in p j u dic g in t
a re a e r re s e o re e a a s
— —
m
.
, ,
th bel c k n t
a in c tion s l t ng o n t n t in th hop of
se a e s ra e e o e e
—
p ol itic l do inion b ut in d p nd biding n c ity H
—
a a ee a a e e ss ere
m m m
.
i thi v t igno nt n d p u c h
s s as bl vo cl nni h c dul ou
t ra a r a sa e e a s re s,
—
,
i p ul iv nd p ion t t p ting v y t Of th d gogu

b u t in n ib l t th
s
se
e, a
pp l
s of th e t t m
in th t it w l d into li n tion f o it n ighbo nd t ught t
a as e
on
a ss
W ong l y t
e a t
a
d
a
e
ea
e a
e
e s a e
r m
e er
s
ar
a
e
. r
r a
e e
a
a
s ar e
e,
o
,
APPE NDICE S 433
re ly on th p ot ction of n out id fo c it c nnot b

e r e gd a s e r e, a e m er e
a nd l o t in th
a
tw g t p ti th ough l ogic l cu nts f
s
s
m m m
it l ck p olitic l con ic tion nd v n th t inf o
e
ation on which
—
o
v
rea
a
ar es
e
m m
e
r
a r
a
a
rre , or
e
conviction u b b d It u t
Of th whit s e
t
Und
”
m
th t di i ion it b co
e
in f ction t ong
nough in v y co unity t cont ol on th light t di i ion
e er
s
th p y of th
e
er
a se
a
.
o
v s m
s
r
re
e
a
e s
es
a a
e
es
re
s r
v s
e
m d it cup idity t m m
.
cunning n d u n c up ul ou of both p ti
a It c dul ity is r s ar es s re s
m mm m
.
i p o d up on its p ti nc infl
se p t d its s
— , a e e a e , e e ,
i p ul s i di ct d nd v n it sup tition d t p l y
se s re e a e e s e rs a e o a
it p t in
s arc p ign in which v y int t of oci ty i j p
a a a e er eres s e s eo
ar
m
di d nd v y p p o ch t th b ll ot bo x d b u ch d
ze a
—
e er It a r a o e a e a e
-
m
m
.
is g in t su ch c
a a p igns s thi th foll y nd th bitt n ss a a s a s e a e er e
a n d th d ng of which v y S outh n co unity h d unk
e a er e er er as r
—
d p ly th t th whit p op l of th S outh
ee
Ju t you in M chu tt woul d b b nd d if
s as
a b nd d tog th
—
e
n
a ssa
e e
se
e
s
e
e a
a re
e
a e e
m er
e
.
m m
,
n ot n in o h und d bl t
e d h s b ll ot b nd d in c
i a re a e o rea a a e ra e
in tinct holding g inst you th
s o y of c ntu y of la v y
a a e e r a e r s er
m
, ,
t ught by you l t conqu o s t dist u t nd Op p o

a r you h d
a e er r o r s a se , a
l
a rea dy t v ti d l gi l tion f o you S t t Hou
ra es e n d in e s a r r a e se , a
e v y p ci s of folly vill iny h d w t d you ubst nc nd
er s e e or a a as e r s a e a
e
t re
m
xh u t d you c dit
m m
a
B ut d itting th
ndou e
s e
n c w
a
ch ll ng d with th
s
r
ight of th whit t unit g inst this

e lln of
re
a e,
e
.
r
e a re a
e
e e
es o
e
e a
s m a
a e ss
o
a
u vo t
r
nd h s n w b
Thi s h
a
long b n fl ip p ntly ch g d t b vid nc
e .
n ol nl y nd offici ll y d cl d t b p oof
o ee
as
s e m ee
a
a
a
ar e
e a re
o
o
e e
e
e
r
e
of p olitic l tu p itud nd b n on u p t L t u
V i gini —
as
t t n w u nd
a
a
fi c
—c t in 1888 v nty fi p c nt Of h vot ; M chu tt
r a s a e
r
ult f thi ll g d c i
se e
o
e
-
a
v e
er
er
a se
er e a ssa
e
ess
er
o r
or
e
ar
s a
.
a ssa
e
e
e
s
se
r
see
m s,
.
th S t t in which I p
e a e k ixty p c nt of h vot W it s ea s er e er e as
m
.
,
s up p ion in V i gini nd n tu l c u in M chu tt ?

ress r a a a ra a se s a ssa se s
L t as onth V i gini c t ixty nin p c nt of h vot ; n d r a as S -
e er e er e a
If V i gini i cond m
M chu tt fighting in v y di t ict c t onl y fo ty nin
a ssa se s, e er s r , as r -
e
p er c nt of h e n d b c u thi ty n
ers r a s e e e a se r -
o e
c nt w d um m
.
p er c nt of h vot w il nt h w h ll thi S t t c p in
e er e as s e , o S a s a e es a e,
which fifty n p b ? L t u nl g thi co p i
-
o e er e as e s e ar e s ar
so n Th ixt n S outh n S t t in 88 c t ixty s v n p
e s ee er a es
’
as S e e er
c nt of th i tot l vot —th i N w Engl nd S t t b ut ixty
-
m
.
e e r a e e S x e a a es s
th ree
p c nt of thei er B y wh t f i e ul h ll th tig b rs . a a r r e s a e s a e
p ut up on n ction whil th oth o c p ? A cong ion l

e se e e er e s a es re ss a
l ction in N w Y o k l t w k with th p olling p l c in touch
— nd th
e e e r as ee , e a e
of v y vot b ought ut onl y
e er vot of
er , r o es a e
a
m
l ck of opp o ition i ign d th n tu l c u s
in y S t t in which n opp o ition p ch h s n t b n h d
a e,
—
In di t ict s a ss
a
e as
s
e
s
a
ee
ra
m
a
a
se .
o ee
a s r
ea r
in n y s nd th p olling p l c
t
un f i
—th m
e
a r re a s
ea r il p t und th
a
oning of which y ction h b n con t nt victi
e
m se
a e s a re
as ee
es a
a
ar
s a
er
m e
s m
In V i gini
ll vot is ch g d t b p oof of fo cibl upp s ion
e s
n r
ion of th ino ity w
v g
i dt
a
j o ity of
a
e
a
e
unl hop l s divi
a
in Iow in th sar
era e
ar e
m
a s ra se
a
o
r
e
o
r r
e ss
e s
a,
e es
re s
e m
.
e
,
ml ction
e e
j o ity of
j o ity of
r w s
,
w
t bli h d
a m
wi p d ut nd n op p o ition
Th ch ng of
a
vot
r
a es a s e
as e
e
o
a
a a s
—
a e es
m
.
in Iow i cc p d p li ic l volu ion in V i gini n inc

t a t s a t e e as o a re r a a re a se
of on f j o ity i d cl d t b p oof of p olitic l
a sa e a r s e a re o e r a
It is
ofthe m
d p lo bl ir th t in both s ction l g p c nt g
e ra
vot i n t gu l ly c t b ut o in xp lic bl th t
e s
e, s
o re
,
ar
a
as
e s a
re
a r er
e a
er e
e
a
a
e
m
,
this S h oul d b in N w E ngl nd th n in th S outh Wh t

e so e a a e a
m mmm m
.
invit th n g o t th b ll ot box ? H know th t Of ll n

es e e r o e a -
e s a a e
it h
t o s
m
p as
m
o
m i d hi r
uff g w th p o i of fo ty c
ra
o t
e
n d yi
se l d
as
d h i l t Hi fi t p p l
nd
e ul ; hi r
s a
se
e
“
e
r a
ea s
re s a
.
a
s rs
e
a
”
ea
m m
se cond th th t th t D oc tic ucc
e
m
, e
nt B oth h v b n p ov d f l in hi xp i nc H l o k d
r ea
a e
nt hi en l v
ee
a
r
e
e
ra
a se
s e ss
s e er e
ea
e
s re
e
s a
o e
e
m
. .
ho
m d n B nk H fought und ’
f or a n d h g t th F e, a e o e ree a s a . e er
p o i
r Of th l o f
se nd in vic to y w e d ni d th c u b D is
a a r as e e e r s
m
, .
co u g dra n d d c iv d h
e a h li d t l t th t hi b t
e e e , e as rea ze a as a s es
f i nds hi n ighbo s wi th wh o hi l t i c t n d wh o s
r e a re
— s e r s o s as a e
m m
,
o
p spr i ty i bo
er u nd u p in h i s n d th t h h g in d nothing s a a e as a e
in p olitic t co p n t th l o of th i confid nc nd y
s o e sa e e ss e r e e a s
m
o
tah
ut l
y t
m m m
d
h t
m
m
ea
i t
, l
n
t hi
ers o r
ba
—
t
o g i tion nd l cking th
n d s and u
r
i
ont th t k th i hop l
ng hop And with
as
aolut h oi of
za
s es a
a
e
a
r
e re s
e .
e er
so ,
s
y p rty f i nd in V
a r e s ch er a a e e r e e ss ar
ov th hill s high nd in p i ing p ilg i g —h h wdl y
m m
er e
u s th occ ion l git to b l nc hi littl ccount with
ea s re e
a
as a
a
a a
s
r,
r
a a es
r
s
a e
e a
e s re
m
p oli tic
th e
tou ch
d wo ld w g
Th n g o vo t e
s,
a
up hi
n n v
e
ul
it will !
r
r
n d j og s do wn th fu o w l tting
es
a
cont ol in th S outh nd it woul d

er ca
as
s
e er
e, a
r e
e rr
a
, e
b w ll if p ti n
e e t th No th w o ul d u nd
ar sa t nd thi
s a I h v e r ers a s a e
m m m m
.
see n th whit p op l of S t t t bout by bl ck ho ts until

e e e e a a e se a a s
th i f t
th
e r
e m
tog th
d l d B ut i o b v
a
w oul d i s
e
e
see
E li h
er ,
e
o in b l gu d S
n b nding
sea e
ir e as
.
,
s
s r,
a r se
s
m
e ra
e ea
e
ere
e ,
a
a
ar a ,
a
th
n d to u ching th ir y
th v y ir
e
,
er a
wi th f ith bid th
fill d with th ch iot of I l nd th ho
of If th i ny hu n fo c th t c nnot b withstood
ere
”
ere
e
e
l ook b o d t
e
s a
es
n e
m a
a
ar
,
r e
s m
a
e
sra e
a
a
a
e
r a
e rse
o se e
e
m
m m
.
,
it is th p ow of th b nd d int llig nc nd sp on ibility of

e er e a e e e e a re s a
f co unity Ag in t it nu b s nd co up tion c nnot
ree a s er a rr a
m
m
.
,
p v il
re It c nnot b fo bidd n in th l w
a a divo c d in fo c
e r e e a or r e r e
—
. .
,
It i th in l i n b l
s e ight of v y f co unity th ju t nd
a e a e r e er ree e s a
right o u e f gu d g in t n igno nt co up t uff g It
s sa e ar a a s a ra or rr s ra e
m m m
.
i on thi s
s i th t w ly in th S outh N t th cow dl y
S r, a e re e o e ar
m
.
,
n c of
e a k shotgun bu t th p c ful j ty of int lli
e as or , e ea e a es e
g nc n d p on ibility
e
of it ho
e a
s n d th p m re s d nd unifi d f th p ot ction
s
v tion of it lib ty Th t ir is
es a e
,
re ser
a sse
a
a
s
e
er
or e
a
r e
S
m
.
, ,
o u li nc n d u hop nd g in t it ll th p ow s of rth
r re a e a o r e, a a a s a e er ea
s h ll n t p v il
a o It i ju t s c t in th t V i gini w oul d co
re a s s a er a a r a e
—
m mm m
.
b ck t th unch ll ng d cont ol of h whi

a o e t a c th t b fo
e e r er e ra e a e re
th eo l nd t i l p ow of h p op l onc o unifi d
ra a a er a er er e e e re e ,
Op p o ition w o ul d c u b l until its l

s t d p t l d
r w s l ft e as es era e ea er a e
mm m
m
ru n cl o t ci l lin s w l co
s se o ra th p on ib l
a n d in t ll ig n t
e , e es e re s s e a e e
of ny c B y this cou
a ra econfi d in u j u dg nt nd
. rse , r e o r e , a
j ustifi d in th p og s l dy d w hop t p og ss l owly
e e r re s a rea a e, e e o r re s
b u t u ly t th
m m
s rend o e e .
p
m
Th l ov w f l f
reh
m nd A Se I
e
tt t it hm
th t e
m
t hm m
c you c nnot
s p i r
e
i t aof
ee
y o
esl d
or
b
su
l c k
n
y
a
ere ,
ra e,
e
a ea
a
re or co
a
m
,
m
.
f o h ho up th
r er l ooks down t bl e nd th o u gh th
ere , o e ss , a r e
thi ty y r s g m
tu ul t of this night st l s th sw t
S h h ld
ea r m mm in h bl ck
a o
u ic of h c ooning s
s nd l d
e e
ea
iling e
e
er
ee
a ar
s
a
er
e
r
e s
s a
t o S ee
ig on se flu tt
m
l p This c n v ni h s s I p k nd I c tch vi sion
ring do w n
.
t h o u g hm
of n ol d S outh n ho with its l ofty p ill s nd its whit
a
t h
e
s e
er
gol d n i I s wo n
e a
e
s
r
e a S
e
ea ,
e
a
ar
a r
a
a
ee
a
p e
m
.
with st in d nd nxiou s f c s ra e nd chil d

a n l rt y t h lp l
a a e a re a e e e ess
m m m
, .
I s night co down with its d ng s nd its pp h nsions

ee e a er a a re e
m
,
nd in big ho ly oo I f l on y tir d h d th tou ch of

a e r ee e ea
—
a e
em
m m
th h nd s of
th h nds of
e
m
l oving h nds n w w o n nd wrinkl d but f i t
a
a
a
m—
ort l n s th y l y
m
ort l wo n nd st ong y t t l d
o
a
oth s bl s ing th
a
r
a
y t th n a
th n a
a
, a
e
e
a
r
,
a
er
a rer
e
er
’
o
o
ea
e s
e e
e
a
a
e re ,
wh il t h k
e an s— t h t u s
ert l t I ee
y t h v fo u nd —
e I th nk r e a ar e a e a
G d th t h i
m
o
in th S il nt c bin e
a
n s l oy lty b tw n h nd d ng
a
’
m
f in h s nctu y b c u h sl v
S e s sa e
gu d t h ch b doo p ut a b l ck
e
a
a
e
, or
ee
erntin l
er a
ar
a
a
ar
a
er
,
er
e a
a
se
er
er
r,
a e s , se
a
e
—
.
I
st gga
c c
t h
m
no t ha
ing f ll n I s
er
vi ion
m
a T h
mc ri si s of erb a t t
l v cuffi ng through th s ok
a e
l a sol di
s stru ck
ee
.
a S a
e
e, s
e er ,
e e,
,
m
.
,
windin g hi b l ck b ou t th f ll n fo
s a ar ckl of hurtling
s a e a e r re e ss
m m
,
d th b nding his tru ty f c t c tch th wo ds th t t bl

ea -
e s a e o a e r a re e
mm
e
m
on th st ick n lip s s w tling
w oul d l y dow n his lif in hisa
m
r
m t
e nti wi th gony th t h
s st
,
d I se hi by th
o
e
re s
a s er
ea
’
ea
e a
e
a e
e
m
.
w y b d id
ea r ini t ring wi th unco p l ining p ti nc
e s e, s e p y a a e e, ra
m m
ing wi th ll his hu bl h t th t G d will lift hi
until d th co inea
m
a
cy nd in hono t still th soldi s
es
e st
er
up ea r
a
a o
r o
s
e
a er
er
’
,
m m
gony nd l th ol di s l if I
m hi by th Op n g v
’
a a sea e s er e se e e e ra e
m m m
.
ut otionl s uncov d suff ring f th d th of hi wh

e, es ere e or e ea o
m
, ,
in lif fought g in t hi f do
e I s
a a hi swh n th s ol d ree . ee , e e
i h p d n d th g
s ea e t d a of his lif is cl os d tu n w y nd
e rea ra a e e r a a a
m
,
with downc st y nd u nc rt in st p
a e t t u t int o n w n d
es a e a e s ar o e a
st
s hm m
rang fi l d s f lt ing t uggling b ut oving on until his
a
m
e e
m
,
bling figu is l o t in th light of this b tt r nd b right r

re
a er
s
, S r
e
,
e e a
,
m And f o
m th g v co voic s ying F oll ow hi ! “
d y a s r e ra e e a e, a
m m
.
,
p ut you s bout hi in his n d v n h p ut hi b out

r ar a ee e e as e s a
m m
,
B his f i nd s h w s in And ut into thi n w

”
r e a e a e o s e
—
e e
—
m m
. .
o l d ng d l ing i l d ing bo
w r st t s t
ra h i e o
—b w e a r th I o , a zz , e e
aw
f ll o ! An d y G d fo g t y p p o a l wh n th y forg t
o r e e e e e e
t
W v
ese
f u u m ol d
vi ud f om ic
ha te er the
.
t re ay h m y l od
for the , whether the p
Rom
long
a in the ser t e r y v n v b n lif d
wh h the ha e e e r ee te
inc
S
a ndmd b
y ni n
e th e C re
a e to
al id ol d u on by
c o of
wa s a
ea r the r ss
h
f in ing
p
the a ti —
n ol di
the a
y
s e rs ,
Chr st whether the
APPENDICE S 43 7
find ho
l
sa rn i t w h s
m
g in in Af ic nd thu h t n th p op h cy of th
id A
es a
n d u dd nl y E thi
o sa
a
o i h ll h o l d u t h
r a, a
s e
s as e
a S
e
a
r e
o er
e
p p
—
m
, ,
h nd unto G d
a s wheth fo v di loc t d nd p t
o er re er s a e a se a ra e ,
th y e in w k p op l b t by t ong
re a a ean d xi t the e, e se s r er , a e s as e
m
,
Tu k wh liv in th j lou y th th n in th con ci nc of

Eu op — wh th
r , o es e ea s ra er a e s e e
r e in thi i cul ou R p ublic th y b k

or e er s ra s e e rea
th ough th
r
hi to y
s
—
r
c t of tw nty c ntu i nd b lying univ l
rea
e
ch th full t tu of citi n hip nd in p c
as e
e ins a
e
m m re
e r es
ze s
a ,
a
e
ea e m ersa
a
m m
, ,
t in it w
a h ll giv th utt o t ju tic nd bidin g f i nd
e s a e e er s s e a a r e
s
w
hip
e
R p ublic
e
m An d wh t v w do into wh t v
.
y b d iv n nothin g h ll di tu b th l ov w b
a
itig t u
e
con c tion t it
or m
r
a e ing t ng nt
e
er
vic I t nd
a e
thi
e
o r
,
S a
se ra
a
s
e e r see
r
o
e
s ser
e
e s ra
e
e
ea r
e
s a
e
s
m m
.
no n w loy lty Wh n G n l
,
h e re ,M P id nt t p of r . re s e , o r e ss e a . e e e ra
L ee, w ho h t w th tse p l of u h
ea r o p n d w h oas e e e o r es , a se a r
w as
G ov n er m
cl oth d with u t ngth n w d hi ll gi nc t thi
e
nt t Ap p o ttox h sp ok f o
e a h t t
o r
g t m s re
a
,
e
re e
m
m
e
m
e r
s a
a
e
ea r
a e
oo
o
rea
s
m m
,
t b f l
o e nd h p ok f
a se , a v y hon t n f o M yl nd e S e or e er es a r ar a
t T x
o eF o th t d y t thi H
as . r il c h nowh in th a a o s a ar as ere e
S outh w o n young H nn ib l t
s r h t d nd v ng nc b ut a a o a re a e ea e,
e
m mm m
a t th bm
er
m
v ywh t l oy lty nd t lov Witn th v t n t nding
e
ere o
of Conf d t onu nt bov th g v of his
a se a
a
e
a
era e
o e .
e ,
e ss
a
e
e
e e ra
e ra
s a
es
co d s hi ra ep ty l v to ing in th Ap il wind
s e dju ing s ee e ss e r a r
m m m
, ,
th youn g
e n bout hi t v e n t nd l oy l citi n
a o ser e a s ea r es a a ze s
th G ov n
sa
m
e nt g in t which th i f th fought Thi
er
g d liv d f o th t c d p nc h gon ho t th
e, e ere
e
r
a a s
a sa re
e r
rese
a
e,
ers
as e
.
m e
s
o
es
e
h
b m
e a
t of
ea r s
lw y
y f ll ow ! An d i I d cl eh
qu l t hu n p i tion th t th y w oul d di i
a s e a
if p hy ic l cou g
o
s
a
, S r,
as ra
e a re
, a
ere ,
e
s a ra
e , s r,
e
if n d b t
m
ee
m
S u ch M P
to thi R p ub lic th i f th
e,
id nt i thi p obl
o re s
r w
re s
fought t di olv
re
it u ch i th
e
s
s
e
s r
e r
e
a
as
ers
e see
m s
o ss
s
e
e
.
m
.
, , ,
te p in which w p p o ch it uch th p og
er e ad Wh t r a , s e r re ss a e . a
do w k of you ? Fi t p ti nc ; ut of thi lon n co
e as rs a e e o s a e ca e
m
,
p f ct w o k
er e S cond confid nc ; in thi
r . l on n you judg
e , e e s a e ca e
f i ly Thi d y p thy ; in thi you n h lp u b t F ou th
a r r s a s ca e s es r
m m m
. .
, ,
giv u you on
e s ho t g Wh n you p l nt you c p it l in
r s s as s a es . e a r a a
ill ion nd you on th t th y y know h w t u

s , se r s u s a e a o r e a re o r
h rtea nd s a y h lp t w ll th C u c i n cu a nt un til it n
e o s e e a as a rre ca
a rr
e m
c y without d ng thi bl ck infu ion Fifth l oy lty t th
R p ublic—f th i ction li in l oy lty in t ng nt
or
a
ere
er
s se
s a
a s
s
a
.
as
,
e s ra
a
e m o
e
e
m
.
Thi h ou l ittl n ds th l oy lty th t i l oy l t

s r e ee n ction nd e a a s a o o e se a
y t ho l d th
e oth in ndu ing u p icion nd t ng nt
s e er e r s s a e s ra e e .
G iv u th b o d nd p f c t l oy lty th t l ov
e s e r a n d t u ts
a er e a a es a r s
G o gi
e r a a —
lik with M chu tt th t know no S outh no
e a ssa se s a s ,
No th no E t no W t b ut nd
r as wi th qu l nd p t iotic es e ea rs e a a a r
m m
, , ,
l ov v y foot of u oil v y S t t of u Union

e e er o r s , e er a e o r .
A ighty duty i nd ighty in p i tion i np l S r, av y n a s ra r e s e er o e
m m
,
Of u t night t l o
s o in p t iotic con c tion wh t v t ng s
o se a r se ra er e s ra
—
-
a e e
m
,
wh t v a divid
e er W i A ic n nd w t nd f
es . e, s r, a re er a s a e s a or
hu n lib ty ! Th up lifting fo c of th A ic n id i und
a er e r e e er a ea s er
THE A T OF PUB LIC S PE R AKING
very thron on ea rth Fr nce B il—th se our v icto ri s
e
m m
To m md reth rth f o kingc f
ee a t n d
e
is ion ! And w h ll n t f il G d h s sown in u soil th

s
—
opp ssion this is ur
e ea
e s a
.
r
o
a
a
,
r
ra z
o
a
a
e
re
a re
o r
o
e .
m
.
s d of His ill nni l h rv t nd H will n t l y th ickl t

ee e a a es a e o a e s e o
m m
,
th rip ning c op u ntil His full nd p rf ct d y has co

e e r Our a e e a e
m m m
.
histo ry si h b n const nt nd xp nding i cl f o

r, as ee a a a e a ra e, r
—
m
,
Ply outh Rock n d J t o wn ll th w y y v n fro a a es , a e a a e, e e

th h ou wh n f o
e th voic less nd t c l ss oc n
r e n w wo l d
r e e a ra e e ea a e r
ro s t th S ight of th in sp i
e
m
o d sa il o As w pp o ch th fourth
—
e
c nt nni l of th t tup ndous d y wh n th old wo l d will co
e e a
id ur g th d t su s —
a s
e
m e
re
a
r .
e
e a
e
r a
mr
e
e
t
re s
o
m
rv l nd ta l n e a
olv t c own th i cl of u p t with th sp ct cl of
e o r
l t us o
e
ea r
m ra
a
es
o
o r
a
as
ere rea
e e
re
a e
e
a
m
R p ub lic co p ct unit d indi solub l in th bonds of l ov
e ,
loving f o th L k t th G ulf th wounds of w h l d in

r e
a
a
,
es o
e ,
e
s
-
e
e e
ar ea e
m
m
e
e
m
m m
v ry h rt n v y hill
e ea n nd sp l nd nt t th u it
of hu n chi v nt nd rthly gl ory bl ing ut th p th
a a
as o
e
e
e
er
e a
, sere
ea
e a re e
az
e a
o
e s
e a
m m m
,
a nd king cl th w y up which ll th n tions of th rth

a ea r e a a e a e ea
u t co in G od s p p oint d ti !
s e
’
a e e
WILLIAM MCKINLE Y
L A S T S PE E CH
D l iv
m
d t th W o ld s F i B uff l o N Y on S p ’
e e re a e r a r, a , . .
, e
b 5 1901 th d y b fo h w s ssin t d
m
t e er , , e a e re e a a ssa a e .
n t
I
ree
o st
gl d g in t b in th city of B uff l o nd xch ng
ng
a
a a
g tings with h p op l t who g n ous ho p it lity I
n d wi th who s good will I h v b
ra er , a
a a
n p t dl y
er e
o e
e, o
e
e
se e er
a
a
e
s
ee
a
a
re
e
ea e
a
a m e
mm
and ign ll y hono
s d T d y I h v ddition l s tisf ction in
a re
m o a a e a a a a
-
.
ting
ee n d giving w l co t th
a fo ign p s nt tiv s e e o e re re re e a e
a sse
su cc
bl d h who p s nc nd p ticip tion in this E p i
tion h v con t ib u t d in s
T th co
e ss
a
e
e
e re ,
k d d g t its int t nd
i ion s of th D o inion of C n d nd
o
r
e m
m
e m
se
ss
re e
o
er
e a
ar e
ar
a
e
e
m ree
a
o
a
e re s
a
x
a a
os
a
m m
m
.
th B iti h C ol oni
e r th F nch C ol oni s th R p ubl ic s of
s es , e re e , e e
M xico n d of C nt l nd S outh A
e a ic nd th co i ion e ra a er a, a e ss
ers of Cub nd Po to Rico wh h with u in thi und ta king
e
th t iu p hs of
e r
e
t sci nc m
a a
w giv th h nd of f ll o w hip nd f licit t with th
e
duc tion nd nuf ctu e which
a up on
ar
r
,
e
e
,
e, e
s
o s
a
a re
a
e
a
s
a e
m m a
s
a
er
e
r
,
th ol d h
e b qu th d t th n w c ntu y
as e ea e o e e e r
m m
.
E xp o itions
wo l d s dv nc
r
’
th ti n k p s of p og ss
s
nt Th y sti ul t th n gy nt p rise
a a
Th y r co d th
a re
e m e
e r e ee
e
er
a e
r re
e
.
e er
e
‘
e
e
r
er
e
m
.
,
and int ll c t of th p o p le nd quick n hu

e n g niu Th y go e e e, a e a e s e
m m
.
into th ho Th y b o d n nd b right n th d ily l if of th

e e e r a e a e e a e e
m m
.
p op l
e Th y op n
e . ighty sto hou s of info tion t th
e e re se r a o e
stu d nt E v ry xp o sition g
e t r s ll h h lp d t so
e e rea o a as e e o e
m
.
, ,
onw d t p ar s e
m
.
C o p ri on of id s i lw ys duc tiona l nd s such in

a s ea s a a e a a , a ,
st u ts th
r c b in nd h nd of a n F i ndly riva l y foll ows
e ra a a . r e r ,
440
. THE ART OE PUB LIC S PE AKING
n a tIOna l bound ri s into th ot st p ts of th a rth V st
a e e re m e ar
m e e a
mm
.
t ns c tion s
ra a condu ct d nd int n tion l xcha nges
a re ad e a er a a e a re e
by th tick of the c bl E v ry ev nt of int st is i
ra id t n i t
e
bull tin d Th quick g th ing nd tr ns ission of n ws lik
e e
of
ra c n
.
t osrigin n da re
e
a di t ly
onl y d p ossible re e
e .
a er
e
a
e
a
amm a re
ere
a
e
e a e
, e
p e
m m
, ,
b y th g niu s of th inv nto r nd th co u g of th inv sto

e e e e a e ra e e e r
m m
.
It to ok S p ci l ss ng
a of th gov n nt with v ry f cility
e a e e er e er e e e a
m
,
known t th ti e f r p id t v l nin t n d ys t go fro th

a e o ra ra e , e ee a o e
Ci ty of W shington t N w O l e ns with a ss g t G en r lo e r a a e a e o e a
Ja ckson th t th w r with Engl nd h d c s d nd t ty of
a e a a a ea e a a re a
p c h d b n ign d
ea
a
e
e
Mil s in Po to Rico nd h w
gr p h t stop his
,
a
o
H w diff ee
r
nt n w ! W
y on th fi ring lin with th
s
ar
ched G n l
e
m
bl th ough the il ita ry t le
ss g
,
.
th t
a
o
e
e
as a
e re
e
o
e
m
mr
e rea
e e a
e
e
e ra
e
a
th Unit d S t t s nd S p in h d ign d
e e a e a
m
p otocol susp nding a a S e a r e
-
ho til iti s W kn w l o st inst nt r of th fi st ho ts fi d t

s e . e e a a e e r s re a
S ntia go
a nd th sub s qu n t su a nd of th S p ni h fo c s
e e e rre er e a s r e
m
m m
,
w s kn o wn t W hington within l s th n n hou of its con

“
a a as es a a r
su
m tion Th fi t ship of C s fl t h d h dl y gd ’
a e rs e rv e ra ee a ar e er e
m
m
.
fro th t historic h bor wh n th f ct w s fl h d t u C p itol

a ar e e a a as e o o r a
mm
,
a nd th swift d e tru c tion th t foll ow d w s nnounc d i

es di a e a a e e
a e
Sm m mm
t ly th ou gh th w ond f ulr diu of t l g p hy
ccusto d r w t s f n d sy co unic tion with
o a e
e
a e
er
e o
e
a e a ea
e e ra .
m
di t nt l nds th t its t p o y int rup tion v n in o din ry
ti s
s a
e
m
sults in l o sre
a
nd inconv ni nc
a
W S h ll n ve fo g t
s a
e ra r
e e
er
e e
, e e
a e r
r a
r e
m m m
.
,
th d ys of n x iou s w iting nd susp n s wh n no info

e a a tion a a e e e r a
s nt ti
e am m m
w s p r itt d t b s nt f o
a
s of th
e
ve
P kin
e
n tions in Chin ut off f o ll
n d th dip l o
e
o e
a
tic p
uni
e r e
a, c
, a
r
e
a co
a re re
ca
m m
tion in sid ,
a
m m
nd ou t id of th w ll d c p it l w su ound d
e a
by n ng y nd i guid d b th t th t n d th i liv s ;
a r a
s
s
e
e
e
o
a e
a
a a
rea e
, ere
e
rr
e r e
e
m
n
th m
orth j oy th t thrill d th w o l d wh n
e
m
e
gov n nt of th Unit d S t t s b ought th ough ur
e
er
e
e
a
inist r th fi st n ws of th s f ty Of th b si g d dip lo ts
r
singl
e
ss g fro e
e
e
e
e
a e
r
a e
e
e
a
r
e e e
e e
r
a e
a
o
mm m m m m
.
At th b ginning of th nin t nth c ntu ry th r w s n t a

e e e e ee e e e a o
il of st e il o d on th gl ob ; n w th
ea ra r a nough il s e e o e re a re e e
t
e e
o
a m m
k its ci cuit ny ti s Th n th w s n t lin of
a
r
e
l c t ic t l g p h ; n w w h v e e
l nd nd s G d nd n h v link d th n tions tog th
s a se a
ra
r
v t il g t v sing ll
o
o
a
a
e
a
e
a
.
e
a
a
e
e
as
e
ere
ea
e
a
e
a
ra
o
er
a
e
e
e r.
a
m m
m
.
N n tiono a n l ong b indiff ca nt t ny oth And s w

er e e re o a er . a e
r
a e b ought o nd o in touch with ch oth r th l ss
r re a re ea e e e
m
,
occ sion is th f
a i und t ndings nd th st ong th
ere or s ers a a e r er e
m m
,
disp o sition wh n w h v diff nc s t dj u t th in th

, e e a e e re e , o a s e e
cou t of bit tion which is th nobl st fo u f th s ttl nt
r ar ra , e e r or e e e e
of int n tion l disp ut s
er a a e
m
.
i ins am
My f ll ow ci ti ns t d st tistic indic t th t this cou ntry
t t of u n x
e
s a e p l d p o sp ity
ze
Th figu e r
,
l ot
a
ra
e
e a
r er
s a e
e
a
re s a e a s
m m m
.
a p p ll inga Th y S h ow th t w r u tili ing

e u fi l d s nd fo ts a e a e z o r e a re s
m m
.
a nd in nd th t w e s, a fu ni hing p ofit bl a p l oy nt t e a re r s r a e e e o
th eillions of wo king n throughout the Unit d S t t bring r e e a es,
APPENDICE S 441
m
ing co fort nd h pp in t th i ho a a nd king it p os ibl
ess o e r m m es , a a s e
t l y by s ving f ol d g
p
o a
m
m
art ici p t ing in ath i
a
g t
co unity nd hown by th no ou nd unp c d nt d
p
nd di
o p i
bility Th t ll th p opl
ty
s or
i n s in v y
reaA
a
ica
e a
n r s
sa
er
m s see
. a a
e er
e e
m er
e a re
mm
a s e e r s a re e e e
dep osits in u vings b nk Ou duty in th co r sa nd curity

a s . r e a re a se
o f th d p o its nd th i f inv t nt d nd th high t
ese e s a e r sa e es e e a s e es
int g ity nd th b st busin c p city of thos in ch g of
e r a e e e ss a a e ar e
th s d p o sito i s of th p op l nings ’
e e e r e e e e s ea r .
W h v v t nd int ic t bu in
e a e a as built up through y
a r a e s e ss , ea rs
of toil nd t uggl in which v y p rt of th count y h it
sta k
a
which will n t p
e,
s r e
it of ith n gl ct of undu l
o er m e er
e er
a
e e
e
or
r as
e se
s
fi hn
es
s
will b
ess
t skill nd wi do
N n
e re
. ow o did p olicy will ub v it Th g t
a
qui d t hol d nd inc
o
on th p rt of nuf ctu
re
a rr
s
it
m
o
, s r
n d p odu c
Ou indu t i l nt r a
s
e a
‘
rea se
m a
s
a
se r e
re rs a
r
.
s r a
r
e
e
rea
er
e
m
.
p ri ses ,w h ic h h v g o w n t su c h ga t pe o p o tions ff ct th
r o rea r r a e e
m
,
ho es nd occ up tions of th
a p op l n d th
a w lf of th e e e a e e a re e
m
a nd
ar
m
country Ou c p city t p oduc h d v l op d
mm
ur p odu cts h v
o
.
k t qui s u u g nt nd i
e s re
r s
r
re
a a
ul tip li d th t th p obl of o
a
di t tt ntion Only
o r
e
no ou ly
r e
o
o
r
a
e
e
as
e
a
e
a e a
e
e
e
e
r
so e
e mm r s
re
a
m m m
.
b o d nd nl ight n d p olicy will k p wh t w h v N oth

r a a e e e ee a e a e . 0 er
p o l icy w i ll g t o I n t he ti Of re v lou bu in s n gy e se es ar e s s es e er
mm m
.
a nd g in w o ught t b l oo king t th fu tu
a e ot ngth ning th
e o e re , s re e e
m ay b mm
wea k p la c in ur indu t i l nd co
dy f ny to
e rea
es
t in
or a
o ci l sy t
s
th t w
s r a
r or s ra
a
.
er a s e s, a e
m
ho
B y s n ibl t d
m pe
mod u
mc
e
tionr w
s
h
ng nt which will n t int up t u
ll x
e
t nd th
ra
o u t
e a rra
l ts f u inc ing
e S a e
e
e
e s
e e or o
o
r
err
rea s
o r
m m
surp lu
o
m
diti s is
A y t
s
e
. which p ovid ss
growth of u xp ort t d W ust n t p os in th f nci d

o r e
a
s e utu l xch ng of
nif stly s nti l t th continu d nd h lthful
e es e
ra e .
r
a
e
e
o
a
e
o
a
re
e
e
e
a
a
e
e
ea
a
co
e
se cu ity th t w
r n fo va ll v ything nd buy littl
e ca re er se e er a e or
us
m m
orf m
nothing If such thing w p o sibl it w oul d n t b b t f
th o
m or
.
with wh o
custo s uch of th ir p oduct s w n u without h
er s
w d l
se
a
W houl d t k f o
e
u
r
ere
e ea
s a
s
.
e
e
e S
ca se
o
a e
e
r
es
ar
o
or
r
to o
Of
m uo m
u indu t i
r
m nd l bo
w ond rful indu tri l d v l op
r
R cip ocity is th n tu l outg owth
s r es a
e nt und th do tic
a
s
r .
a
e
e
r
e e
e a
er
ra
e
r
es
p olicy n w fi
h v a e
m
m m m
ly t blish d
v nt b o d Th x c
a
o
e
r
Wh t w p oduc b yond u do tic con u p tion ust

a e
a
r
es a
e
u t b l i v d th ough
r a .
e
e
e
e
.
o
e ss
r
s
es
e re e
s
e r a
fo ign outl t nd w hould ll v ywh w n nd buy
re e a e s se e er ere e ca a
m m m
,
wh v th buying will nl g u
e re er e l n d p odu ctions e ar e o r sa e s a r ,
a nd th by k g t d nd f ho l bo
e re a e a rea er e a or e a r
mm
.
a n d co m mm
Th p iod of x clu iv n
e er
c is th p ing p obl
er e
is p t Th e
Co
xp n ion of u t d
e
s
ci l w
e
ress
e ss as
r
.
e
e e a s
er a
o r
a rs a re
ra e
m
.
unp ofit bl A p olicy of good will nd f i ndl y t d l tions

r a e a r e ra e re a
m m
.
will p v nt re p i lse R cip ocity t ti

re r sa in h ony with e r re a e s a re ar
m
.
th e S p iri t Of th ti ; u of t li tion
e es n t If p ea s re s re a a a re o er
m
.
,
ch nc so Of u t iff s
a e, e no long n d d f
o r ar v nu a re er ee e or re e e or
t o encou g nd p ot ct u indu t i t ho
ra e a r why houl d
e o r s r es a e, s
44 2 THE ART OF PUBLIC S PE AKING
y
the not b e e p l oy d x nd
e to e te m
a nd p r o o k bo d
te our a r ets a r a ? m
mm m
stea
n
im
The , too , we ha e v in d qu
v l dy b n
sh p s ha e a rea
a e a te stea
ee p ut
i
sh p se rvic
in co i ion b ss
e New lin of
etwee n
es
the m .
Pa
co
be
cific co
a sts
fo o d
Me
o of
a st p rt s
of xico
ll we up w th
n l
ni d
the U te S ta tes a nd th se
a nd C e tra a nd S
i di cre t ste a
ou
sh p
th A e r a
i lin b es
o on
ic
e tw ee n
the w ne ste r
The se sh ulo d
the we ster n mm m .
co a st of the U
n d of
ee s
of odu c ion
ni d
i
te S ta tes a nd S
the t nie s is
t to the
di c co
re t
ou
fi l d of con
er a
ic n o
th A e r a p rts
ci l lin f o
es r
ion
our
One
v fi ld
a st
v
tha t we ha e b ut
of
e
the
s m
mm m .
pr e s su pt
b ly o u c d
a re t
v
m
is to ha e the
he Ne t
conv y nc
x in dv n g
e a
a
e to
a ta e to ha
c y
a rr
.ving
it to the
the th
b uy er
ing
We
to se
u
ll
st
m m m m
m m m m
.
e ncou gra e our c n

er ha t arin e We u st ha ev o i
re sh p s . .
The y u st b e und e r the A ic n

er a fl ag ; b uil t a nd ann de a nd
o n d by
co
w e
m
m ci l n
er a
ic n
A er a s
se se ; the
These w
y ill
w be
ill not
e sse
o y
ng of
nl
ers c
ofi bl in
b e p r ta e
p ea e a n d a
.
iyt
a
m m
v
m
where er the
W
y go
u t buil d th Isth i n c na l which will unit th tw
e s
.
e m a a
mm e e o
m
,
oc n nd giv st ight lin of w t co unic tion with th

ea s a e a ra e a er a e
w t n co ts of C nt l nd S outh A
es e r as ric nd M x ico e Th
ra a e a a e . e
const u ction of P cific c bl n n t b l ong r p ostp on d In
r a a a e ca o e e e
m m m
.
th fu rth
e nc of th s Obj cts Of n tion l int t nd conc n
era e e e e a a e res a er
you
w s v
a
p rfo
a re
h v tou ch d th h
a e
e
ing n i p o t nt p t This E xp o sition woul d
e r a er
e
t of th t A
e
l t nd thought v con t nt f
r
ric n t t
a
e
l g co
a
n whos ind
ea r
c e
r a
a
er
e
ar
s a
.
a s a es
or a
m m
mm a
a r er
e
er e
a
m
nd t u f t nity of th p ublics of th N w W o l d His
a r er
b o d A ic n p i it i f l t nd nif t d h
r a er
ra e r
a s H n ds no
r
m
s mm e
e re
a a es e
e
e re
e
e
r
ee
.
m m
.
id ntific tion t n s bl g of A ic n nywh

e a o a f
as e th a e er a s a ere , or e
mm
n a of B l in i in p bly soci t d with th P n A ic n
e a e s se a ra as a e e a er a
-
m
a
A
ov nt which finds h p ctic l nd ub t nti l xp ssion
nd whic h w
e e
ll ho p will b fi
ic n C ong ss th t
er a
ly dv nc d by th P n
e a
bl this utu n in th c p ita l
re a
e
ere
a sse
ra
m m e
es
a
r
a
a
a
s
a
s a
m e
a e
e
re
e
a
a
,
Of M xico Th good w o k will go on

e It c n n t b stopp d
e r a o e e
m m
. . .
Tho s b uil ding wi ll dis p p r ; thi c

e tion of
s t n d b u ty a ea s re a ar a ea
a
t o m
nd indu t y will p ri h f o s r ight but th i influ nc will
k it liv b yond it t sho t living with p is s a nd
“
a e e
e
e
s in r s
s oo
,
r
e r e e
ra
re
e
a
th nk sgiving Wh
m
n t ll th n w thou ghts th t h v b n
m
”
a . o ca e e e a a e ee
a w k n d th
a e e bitions fi d nd th high a chi v nts th t
e a re a e e e e a
mm m
,
will b w ou ght th ou gh this E xp o sition ?

m
e r r
G ntl e n l t us v e e b th t u int st is in con

, e e e r re e er a o r e re
co d n t conflict ; nd th t u
r o l in nce sts in th vic a a o r rea e e re e
m m
,
tori s of p e c n t thos of w ea W hop th t ll wh

e, o p re
e ar e e a a o a re re
m m
.
s nt d h
e e y b ov
e re d t h igh n
a d nob l ff oets f t h i e o er a er e r or e r
m
m m
wn nd th w o l d s good nd th t ut of this city y co
’
o a e r n t a a o a e o
m
,
onl y g t r co rea e c nd t d f r us ll bu t o ss ntia l th ner e a ra e o a , , re e e a

th l tion of utu l p ct confid nc and f i ndship which
ese , re a s a re s e , e e r e
will d p n n d ndu ee e Ou n st p r y is th t G d will g
a e re . r ea r e a er a o ra
i u ly vou ch f p ro sp i ty h p p in s nd p c to a ll ur neigh
c o s sa e er , a es a ea e o
bo nd l ik
rs , a bl ing t ll th p opl s a nd p ow rs of ea rth
e e ss s o a e e e e .
444 THE A T OF PU B LIC S PER AKING .
kind d so ow ! I will n t p k of tho dist nt g ons wh

m
re rr
in tion nt into th d il y lif of gov n nt B ut
a ssa ss a e e rs
o s
e
ea
a e
se a
m m er
re i
e
ere
m
.
a ong th n tion b ound t us by th ti s of f ili int cou s

e a s o e e a ar er r e
—wh
m e
n fo g t th t wi s
o ca
th p ou d titl of th l ib
r
nd ild utoc t wh h d n d
r e
to ? th t nl ight n d nd
e
ous citi n who F nc still ou ns ? th t b v nd chiv l
ze m gn ni
a
e
ra
e ra
e
e a
m r a
r
e
a
a
ra
e e mra
o
a
e a
a
a
ear
a
a
e
r
a ll th t l ov ly n d o owing m
ou king of It ly wh only liv d f his p op l ? nd s d d t Of
s
xcit d th ni o ity of dem

a p s wh o
e
a
ha l lif coul d
s rr
o
m e
e or
re s ,
e
se
e
m
ar
a
e ss
, a
e
es
m
,
h d ly h v
ar a e e on ? Ag in t th t
e e a s a a s a
e s —
d vilish p i it nothing v il n ith i tu n p t ioti
r a a s, e er v r e or
‘
a r s ,
n g n
or a youth n con ci nc n p ity W n n t v n
e or or s e e or e ca o e e
m m
, .
sa y th t du c tion i a uffici nt
e f gu d g in t thi b l ful
a s a s e sa e ar a a s s a e
—
e
hu
vil f
mm mm
, ost of th w tch s who cri s h v s hock d
nity in c nt y
a
or
w n n t unl tt
re e d wh h v
e
ea rs
re
ere
e
m m e
se
o
e
e
a
ere
e
,
o s
o a
e
e
m
typ ic lly A
m
gon f o th co on chools th ough u d t th sc ffol d
e
a
r
Th l if of Will i
e e
e
M Kinl y w s f o his bi th t hi d th
ic n Th i no nvi on nt I shoul d yer a
a
.
s
c
e re
e
s
,
mma
r
e
r
r
r
e
er
r
o
o
e
s
a
ea
sa
.
, ,
a nywh l in th wo l d which coul d p odu c j u t Such

e re e se e r r e s a
ch c t
mm
a ra H w
ca ll d th iddl cl
e
bo n into th t w y of lif which l ewh is
er
e
. e
b ut which in this co unt y i
as
e n ly a ss ,
r a a
m
e
r
e s
s so
e re
ea r
univ s l s t
H w e
er a k Of oth cl s s n l o t n gligibl qu ntity
a o
n ith ich n p oo n ith p ou d n hu bl ; h
as e er r
a e
or
er a se
r, e
a a
er r
s e
or
e
m a
e
.
e
coul d n v t ind e m
kn w no hung h w n t u of s ti fying no luxu y which
body Hi p nts w
er a e
er e
ob G d
as
or
o s re
s
a
a re
s ,
e re s
r
er , o
m m m
.
f ing p op l ; int llig nt nd up ight without p t n ion nd

ea r e e e e a r re e s a
m
,
wi thout hu il ity H g w up in th co p ny of boy s l ik hi . e re e a e

s l f wh ol
e o h on t lf p cting Th y l ook d down on
es e, es se -
re s e e e
m
, , .
nobody ; th y n v f lt it p o ibl th y coul d b look d down

e e er e ss e e e e
is m
up on Th i hous s w th ho s of p obity p i ty p t iot
Th y l
. e r
n d in th d i bl school d s of fifty y s
e ea r e
e e re
e a m
e
ra e
e r
rea
,
er
e ,
m
a r
ea r
m
.
a g th lo ons of h oic nd p l ndid lif which h v co down

e e ss er a s e e a e e
f o th p t Th y d in th i w kly n w p p s th to y
r e as . e re a e r ee e s a er e s r
of th w o l d s p og s in which th y w
e r
’
g t tk p t
r re s e e re ea er o a e ar
m
, ,
a n d of th in nd w ong of civili tion with which th y b u n d

e s s a r s za e r e
t do b ttl
a
o
nd h igh
a
It w a
chi v nt w b fo th
iou nd thoughtful ti
a
a
e .
of th t d y f l t di l y but d p ly th t d y of h p truggl
e m
Th boys
m
as a
Th y l ook d t lif
e e e
,
se r
ere
s a
ee
e re
,
m a
e
a s
e
S
e .
ar
e
s
e
a
e
e
m m m m
.
with th w ond ing y t e olut y s of young qui in his

er e re s e e e a es re
vigil of
m m
b dd
e a
n; be
Th y f l t ti
ar w s co ing wh n t th
.
d th st n d onition of th Ap o tl Q uit you lik

st ong
re sse
e r
e
.
”
e houl d
er
e
a
a
m e as
e s
e
e,
o e S
e
Th n wh e living t d y nd w young in 1860 will

e o a re
m o a a ere
-
n v fo g t th gl o y nd gl ou th t fill d th
e er r e e th nd th r a a r a e e ea r a e
a m
sky wh n th l ong twil ig ht of dou b t
nd th ti f
e
ction h d co
e e
en d u nc
A p c h by Ab h
or a
t inty w s nding
Lincol n a mm m e
a
s ee
er a
ra a
a e
m m m
.
w s an v nt n t only of high
a e eo l ignific nc but of f o ra S a e, ar
rea ching i p o t nc ; th d illing of il iti co p ny by E ll

r a e e r a a a s
wo th tt c t d n tion l tt ntion ; th flu tt ing of th fl g
r a ra e a a a e e er e a
APPE NDICE S 44 5
m
in th cl ky d w t
e f o th y of young n P t iot
ea r s re ea rs r m e e es m
m e a r
m
.
i
s which h d b n
,
h to ic l xp aion b c p
ee ion t -
a r e r a e re ss , e a e a a ss a e
e otion in which in tinct l ogic nd f ling w fu d Th s a ee ere se e
m
, , .
count y w w o th ving ; it coul d b v d onl y by fi ; no

r as r sa e sa e re
a
m
s c rific w
mm t g t ; th young n of th count y w
e as oo rea dy e e e r ere rea
m
or
At
‘
th s c ific ; coe w l coa rw th y w
v nt n y s Of g Will i M Kinl y h d this u
se e ee
e dy
ea r
e
a
ea
e
, e
a
oe ,
c
e
e
ere rea
ea r
.
s m
m
m m
on of his count y H w s th ort of youth t who
m
s
ilit y lif in o din y ti
ar w oul d p o
e no tt ction Hi
r
r
ar
. e
es
a e s
ssess a ra
o
s
a
s
m
.
n tu w f diff nt f o th t of th o din y oldi

a re as ar H e re r a e r ar s er. e
m
h d oth
a
ar
es
mm d
ch nd b ttl
of lif its p ri s nd p l u th n th t of
es a
er
B u t t hi
qu tion Th b nn fl o ting in th o ning b
rea
ind th
e
wa
s
no choic r
w
a
es
th
.
er
e,
a
o
ze
s
a
e
ea s
r
ere
res ,
as
reeze
a
as
a
e o
e
m m mm m
.
b ckoning g tu of hi count y Th th ill ing not of th

e es re s r e r es e
— —
.
t u p t c ll d hi hi n d non oth in to th nk H i
—
a e s a e er e ra s
r
e .
po t t in his fi t u nifo
r ra i i f ili t you ll th hort rs r s a ar o a e S
m
,
stoc ky figu ; th qui t thoughtful f c ; th d p d k y s

re e e , a e e ee , ar e e .
It th f c of l d wh coul d n t st y t ho
IS e a e wh n h thought
a a o o a a e e e
e
m
h w s n d d in th fi l d
e
sol di
m m
a
d H dh b ntny
e rs a re
nt d t th h d Of co p ny nd co
ere a
eeH w s Of th
e
e
tuff of which good
ol d h w oul d h v
a e
u t t th h
ea
.
d of
e
a
e
a
.
e ee
a
e
a
a
e ea rs
e s
e o
er
a
e
e ea
a e
a
h l e
s
m
divi ion B ut h did wh t h coul d H nl i t d
.
n d t ob y His iou n ibl w ys hi p o p t l t

ea r e o
e
e
p iv t ;
se r
a e
s , se s
.
e
e e
a
s e
s
as a
r
r a e
a er
mm
.
m
, ,
e ffi ci ncy oon tt c t d th
e tt ntion of hi
s up io
a H w s
ra e e a e s s er rs e a
mm m
.
so f ithful in littl thing th t th y g v hi o nd o t

a e s a e a e re a re o
do H w s unti ing in c p nd on th
. e a ch ; wift cool nd
r a a e ar s , a
f l ss in fight H l ft th
ea r e y with fi ld nk wh n th w
. e e e ar e ra e e ar
m mm m mm
nd d b v tt d by P id nt Lin coln f g ll nt y in b ttl res
e e , re e e e or a a r a e .
In co ing y wh n n k t d w th o l of u g t
ea rs e e se e o ra e ra o r rea
Civil W
s
m m
hi to y of u tw m
nothing will
r
m m
a r,
gnifi c nt
t th
oi r
d i bl in ll th
th w y in which th
o a
see
e
o
ar
e
es a s
so a
e a
ra e a e
e
w
h d co
a
c
m
ar t
m
cl o
a Wh n th Conf d t
e,
e
th y cknowl dg d th p itil
o a y w th ti
se
logic of f ct nd c d
e a
.
e
e
e
e
e
e
ess
era e a r
a
sa
s a
e
ea se
e
n d d without
ee mm
fighting Wh n th
e m mm .
u u
y of th Union w it w no long
qu tion
e
king no t a king
e ar
r r or es
e
a
sa as
er s, a s
er
m m m
, ,
no tu n in th flu h of victo y nd ful n s of ight it l id

re r , e s r a es , a
down its nd lt d b ck into th
ar s a of p c ful citi n e e a e a ss ea e ze s
m
.
Th i no v nt sinc th n tion w
e re s ebo n which h
e p ov d e e a as r a s so r e
its ol id c p city f
s lf gov n nt B oth ction h
a a or se -
er e se s s a re
m m
.
e qu ll y in th t c own of gl o y Th y h d h l d d b t of in
a a r r . e a e a e a e
co p bl i p o t nc nd h d fought it u t with qu l n gy
a ra e r a e a o e er
—
a a e .
A conclusion h d b n ch d nd it i t th v l tin g hono

a ee rea e a s o e e er a s r
Of bo th id
r mm
m m
th t they S
hou of l ting p c h d t u ck W
a
ch kn w wh n th w w s ov nd th
as
es
y d i
a
th d pea te e
ea
a s r
e e
e a
e
a
ar a
re e
er a
es era
e
m mm m
.
d ring of oth s wh p f nn ihil tion t co p o i b ut th

a er o re er a a o r se , e
p l a
e m
of co on s ns nd I will y of nlight n d p t ioti
b l ongs t th n lik G
fought nough f honor nd f country
e
nt nd L wh kn w wh n th y h d
o e e
or
e e, a
e ra
a
,
a
or
sa
ee ,
, e
.
o e
e e
e
a r
e
s
a
,
446 THE R
A T OF PU B LIC S PE AKING
se
c
S o it a m
n tu lly bout th t in 1 876—th b g nn ng of th
e
cond c ntury of th R p ublic—h b g n by n l ction t
e
a ra
e
a
e
a
e e a
e e 1
a e e
1
o
e
m m
,
C ong
ch b w hi ho
a m his p ol itic l c
ress ,
er
Th ft f fourteen y s this
I u s th w o d dvi dl y
as s
a
N owh e in
a re er .
e
e rea
e r
er
a
or
se
m
ea r
e re
m
. .
th w o l d w s h
e r in h ony with his nviron nt s h e ;
a e so ar e e a er
nowh
it p ow
e
s
l did his ind w o k with such full con ciou n s Of
Th
ere e se
i of d b t w s n tiv t hi ; h
e rs .
d light of b ttl w ith hi p s In ft d ys wh n h drov a

e a r
e
h d nk e
s
a
ee r
e
r
a a
a
e
er
o
'
a
m s
ere
e
s
e
e
es
ra
e
m
.
,
by thi t t ly p il s s a e wh n on occ sions his duty c ll d

e, or e ra re a a e
hi h h g t d his o l d h unt with th
ere , e re e e ff ction t t of a s e a e a e ze s
a
as
child of th hou ; du ing ll th l st t n y s of hi lif fill d
th y w
e
wi th ctivity nd gl o ry h n v r c s d t b ho
e e re
se
a
r
a
a
m
e a
e
e
e e
ea r
ea e
s
o e
e,
m e
e
m
,
sic k f thi h ll
or Wh n h c s t th p a id ncy th w s
. e e a e o e re s e , e re a
n t o d y w h n his cong
a a sion l s r ic e w s n t of us t hi re s a e v e a o e o
m
m m
.
P ob b ly no o th
r a p id nt h b n in such full nd co di l
er re s e as ee a r a
co union with C ong s if w
m
M Kinl y k n w th l gi l tiv body tho ou ghl y it co p o i
c e e
y xc p t Lincoln lon
e e
re s
s a
,
e
e a e
r
e
s m a
s
e .
m
,
tion its ,thod it h bit Of th ou ght

e H h d th p ofound st
s, s a . e a e r e
res p c t f eits u th o ri tyor n d n infl x ib l a b l i f in th ul ti t a a e e e e e a e
re
or
ctitud of it p u p o
tiv co u ts di s t
e
s r
e
r
Ou hi to y how s h w su ly n
n d u in by
di t u t t th L gi l tu ; nd on th oth h nd M
s
ssu
s
o
a s er a
r
ing n ttitu d of hostility
e
se s
e
u .
r
s a
r
re
a
s
a
r
m S
a a
e
o
er
re
e
a
a
ex ec
m
, ,
K in l y f nk n d inc t u st nd confid nc in C ong w

’
e s ra a S e re r a e e re ss ere
re
hi s e
a
nti t m
p id by p o p t nd l oy l up p o t nd coo p r
of offi c this utu l t u t nd g d s ss n
re
—w s nev sh dow d by singl cl ou d
er
tion
a
—
D uring
e
a
m s
a
r a
r s a re
era
ar
.
o e e
ti l t th p u b l ic w lf
m
a o e e a re a er a e a e .
Wh n h c e
m t th p
th u t o st diffi culty which
e
id ncy h conf ont d situ tion of
e a e
ight w ll h v pp ll d
o
n of
e re s
m e e
e a
r
e a
e
a
a
e m
a
a
a
m
m m
,
l ss s n nd t nquil s lf nfi d n
e ere e a Th ra h d b n st t e -
co e ce . e re a ee a a e
of p ofound co r ci l nd indu t i l d p sion f o which er a a s r a e re s r
hi f i nd h d
s r e id hi l ction would li v th country Our
s a
l tion w ith th out id w o ld l ft uch t b d si d Th
re a s
f l ing b tw n th No th n n d S outh n s ctions of th Union
ee e ee
sa
e
e
s e e
s
r
e
er a
r e m re
er
e e
e
o
e
e e re
e
.
. e
w s l cking in th co di l ity which w s n c s

a a e y t th w lf r a a e e sa r o e e a re
of both H w ii h d sk d f nn x tion nd h d b n r j ct d
th e
e
.
C ibb n whic h co ul d n t p
ar
a
by th p c ding d ini t tion Th w s t t of things in
re e
ea
a
n ntly ndu
a
a m a
Our
e
s ra
m
or a
.
o
e a
ere
er a
a
a
e
a s a e
a
e
ee
re
e e e
mmm
.
n ighbo s hous w s on fi
e r
’
n d th w e g v doub ts s t
a re , a ere ere ra e a o
ou rights
r n d du ti s in th p a i s A n ith w k r e e re se a e er ea o
m m
.
ra sh ith i olute h d t ong

er ight h v b ought ruin
rre s e or ea s r a e r
m
, ,
m m
on hi lf nd inc l cul b l h
se a t th cou n try a a e ar o e .
a
Th l
nd t p
— m
t d i b l fo
e
t
e
m
h t
ea s
of s u cc
of glory t
er
ss f ul w —
e s ran of his h b itu l
w s n v rth l ss conf
a
e ood
d
r
e
m m ar
o a
a
a
e e e e
a a
erre
up on hi by uncont oll bl v nts H f lt it u t co ; he
d p lo d its n c ssity ; h st in d l ost t br a king his l
e re e e
r a
m
e
e e
ra
e
e
.
a
e e
o e
s e
re a
tion s with his f ri nd s in o d
p on it t th l t t p o ssib l e
e o
fi st t p v nt nd th n t p ost
e
ca st h la bo d with the u t o st en rgy nd do nd with a n
, e re
e
o nt B ut wh n th di w s
a es
,
mmmr er , r
e
e
o
.
re
a
e
ar
a
e
r, a
e
e
o
e a
Nothing
m in th glorious lif w sa w g du lly w ning w s or
e
m e e ra a a m
m
a e
a d i bl nd xe p l ry th n its clos Th g ntl hu nity
v ng nc
e
ra
ea D n t l t th
e a
of his wo ds wh n h s w his ss ila nt in d ng jof su
e,
r
hu t hi ; o
e
e ry
his chiv l us c r o
e
a
e
a
e
a
m a
r
a
e
m
. e
a
e
er
e
a ro
m
m a
a
a e
th t th n ws S houl d b b ok n g ntly t his wife ; th fi n
a e e
cou t y with w hich h p ol og i d f th d ge which his
r es
d th w oul d b ing t th g t E xhibition ; nd th h roic resigna
ea r o
e
e
e
rea
a
r e
ze
e
or
a
o
e a m e
a
e
e e
tion of his fin l w o d s It is G od s w y ; His will n t ou rs b e

“ ’
a r , a , o ,
don w e,
’
ll th instinctiv
e re a xp ssions of na tur s l ofty e e e re a e o
and s p u th ot p rid in its nob il ity t onc soft ned nd eu
re a e a e e a
h nc d th n tion sens of l oss Th R p ublic gri v d ov r
m
’
a e e a s e e e e e
—
. e
su ch s n a b ut is p o u d fo ev of h ving p odu c d hi
o After r r er a r e
m
, .
all in p it of its t gic nding his l if w s xt o din ril y ha p p y

s e ra e e a e ra r a
m
, , .
H h d
e ll hi d ys troo p s of fri nd s the ch r of fa e nd
a , a s a , e , ee a
f uitful l b o ; a nd he b c e t l st
r a r e a a a ,
On fo tu ne s c owning sl op
’
r r e,
Th p ill r of p op l ho p
’
e a a e e s e,
Th c ent of a wo l d s d si e er r
’
e re .
WILLIAM J ENNI NGS B RYAN

TH E PRINCE OF PE A CE 1
(1894)
mm m
I
mofi erm
no p ol ogy f p a king up on ligious th
a f r it is or S e a re e e, o
th
m
e
mm m
o t univ s l of ll th s I int st d in the sci nc f
gov n nt but I
er
m
s er a
int t d o in ligion th n in gov rn
e
nt I nj oy king p olitic l S p ch—I h v
a
a e
eres e
e . a
re re
e re e
a
e e o
e
m mm
,
e e d good a a a ee a e a e a
ny nd h ll k o —but I woul d th sp k on ligion
m
mm m
.
a a s a a e re ra er ea re
a
m
th n on p ol i tic s
m
I co
w s onl y tw nty b u t I co
a
—
nc d S p king on th stu p wh n I
e
.
nc d S p king in th chu ch si
e e
e e
ea
ea
e
e r
e
x
m m
,
y s li
ea r n d I h ll b
ea r in th chu ch v n ft I
er a ut s a e e r e e a er a o
Sp eem m
Of p ol i tic s
m
I f l su of y g ound wh n I k p olitic l
.
ch b ut I f l v n o c t in of y g ound wh n I k ee
ee
e e
re
re er a
r e
r
a e a
e a
a
e
m m
,
a ligious S p ch If I dd t you up on th subj ct of la w I

re ee a re s e e
m m m m
.
ight int t th l wy s ; if I dis u t th sci nc of dicine

e re s e a er c s e e e e
I
b int
emm mm m m
ight int st th p hy ici ns ; in lik
st d in co
e re nt on co
ere
e
nn
c nd f
ch nts ight
s in tt s
e
e
s
s
a
er e , a
e a er
ar
er
er
a
a er
t
e
ll
o a m
p rt ining ta
mm m m
E v n th
gricul tu ; but no n of th s subj cts a pp ls
. e
o a
ci nc of gov n nt th b o d th n ny
occup tion do s n t b c th whol su of lif
e s e
re
e er
o e
e ,
e e
o r a
e
er a
ea
a
p of ssion
r e or a , e o e ra e e e e,
a n d th o wh think up on it diff
se s ong th s lv s th t I
o er o a e e e a
a
m e m
coul d n t sp k up on th subj ct s
m
o
udi nc without disp l sing oth s Whil t
e
t pl s
ea
of gov n nt is int ns ly a b o bing I cogni th t th ost

er e
p t of th
th sci nc
e
ea
e
e
s r
e
er
o as
.
re
o
e
ea e a
o
ze
e
a
ar
e
e
e
e
e
1U e s d by p er ms is ion .
APPE NDICE S 449
i pmo nm ing rta in lif li out id of th

t th sl of gov n nt e e s e e rea m m
m
er e
a nd tha t
tha n u on
p
o d p nd up on wh t th individu l do
wh t th gov rn
m
re
nt do s a
e
n do f
e f hi
hi
e
s lf
M n e m e
a
e
e
or ca
m
a es
or
or
m se
e
m
.
ca n b e i bl und th b t gov n nt nd th y n b
sera e er e es er e a e ca e
ha p p y und th wo t g
G ov n er m n n t
er
nt ff ct but p rt of th lif which w liv h
e
e
a e
rs
s
ov er
a a
e .
e e e e ere
a nd do
t ou c h
n t d l t ll with th lif b yond whil ligion
es
th infinit ci cl of x i t nc
th t ci cl which w
es e
o
w ll s th
ea
e
a
ll r of
a
e e s e
e
e as
e e
e a
,
e s m
m
e
a
re
a rc
a r p nd on
e th N g t th e S th e ea r o re a er e e, ere
mmm m
.
fo n ng g
re , ca u tt ntion
e If I di cu
a qu tion of gov n
e o r a e . s ss es s er
nt I u t cu th coop tion of
e s se j o ity b fo I n
re e e ra a a r e re ca
p ut
m m m m
tt a
y id
tou ch n hu
h w l g th
into p cti b ut if in p king on ligion I n
er
ea s
n h t f good I h v n t p ok n in v in no
o e
j o ity y b g in t
o ar
a
e
ra
ea r
e a
se ,
or
r
,
a
, S
a
e a
ea
e
a m
o
s
s
e
re
.
e
,
a
ca
M n i a ligiou b ing ; th h rt in tinctiv ly k f

s a re s e e ea s e see s or a
G d o Wh th h wo hip on th b nk of th G ng p y
e er e rs s e a s e a es , ra s
m m
m
.
with h i f c up tu n d t th s a u n kn
e l tow d M cc r e o e s ee s ar e a or ,
m
,
re g ding ll p c s t p l co un with th H v nly

ar a s a e a a e e, es e ea e
F tha cco ding t th Ch i ti n c d n i
er a r nti lly d vout
o e r s a ree , a s e sse a e .
re s
Th r h on t doub t s who
ere a
p ct but occ ion lly I find young

e
e inc ity w cogni nd
n whas
es
think it a t
er
m se s er
e o
e re
m ze
s
a
ar
m
,
t b o k p tic l ; th y t lk if it w
e s e a n vid nc of l e g in a as e re a e e e ar er
t llig n
w
e
ere
t ecoff t c d nd t fu t conn ct th
wi th c hu ch s Th y c ll th
n ow ind d S o
ce
a rr
r
o s
elv Lib l
go
.
f m t
a
if Ch i ti n
e
e
lv s
t th t
ree
a
s a
m
m e
e
se
o re
es
“
so
se
ar
o
era
as
,
”
as
e
o
a
a sser
e
r s
se
a
e
m
.
th e dv nc d thought of th wo l d h di c d d th id
“
a a e e r
”
as s ar e e ea
th t th a i G d e re T th young n I d i t dd s
s a o o e se e es re o a re s
m
.
Ev n o eol d p op l p of t g d ligion
s e er up
e e r e ss o re ar re as a s er
stiti n p don b l in th igno n t b ut unw o thy of th
Tho
o
wh h ol d thi
se
, ar
i w l ook down with
o
a e duc t d
il d cont p t up on
s v e
e ra
m
r e e
e m a e .
su ch
Th y e u
conc l th
n int ll ctu l
a ss m
giv t ligion d finit p l c in th i thought nd liv
as e o re
up io ity nd oft n t k littl
e a
u p tion Tol toy d ini t t th
e
a
e
e
m a
e
s
a
er
e
r
e r
a
m e
s a
a e
es .
p in s t
a o ea e a ss s a s e rs o e
m
.
cul tu d c owd (th w o d quot d

re r hi ) s v buk e r s e a re s a e ere re e
wh n h d cl
sup
e
stitious f
er
consciou n of hi finit n
s th t th
e
s
eligiou nti nt ts n t up on
e ss
a re
of th invi ibl fo c of n tu b ut up on n
ea r
id n infi nit univ s
a
nd of
e
e re
e
s
e ss a
e
m
s se
r es
a
a
e
re ,
e
res o
erse a
m a
’
a
s
hi
a dd
s
s,n
s
m
infuln ; nd thi con ciou n
m
n n v
e ss
outg ow Tol toy i ight ;
a ca
th
e
g t p hil o op h
a
ern cogni
s
r
s s
s
e ss ,
s r
e rea
m a re
s er
zes
m
.
h w l i it d
o hi w n p ow s nd h w v t i th univ s
e a re s o er a o as s e er e ,
a nd h l n up on th
e ea th t i st ong
s th n hi M n e ar a s r er a s . a
f ls th w ight of hi in nd l ook f On wh i inl s
ee e e s s s a s or e o s s es .
m m R l igion h s b n d fin d by Tol toy

n fix
a
e a
b tw n hi lf nd hi G d nd o lity th
es e
th
ee
ee
m
l tion which e
se
e
a s
s
o
as
a
e
m re a
ra as e
m mm m
,
outw d nif t tion of thi inw d l tion Ev y n by

ar a es a s ar re a er o e,
m
.
th ti e h ch e tu ity h s fi t so
e rea l tion b tw n
es a r , a x e re a e ee
hi lf nd G d nd no t i l ch ng in this l tion n t k
se a o a a er a a e re a ca a e
m
p l c without
a e volution in th n f this
a rel tion is th mm
e a or re a e
m
,
o t p ot nt infl u nc th t cts up on hu n lif

m
s e e e a a a a e .
R ligion is th found tion of o lity in the individu l nd

e e a ra a a
b uil d up syst
e
mm m
in th g oup of individu ls M t i lists h v tt p t d t
r
of o lity up on th b is of nl ight n d s lf
a e ra
a .
mm
a er a
e as
a e
e
a e
e e
e
e
o
e re s
it p y s hi a mm
int t Th y woul d h v
t m . n figu ut by
e
b t in f o w ong doing ; th y woul d v n
o
th
a
tic s th t
s a
a e
r
a
m m r
re o
-
a
e
e a
e e
a
sy t s e m m
inj ct n l nt of lfi shn ss into lt uis but th o l
e a
mm
l bo t d by th e a
e e
t i li t h s ra e
e
v l d f ct Fi t
se
e a er a
e
m s s
a
a
r
se era
,
e e s
e ra
rs
m
.
,
it virtu s
s bo ow d f o e o l yst s b s d up on ligion
a re rr e r ra s e a e re
m m m m m
.
All tho wh int llig nt nough t di cu s syst Of

se o a re e e e o s s a e
res
o lity
up on
ra
ting up on
s tu t d wi th th
a re
ligion th t th y c nnot f
o ls d iv d f
on lon S cond s it t up on gu nt th r
rea s a
o sa
re yst
e
sy t s
ra e
ting
e
a e
a mm e
a
re s s
ra
ra
er
e a
ar
e
s
ro
e
e
.
re s
s e
ra e
m m
.
,
th n up on utho ity th you ng

a a n t in p o ition t
r cc p t
, e a re o a s o a e
j ct Ou l w do n t p it young n t di p os Of
o r re e r a s o er a a o s e
m m m
.
rea l t t until h is tw nty n Why thi

es a e t int ? B c u s
e e -
o e s res ra e a e
m
.
hi on i n t tu ; nd y t
s rea s s n lif i l g ly oul d d
o a re a e a a
’
s e s ar e e
h w o m
by th nvi on nt of hi youth Thi d n n v know j u t
e e
u ch of his d ci ion is du t
r e
on nd h w uch i du e s
s
m
e
.
o rea s
r ,
a
o e e
o
er s
s
s
e
t p s ion
o t s l fi sh int
a s st or P sion
—w cogni thi in u c i in l l ws W l o cogni th
e re ze
n d th on th
o e
s
son
o
e re
r r m m .
m a
as
a
ca e
e a s
r
re
e e rea
ze e
m m
.
b i s ofa lf int t wh n w xclud f o th j u y v y n

se -
e res e e e e r e r e er a ,
no tt h w a on bler up ight h o y b wh h s
re a s a e or r e a e, o a a
p c uni y int
who
e
m t in th
ar ult of th t i l And fou th n
e re s
o lity t up on nic c l cul tion of b n fits t b
se ra
m
re s s
e re s
a e a
e r a
a
.
,
e e
r ,
o
o e
e
s cu
Tho
e d sp nd ti figu ing th t h houl d sp nd in ction
wh k p
re
se
e s
book ccount of th i good d ds ldo do
o ee a
e r
a
a e
e r
s e
ee se
a
m .
enough good t j u tify k p ing book A nobl lif c nnot b

built up on n ith tic ; it ust b th lik th S p ing th t
a
o
ar m s
e
ee
m e ra
s .
er e
e
e
e a
r a
e
p ou s fo th con t ntly of th t which f h s nd invigo t s re re s
m
r r s a a e a ra e .
M o lity i th p ow of ndu nc in
ra s n; end ligion er e ra e a a a re
m
whic h t c h
a
ra
th t n ll s ing y a
p son lea
.
p on ibil ity t G d giv
crutini
a -
es
o lity Th i p ow ful t ining influ nc in th b li f
ee
e re
er
v y thought nd wo d nd
t ngth t
s a
e e s
a re s
er
s
res ra
ze s e er
o o
e
a
e s s re
e e
r
e
a
e
o
ac t of th individu l
Th
m m
is wid diff
ere
e
nc b tw n th
confo hi lif t st nd d of o lity bout hi nd th
r s e
n wh
e
o a
a
i t ying to
.
e re
n a ar
e e
mm m m mee
ra
e
a
a o
a
s r
e a
wh
Th fo e
k t
o see
tt m m
k hi lif pp oxi t t
prt t l iv
s
u
er a
p t t
—
h
o
t nd d
e
divin st nd d
if i
a
t is bov
e
sh i o
s e a
e
m
r
o m e s a
a e
ar
o a e
a
a
e
ar .
m
, ,
a nd do w n t it if it is b l o w hi n d if h is doing ight only

o , e a e r
wh n o th s
e looking h i u t find ti wh n h thinks
er a re e s s re o a e e e
h is u nob
e v d nd th n h t k
n d th inn t ngth which co
ee s e
ser v c tion nd f ll On
e
e r s re
,
with th con ciou p

a
nc
e e
m a
mm
es a
es
a a
e
a
s
a
s
s .
re se
e
e
of p on l G d If tho wh
wh
e
a
o re
e rs
yi ld t t p t tion h w h lp l s nd hop l
o
ly up on th i wn t ngth l on !
e m a thu fo tifi d o
a
o .
u t tho b
e r o
ti
,
s
o
s re
se
e es m o
a
a re
a
e
s
e e ss
r e
s
s e
se
e
e
Th difficulti s t b ncount d in ligion but th

ere a re e o e e e re re , ere
an a mini n o y ndoc y do x i l in m in icco yding
ni tha t it is e
al ; —
essa r to p ae an h stor a nd
nm
the D a rw a the r es not th s The a p e , a r to
il m m
.
o y ol d
this the r , is er tha ll a n a nd y et the a p e is sti an ape
wh e u o of
a n is the a th r v l ou civili ion ic the ar e s za t wh h we
c f om m
see a bou
t us .
O do ne y y o v by cc ing i
e s not es a p e r ster h we er , a ep t th s
g m
,
the oy r do
for it x l in o igin
e s not e p a W n
the r fol
of life he the
’
fo m m m
, .
lo wer of win
Dar cd of lif b ck
has tra e the er lo e to the west
—
a
m r
o f i
re
in ic
n li ion c ll
a th tha re g —
foll o
wh h it a p p ea rs a n d to
find
a s for
u x ci
ci n i di
he
w hi one
s tha t s e t sts
st e e r se
ffe r
omb li ving fi g m of lif c mf omno

.
o j c
Th se who re e t the ea id of c ion divid d in orea t a rec ool e t two s h s,
s e e e tha t the rst er e a e r a ther
g m
l n o
p a et a n d thers h olding of on n ou
tha t it wa s the resul t sp ta e s
g n ion
e e ra t
comll d
o
the ther a nd a s the
c c ool n
Ea h s h
,
.
y c nno g a i c o
n dv nc d by
a swers the a r u
m
t a ree w th ea h ther , I a
e ts a a e
no t
comll d
g i i
p e e to a re e w th e ther .
g m
If I we re pe ecc of
to a ep t one oi oul d
these the r es I w
f fi
p re er the rst , fo r if c of lif
we ca n ha se the er i l n e of f th s p a et
no c
a nd g et it ou t i t u of
S p a e w e c a n g e ss the rest the wa y a nd
no one ca n con dic tra if
t us b ut cc doc in of on
we a ep t the tr e sp
m
,
g n ion
ta neou s e e ra t c nno x l in
we a t e p a on n ou g n
why S p ta e s e era
tion c
GO a
ea se
b ck
d f
a s fa r a s w e
fi g
to a ct a ter the rst e r
mm
cn o c fo
a y , we
c d
w a s rea te
a n t es a p e r c iv the re a t e
.
m m
a ct a n d it is
m
,
a s he is a s to
ju
b li v
y
st a s e a s
e e e tha t ,
for b li v
e to
illion of y m s
c
e e e tha t G o d
c
d
ea rs a g o , Hed
rea te
rea te
an
a
ger of lif
w e se e to d a y
e a nd e
-
ndo d
Iobj c
i o
e t to the D a rw ini n
d v lo n o
we it w th p we r to e e p i t a ll tha t
o y un il o
a the r , t re m
m
.
conclu iv s e proof oduc d b c u

is p r e , f
e a se I ll l o
ea r we sha se the
con ciou n of od
s s ess G
’
nc in
s p rese e d ily lif if
our a u cc
e we st a ep t
m
,
oy
the the r tha t thr o ug g no i i u l fo c
h a ll the a es Sp r t a ou c d
r e ha s t he
the lif of
e a n or S ha p ed d iny of n ion
the e st at s
m
.
B u t there is a no therobj c ione t ini n o y

The D a rw a the r rep re
m
.
n
se ts c ing
a n a s rea h n f c ion by
his p re se t p er e t o ion of
the p era t
—
the la w
a nd
if
ki
of h e the
a t
ll off the wea
the re is a ny l ogic
k
cil
er
i
tha t ca nbind
.
by ic
ess la w
of
If th s is the la w
u n nd
the h
ong c o d
wh h the str
d v lo n
ou r
i
e e
ll u n
n
r w
mm m
p e t the ,
out
a , we S ha t r
b ck d o d
a wa r t w a r the ea st b in o o ion p r p rt ub i u
a s we s st t te the
la w
m
the la w
of l ov e
of d v l o n
e e
f .
p e t
b li v
m
I p re er to e e e tha t l ov
d
How ca n ha tre b e the la w
n
e ra ther tha
of d v l o
d ha tre is
e e p
m
.
n
e t whe n n ion v dv nc d in o o ion
at s ha e a a e p r p rt y v a s the ha e
d ep a rte df o r o d
tha t la w a n d a d p te the la w of l ov e?
l
sha l n ot qu l i you bou
a rre w th
i
B ut , I rep ea t , wh l e I do
a
cc
n ot a
monly f
t it ; I
ini n o y
ep t the D a rw
ind
a
re er to it to re
the r I
m
m
you
p r og
ing f o
tha t it
r
r
e s s
mmm
do
f
I
.
the
e a r t
i cl
ra
ha
olv
e s n ot s
o
t s
e the
ev cc d in
h a e
o d
e , b u t why sh ul
m
y y of lif
a
ster
e p t e i
x l in u n
t
i cl f ig n
the
e or e p a
o of c th
ra
e h
e
p e
r hte
h
e
ms
a
ap
us ?
And y et I a inclin d e ink
to th of
tha t it is one qu ion
the te st e st s
i
w th the Chr st a i in .
APPENDICE S 4 53
m i c nno
Chr st a t b e sep a ra tedfo r i c ou
the m m r a ul bi
s;
m His rth ,
His
l ou
m
ini
s a nd the ha
ion
stra t
c ng
,
ic
e wh h His re
u c ion
s a n d His re s rre t
ligion o k
involv
, a ll
m m n m
e the
w r s 1n the hu a hea rt
ir a cu
mm m
,
is a con inuing i cl
t ra e li in
.E a te the i cl ra i
e s a nd Chr st
b co
e es ly u n b ing
e re a h a e go l
a nd His i of divin
sp e 1 s str p t e
m m
u oiy
a th r t
The i cl
.
ra i
e ra se s tw o qu ion e st s: fo
C a n G od p e r r m
a
m
i cl Wo d n fi y
”
He wa t to ?
” “
ra e? a nd , ul The rst is ea s to a n
swer
m
to do i
.A G o d wh o c a n
w th it o
k
The p wer to p er r
o ld
a e a w r
fo
do ny ing
ca n
cl mm
a
nc
th n He wa ts
ily
ira e s is e e ssa r
m
m m
.
i p e li d in o c
the p w er to rea te o d
B ut w ul G od wa nt to p er r fo
—
m m
.
a ir a cl i
e P th s is the qu ion ic
e st wh h ha s giv n o e st Of the
tr
m
o ub l
n
to a swer
a i cl
ra
e
m mm m
. The
in
o re I ha e
n g iv
the e a t e
e is to a ss u e a
v con id d
o in i
re
s ere l i c d
it the ess n lin e I a
To sa y tha t G od would not p er r
.
t kno l dg of od l n
a te w e e
fo
G
’
s p a s
m
do mm m m m
u o
a nd p rp ses tha
e s p erfo r a
n
i clra
cl i
I ca n a
e or
v
to ha e
fo
a y p er r
i
on e
d ny
I w ll not e
.
ly b c u
e re do
tha t G od
e a se I
n ot
e
c
m
kno
m
m m
w how or why He
ea h d a y wha t G o d w a ts
noug
n don
d cl
do
h to a tte p t to e a re wha t G o d
e s it find
I
e n ow tha t I a
ig
.
v
d cid
it S O d ifli cul t to e
u u ou
not p re s
n d
ht ha e wa te to
pt
e
s
do ou nd of y
th sa s ea rs a g o f c
The a t tha t w e a re con n ly sta t
m
.
l ning of
ea r xi nc of
th e e ste e ne wfo c ugg r es s o ibili y
ests the p ss t
m
tha t G od
the y i i
nc
m a y Op e ra te thr
y ig
ic
ste r e s w th w h h w e
oug fo c h
d l v y
ea e e r
is a s e e ssa r a s S ht Who w ul ha e re ite a e t r a g o
o d v c d d cnuy
k o n
r e s y et un n w
n
d a y wa r f i
to u s a n d
e tha t a th
,
m
.
oi
the st r e s tha t a re n ow t old of ond o king l c ici
the w er w r -
e e tr ty ?
g
m m m
F or a es a n ha d
m m m m
i invi ibl cu n g n
th s s e
kno n
rre t is
w the lig ning
d by
e e ra te
ht only f
a
b ut
and
, to ea r it ; now ,
c in
a e -
a h e i
m
,
i on d in
pr s e a an -
d i
a e w re a n d d do
a e to bidding of
the
an . We a re e e a e to sp e se w th the w re a nd h r w r s
v n bl di n i i ul od
thr oug c
h sp a e , a nd the X ra y ha s e a e u s to
-
n bl d l ook oug thr h
lig m m mm m m
b nc
S u sta
ht The
ic
e s wh h we re s p p se ,
i cl ra e is not
u o d un il c n ly
o re y iou
t
ster
ea s—it is si p
re e t
n ny of
s tha
xclud
, to e
a
e a ll
the
m m m
.
th ing i s w th wh h ic a n now d l ly di f n f ere t The
m
.
i cul ou b
ra s irth of i
Chr st is not o y ioure ster n s thao a ny ther
—
m m
conc ion
m mm m
Chr st
ar
i
ep t
m o
k c nnu l d
ea h a
re
i ly u ik
it is s p
y iou ster
a see
s tha
ti e
-
n
nl e it ;
the i d
.
yr a
u c ion
n or is the res rre t
c ion
resu rre t c s whi h
of
It is s o i et e s said tha t G od co d ul u nd
not s sp e of one His
l
m m
a ws w th
ov co
er
m m m
i ou o ingt st p p
e the la w
the univ
of g vi ion v y
ra ta t e er
do
erse , b ut
v y i
u nd
w e n ot s spe
d a y ? E er t e we
or
m ov foo
e a lif
t or ig
t a we ht we te p ra r o ily ov co er of e one the
o univ
st
m
ci nc
S e e ha s ta
conclud
m
ersal
e tha t we
of n u l l
ug
a t ra
ht u s so
kno v w e eryth
ny ing
a
ing
th
o ld
a ws a nd y et the w r di u b d
13 not
s tha t w e a re te
lly g
b ut there is rea
d
st r e
p te to
a rea t
.
m
,
unkno n icw wh h is st ill un x lo d

e p re ic v l nd
a nd tha t wh h we ha e ea r e
oug
ha s m m
ht to
s
inc
di cl o d se so of
e
v nc
rea se our re ere
the c in y of
a h er
n
e ra ther tha
univ
the
go i
our e ci nc
ts .
ci nc
S e e
erse , b ut s e e
4 54 THE ART OF PUB LI C S PE AKIN G
ha s n ot y et v l d t u th g t c t—th c t of l if
re ea e o s e rea se re e se re e
found in v ry bl d of g
m mm
.
It is to b e in v y in ct in v y
e e a e ra ss , e er se , e er
bir d nd in v y ni l w ll in n S i thousan d y
a e er a a , as e as a . x ea r s
of co d d hi to y n d y t w know no o bout th c t
re r e s r a e e re a e se re
of lif th n th y kn w in th b ginn ing W liv w p l n ; w
h v a
m u h op
e o
e
u fr
a
s;
co Ov nyon of u nd thi body will b co
e er a
n d y t in
e
es , o o nt ch ng
e
r
e
of lif
ea r
y
s a
e
a
s
e
e ammm m m
. e
e
e
e,
e a
a
e
a
ass
a
e a
e
e
l s cl y Wh t i it th t h ving w live nd h ving n t w

es a a s a a e a a o e
m m
. , , ,
th cl od ? Th p og of th c nd th civil i tion
,
a re a s e e r re ss e ra e a e za
which w n w b hol d e th w o k of
o e
m
n nd w o n wh h v a re e r e a e o a e
n t y t solv d th
o
An d u food
e
o
y t ry of th ir wn liv
e
m
e
u t w und t nd it b fo w t it ? If w
r
ms
s e
e e rs a
e o
e
es
re
.
e ea e
m
,
re fu d t t nything until w coul d und t nd th y t y

se o ea a e ers a e s er
of its g owth w w oul d di of t v tion B ut y t y do s n t
m er
r , e
both u s in th dinin g oo ; it i only in th chu ch th t it is a
e m -
r
e s ar
s
a .
e
s er
r a
e o
stu blin g b l ock

I w s ting
a p i c of w t
ea l on so
.
a m
m mm
onths g n d w
e e
m a er e e a o a as
st u c k wi th it b
a
r
n d w igh d th e
uty I took o of th s
nd foun d th t it w oul d
e e m
ea
quir o fi m
ds nd d i d th
m a
. s
a
e e see
re
a
e
r e
s e
e
v e
m m
,
th ou nd sa ds t w igh p ound ; nd th n I pp li d th
see o e a a e a e a e
ti
a t th t fo ty p ound
cs o a
m m mm
l on On of th s d p ut into
r e e e se ee s,
-
.
th gr o und wh n w
e d b y th un nd oi t n d by th in
e ar e e s a s e e e ra
mm
, ,
t k
a ff it co t n d go s t w o k ; it g th s f o
es o s a a o wh e o r a er r s e ere
tw
r w a
r
o
a
m
hu nd d th ou nd ti
m
t i l th ou gh
a er a
re s its
tiny t
wn w ight
const uc ts w t
o n nt th out id with cov rin g of g n ; in id th g n
e s e
r
s
sa
m
n d fo cin g this
lon It
e
a
e
a
s e
e
,
o
r
e
ree
,
a
a
a
s
er
e
r
e
e
.
ree
it p ut l y r of whit nd within th whit co of d nd
s a a e e, a e e a re re , a
a ll th ou gh th r d it c tt d ch n c p bl of continu
e re s a ers see s , ea o e a a e
its t m
ing th w o k of p odu ction Wh do th t littl
e r
ndou p ow ? Wh do s it find it col o ing tt ?

re e s
re
er
dg t
r
ere
.
e
ere es
s m a
r
e see
a
e
er
H w do
w t
t
a
oo s
o
er m
it coll ct it fl vo ing xt ct ? H w do
re
e
es
l on ? Until you n xp l in w t
u th t you n s t li its t th p ow of th Al ighty nd
a
e
ca
it b u il d
l on do n t b
s
e
a
ca
m
r
e
o
e
a
ra
e
a
er
a er
o
mm e
e
es
, o
a
a
e
m
s y j u t wh t H
a s w oul d do ah w H w oul d do it
e I c nno t or o e . a
m
xp l in th w t l on b ut I t it nd nj oy it
m mm
e a e a er e , ea a e .
Th g g i th
e e o t univ s l of foods nd its us d t f o
s e s er a a e a es r
a
m m e
m
n g g is fm
th b ginning b ut wh t is
e
e o y t iou th n n g g ? Wh n
h it is n i p o t nt rticl of
re s
,
ch ndis ; h n a
a
r a
re
a
s er
e
s a
er
a
a
e
e a
e
e
m m m
n d t oy its k t v lu in w k s ti b ut in tw w ks ’
ca es r ar e a e a ee e, o ee
o h n b ing fo th f o it wh t n coul d n t find in it
re S e ca r r r a a o
m m m
.
W t gg
e ea b ut w c nno t xp l in n g g
e s, e a e a a e
m
.
W t h s b n u d f o th bi th of n ; w l n d ft
a er a ee se r e r a e ea r e a er
mm
it h d b n u d f
it i f
a
s ar
w kno w th t it i n t w t
e
ee g th t it is
re
a
se ly ixtu of g s bu t
o i p ort nt th t w h v w t t drink th n th t
or a
s
a
o
es
a er
a
a e a
e re
e
a
a er o
re a se
a
,
m
.
E v y thing th t g o ws t ll
er lik tory of infinit p ow
a r e s a e s e er
m
.
Why houl d I d ny th t di in h nd f d
s e ultitud with a a v e a e a e a
f w l o v s nd fi h s wh n I s
e a e a hund d s of sillions f d v y
e e ee re e e er
h a s b ee m
n d o ibla e p ss o
m v b n
e b y th se who ha e
m ee ci
willing t o sa r
do m
the w r
o iy
fi ce for p ster t
of con ci nc
o l d by
s e
do of
Free
.
e a ndf gov n n v
those who were w
ree
c f do of
illing l bo
erm
S p ee h , ree
b n
e t ha e a ll
to a
fthe p ress , ree
i
ee w on fo r
r u nselfi shly for the r
f ll o
a
e
nyon
m
.
e as g
ll
w s S o w e e sta
un
re a t
bl i d she
cogni
l e ss he re
i doc in
is th s
m m
uni o n
z e s h ow
do
tr e tha t We g d
l if
p rta t his
not re a r
e is
in co
I find oof
i on i
par s
pr
w th the p r
tha t m
obl
a n wa s
ie
d in m
a e
ic
m
mi g of
d l
s w th w h h he
the a e
ea s
o
.
his Crea t r
in
to die ,
f c
the a t tha t thr
if n c y
ou g o u
,
e e ssa r , tha t
cnui
h t the e t r es
bl ing d ni d
ess s mm
e e ig
b n illing
to hi
,a n ha s
nj oy d
ee
ht b e e
w
e
by c il d n
m c il d n c il d n o ld
’
his h re , his h re s h re a nd the w r .
ing dox
m v lif ll l o
“
The se e p a ra : He tha t sa eth his e s ha se it
lo lif k ll find
m
”
a nd he tha t seth his e fo r y sa e sha it , ha s a n a p p li
c ion id
at
i oy
h st r o
n
w er tha tha t s a l
Th se w ho
u u l y giv n
liv only e
mm e
lv liv li l liv
for the se es
i o of
to it ; it is a n e p t
e tt e
m
e
e s , b ut
m
.
o
th se who sta nd dy givrea to lv
e the se dv nc n
es for the a a e e t
of ing g
th s n
rea te r tha lv find l g lif
the se es a n
a r er e tha the one
the w
m
y oul d v u nd d W nd ll illi g v x
to the sa e id
ha e s rre
n
e a whe
e re
m m
id W i u d n
he sa , mm
.
“
e
ha t
e Ph
pr
p s
bn
e t
ion
a e e p re ss
e n th e e e
f co
t
t
m
m
m
in o n l g v
a
in o i o li y
e e ss
rta t
c
a t rs of the ra e ha e b ee v
il
n
mm
ra e s , wh e now a nd the
”
We win
. i o li y
m
mm
n
u d n ly o
.H ow p r e t
by
rta t , n ot
ink
lv
a few forg et the
b ing re
st
e
en s
se
er
es
ou lv
rse e s , b utby fo g ing ou lv in d vo ion
r ett rse es e ing l g
t to th s a r er
tha n ou lv rse es
m m
.
n d of b ng unn u l l n
I ste a ei an l n of lv ion in
a t ra p a , the p a sa at is
fc
p er e t ha r ony i u n n u
w th h a und
a t re a s we nd e rsta ci it S a r
m
.
fi ce is the a l ngu g l ova e Of i in uf ing

e , a nd Chr st , s f er o ld
for t he w r ,
a
d on
of
e m
do d p te the
d
stra te
lif
onl y
His e , His tea h
n ot
c ing
n of
ea s
only by o y
c ing
rea h
by x i nc
the r b ut
u ing
s , His s f fer d
i
the hea rt
e p er e
s a nd His
.
oy
Th s ca n b e
e , fo r the st r
n
ea th ha s b ee
n l d in o v y l ngu g
tra s a te t e er a v y
a e a nd e er where it ha s t ou c d he
the hea rt
B ut if
.
I weregoing n gu n in f vo of
to p rese t a n a r e tm
m a r
m the
divini y of
m i
t
or w th the the r
i oul d
Chr st , I w
o y of on n at m
b gin i
e
not i cl
e
ould b gin
e t I w
w th y y
n gi
ra
e
e s or
a s Ca r e
ste r
m e
m
.
Si on do in
p s e s book n i l d
hi s e t t ec of T ih e F a t C h r st Co
m
.
,
i
en cing w th the undi u d f c sp te i liv d
a t tha t Chr st oin e , he p ts
m
out tha t one
so
c nno con
a
l d
e wa y it is re a te
t
o
l i f c i ou f ling
te p a te th s a t w th
liv ng
to th se n ow y i
in t ee
He sa s tha t one ca n
tha t
m
.
rea d of l x nd of
Ae a er, of
Cae sa r or ol on f l
Na p e , a nd not ee tha t it
is a a tterof on l conc n
p ers a er ; n d
b ut tha t w he one rea s tha t
m
so o
he st
i liv d
Chr st e ,
e h w there is a
udi c
e s the
co d
c of
liv d
a nd how He
ha ra te r
r
i
c fo
e di d
a n d how He
tha t stre t hes r
b co
Chr st he e
lif
f l
con ciou of
m
mtha t
es
e , he
s
ee s tha t
e to his
s
. As
ce r
ta in u ic
v irt e s wh h sta nd
m
in bol d li f
out uiyre e His p r t , His for
-
giving i i
m i n
unf o bl l ov
S p r t , a nd His
Chr st p re se ts a n e a p e
con ci u
s o s of his own i
mm a th
x l of u i y in oug
f c ion
a
p rt
eu o co ce
g i v d ov
.
lif
The a th r is
th
s a nd
ht a nd
rre t
e , a nd
er his
.
a n, p er e t r e e
APPE ND ICE S 57
m m m
o co ing finds in p i tion in th f ct th t H w t p t d
sh rt s, s ra e a a e as e e
a
b u t th t m
in ll p oint lik
m w
ch n find ju t h
a ea
nd y t without in
s e as
w y of d t r ining f
ca
I n t u
hi lf
e a re , a
s ere a
e
a e e
s . a
or
o s
se
re
wh th
m m
e ss
r
m e
m
h po
ess
er th t u e
l n of Ch i t in p i within hi n n t d i t con
fo hi lif o n ly t th p f ct x p l h i ind d
s e
p i it of Chri ti n
sse sse s
r s
re
If th
s
in
ea r
res
e r
o
e S
e
r
er e
a
a
e
ea r
a
s
es
e,
a .
e s re
e s
o
e s
ee a
p u i trm
foll ow ; if on th oth h nd h
y
t b bo n g in
of C h i
er
t off n d fu
,
t r s
n t th
nd hi w
p oof w hich th
y
e
h h y t
ers , a
er a
re
,
se s
e rese
o e
s e re
s
r
a s, e as e
e
m o e r a a .
S p im m
Th
i t
r m R m
o t difficult of ll th vi tu t cul tiv t i th fo giving
v
e
ng t b
s
e n tu e l wi th n
e see
; it i hu nt s
a
o e
e
a
r
ra
es o
a
a e s
s
e r
a o
m m
.
w nt t g t v n with n n
a o e y It h v n b n p op ul t
e e a e e as e e ee ar o
m mm
.
bo t of indictiv n ; it w onc in c ib d on
as v e n onue ss as e s r e a a
’
s
nt th t h h d p id both f i nd nd n i
e a e a o th n h
re a r e s a e e es re a e
h d
m
gi n
a
mm
v e
c iv d Thi w n t th p i it of Ch i t H t ught f
re e
nd in th t inco p
e ss a
e .
bl p y which H l ft
s
a
as o e s
a ra
r
e ra er
r s . e a
e e
or
as
m mm m
od l f u p tition H
e
u by which w
ea s re
or o
y cl i
d u will ingn t fo giv th
fo giv n
r e
H n t onl y t ught
e
s,
a
e
a
a e o
r
r
e e ss
ess
e o
o r
a
e e
m m m
.
fo giv n b ut H x p lifi d Hi t ching in Hi lif Wh n

r e e ss e e e e s ea s s e . e
th o wh p
se cut d Hi b ought Hi t th o t di g c ful
o erse e r o e s s ra e
a nd H p
th y do !
e
a
m
of ll d th Hi p i it of fo giv n
e
ea
ra
s,
e
o bov Hi uff ings
y d F th fo giv th f th y know n t wh t ,
s S
“
a
r
er , r
r
e
e e ss r
e ,
se a
or e
e s s
o
er
a
B ut l ov i th fou nd tion of Ch i t c d Th w o ld h d ’
e s e a r s s ree . e r a
known lov b fo ; p nt h d lov d th i chil dr n nd childr n
e e re a re s a e e r e , a e
th i p e r nts ; hu b nd h d l ov d th ir wiv
a re nd wiv
s th i
a s a e e es , a es e r
hu b nd ;
so
e
s a nd fri nd h d l ov d f i nd ; b ut J
d finition Of lov Hi l ov w
f fl ung th t v n n n
ar -
s a
wid th e
a
.
u gv nw
y coul d n t t v l b yond its
e
e
; it li it w
e
s
a
a
e
e
as as
e
e
m
r e
e as
o
e se a
ra
es
e
s
s
a
e
m e a
s
e
ere
bounds Oth t ch
er
. ought t gul t th liv of th i fol
l ow s by ul nd fo ul b ut Ch i t p l n w t p u ify th
r
er
e a
ea
r m
e rs s
a,
o re
r s
’
a e
s a
e
as
es
o r
e r
e
h ea rt n d th n t l v l ov t di ct th foo t t p
a
th d th of thi hi to ic figu ? R
e ea
e
Wh t conclu ion i t b d wn f o th lif th t chings nd

a s
o
d in c p nt hop ;
s
ea
s
s
e
o
r
e
e
ra
o
re
re
r m e a re
e
e
s e
e,
a
e
s
ar
.
ea
e er S
a
wi th no knowl dg of l it tu v B ibl lit tu ; with no

e e era re , sa e e era re
a cqu int nc with p hil o op h living
a a e with th w itin g of s e rs or e r s
sa
a
g d d wh n only bout thi ty y
es ea
mm ,
bout Hi p o ul g t d high cod of o l th n th w o ld r

ol d H g th d di cip l
e
a e
a
m mm a
r
er
ea rs
e
e
ra s
a ere
a e
s es
r
mm mm
,
h d v
a eknown b fo er n d p ocl i d Hi lf th M i h e re , a r a e se e ess a .
H t ught nd p rfo
e a d i cl s f a f w b i f e onth nd r e ra e or a e r e s a
th n w
th m
e
e
c ucifi d ; Hi di cip l w sc tt d nd ny of
as
p u t t d th ; Hi cl i
r
o w
e
di p ut d Hi u ction
ea m s
s
m a
s
s
es
ere
e re
s
a
e
ere a
s res rre
a
m
,
d ni d nd Hi foll ow p cut d ; nd y t f o thi b ginning

e e a s ers erse e a e r s e
n
is
a m ligion p d until hund d of ill ion h v t k n His
re
with v
e
S rea
nc up on th i lip nd illion h v b n willing

re e re e m e r
re s
sa s
s
a
a
e
e
ee
a e
t dio
h rts
ea
a
th
e ra th n u
H w h ll w
.
nd th f ith which H p ut into th ir
s
o
er
ccount f Hi ? H is th g t st
f ct of hi to y ; h i On wh h s with inc sing p ow f r
r
s
a
a
ere
s rre
e a
s
er
e
e
o
or
a
a
m e re
rea
e
e rea e
er,
e
o
e ee
m
nin t n hund d y s oul d d th h rts th thoughts nd
re ea r mm e e ea e a
m
, ,
th he s of
v e n nd H x rts o influ nc tod y th n v
e , a e e e re e e a a e er
b foe re Wh t think y of Christ ? It is i t b li v Hi
.
“
a e
”
ea s er o e e e
divin th n t xp l in in ny oth w y wh t h s id nd did
e a o e a a er a a e a a
and w s An d I h v g
a . t f ith v n th n b foa e inc I rea er a , e e a e re , S e
h v vi it d th O i nt nd witn
a e s e ed th successful cont st which
r e a e sse e e
C hr i ti nity i w ging g inst th
s a s ligions nd p hil o op hi s of
a a a e re a .
s e
the E a st
m
.
m m
I w a s thi
o c ing
a pp r a h
nking
a nd
a few
ofHi
y
ea rs a g o
in o ono
of
wh se h
i
r the d a y is
c
the Chr st as whi h was the
cl d
n
e eb ra te
m
m
.
c ll d
I re a e the e ssa e ,g “
Pea e c on ea rth ,good i w ll to en ,
”
a nd
the n y th ou g
hts ra n b a ck o cy u
to the p r p he d cnui
ttere e t r es
b fo
m
m
e
m
T o remm
re His
info c
r e
bi
y e
c
rth , in whi h H e w as
oy
r I re rea
d c ib d
es r
d
e
o cy
the p r p he
inc of c
a s the Pr e
found
and I
tte —a
-
Pea e .
i e di ly foll o ing v
a te
ic d cl
wh h e a res tha t
w
of
a
the incre ase
ic
erse wh h I had
of
fo go n
c
His p ea e a nd
r
gov n n
v
er
erse
e t m
there sha ll b e
o l i ju ic
p e p e w th
i
the r se a n d a l
noend An d Isa a h a
st e a nd w th
f l of n ion
at s a nd
i
i j u dg n
dd
,
as
e t
occ ion lly
s , tha t H e sha
, ll j u dg
b n ding of
I ha d ee re a
I ha d gl oo
et a
m
e His
.
m m
a y
m
,
ph il o o
s p her who p rea he c d the doc intr e tha t n ion l k indi
at s i e
mm
,
v idu a ls u of n c i y v
st e e ss t ha e the r i bi i inf ncy
rth , the r a i the r
m
, ,
uiy
at r t a nd fin l y i d c y
a l the r e a a nd ea th d B ut here I re ad of a
—
m
.
gov n n
er e t tha t is to b e p erp e t a u l gov n n of inc ing
a er e t re a s
mm
c
p ea e a n d bl dn
e sse e ss
— the gov n n of
er e t inc
the Pr c
e Of Pea e
mm
a n d it is to rest
t i es
tha t I
du ing
r
ig
on j u ic
l
st e
the a st few
ht p re se t sn o of e
y
v oug of i o cy ny
I ha e th
m
ht .
v lc d i
ea rs , a nd I h a e se e te
the rea s on ic l d
s wh h ea
th s p r p he
th s the e
b li v
e to
a
e e e m
m m
Pea c
a pp e
—
li d
i
tha t Chr st ha s
il
fully n d
a t t e tha t w l
to Hi
ea r e
i l in
If he ca n r
the y
b ing c
ig
ea rs to
e a e
co
t o
c ll d
the r ht to b e a e The Pr
ea
e be o
c individu l
h
inc of
o
re a n d
a h
e
re
ea rt ,
m m m
.
p
a nd if c d
His ree whe a p p e w l n li d i l b ing r pce a eo ug o u
t h r h t the
ea rth , w ho w ill d ny
e ig c ld
His r ht to b e a l e the Pri e nc of c Pea e ?
ha s s
to se
oug
cu
re it
o ld
All the w r is in sea r h
S o
c
ht for p ea e , a n d
v ou g
e ha e th
.
a
m m
c of c v y
p ea
ny v b n
e ;
ha e ee the
e
uc
e r h e a
od
rt
eth
i ic
ht to p r ha se it w th r hes a nd
t v b
h a t e
l oy d
s e
e
p
r ea t
e m m
v l bo d
ha e a re to se cu l
re w e a th , h p o ing find to c n y
p ea e whe the
w ere a e to
o
bl
m
th se w ho ha e e
l g
ar e a
go
ea
j o i y v f il d
r t
re
y l d
whe re the p ea se a nd
v nd vo d
ha e a e to se re the
uc
cu
b uy
c i
to p r ha se p e a e w th
on y e
y l ik d
wha t the
on y
e
mm
e , the
B ut wha t ha s
Of
m .
m m m
.
b n
ee the e p er ex i nc of o
e th se who ha e ee e v b n in n ly ucc ful e t s ess
in fin nc
a e? y ll oy
The a ll te the sa e st r , v iz , tha t the sp e t y n
mm m
.
fi
the rst ha lf of i l iv
the r e s tr i y ng to g et on y f o o
e r the rs a nd
l
the a st ha lf y ng k o
tr i to e ep thers r f o g ing i on y
ett the r e , a nd
tha t the y found c in n i
p e a e e t h e r h alf o S ev vn c d
h a e e e r e a he
m
.
on
the p i t w here the y find di cul y in g ing o l
ffi t e tt p pe e cct o a e p t
the r i on y e ; a nd I kno of no b
w etter indic ion ofat ic l
the e th a
a wa e
ni ze the m
k ning in i coun y n
eth
th s
s
tr tha the
od of on y kinge a m m
inc ing nd ncy c u i
reas
I a
te
ngu in noug
sa -
e
e e
to s r t
h to
. m
4 60 THE ART or PUB LIC S PE AKING
m
m And i ort lity ! Wh will ti t th p c which b li f a o es m a e e ea e a e e
m m
in futu lif h s b ought t th so owing hea rts of th sons
a re
of n ? Y u y t lk t th young bout d th nding ll f
e o
e
a
a
a
r
o
o
e
e rr
a ea e a
e
or
m
,
lif is full nd hop i t ong b ut p ch n t this doct in t the

e a e s s r , re a o r e o
oth wh sta nd by th d th b d of h b b e t n wh
er o s e ea -
e er a or o o e o
m m
i within th
s
m mn I w ot t
a
G d nd i
o a
h dow of
C ol on l Ing
r
grea t ffl iction Wh n I w s young
e
e s
o
o t lity His s c t y n w d th t th g t
a
oll nd k d hi f his vi w s on
r a
e
a
ers
e re a r
a
a as
a
.
e
s ere
m e
or
a
a a
e
e r ea
m
.
infid l w n t t ho
e as b ut ncl os d o cop y of p ch of C l
a e, e e a a s ee o
m
.
Ing oll s which cov d y qu tion I c nn d it with g

e rs
’
ere es s a e ea er
m
.
n e ss n d fo u nd th t h
a h d p t hi lf bout foll ows
a e a ex res se a as :
I do n t sa y th t th
I do n t y th t th
o
o is no G d I i p ly s y I do n t know
is no l if b yond th g v I i p ly
sa a
a
erey
ere
m e
o ,
e
s
e
a
ra e, mm s
o
sa
.
I do n t kno w An d f o th t d y t this I h v k d y lf
m
”
o r a a o a e as e se
m m
.
th qu tion nd h v b n un b l t
e es a nsw it t y wn tis a e ee a e o a er o o sa
f ction h w coul d nyon find p l u in t king f o
a , o hu
a n e ea s re a r a a
h rtea living f ith nd ub tituting th fo th cold nd ch
a a a s s ere r e a eer
les doct in I do n t know
m
mm m
”
s r e, o .
Ch i t g v u p oof of i
r s a o t lity nd it w s w l co
e s r r a a a a e e
a ss
T
ri se
o e
ra
er
m
u nc ltho it w oul d h dlye, a
f o th d d t convinc u th t th g v is n t th nd
r
rea e
e
n c ss y th t n houl d
v y c t d thing G d h s giv n tongu th t p ocl i s
ea o
o
ar
e
a
see
s a
e
e e
a
e
ar
ra e
e m
a
a
o
o e s
r
e e
a
.
futu lif
,
a re e .
If th F th
p ul l
m
d ign t tou ch with divin p ow th cold nd
e a
h rt of th b u i d co n nd t
se e ss ea
er e
k it burst forth e
s o
r e a r a o
e
m a
er
e
e a
of n
t tho
mm
f o it p i on w ll will h l v n gl ct d in th rth th soul
r
a
e r
s
se
r s
d in th i g of hi C to ? If h toop s t give
a e
o bu h who with d b l o o flo t up on th utu n
s
a s,
e
se
m a e
e
ere
ea e
s
m m
e
rea
ss
e
s
e
r
a
e ea
e s
e a
e
o
m
m
,
b ree ze ,th sw t su nc of noth S p ringti will H fus

e ee as ra e a er e, e re e
m m m
e
co ? If tt m
th w o d s of ho p t th
e
r on of n wh n th f o ts of wint r
ut nd in ni t th ch ng d by th fo c s
a er ,
e o
e a
e s s
a m
m a e,
e
o
e
a
e
me
r s
e r e
e
er a
vi it l ik
s
m
of n tu intoa
p i l p i it of S
ultitu d of fo s n n v di will th i
re
n suff
e a r
r
oy l gu t t this t n nt of cl y ? N Ia
a
nn ihil tion wh n it h s p id bri f
a
es su
er a
o
e r
e m a
e
,
e
ca e
e
a
er
m
e,
a
o,
a
a
a
e
e
re
th t H wh
a notwith t nding hi p p nt p odig lity c t d
e o,
nothing without p urp os nd w t d n t ingl to in ll
mm
a
s a
e, a
s a
as e
a re
o a s
r
m
mm
a
e a
, rea e
a
his c tion h s d p ov i ion f

m
futu lif in which n s ’
rea a a e r s or a re e a
m
,
univ l l onging f i o t lity will find its li tion I

e rsa or r a rea za . a
a s u s th t w l iv
re g in Ia u th t w liv t d y
e e a a as a s re a e
m e o a
-
.
f
a
or
t th
mm
In C i o I
e
re
c u d f w g ins of wh t th t h d slu b d
a r
thi s thou ght c

a
se
o th n thi ty c nturi in n E gyp ti n to b As I l ooked
into y ind If n of thos g ins
r
re a
e
a m mm
e
e
es
ra
a
ea
:
a
o
a
me
a
.
e ra
ere
h d b n p l nt d on th b nk s of th Nil th y
a ee a e ft it g w e a e e e ea r a er re
m
,
a
r
nd
m m
ll its l in l d sc nd nts h d b n p l nt d n d
a
a e
nu ous t f d th t ing illions of th wo l d An unb ok n
er o ee
ea
f o th t ti until n w its p og ny w oul d t d y b suffi ci ntly
p l nt d
e
e
e
o
ee mm ,
a
r
a
e
ee
e
a
o -
e
r
a
.
a
e
re a
e
r
e
ch in of lif conn cts th

a li st g ins of wh t with th g ins
e e e ea r e ra ea e ra
th t w a w nd e so T h is in ath g in of wh trean invi sib le ere e ra ea a
p .
APPENDICE S 46 1
som
f om
ing eth c d
whi h has p wer to dis a r the bodyc tha t we se e , a nd o
m
r
c o ll
tha t we a nn t te the one r
of lif in
e g in of
the ra
f on
ea r th a nd a ir ashi
fo
a newbody
o
the ther
u
whea t ca n th s p a ss u
uc ik
so h l e the Old one
nvi ibl g
If this i
ni i d oug
s
p a re thr
e er
h
m .
mm m
three th ou nd u c ion
sa res rre t s , I shall not doub t tha t oul y s has
p
m
o
mm
w
me
A e e
r
this ea rth
to cl o i lf i
ly f
th e
ra
b li f in i o i y
t se
e ha s
w t
rtal t
h
r
body ui d
a
c u bl d n o du
e
s
i t
o y con ol
n ot nl
t e t o
st
its
s es the
ne wi nc
e
in du l
x s te ne whe
div i a , b ut
.
m
x
m
div id ua lsm
it e erts a p wer o ful influ nc in b inging
c u y ink
If one a t a ll
e
th
e r
s tha t di
an
c b
p ea e n
etw ee
bu
e s a s the
in
r te
m m
.
di e s, he w l i l yi ld o
e iy
re ea s l to the te p ta tion do inju ic
to st e
m m m
to his e h n ig bo r wh e n theci cu r nc
sta uc
e s a re s o
h as to p r ise
se cu i y f o d c ion
r t r ete t if
B ut lly x c
one rea e p e ts to g in
eet a a
m m m
, .
a nd live ete r a n lly i o

w th th se wh o kno
he ws to d a y he is ,
-
re stra in d f o vil d d by
e r e ee s f of n
the ea r e dl ess reo rse doWe
mm m
.
not kno d
w wha t rew a r s a re in o u
st re for u s or wha t p nish n e ts
a y b e re ser e vd if
b ut the re w e re no o o d
ther it w ul o be s e
m
,
p un is h en t fo r o n e w h od libe e rly
a te con ciou ly ong
a nd s s wr s
a no ther to ha e to v liv fo v in
e re e r co ny
the pa on
Of the p ers
wr
re mm m
p t m
ong d e
es a
ea ,
v
a n d h a e his
a
s
li l n
e
in t bli hing ju tic b tw n n nd thu l ying th f und
e
lfi n l id b
tt e ess a n d se sh e ss a
b li f in i o t lity u t x t p ow ful in flu nc
s
a re
e
I
e
r a
ee e
s
a
e er a
s a
er
e o
e
.
a
e
tion f p c
or ea e .
H h
Ag in Ch i t d
e
a
giv n u
as
, v t b c ll d Th P inc of P c b c u
r s
u of g tn which p o ot p c
e s a
e ser
m ea s
es o
re
e a
m rea
e
e ss
e r
m m e
r
ea e
es
e a
ea
se
e
m m
.
Wh n Hi di cip l qu l d ong th
e s s lv teswhich a rre e a e se es as o
s
a
houl d b g
nd
se v nt of
r a
t t in th K ingdo
e
:
S vic i th
rea
a
of H v n H buk d th
id L t hi wh woul d b chi f t ong you b th
sa
“
e
es
u of g tn ; it l w y er
m e
e
o
s e m ea s
e
re
ea
e es m e
rea
,
a
e re
e ss
e
a
e
e
a
e
s
h as b n t u ; it i t u t d y nd it lw y will b t u th t
ee r e s r e
m
o a a a a s e r e, a
-
m mm
,
h i g
e s t t w h do
re a e s th o t of good An d h w thi old wo ld
o es e s . o s r
w ill b t n fo e d wh n thi t nd d of g tn b co
ra s r e th e s s a ar rea ess e es e
t nd d of v y l if ! N
s a ar
b t g ow ut of th f ct th t w
a s r o
ch oth —th will b p c wh n u i i t do o thing
e
t ying t g t om
ly ll of u cont ov i nd
er
thing f o
e
e
a
ea r
a
a
e a re r
o r
m o
r
e
e rs e s a
s e m
mm
co
r
ea
for ea ch oth
er
mm
Ou n ities n d ni n itier
e re
i l g ly f o
—
r e
e ea e
a
e
a
o
r
r a
os e s a r se
s o
ar
s
e
e
r
m
.
o u fot t g t
f
r e r s uch p o ib l ut of th w o l d th will
o e as as ss e o e r e re
b p c wh n u
e
th wo l d
th divin
e
e
ea e
Th hu
r
e
n .
m m
nd vo i t p ut
m
u of lif i it outgo it e as
e uch p o ibl into
u of hu n lif i it inco ;
o
e
fl w—it re
r e
nt ib u
a
a
ea
e
ea s
s
r s
s
re
o
a
,
as
m
s ov er
a
o
as
e s
ss
s co
s
e
r
m e
tion t th w l f o of ll
a s
e
Ch i t l o l d th w y t p c by giving u
r s
e
e
a re
fo ul f th e
a
a
.
o ea e s a m
r a or e
p op g tion of t uth
o
ti n
r
a
a
t do good h v
a
p l oy
N t ll of tho wh h v
d th C h
v n In th hi to y of th hu n c b ut tw
s e e
i t
ai n th od
e e —
r
m
lly d i d
n t ll Chri
e thod
.
s
e
r
o a
e m
mm e
r s
se
a
a ra
o
e
e
a e rea
m o
o
a
e
es r e
s
s
m m m
.
h v b n u d Th fi t i th fo cibl
a e ee se thod
. n d it has b n
e rs s e r e e , a ee
e p l oy d o t f qu ntly A n h n id which h thinks
e s re e . a as a ea e
is go d ; h t ll hi n ighbo
o e bout it nd th y do n t lik it
e s s e rs a a e o e .
m
m m
Th s i k hi ng y ; h think it w oul d b
a es a m m
u ch b tt f r
r e s e so e er o
m m
the
a
if th y w oul d lik it nd i ing club h tt p t t
e
k th lik it B ut n t oubl bout this rul is th t it

e e e
m m
e ,
o
a
e
,
r
se z
e a
a , e a
e
e
a
s o
m
.
w o k both w y ; wh n
r s n st rts u t t
a s co p l hi n ighbo e a a a o o e s e rs
t think
o h do s h g n
ch ll ng nd th y p nd
a e e a
as lly find th will ing t cc p t th
oth th t th y h v no ti l ft t do ch ot h good
e e
uch ti in t yin g t co c ch
e
mm
,
m s
e
e
e e ra
so
s
e
e
r o
o a
e r e ea
e e
m
er a e a e e e o ea er .
m m Th o th
ov co er
e i th B ib l p l n
il with good e ev
er
An d th
B n t ov co
s
i no oth
m m mm m
e
—I g t o c dit f r
Of vil b u t
m m
w y of ov
e
”
a e
ere
o
s
er
er
e
a
e
er
m m
.
co ing vil I e n t uch of f a o a ar er e re re o
mm
.
y f ing th n I d rv nd y littl f
ar a c iv o
e se e, a e ar re e es re
a dv rti ing th n it i ntitl d t B ut I
e s a f nough t
s e e o a ar er e o
m m
.
know th t if I ut down w d th y will p ing up g in ; nd

a c ee s e S r a a a
f
hm
ar
as
nough t know th t if I p l nt o thing th which
er e
o vit lity th n th w d I h ll n t only g t id of th
re a
o
a e
a
ee s S
a
a
s
o
e
e
ere
r e
m m
con ta nt cutting b u t h v th b n fit Of th c op b id s
s , a e e e e e r es e .
In o d th t thr er ight b no i t k in Hi p l n Of p p
a
g ting th t uth Ch i t w nt into d t il n d l id p h is up on
a e r ,
m—
e re
mr s e
e
e a
s a
a
e
a
s
e
a
as
ro a
v lu of x p l
m S O l iv th t oth ing you good fl
th e a e e a e e a ers see r
wo k
H v nea
r y bs
The
con t in d t gl o ify you F th which i in
a
i no hu
”
e
n influ nc ere
mm
p o t nt f
s ra
s
m m good s
e o
a
r
e e
r
so
a
e
er
or
s
a
m m
.
th t which go
a ut f o n up ight l if
es o A on y b r a r e . se r a e
a n w d ; th gu nt p nt d in p ch y b di p ut d
s ere e ar e s re se e a s ee a e s e
—
m
,
b u t no n n nw
o e caC i i n l if
h t it i th un n w
a s er a bl r s a e s e a s e ra e
gu nt in f vo of u ligion
m
ar e a r o r re
—
.
It y b
sil nt infl u nc
e
l ow p oc s thi conv ion of th w o l d by th
a
e
e a s
—
of nobl x p l bu t it is th only su n
e a
r es
e e a m s
e
ers
e
e r
re o
e
e,
a nd th doc t in e p p li t n tion r w ll
e a t in dividu l es Th o a s as e as o a s . e
G o p l of th P inc of P c g iv s u th onl y hOp th t th
s e e r e ea e e s e e a e
— ing hop — f th ub titution of
wo ld h
re a s
r
on f th bit
ti n l di p u t
o a
nd it i as
or
s
n inc a
nt of fo c in th ttl nt of int n
e ar
An d u n tion o ught n t t w it f
es
ra
s a
m oth
e
o r
rea s
a
r e
e
e se
o
o
e
o
m
e s
e
a
s
or
er a
er
n tion —it ought t t ke th l d nd p ov it f ith in th
m
.
a s o a e ea a r e s a e
m m
o nip ot nc of t uth
B u t Ch i t h
e
giv n u r s
e
p l tfo as
r
fund nt l th t it
.
e s a a r so a e a a
ca
mn b
mm
pp l
a
i d
e au cc full
in p l tfo ; w tt nd conv ntions o ti
r
y t
s
lle con ts ov i
e a
W e ss in t
t v l ing l ong
e
t d o a
e
r e rs e s
s e
.
es
e a re
ra e
e re s e
m
,
di t nc ; w h v w o dy w ov th p h ol ogy of v rious
s a es e a e r a rs er e ra se a
p
e m
l
ndo
ank
m m
n
m
d
rse
t
s,h n w
nt of th p l tfo
a w
e
g n t c
t th p o ll
ep i g n s t
Th p l tfo
e se
c u
e t h
giv na
a e
r
ea r
s a
es
e
a
s
a
e
o
a
se
r
re
e
e
m m m
.
t th w o l d by Th P inc of P c i
o e r o f ching nd
e r e ea e s re a r rea-
a
o co p h n iv th n ny p l tfo
re re e v w itt n by th con
s e a a a r e er r e e
o mm
m
v e
n
nti n of
co
e
ar
m ny p
o ty in ny co u nt y
s
a
a
nd nt tho of th t n which l t t
to w d hi f ll ow s n d n j oin d up on u th rule
Wh n H cond ns d into
e
ar
a
n s duty
Thou h lt
se
a
e e
e e
r .
s
e
re a e
e
e
e,
o
“
e
a
e
’
s a
m m
l ov thy n ighbo thy lf H p nt d p l n f th olu ”
e e r as se e re se e a a or e s
m m
,
tion of ll th p ob l a th t n w e oci tyr y h

e ft s a o v ex s e or a erea er
a ri se Oth r. di yep ll i t re p o tp on e th des y of t a a a e or s e e a se

kn ling in th c nt of th
th y w
e
ee
d vou d H w h lp l ss th y
e re
na th y p
e
m
by v y hu n ul h w hop l ss w s th i c use ! And y t
e er
e y d nd ng until
a
d nd
e
re
r
u ed
er
.
e,
o
o
e a re
e
e e
e
,
e
e
a
see m
ra
e r
e
e
a
,
a
a , m
sa
ea s r
e
m
wi thin f w dec des th p ow r which th y invok d p ov d
ighti th n th l gion of th
er
a e
p o
a
m
a
nd th f ith in which
e e s
e
e e
e
m er r a
e
e a
e r e
th y di d w t iu p h nt
m
ll th l nd It is s id th t thos
m
’
e e as r a o er a e a a a e
m m m
.
wh went to ock t th i ufi ing s tu n d king th s lv s

o a e r s er re r e as e e e ,
Wh t is it th t n nt into th h rt of
a a n nd k hi
ca e er e ea a a a e
di e asth di ? Th y w ese g t conqu o s in th i d th
e e ere rea er er r e r ea
th n th y coul d h v b n h d th y p u ch
a e d lif by u nd a e ee a e r a se e a s rre er
of th i f ith e r a
m
.
Wh t woul d h v b n th f t of th chu ch if th
a a ly e ee e a e e r e ea r
Ch i sti n s h d h d
r a littl f ith any of u Ch i ti ns Of
a as e a as a o r r s a
m
t d y?
o And if th Ch i ti n of t d y h d th f ith Of th
a e r s a s o a a e
m a e
- -
arty s h w l ong w oul d it b

r b fo th fulfil nt of th
o e e re e e e
m
,
p op h cy th t v y kn h ll b w nd v y tongu conf ?
r e a e
— er ee s a o a e er e e ss
I gl d th t H wh i c ll d th P inc of P c wh n
a a
b ing p c t v y t oubl d h t nd who t ching
r ea e o e
a
er
e,
r
o s
e
a e
ea r
e
a
r
m
e
se
m ea
ea e
s , exe
o ca
m
m
m
p lifi d in l if
e will b ing p c b tw n e,
co un ity nd co unity b tw n S t t nd S t t b tw n
n tion nd n tion th oughout th w o l d— I
a a
a
a
n nd n b tw
gl d th t H
m
m n r
r
ea
,
e
e
e
ee
e
ee
r
a
a e a
a
a m mm a
a
a
e,
, e
e
a
ee
ee
e
b ing cou g s w ll p c th t tho wh foll ow Hi

r s ra e a e y as ea e so a se o a
t k up n d
m m
a e ch d y b v ly do th duti th t t th t d y f ll
a ea a ra e e es a o a a a .
th co p l t n
h t
ea r
e
s
nd g
m
A th Ch i sti n g ow o l d
t ful f
a
e
with which Ch i t
th p
e e
h pp ci t s
r
ti fi
ra e
e ss
o nd o
c which h nj oy nd f th
a
th l onging of th
r
or
s
e
er
ea
r s
e
e a
sa
re
s es
a e
e e
e
re a
s a
s
or
re
e
e
m
, ,
st rength which h h c iv d h p t th w o d f th g t e a s re e e , e re ea s e r s o x e rea

schol S i Will i Jon
a r, r a es :
B fo thy y tic lt h v nly t uth

e re mm s a a r, ea e r
m m
,
I kn l in nhood I kn lt in youth ee a , as e ,
Thu l t kn l till thi dull fo d c y

s e e ee ,
s r e a ,
And l if l t h d b b ight n d by thy y ’

e s as S a e e r e e ra .
RUF US CHOA TE
GY OF WEB S TE R E UL O
m D liv d t D rt ou th Coll g July 27 1853

m m
e e re a a e e, , .
mm m
W b t r p ossess d th l
e s e nt of n i p iv cha ct r
in p iring g d tru t nd d i tion n t un ingl d with lov
s re ar
e
s a
e e e
a
e
ra
a
o
re ss
e
e ra e
e
,
m
.
, ,
It h d I think intrin ic lly

a ch uch s b l ongs only t s a a ar s a e o a
m m mm m
, ,
good nobl nd b utiful n tu

,
In its co bin tion with s
e, a ea a re . a o
u ch f uch fo c of will nd
a e , so uch int ll ct it fill d r e a so e e e
m
, ,
and f cin t d th i gin tion nd h t It w fi t n t

as a e e a a a ea r as a ec 1o a e
m m
.
in chil dhood nd youth nd it w s o th n v r in th f wa a a re a e e so e e
m
,
l t onths of hi l ong lif It is th univ s l t ti ony th t

as s e . e er a es a
h g v t hi p
e a nts in l g t
e ou hono l ov Ob d nc ;
s a re , a r es ea s re , r, e, e 1e e
APPENDICE S 46 5
mndb o
tha t he ea er a pp r p r a te
m
g ly
the rst o i m
ea s wh h he ul co co d m d fi n ic
a
m m
to rel e e the a ther r iv
the e ts
c ic
fessiona l p ra t e tha t he i ht s the the
f
i lf
tra te to e
his r ther a n d h se ; tha t he se e te his rst p a e
i
d
a te
m on of old
his
l c of
p ro
duc fo
g oo
d b con c
lc d fi
co ng
age
m
.
Equ lly b u i ula l ov

wa s his ea kind d
tf
e Of a ll his of re a nd a ll his
c l m
f i nd W n
r e s he I hea r hi a
. ccu d of lfi n se se col d
sh ess , a nd a , bad
n u
a t re , I re a l hi ly ng l l i g i ou
S ee p es s a ll ni ht , n ot w th t tea rs
o d com d dm d
of boy ood con ing i
h , fe rr ki l d ling d
w th E ze e how the a r of esire
bo th hea rts sh ul be p as se , a nd he , too , a itte to the
p re ciou
a se
a nd
s pr
c u of bo b o
di c ning
s er
iv l g
i e es Of e
th r the rs in
c ion of
a ffe t
m
du c ion cou g ou ly l di g
mthe
o
at
o ning
the
;
rv iling by
u nding
ther
ra e
; p re a i
udi
s sp e
s p ea n
the w se
his st
the
es
mn n bol lf of v il g m
,
of g ing d d
the la w , a nd re ister c i g c ool
ee s a n d tea h n n s h to ea r the
ea s , for th , a a in lv of
the se es o o uni y ic the p p rt t wh h
m oug lif m ou ing m n d d i

l c d i in i
the p a re ta se sa crifi ce ha d p a e w th -
c l oving
the r rea h ;
o o of om
hi thr h e, rn hi whe lov
ea , w th a e a nd a
o o v y ond f
s rr w er w ing
er ul , p a ss the s rr w n ll
w a ; I re ca
cou l o of m m
u b nd
the h s a f
, the of
a ther livi g
the of n ly d
a nd d
the e a r ep a rte ,
f i nd
the r e , the nse r ny y a go
ea rs a n d y hea rt r w s too ,
full a nd liquid fu ion of o d

for the re ta t w r s .
n u c ving v f i nd
His a fi ectiona te a t re ra e er r e ship , a s well a s the
,
p rese enc of k d bl ood

in dr e , dii lf oug
fi u se d tse thr iv h a ll hi s p r a te
e,
m
lif g v inc i y
a e s er t
wa r th to the p re ss re u of
o i li i kind
to a ll his h sp ta t e s ,
ndhis ha d
m g n a e his
n e ss to his ey e
rea t e ss a n d m ,
mm
,
g u unb nd
eni s e lv l yfuln of c il d ood flo d
the se e s to the p a e ss h h we
m
,
ou t in g c f
ra e ul o i ind g d of
e r es ul e d d
the p a st or the ea Of
y —g v
,
incid ne ts whe nlf young

i e wa s o d
a nd p r ise to b e ha p p a e ,
g n ou k c of
e er s s e t h es iv l
his r a s ig con n ion
the h h dd n
te t n ow hi e
e a rth —
-
by
u o
the ha
mm m
ndf oful
c ll d
a th rs , re a e
ou
v n l o ion
for the e r a e
d fif y y
h rs p a sse
ic t n
t i g ea rs a g o w th
s wh h the d the
y
rea t
a e
to
mm m
liv
m
e a nd re e
f i nd i no
r e sh p ,
ber one w r
v l in
no
an —
o d of of n n
o
th e s ul
an
fo And r
young
Ol d or
conv
n
u ion of nd lic cy
s n ll
y
on of
these
— we t a wa
i
ersa ti . s
to re,
e p r a e es o e a s e a , on e
m m
,
M p ure th ou g unb li ving ugg ion

ht , one e e s doub c on
e st on e t a st
m m
,
the rea t li y of vi u of
rt e , io i of n u i
p a tr t s , of
e th s a s og the p r ress
—
m m
,
of an on e doub c on ig ou n
, t ast r hte nc
s e ss , or te p era e , or
judg nt t co
m
I h v l m
th t in th l t
a
e
a
e
o
n d by vid nc th o t di ct nd ti f cto y
e ea r
as
e
e
onth of his lif th whol ff ction t n s of

.
e
s
e e e
e
s re
e a
a
e
sa
a
s a
e es
r
hi n tu —his con id
e,
t
o
mm m m
o
s
u t in
ma
a m m
k th h p p y nd t
e
re tion of o th
eth
hi g ntl n
h ppy
o nd o b utiful n d h bitu l xp ions th n
re a
—
a
hi d ir
s
d t co
era
a
re ea
o se e
a
e rs,
e
a
s
a
e
a
e
see
e
e ss ,
ress
e
s
o
es
a
e
e
v b fo
m Th l ong d y p ublic t k w f lt t b don ; ’
e er e re e a s as s ere e o e e
m m m
.
th c e s th
a re un c t inti s th ent l conflict of high p l c
er a e e e a s a e,
m m
, ,
w ere e nd d ; nd h c e ho t a cov hi lf f th f w e a e e o re er se or e e
y ea rs
m
which h
go h nc t b h no o
e e
ight till xp ct w oul d b his b fo
oAnd th e
e
I assu
ere
h shoul d
s
d nd dul y re
e
.
e
ere ,
e
a
e re
re
e
a
b li v no unb co ing g ts p u u d hi ; no di cont nt

e e e, e m re re rs e m s e as
m m
,
f inj u stic suff d xp ct tion unfulfill d ; no lf p o ch

_
or e ere or e e a s e se -
re r a
f nyt hing don
or a nything o itt d by hi lf ; no i it tione or a e se rr a
m
,
no p vi hn s unw o thy of hi nobl n tu ; b ut in t d l ov

ee s es
'
r s e a re s ea e
m m m
,
and h op f hi co u nt y wh n h b c
e or th ub j ct of con
s r , e S e e a e e s e
v s tion nd f ll ound hi th d
er a , a t nd o t indif
or a ar , e e a re s a s
f nt f ll b thing thing bout hi th ov fl ow of th
nd b n vol nc —
ere or a rea s a e er e
kind t h t g owing in g ntl n
m mm m
, ,
es ea r p t n l
r e e ess a e e e e a er a
m
m
,
p t i ch l ff ction s
a r ar ing t b co
a a o natu l w
e , see o e e re ra , ar ,
and co unic tiv v y hou S oft nd y t b ight g w a e e er r er a e r er re
m
.
th tint on th
e ky of p ting d y ;
s n d th l t l ing ing
e s ys ar a a e as er ra
m
,
o v n th n th gl o i of noon nnounc d h w d ivin w

re e e a e r es a e o e as
m
,
th eou ce f o which th y p oc d d ; h w inc p bl t b

s r r e r ee e o a a e o e
u n h d ; h w c rt in t ri
c e on o ning which no night houl d
o e a o se a r s
p
e
Ollow
S uc c h
.
c
ha ra ter wa s
a m d
ou of c lm— o
lov d
a e to b e el ov d It wa so e Th se
of g n l ov d m l in n ig bo lov d m
. .
who kn ew a n d sa w it in its h r a co d o
th se who ul rep se
—
l on om
on tha t s t ree e hi His p a e h rs e hi ;
o ld m du c d young m l ov d m m
.
a nd o ne sa id n
, w he l id in g v
he w a s a his ra e , How es e the
w r
of the
see
go l
s!
l ov d m u
sp e , the
E a te
g n l in l ig nc of
e era te l e
en
coun y
e
e
the m
ni
hi The i sters
tr , the a sse s
.
f
rea d by m
a a r off
m i lion
l
e ,hi
m
s , so
y
Tr e , the ha d n ot
uc dul ion of
h a at
found in
.
o l
m m c
uc of
the p e p e ; so
his sp ee hes ,
h
m om o l d m
the u ic ic ob
s wh h r s the p ublic on of i lf
re a s ny
tse ; so a p hra se s
Of hu a ni y i n o y
t a n d p h l a thr p ; a n d s e ha d t the he wa s
col d— oli y in
c mn
l of y
a
t
l ov d m
e
e
a nd
hi
ea rer a n d
b
n
etter ;
s
y
ta r
d
m
ea re r to hi
g n
the hea r how te nd
, y c mn
v yy
his rea t e ss ; b ut e e r
a n d a s the
b n
a
er the son ha d
y
y e
e a r the
ea re r , the
ee the
l in im
,
u b nd
h s a , the bo f f i nd
r the r , the a the r , the r e n ig bo , a nd e h r ; tha t
he wa s p a , s l n u l g n ou o i b l
p e , a t ra e e r —
s , h sp ta e the hea rt
,
l g
a r e r tha n in
the b ra l ov d li l c il d n
; tha t he e tt e h v re a nd re er
cl v un o mM o
e n ce d G o d ci u
the S r p t re s, the S a bb on i u ion
a th da y , the C st t t -
m
—
n v l d l ing of ngl nd m
, ,
a n d the la w i
a nd the r he a rts a e t hi uly of re tr .
hi tha e e n v n of g
the rea t a a ar ig
E a ht it b e
olid y oul d b ing c il d n f omc ool

sa id tha t
“
nc oul d
his p res e e w c u c b l inging
set the h r h e ls r a nd
old m f om c im g on m
,
giv c oolboy
e s h s a h a , w r h re r s h a nd
un v iling l m
en r the h n y co n e r er , to a ze di d
hi -
ere he e
coun ym
.
g
The rea t a n d a a n ion fi
a e ta t v ld
s d
rst re ea e the e ep
p l c
a e h e h a in
d t he h eofa rt s his n tr e
you v m
.
i
You a re n ow to a d d to th s his e tra r x o din y o of ar p we r in
fl u en cin g the
p le
b gin by d m
te d th e s
convic ion of o
u v y of
r e m
t
t h e
s
gg g m
n of g n
e a
bythers
s h
c
is
sp e e h , a n d
rea t e ss g in
A n d h
ha e co
e r e a a
ium o di ily d m
, , .
d incom ibl
I e a i ing r an a d
re a te of xc ll nc
a e up e e e e s a nd
um m
tr p h s , r n a r e e e p a t ok i con
e H e S p e w t h .
s a te abil i y t to the e b nc x c ly
h , a n d y et e a t cco ding a s, a r to
ok i con um m
v y ound c non of
e er s a ic b nc oug
ta ste a nd eth s , the e h ht to b e
a dd d
re sse He S p e w th. s bili y
a te a ju y
t to the r , a nd
x c ly
y et e a t as cco ding
a r v y ound c non
to e e r
, s o lly
a , tha t t ta
m
re a s
m
m
on wisdo g vity n d b uty ch ng d t th t up ml oqu nc —g nd
ra a ea a e o a s er
m m m
, ,
m
,
hu n th t a t con u a t ra re s
p id s a e e e e ra ra
m m m m
, , ,
p th tic t
a e ibl ; th liq uid i u u infi nitu gu th t Cic o
, e rr e e a e s e a er
ight h v cogni d ; th a st
e re t iu p h of n in th ze st e a er r a e ra re
m m m m m
Opp o tu nity Of his nob l p o w
r
S u ch l v tion bov hi s lf in cong s ion l d b t

e e a aw s
e
e
er .
e re s a e a e, a
m
,
ost unco on S o uch th w in th g t di cu ion e s ere e re e rea s ss s
m m
.
Of x cu tiv p ow
e e foll owing th e ov l of th d p o its which
er e re a e e s ,
th y wh h
e d th will n v fo g t nd so which t in
o ea r e e er r e a e re s
m mm
,
th t dition of h
e ra onl y B ut th w oth fi l ds of ea rers ere ere er e
m mmm
.
o to y on which und th influ nc of o unco on p rings

ra r , er e e e re S
of insp i tion h x p lifi d in till oth fo
ra e e n l oqu nc e e s er r s, a e e e
m
, ,
in which I do n t know th t h h s h d up rio o ong n a e a a a s e r a e .
Add ing s s by t ns Of thou nd in th op n i on th

ress a se e sa s e e a r, e
m e
m m mm m
u g nt p olitic l qu tions of th d y
r e
dit tions of n hou d vot d t th
a
a d ign d t l d th
a b nc of so
es
r e e
e a
o
, or
e re
es
e
e
ra
o
e
ea e
e
n tion l
m
a
m of so incid nt
a e ra , king th p og ss of th
n tion nd lifting hi up t V i w of wh t is nd wh t i p st
a a
or e
o a
e
e
ar
a
e
a
r re
a s a
e
m
, ,
m
,
a n d so indi tinct v l tion of th gl o y th t li s in th futu

e s re e a e r a e e re ,
m
or
t o
of so g t hi to ic l n
b — w h v l
m
th co n —
e
n d th t th n nd th
e
j u t bo n by th n tion t his
rea
a e t th bea r
s
of B unk e
r a
a
a
e
e,
a
s r
ere , a
e
e
e
a se
a o
er
mm m
Hill b fo ,
m e ston re w s l id nd
fini h d colu n th c ntu i l ook d on hi ; in F n uil H ll
s e
ou ning f thos with whos S p ok n writt n l oqu nc of
r or
e g in wh n f o th
r
e
e
er
e
e
r es
a
e
a
e
,
e
a
or
’
a a
e e
e
a e
r
e e
a
e
m
f do its ch h d
ree
mm
Ply o uth ; b fo
ston l f t on e noth b fo hi
e
oft n ound d ; on th Rock of
th C p itol of which th
ar
e
es
h ll n t b
re
o y h ll h v c s d t liv
a er
n e
a
e
so
a
re s
,
e
e
res
r s
e
a
ere s
a e
a
ea e
e
o e o
o
e
e
—in u ch s c n s unf tt d by th l w of fo n ic
m
mm e
hi ; o
m m
nt y d b t
s
m
ar
s e
e
rea
e
a e,
g t hi to ic l c n of A ic ound ; ll sy bols
e
ul titu d s uncount d lifting up th i y t
, p li
s
e
r
e re
a
e
s e es
e
e
a
er
s
a ar
re s or
e r e
a
ar
es
a
o
p
mm m
ast
—
n t m
of h gl o y nd t nd p ow nd fo tun th ; voic s of th
u
er
nh d ; h o p s b
r
c k
a
oning f o
ea r t h f u t
ar
u n t u n
a
s a e
er a
e
r
r
e ere
e re ,
e
o
e
m m
,
se n e o ti th t
s ighty int ll ct bo n up w d t h ight
e es a e e , r e ar o a e
a n d kindl d t n ill u in tion which w sh ll
e o a no o a e a see re ,
w ou ght u t s it w
r in n in t nt p ictu of vi ion w ning
o a ere , a s a a re s ar
m m m m
, , ,
p diction ; th p og
re s of th n tion ; th cont sts Of its s ;
e r re s e a e ra e ra
a m
th h oic d ths ; th
rt i
e
m
er otiv s t p trioti ; th
ea
p i l b y which th gl o ry h s b n g th
s
h ight n d—w ou ght ut in n inst nt
er a
xi s n d
d nd y b
e
e
e o
a
a
ee
s
a ere
e
a
a
a
a
e
e
wh n ll m m
e
e e
co d of u ind h ll di
a re r
rp ictu t f d o nl y
o r
o ,
S
a
a e
a , a re o a e
m
.
tm o re m
In l oo king ov th p u b l ic
k h w v n in th t ost sob nd
ar
ins of his o tory it is triking
o
er
e siv und e t nd
e
a
re a
er a
ra
as
,
e
s
ers a
m m m
,
ing nd n tu you g th d nd xp ss d th ch ct istic

a a re , se e a ere a e re e e a ra er
se nti nts nd th p ing ti of u A ric It is th st ong

e a e a ss e o r e a . e r
ol d k which sc nds b fo you ; y t u soil u h v n
oa a e e re e o r o r ea e a re
m
, ,
a tt t d in it s p f c tly s if it w
es e afl ow th t coul d g ow
er e a ere a er a r
m m
in no oth cl i t nd in no oth hou of th y
er
inst nc in n thing onl y It is p culi ity of so schools
e a e o
a e a d y
e
L t
.
er
a
r
e ar
e ea r or
e
a . e
APPE NDICE S 4 69
of l oqu nc th t th y body nd utt n t

e e e ly th indi
a e e m a er , o m ere e
vidu l g niu nd ch ct of th p k b ut n tion l con
sci o u n —
a
s n tion l
in which you li t n t th
e ss
e
ood hop
s a
a d d d p i
a a
a ra
era , a m er e S
, a
ea er,
e, a
mm
rea
a
,
a
a es
a
a r
p ok n hi to y of th ti s eTh o e s e s r e e ere
m
.
i
s n loqu nc Of n xp i ing n tion uch
a e e e t a e r a s as see s o
m m
,
sa dd n th glo iou p ch of D o th n ; uch s

e e r s s ee e s e es s a
b th g nd nd gl oo y f o vi ion of th p op h ts
rea es ra a r s s e r e
of th l t d y of I l nd Jud h ; uch g v
e as a s p ll t sra e a a s as a e a S e o
xp ion of G tt n nd of K o uth—th w t t
mm
th
u
e
s
which
e re ss
o t ou nful o t wful of th wo d which
—
r
th
, n
l oqu nc of p i hing
m
mm y s
ra
a
a a
e r
ss
s
e
mm s
a
ee es
a
,
tt er , n or y h a a ea r e e e e a er s
n tion
a .
Th i noth ere l oqu nc in which th n tion l con ciou n

s a er e e e, e a a s s ess
of youn g
er a
t b w n
o
a
c t in nd li itl futu
e o
a n inw m
n w d nd v t t ngth of t u t in d ling
or re
d glo ying in vic to i y t
ound ut by voic Of cl ion ch ll nging t con
, s s o
e
ess
e
as
a
re , a
as s re
e
ar
ar
,
,
r
a
s
e
a
r es
a zz
o
e
t t f
es th high t p i
or of th ; uch th t in which th
e es r ze ea r s as a e
ea
L nd of P o i ;
a
er
u ch m
l d of I l in it fi t d y hold up t th n w n tion th
sra e
th t which in th
r w ll ise gin d
s
s
rs
as
a s
a
s o e
e
e
e -
a
m
m a e
e
p ch c tt d by Livy ov th hi to y of th j tic
m
“
s ee es s a e re er e s r e a es
i of victo i p k th Ro
m n con ciou n of g owing ”
se r e s r es s ea s e a s s e ss r
a gg ndi ra nt which hould ub j ct th w o l d ; uch th t

ze e s s e e r s as a
th ough which
gf y
o h
r
i ing oldi
er r s
t th t ib un of h volution in th bull tin
F nc tol d t th wo l d h s
,
d
a
of
e
e rs ,
r
ra
es
e
e r re
o e r
,
er
e
rea m
e s
m
or
wh t i ou —c h
.
An d of thi kind o s ful hop ful t u ting s e a s rs eer e r s ,
m
, ,
as b fit youth nd p ing ; th loqu nc of t t b ginning

e s a s r e e e e a s a e e
t c nd t th fi t cl of p ow
o as e o in nc nd con id tion
e rs a ss er , e e e, a s era ,
a n d con ciou of i t lf s It i t no p u p o th t th y t ll y u it
s se s o r se a e e o
m
.
i in b d t t ; th t it p t k
s a of og nc n d v nity ; th t
as e a ar a es a rr a e a a a a
t u n tion l good b
r e a ding woul d n t know
a t kn ow ree o , or se e o ,
wh th e th n tion i o l d
er young ; wh th th tid of b ing
e a s or e er e es e
a re in th i fl w b b ; wh th
e r th cou o of th un or e e er e se rsers e s a re
s
y
inking lowly t
ea rs ,
t w s i d with j ou n y of thou nd
ju t bounding f o th O i nt unb th d High
or s
o re s , ea r e
r m
m m e r e
a r e
rea e
a sa
er
m
.
l w th n tho of t t d t in th con ciou n of n tion

a s a se as e e er e e s s e ss a s .
High l w th n thoer aof t t d t in th g n l fo

s a of se as e e er e e e e ra r s
th
A m xp ion Of th t con ciou n
e e r es s
ic find it o to nd p o t nd ti t t
er a
L t th downw d g Of
ct it p i it
s ra
a
rs a
s s
e s a
e ss . e
ar s s
e
o e re
ar
s S
a e
r
m
,
or g c nd ooth it dying ; b it ou t go u p with W b t

ra e a s e s e rs o e s er
t th Rock th M onu nt th C p itol nd bid th di t nt “
o e , e e , e a , a e s a
g n tion h il !
e e ra s a
”
m
Until th
ee
v nth d y of M ch 1850 I think it w oul d h v
b n cco d d t hi by n hn t univ l ccl i
a r
e se
e
e
ogn l
a
a a
ar
os
,
ersa
,
a a m as e
a
e ra
e
m
,
a nd xp iv of p ofound nd int ll ig nt conviction nd of

as e ress e r a e e a
m
e
e
m
nthu i
a
lov nd t u t
n hip t i d by
s
s as
v by p ti s nd wholly f
er
,
ar
v
r e
, lut d con p icu ou t t s
ny c i of ff i in g t n tion git t d
e ,
e, a
a
a
r s
r se s
,
ree
as e
.
a
e r sa
a rs a
e
rea
s
a ,
s s a e
a a e
ALB ERT J . B E VE RIDGE

TY AROUND AS S P ROS PE RI
m m
P
D l iv d T p o ry Ch i n of P og s iv
e ere as e ra a r a r re s e
N tion l C onv ntion Chic go Ill J u n
m
a a 19 1 1 e , a , .
, e, .
W st nd f e nobl r A ric W t nd f n undivid d

a or a e e a e s a or a e
m
.
Na tion W t nd f b o d lib ty full j ustic W

e s a or a r a er er a er e e
m
.
, .
t nd f
s a oci l b oth hood
or a g inst v g individu lis
s a r er as a a sa a e a
m m
.
W t nd f n int llig nt coop tion in t d of

e s a or a ckl s c e e era s ea a re es o
p t
e i tion W t nd f
. u tu l h lp ful n s in t d of utu l
e s a or a e es s ea a
h t d
a re W t nd f qu l ight s f ct of lif inst d of
e s a or e a r s a a a e ea a
m
.
c tch w o d of p olitic W st nd f th rul of th p op l as

a -
r s e a or e e e e e a
mm
.
p ctic l truth in st d of
ra a ningl s p t ns W t nd f ea a ea es re e e . e s a or
a re
p nt tiv gov n nt th t p nt th p op l W
rese a e er e a re re se s e e e e
m
.
b ttl f th ctu l ights of n

a e or e a a r a .
T c
st u ctiv
r
o
fo W
a rr
e m m
y ut u p incip l s w h v p l in p ogo
n t t down only th t which i
re r
o rof con r
e ea
e
o
e
ea r
a e a a r ra
a
m s
m
.
w ong nd ut of d t ;
r a n d wh w t
o down w nt a e a e re e ea r e ea o
buil d wh t i right nd fitt d t th ti
c ll of th p nt W
a
a
m
e m
nt m s W h k n t th
k l w s fi t condition s th y
rese
a
e ea
e
o
o
a
e
e a
es . e ar e
s a
o
e
e
m
.
a re a nd t th n ds of th p op l whee on th t d y
e ee e e e o a re ea r o -
a .
Th t w a y do thi w fou nd
e ap ty th o u gh which ll wh s e a ar r a o
b li v with u
a
e e e n w o k wi th u ;
ll gi nc t th p ty which th p op l th
e a e o
th w d cl
s ca
e lv s h v
u
ar
r s
e
or,
e
ra
e
er ,
e m
e
se
e
e
a re o
a
r
e
found d e
m m m
.
F this p ty co
or s f o th g ss oo ts
ar It h s g own f o e r e ra r . a r r
th oil Of th p op l h d n c iti
e s eIt h th vit l i ty of
e e s
’
ar e ess es . as e a
th p op l s t ong convictions Th p o p l h v w o k t b
’
e e e s r . e e e a e r o e
don nd u p ty i h t do th t w o k Abu will only
e a o r ar s e re o a r se
m
.
t ngth n it
s re idicul only h t n it g owth f l hood onl y
e , r e as e s r , a se
sp d it victory F y
ee s thi s p ty h s b n fo ing P ti s or e a rs ar a ee r ar e
m
. .
e xi t f th p op l ; n t th p op l f p ti s Y t f y
s or e e e o e e e or ar e . e or ea rs
th p ol itici n h v
e d th p op l do th w o k of th p ti
a s a e a e e e e e r e ar es
in t d of th p rti doing th w o k Of th p op l — nd th
s ea e a es e r e e e a e
p ol i tici n s wn th p ti sa Th p op l vot f
o n p rtye ndar e . e e e e or o e a a
find th i hop tu n d t sh on th i lip ; nd th n t p unish
e r es r e o a es e r s a e o
th t p ty th y vo t f
a
victo i h v co t b
r es
ar th o th ,
a
p t
e
y S O
e i t is t h
l y th p op l s v ng nc ; nd mt p
e
ti n
e
o
or
e m e
ere
er ar
e
.
e e
m
’
e
a
ea
ar
e a
sa
m m
a lw y th c t p ow s h v p l y d th i g
a s e se re er a e a e e r a e .
Lik oth f p op l
e o t of u s A ric ns
er re e p og e iv e, s e a a re r re ss e
or ction y lib l
rea con v tiv Th n ut l do n t
ar e ra or ser a e e e ra s o
m
.
,
count Y t t d y n ith Of th ol d p ti s i ith wholly

e o -
a e er e ar e s e er
m
.
p og
r iv re ss w ho ll y c tion
e or y D oc t ic p o l i tici n s n d re a ar e ra a a
m
.
offic e k s y t see ction ry D oc tic vot s th t th

er sa o rea a e ra er a e
D e oc tic p ty i ra ction ry nough t xp

vi w ; nd th y s y t p og iv D oc ts th t th D o
e s
c tic p ty i p og iv nough t xp
a
ar
e
ction y
a
s re a
o r
a
re ss
e
e m
e
o e
ra
ress rea
a e e m ar
ra ar s p rog s iv vi ws
r re ss e e o e ress re s e e .
The se ci l int sts which suck th p op l s ub t nc
S pe a ere e e e
’
s s a e a re
bi p ti n
-
m
ar Th y u s b oth p rti s
sa
gov n nt b hind u vi ibl gov n nt D oc tic nd
er e
. Th y
e
et h invi ibl
o
e
r s e
a e
er
.
m e
e a re
e m e
ra
s
a
e
m
.
R p ub lic n boss s lik

e a b oth offic s of this hidd n p ow
e a e a re r er er e er .
N o tt r h w fi c ly th y p t nd t fight n
a e o noth b fo
er e e re e o o e a er e re
p
l ction th y wo k tog th ft l ction And cting s this
e e
o l
nd n
i tic l con p ia
ee
cy
,
is b l
d d l w f th p op l s w lf
e
t d
e
l ys
a
u til t
ra
nd th
s
r
d f
o s
t
or
s
i
o
ty
u nd
of
e
a
e
er a
e
e
o
e
er e e
’
e a
e
, m
a re a
.
a e or
,
e
a
e ea
r
o,
a p p r e
hon t b usin s nd v n t n ct b d l w hurtful t th p op l s ’
es es a e e o e a a a s, o e e e
w lfe
m
nd o pp
a re a
It is this invi ibl gov n
iv t hon st bu in ss ress
nt which is th a l d ng r t
s e
e o
er m e
e
s e .
e re a e o
A ric n in titution s
th p op l w
e
e
e
a It c u d w o k t Chic g o in J un which
s
bl t s w no o wick d th n its skill ful
e e re a e
.
o ee ,
s r
as
e
m
r a
re
a
e a
e,
wo k v ywh
r
But n v n
m
e
ao
n d l w ys which th p o p l
er e re a
m n t bl t
ious condition ul ts f o th unn tu l
e e re ser
a a e
res
e
m m e a re
r
o
e
a e
a
o see
ra
.
a lign nt of th ol d p a ti s T d y w A ric ns
e e p ol iti r e
m o a e e a a re
-
.
c lly sh tt d by s ction li
a a ere Th o ugh th tw ol d p rti s e a s r e o a e
m
.
th t g dy of u hi to y is continu d ;
e ra e nd n g
o r tg g p hi
s r e a o e rea eo ra
ca l p t of th R p ub l ic is
ar p t d f o e oth p ts of th
e se a ra e r er ar e
R p ubl ic b y n ill ogic l p rti n solid rity
oth
e
Th S outh h e
s g nuin ly
ers a
n nd w o
a
n g nuin ly p og siv nd
as
ction y thos in oth p rt of ur
e e
m e
re a
a
a
a
ar
m
sa
e
as
as
a
e
e
.
er
r re s
a s
e a
o
country Y t f w ll known sons th sinc
. e , or nd h on e t -
rea , e se ere a es
south n p og iv s nd ction i s vot tog th in ingle
er r re ss e a re a ar e e e er a S
p ty which is n ith
ar p og iv n ction y Th y vot
e er r re ss e o r rea ar e e
m
.
,
a d d t dition nd l oc l f n t liv ing conviction nd n

ea ra a a a ea r , o a a a a
ti n l f ith Th y vot n t f
o a
th R p u b lic n p ty
e e
a th D
.
Th y w n t t b f a
oc tic p ty b ut g inst
e
m
f o thi condition ;
ar
e o
e
or
a
e
o
e
e
ra
ree r m
ar ,
s
a a
m
.
th y n b f f o it th ough th N tion l P og iv p rty

m m m
e ca e ree r r e a a r ress e a .
F th p ob l
or which A
e ric rf c t dy e cono ic
s e a a es o -
a a re e
and n tion l a Th y h v t do with a o j u t di tribution of
e a e o a re s s
m m m
.
p o p ity
r s Th y conc n th l iving of th p o p l ;
er . e n d th er e e e e a ere
fo th o di ct gov n nt of th p op l by th s lv
re e re re er e e e e e e es .
Th y ff ct th S outh x ctly
e a e th y ff ct th No th th
e e a as e a e e r e
m m m
,
E t as th W t
or It i n etifici l n d d ng
es ous condition s a ar a a a er
m m
.
th t p v nts th
a
er
re
no th n n nd w o n wh b li v th
r
th t i wh t th ol d p ti s do p v nt
a s
m
outh n n nd wo n f o cting with th
e
a
a a
e
e s
thing Y t ju t
ar
er
a
e
a
o
a
re
e e
e
e
a
e sa
r
e
a
. e s
e
thi s ut i—
.
N t onl y do o d t p ti nship ut ur N tion

es o -
o a e ar sa c o a
into tw g og p hic l ction ; it l o ob th N tion of a
o e ra a se s a s r s e a
p ic l
r
Th S outh onc w
e
t of th o u ght in w o king u t u n tion l d tiny
e ess a sse
ing on n tion l p ob l
f ou f b rill i nt nd constru ctiv think
a s nd t d y th a
e
S outh h
as
r inds s
a
e
m
m s
a
or
r
o -
a
a
o
a
e
o r a
as
a
m e
es
a
.
m
,
.
b ill i nt nd con t u ctiv s of Old B u t south n in t ll ct n

r a a s r e a er e e ca
m m
.
n t f
o ly nd fully id in t
ree a of p olitics th olving of th a er s e s e
m m
, ,
N tion s p ob l Thi i b c u of p ti n ction li

’
a r e s s s so e a se a ar sa se a s
m
.
which h nothing t do with tho p obl s Y t th p obl s

as o se r e . e e se r e
ca n b olv d onl y in t s of p olitics
e s e er .
APPENDICE S 4 73
th p
The
e o p l e gov
r
n n
e s t h
’
b n
mm
oot of th w ongs which hu t th p op l i th f ct th t
t k n w
e
ery f o t
r
h —
e th as ee
r
a e
e
a
e
a
e
r
s
mm
m
e
e
a a
e
invisibl gov n nt h u u p d th p op l g ov n nt
mm
’
e er e as s r e e e e s er e
m
.
Th i gov n e r nt u t b giv n b ck t th p op l And

er e s e e a o e e e so
m
.
th fi t p u p o
e rs of th P og iv p ty is t
r se k u th ul e r ress e ar o a e s re e r e
m
of th p op l Th rul of th p op l
m n th t th p op l
”
e e e . e e e e e ea s a e e e
th e lv h ll no in t s w ll
se es s a l ct ll c n did t f a e, a e as e e , a a a es or
Ofli including S n to s nd P id nt of th Unit d S t t

ce , e a r a re s e s e e a es
mm m
.
Wh t p fi t th it th p op l if th y do onl y th l cting whil

a ro e e e e e e e e e
th invi ib l gov n
e s nt do s th no in ting ?
e er e e e a
m of th p op l ns th t wh n th p op l l gi l to s
m m
’
Th ul e r e e e e ea a e e e e s e s a r
ak
re e
l w which hu t th p op l
e a
j ct it Th ul of th p op l
a th p op l th
e r n th t wh n th p op l
e
lv r s y
e
e
e
e
e me,
ea
e
s
e
a
e
e
e se
e
es
e
a
e s
’
m mm m
.
l gi l to s fu t p
e s a r re l w which th p op l n d th p op l
se o a ss a a e e e ee , e e e
th e lv se y p it Th rul Of th p op l
es a a ss n th t wh n e e e e e ea s a e
m m
.
th p op l p l oy do n t do th p op l w o k w ll nd
’ ’
e e e s e ees o e e e s r e a
m m
h on tly th p op l
n di ch
a
es
g s
,
p l oy
y di ch g th
w
a r es e
e
h do n
e
t do
x ctly
th i
e
w o k w
b u in s
ll
a
n d ees
s
o
ar e
o
e e a
e r
as a
r e
s
a
es
m
hon tly Th p op l s offi ci l th p op l v nt n t ’ ’
es . e e e a s a re e e e s ser a s, o
th p op l
’
e e t e s a s ers .
m m
W p og iv b li v in thi rul of th p op l th t th
p op l th
e
th p op l
e
e
e
e
lv
r
e
n ds w ll th p op l th
e s
’
re ss
y d l with th i
se
ee
es
wn d tiny Wh know
es a
lv ? Wh O
so
e e
ea
e
e
as e
s
e r o
e
e
e
es
e
e
m se
e
.
es
e
o
a
o S
e
p t
ai n t e s t h p o
a p l ? W h l ong
e u fi i
eng w h e ju t ? W h o so
m s er , o so s o
s owi
Tod y th
t se
e
olv th i wn p obl ?
a p ob l
o s
in th p nt st g of A ic n d v l op nt th p obl
re se
e
a
e r o
conc n th living of th p op l Y t
e se r
e
e mm s
r
er
er
e
a
s
e
e e m e
e
e se
e e
r
.
e m e
s
shoul d n t xi t in thi count y F
m
l nd
a
m ich ou
so r
o e
Ou fi l d as
s
n f
in ll th w o l d th i no
d hund d of illion
rs
s
r
r
e
.
s ca
or ,
ee
a e
re
r
s m ere s
s
m
. .
W h v e a o e in l th n th whol of Eu op Inv ntion

re e ra s a e e r e e
m
.
h as d a y th tu ning of thi v t n tu l w lth into up

e ea s e r s as a ra ea s
m
p li f
es ll th n d of
or a
o th n tw nty w o k could p oduc c ntu y g
re a
n On w o k tod y
e
e ee n p odu c
s
r ers
a .
m r
e
e a
r er
e
a
r
ca
a o
r e
m m
.
Th p op l living in thi l nd of gol d

e e e th o t d ing nd s a a re e s ar a
re s ou c ful on th glob C o ing f o th h di t tock of
r e e e r e ar es s
m m
.
e v y n tion of th ol d wo ld th i v y hi to y in th n w w o l d
er a e r e r er s r e e r
h as
m
Of ju tic
d A ic n p cul i p op l in cou g initi tiv lov
s
a
nd ll th
e a
e er
l nt of ind p nd nt ch ct
a
a s a
e e e m e
e
ar
s
e e
e e e
ra e,
m a ra
a
er
e, e
m
.
And co p d with oth p op l w a re v y f w in nu b rs er e es, e a re er e e
m m m
, .
Th ere a re only nin ty ill ion of u c tt d ov e contin nt s s, s a ere er a e
m
.
G er ny h ixty fi
a illion p ck d in count y v y uch
as S -
v e s a e a r er
s
m
ll th n T x s Th p op ul tion of G t B it in nd I
a er a
l nd coul d b t down in C lifo ni n d till h v o th n
a e se
e a . e
a
a
r a a
rea
s m r
a e
a a
re
re
a
e
w
nough oo f th p op ul tion of Holl nd If thi coun try
e re
tw lv hund d
e
thickly p op l d
as
e
r
B lgiu th
ill ion in t d of onl y nin ty
re
or
m
w oul d b
e
ill ion p
e
o th n
e
on
as
s ea
a
e m ere
a
e
.
mm e
s
re
e rs
a
s
within u bo d s
SO w h v
o
e
r
a e
r
m er
o th n nough t up p ly v y hu n b ing
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m m m
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m W
m nt
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k p o p ity t dy b ut t giv t th
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m
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th dignity of
re
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Wh t th n i th p og s iv n w t th qu tion ? W
a , e , s e r re s e a s er o e se es s e
a re a bl t giv it S p cific lly nd conc t ly Th fi t wo k

e o e e a a re e . e rs r
b fo u i th
e re iv l of h on t b u in s F
s s bu in i noth
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m m
.
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e s r a a ra e a es a e e e e
m m m m m
.
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"
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a s a ee er r es a e
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Y t du ing this v y ti
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or s
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l w n w t nd no tw b u in
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APPE NDICE S 4 77
rupt Ind d fo ign bu in

h d u ch
a
.
l w
s
ee n d cl
,
d ini t d th y coul d n t do bu in
a a so a
re
m
th t if th i cou nt i sm
t ll
s e ss
s ere
e
e
e a re
o
a , e r
s ess a
r e
a
m m
, , .
E v n thi i n t ll
e B y th d c
s s of u cou t und th
o a e e ree s o r r s, er e
b n lic n d in th p ctic l outcomt go on doing v y

.
Sh ern l w th tw ighti t t u t on th h v ctu lly

a a e o es r s s ea r a e a a
co m m
,
ee e se , e ra a e, o e er
w ong th y v
r itt d Und th d c
e e er of th cou t e . er e e ree s e r s
th Oil
e n d T ob cco T u t a till n i p ic un ju tly nd
a r s s s ca ra se r es s a
bu in m
l
a r ea dy h v don Th y till
a e n i u w t ed tock nd
so e s ca ss e a e re s a
C m
.
su ly will do
re Th y till n th ottl oth
so n nd
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om m
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e S to e p ny n w i doing ar Th y till res o a o s so . e s
ca n co up t u p ol itic
rr n d thi o ntr indul ging in th t s a s e a re a
p ctic
ra
Th p op l e
e .
ti d of thi
e ock b ttl with c i in l c p it l
e a re re s m a e r m a a a
om bout th t u t qu tion th t m m
.
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e o b ut th y do w nt t g t
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thing
thing don
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Wh t good do it do ny n t a
e a
d in hi m
ount t o
o ning es
e r s
m a
es
a o rea
a a s
s
o s
r
e
m
.
th t th cou t h v di olv d th Oil T u t nd th n ”

p p a er a e r s a e ss e e r s , a e
rea d in hi v ning p p th t h u t th ft p y high
s e e a er a e s erea er a a er
l bo wh m
p ic f
r hi
e il th n v
or b fo ? Wh t good do it do th
s o a e er e re a es e
a
“
m
rer ok hi p ip t b told th t th cou t h v
o s
m
di olv d th Tob cco T u t nd y t find th t h u t p y
ss
high
e
”
e
es
ho t w ight p ck g of
a
s
r
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o
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a
a
e
e m r s
s
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a
e
th e sa p ic f
e or a th er r e or e sa e s r e a a e
-
tob cco ? Y t ll thi i th p ctic l

a e ul t Of th uit g in t
a s s e ra a re s e s s a a s
th
suff
tw g
e se
S u ch b u in
foers
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m
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a
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tion do n t f t n l g l b ll n d ch in up on th i b u in
s o as e e no a a a a e r s e ss -
m m
,
th y p ut wing on it flying f t
e Riv l n tion do n t t ll th i
s s ee a a s o e e r
th p ntit nti y m
.
bu in s n th t if th y go fo w
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e
th i b u in
e r
e
m m
n th t
s
y b th i go l
e arN o ! Riv l n tion t ll
l ong th y do hon t bu in th i
e ss e
a
a
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as
a .
m es
a
s
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gov n nt will n t hin d but will h lp th s er e
m
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Th
B ut th
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do ny vil th t u bu in
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d tock ch t th p op l in ny w y p i on c ll will
es
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m
.
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s s s ic n bu in w nt ; ju t
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thi
s
s wh t th
s i m
thi i wh t di hon t A
s
n tion l R p ublic n p l tfo m

A a
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es
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es
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e
a
w woul d giv th
e m mm a
;
e of 1908 p l dg d th p op l th t
n d ju t thi i e p o t nt p l dg th
e
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.
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ese re r s , so a o es er a s e e
m m
,
P og s iv p ty will
r re s p li h
e N ith
ar vil int t n a s e er e e res s or
m
.
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ess e a e ca s er e r o r r e o e
a re f f o both nd f n ith
re e r a ea r e er .
m
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We n eabu in l on u book
to p u t n e w c s ess a ws ou r sta t te whi h s
c nno do W mn m
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c rea se A mic n oi m
nx g
The e t rea t
ou r ta riffs
er a
bu in
The ta r ff
s
iy
u
e ss re
c ng
p r sp er t is to ha
kn
r
st b e ta e
u we
m v
e the
of oli ic
ou t
dil y
st ha e to stea
od of buil ng
eth
d
di
t s a n d trea te
in
m
.
as a b u in qu ion in d of
s e ss oli ic l qu ion
e st stea as a p t a est . Here
t ofo w h v don ju t th oth thing Th t i why A ric n
re , e a e e s e er . a s e a
b u ines i up t v y f w y
s s by unn c
s y t ifi up h v ls
se e er e ea rs e essa r ar ea a
a nd i w k n d by unc t inty in th p iods b tw n Th
s ea e e er a e er e ee . e
g t t n d of b u in i c t in ty ; but th onl y thing c rt in
rea es ee s ess s er a e e a
m
a bout u t iff i un c t inty
o r ar s er a .
Wh t th n h ll w do t
a k u t ifi ch ng t ngth n
e s a e o a e o r ar a es s re e
m
m
, ,
bu in in t d of w k ning b u in ? Riv l p ot ctiv ta riff

s e ss s ea ea e s ess a r e e
n tions h v n w d th t qu tion C o on n has n
s w
a
d it
ere N xt t u n dt
a
k th S h
e a
e
s
n l w od n
ere
o o r
a
ee om m m
es
a e
.
e er a
se
a
se
er
a
m m
m
.
,
und t nd bl nd j u t u g t t fi c l n d i g nuin
ers a a e a s o r rea e s s a ee s a e e,
m
,
p er n nt non p ti n t riff co i ion

a e ,
-
ar sa a ss .
Fiv y e
g w h n th fight
ea rs a f thi s g t b u in ess
o, ea s u e e or rea s re
w as b gun in th S n t th bo s of both p rties w
e e g in st
e a e e sse a e re a a
mm
it
mm m. S w h n th l t
o,
ss
i ion of th t iff w s on nd
ini t tion w oul d n t id th i

s ra fo
e
co i ion ight h v b n w itt n into th t iff l w th d
Wh n tw y
e t rifi
as
l te
a
o
e
rev
a
ee
s
r
s re
e
e
rm
ar
e
e
a
ar
o
a
a ,
ea rs
a
e a
a
a r
m
.
th d ini t tion up p o t d it w kly th b i p rti n bo ss

e a s ra s r e ea e -
a sa
m
,
sy t kill d it Th h s n t b n nd will n t b ny
s e e ere a o ee a o e a
m
.
sinc nd h on
e re a t fi rt by th ol d p ti to g t t riff
es e o e ar es e a a co
i sion Th h s n t b n nd will n t b e ny sinc
s . ere a nd o ee a o a e re a
480 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE A IN K G
in th S inc en ct nt of sound t riff p olicy Th Prog es
e ere a m e a
m a e r
m m
.
siv p ety onl yar n ch ng th t riff s it ust b ch ng d

ca a e e a a e a e .
Th s s p l s of th
e e a re fo in th l ws of bu in ess th t
a e e re r s e a s a
w int nd t p ut on th N tion s st tut boo ks
mm m
’
e e o B ut th e a a e . ere a re
oth qu tion s i p o t nt n d p ssing th t w n t
,
_
er es s a r a a re a e ea o
mm
a n w by ound nd hu n l ws Chil d l bo in f ctori s
ill
s er s
in s nd w t hop s u t b nd d throughout th
s, e a
a
s m
m
ea -
s
a e a
s
.
e e e
a r a e
e
,
R p ub lic S u ch l bo i
m
is
e
p v nts th
re
ci
a
e
r
. ci g inst chil dhood b c us it
g owth of no l nhood nd wo nhood It
e r
g in t th N tion b c us it p r v nts th g owth of a
e a a s
a
e
mm
r
a
s a
r
r
a
e a
e
a
a
e
a
e
a
e
m e
a
r
e a
.
e
h o t of chil d n into st ong p ti ti

s re n d int ll ig n t ci ti ns r , ar o c a e e ze .
Onl y th N tion n top thi indu tri l vic

e a Th S t tes ca s s s a e . e a
c nn ot stop it Th S t t n v top p d ny n tion l w ong
a e a es e er s e a a a r
m
.
a n d chil d l bo is n tion l w ong T l v it t th S t t l one

a r a a a r o ea e o e a e a
m m
.
i u nj u st t b u in ss ; f
s if so S t t stop it nd oth r S t tes
o s e or e a es a e a
m
do n t bu in
th b u in s
e
o , n of th
n of th l tt
s es
sfo
mm m ess t di dv nt g with
b c us th y ust s ll in th s
e
e
e a
e
er ,
r
e a
er a re a
e m
m e
a sa
e
a a e
e a m e
m m
k t goods d by nhood l bo t nhood w g s in
ar e
co p tition with goods d by chil dhood l bo t chil dhood
e
a e
a
a
e
a r
m
a
a
a
r a
a e
w g s
f or
a eT l v it t th S t t
. o i u nj u t t
ea
chil dhood l bo in ny S t t l ow s nhood l bo in v ry
a
e nhood l bo ;
r
o
a
e
a e
a es s
er m s
a
o a
a r
a
e e
m
r
e e
mm
St t b c u
a e, th p odu c t of c hil d h ood l bo in ny S t t
p t s with th p odu c t of
e a se e
nhood l bo in v y S t t Chil
e r
r
a a r
a r
e er
m
a
a e
a e co
m m
.
d n w o k s t th l oo in S outh C olin
re r er a ns b yon ts
e s ar a ea a e
a t th b et of n nd wo
rea s s n wo k in M chus tts wh e a e r ers a ssa e o
m
st ik
m
m
r f living w g
e
o p ow t th i
re
or L t th S t t s do wh t th y
; b u t l t th N tion do wh t it houl d
er o
a
e r ar
n nd
es . e e
e
a e
e a
a e
a
ca
s
, a
m m
a n d cl n u fl g f o this st in
ea se o r a r a .
m M od n indu st i li
Wo n n w w g e
er h s ch ng d th
n in f ctori s sto
o a re
st tu s of w o
r a
n d o th
a
n
pl c s
s
e ea r ers
a a
a
e
e
e
re s a
a
er a
e
e
.
mmm m m
,
of toil In hou of l bo nd ll th p hy ic l conditions of in rs a r a a e s a
m
.
du t i l ff o t th y
s r a e u t co p t with n And th y u t do
r e s e e e e s
m
.
it t l ow
a w g th n
er n c iv w g which in ost c s s
a es a e re e e -
a es , a e ,
m m
re
mm
It i i
n t nou gh f
This is inhu
s
o th
e wo n w o k s t liv on or
n nd ind c nt It i un oci l nd un cono ic

o l nd unp t iotic T ow d w o n th P og s iv
ra a
a a
ese
a r
e e
e
.
r er
s
ar m m o
s
e
a
e
a
.
e
e
r re s
.
m m
.
p ty p ocl i
ar th c hiv l y of th S t t
r a s W p op o t p e a r e a e e r se o ro
mmm m
.
t t wo
ec nw g n by uit bl l w n x p l Of which
e a e ea r ers s a e a s, a e a e
ini u w g f w o n wo k s— w g which sh ll
-
is th e a e or e r er a a e a
m
b high nough t
wo
e
n toil a
et l t b u y cl o thing food n d sh l t
er
o a f r th ea s
m
, a e er o
m
e
m
.
Th c
hund d doll s
e
re
of th g d is n of th ost p p l x ing p obl s
er
a re
of od n lif H w is th wo king n with l s th n fi
y nd wi th ar
e .
e a
ning p ow w ning as his

a
o
e
ea r, a
o e
e r
ea r
e
m a
er
er
e
e s
a
r
a
e
v e
o wn y s dv nc t p ovid f g d p nts oth

ea r a a e, l tiv s
o r e or a e a re or e r re a e
in ddition t furni hing food sh lt nd cl othing f his wif
m
a
a
a
n d chil dr n ?
n who s
e
o
Wh t is t b co of th f ily of th l boring
t ngth h s b n s p p d by x c ssiv e toil nd wh
e s re
a
s
a
o
ee
e
,
m
a
e
e
e
er a
e
e
a m e
or
e
a
a
e
o
APPE NDICE S 481
has ee thr w
lk
i e these we
y
The a re e st
u t n w if w
qu ion t which th
m
b n o n up on th indu t i l c p h p ? It i qu stion
t ju tify f
s
of p op ls
a in titution
ch in d
o
s
e
er
s r a
e m
e a re
a sse s
s ra
o s
ea
e
re e
e a re
s
s
a
e
e as
s
s
.
to body of d th And th y
a qu tion which oth nd
ea . e a re es s er a
p oo
m rer
W p og
n
e
t
mm
ion s
iv r
n aw ing
n th t A ic h ll nsw th
ress
a re a
es
s
ea Th
er
a
.
m er a s a a er e e
m mm
.
P ogr iv p ty i th h lp ing h nd t tho who

re ss e ar s viciou e e a o se a s
indu t i li h
mm m
s r a
tion of u n tu l
m o
i d nd c ip p l d W e f th con v
s
ou c ; b u t v n o w
r a
as
ra
a
f
re s th con
e
r es
a r
e
e
e
. e ar
re
or
e a re
e
or
se r
e
a
ser
mm
a re
wo m ma
e
a
mm
v tion of hu n lif Ou fo t w t p ow nd in l
v lu bl nd u t b v d f o th p oil ; b ut n
n nd chil d n a
a e a
o v lu bl nd th y t
a
re
s
utb
a re
e .
e sa
r
re
e
re s s ,
a
r
a e a
a er
e s
e
er a
ers
oo , s
e ra s
e
e
,
m
,
s v d f o p oil
mmmm mm
a e th r e S ers .
B c u e a Wo n se u ch n e p t of u as cono ic as e a re a ar o r e
m m
, ,
a nd oci l lif
s wo a n u ch e, n houl d h v th voting
e as as e S a e e
mm m m
, ,
p ow ter olv ll cono ic nd oci l p obl

o s e a eV ot f a s a r e s es or
mm
.
wo n e th i a re tt of n tu l ight lon ; vot

e rs as a a er a ra r a e es
f wo
or n houl d b th ie S tt of p olitic l wi do l o
e e rs a s a a er a s a s .
A w gs a n th y houl d h lp t
e ea r
-
ers ,olv th l bo p obl ;
e S e o s e e a r r e
m
as
le mm
p op ty ow n
;
r
m
wiv as m nd
er th y h oul d h lp t olv th t p ob
ers
oth th y houl d h lp t olv ll the p obl
es a e rs
e s
e s
e
e
o
os
s e
ea
e ax
r
r
e s
m
th t conc n th
a ho er An d th t n ll n tion l p ob
e e . a ea s a a a r
e s
If it i
m m
l ; f th N tion bid t th fi id
m
or e a
id th t wo n c nn ot h lp d f nd th N tion in ti
s sa a
a
e
es a
a
e
e
re s
e e
e .
e a e
mm
N tion d tini
a
m m m
of w nd th fo th t th y houl d n t h lp t d t in th
ar a
’
ere
in ti of p c th n w i th t wo n
s es es
re a
e
e s
ea e,
o
e a
e
s er
o
s
e er
a
e
e
e
m
s uff nd v in ti of conflict
N tion
a
er a
m
u k t And th d p n w i th t tho wh b th
s e s
oldi ’
.
s s
ser e
uch th N tion d f nd
u ch
ers a re
e
n wh c y
ee
th ir
as
e
er a s er
e
as
s
a
a
’
s
as
se
e e
e
o
ers a s
o
ea r
a rr
e
e
s on
mm s .
m
m
Publ ic p ok
mm n f th invi ibl gov n nt y th t ny
S es e or e s e er e sa a a
th
a
m
of u fo
bu
e sa
o
m r re
B u t in v y c
ses .
uncon titution l Th
e
r
thing of v y ff o t th N tion h
wh th
s a re
e
kind of n id
d t nd n tion l
er
in th cou t t th b ll ot
e er
e
s
a se ,
r e
e
a
a
.
er
e sa
as
e
e
a e
r s, a
o e
e
a
e a
sa
a
box , on th b ttl fi ld th vit lity of th Con titution w s

or e a e e , e a e s a
vindic t d a e .
Th P og e iv p ty b li v th t th C on titution i living
r ress e ar e e es a e s s a
thing g owing wi th th p op l g owth t ngth ning with th ’
r e e e s r s re e e
m
, ,
p op l t ngth iding th p op l in th i t uggl f lif

’
e e s s re a e e e e r s r e or e,
m
,
l ib ty nd th p u uit of h pp in
er a e p ittin g th p opl t
rs a e ss , er e e e o
li
t ll th i n d
ee
ev e s
a
th t th C on titu tion i
a
condition ch ng Th Op p o ition b
e r
d d fo
e
ee s as
hol ding b ck th
s s a
s
ea
a e
m
.
r
e s
a
e
e
m
,
p op l g owt h h ckl ing th p op l t ngth b ut giving

’ ’
e e s r , s a e e e s s re a
f h nd t
re e a lign p ow th t p y up on th p op l Th fi t
o a e rs a re e e e e rs
m
.
w o d of th C on titution
r s W th p op l
e s nd th y d cl a re
“
e e e e,
”
a e e a re
th t th C on titution
m pu p o t fo p f ct Union n d
“
i
’
a e s s r se s o r a er e a
t p o ot th g n
o r l w lf e TO do ju t th t i th v y
e e era e a re .
”
s a s e er
h ea rt of th p og iv c u e r re ss e a se .
The Pr og ssiv p ty ts n w the vita l ity of th C n
re e ar a sser a e e o
stitution W b li v in th t u doctrin of st t rights
m
’
e e e e e r e e a es
m m
.
,
ic fo bids th N tion f o int rf ring with st t s aff irs

_
wh h
’
r e a r e e a e a
m
,
a nd a s l o fo bids th st t s f o int rf ring with n tion l ff i s

r e a e r e e a a a a r
m
.
The co bin d int llig nc nd co p o it consci nc of th

e e e e a s e e e e
A ric n p op l is
e
stitutiOn do s n t p
a i si tibl s it i right ous ; and th C n
e e
v nt th t fo c f o wo king ut th g n
e o
as
re
rre
e
s
a me a
r e
s
r
e
r o
e
e
o
e
e ra
mm m
l w lf
F o r
e a re
e
.
c rt in sou c s w h p ch nts b out th d ng

a r e e ea r m rea e a e a er
A m
of u fo s t A ric n institution Wh t is th p urp os of
o r re r
ic n institutions ? Why w s this R p ublic st bli hed ?
er a
o e a
a
s .
e
a e
e
mm a s
e
m
Wh t do s th fl g t nd f ? Wh t do th thin gs
Th y
a
e
e
ea
e
n th t th p op l sh ll b f t co ct hu n
a
a
n?
s a
e e
or
e a
a
e re e
ese
o rre
ea
a
m m m
a b us s
Th y
e
e
.
n th t n wo n nd child n sh ll n t b e d ni d
ea a e e a re a o e e
m m
,
th opp ortunity t g o w st ong

e nd nob l r o r r er a e .
Th y n th t th p op l sh ll h v th p ow t a k u
e ea a e e e a a e e er o e o r
a
m
l nd ch d y b tt p l c t liv in
Th y
ea
n th
e
a a
liti s of lib ty nd n t th c d ic s of
ea
e
e re a
er
e
a e o
er
e .
a o e a a m e
th o ry
e
m
Th y e
.
n th ctu l p og ss of th r c in t ngibl it s of
ea e a a r re e a e a em e
a
mm
d ily living nd n t th th o tics of b n di p ut tion
If th y do n t e
a
n th s things th y o
o
s sou nding b eas
e
e e
e re a rre
e a re a
s a .
ra s
a
whol somm m
nd tinklin g cy b l s
A N tion of t ong up ight
e ho
a n
li ing th b t id l s ;
e
nd w o
es,
a
n ; a N tion of
s r
N tion who sre a
.
z
r
e
e
es
a
ea
m e
a a
'
a
e
p o w is g
er l o ifi
h p op l n d n d w nt
d by
re
its j u st ic
r n d
mw ho s j
e
of sco s of ill ion of G d f ing p op l th t is th N tion
u t
—
ic is th consci nc
And th t is th N tion th y sh ll
s o -
e a
ea r e
e
e
s e
a
e
e a
e e
fi
e e e ee a a a e a e a
m m
.
av e
m
.
F n v doubt th t w A ric ns will k good the l

or e er a e e a a e rea
r
eaning of u in titutions N v doubt th t w will solv in
ight ou n ss nd wisdo
e s e
o r
v y v xing p obl
a
s
N v doub t mm .
e er
e er
e r m a
e
e
e er
e,
m
.
,
th t in th
a n d th h nd f o e e b ov th t l d s u up w d will
, e a r a e a ea s ar
p v il ov
re a th h nd f o er b l ow th t d g us downw d N v r
e a r e a ra s ar . e e
doub t th t w
su
An d s
re
,
ind d N tion who G d is th L o d
a
n v doub t th t b v f i
o,
e a re
m
e
ly will co ; th t b tt nd bright r lif f ll b n th
er
e
cl n A ic a
a
ee
a
a
e
a
a
er a
a ra er,
se
a rer ,
e
o
e
ea
or a
e
er
r
m
e
.
er
ea
th fl g u ly will b
e a s chi v d Thos wh n w scoff soon will
re e a e e . e o o
p y ra Tho s wh n w dou b t soon will b l i v

e o o e e e
m m
. .
S oon th night will p e ; nd wh n t th S ntin l on th a ss a e o e e e e
m
,
ra p t of Lib rty th
ar s nxious k W tch n what of th
e e a as :
“
a a , e
night ? hi n w will b L th o n p p th
m m m
” “ ”
s a s er e o, e r a ea re .
K now ing th p ic w
m
u t p y th s crific w u t k
m
‘
e r e e s a e a e e s a e,
th b u d ns w
e rust c y th
e ults w ust ndu know
e
— a rr e a ssa
,
e e re
ing full w ll th co t —
,
y t w
e nli t nd w nli t f r th w r
e s e e e s a e e s o e a
m
.
,
F or w know th j u tic of u c us
e nd w know t its
e s e o r a e, a e , oo ,
c rt in triu p h
e a .
THE ART OF PUB LIC S PE AKING
m
de rsta nd a nd I did d l ook
not a re a t hi f m ould co
for ea r I sh
m be e
mm
the
I
vic i of no
did l ook
t a
, a nd th
the r st r
e in n
oy .
und
sta t I t r e
l ou g
B ut , a th
m
y u on
h I a
y e es p
o n
nO
o'
t a w
tha t w rthy
a ,
guid
I rese rv e for m
e he wa s off a a g in
y p a rt
; id
Sa
icul f i nd
ar r e
ill ll you o
he , I w
s!
”
te
n u ing y f
S O the co nt
ic
a st ry nowwh h
sel m
m
,
icul f i nd li n d v l y b n gl d did
‘
a p a rt ar r e , I ste e , a n d I ha e a wa s ee a I .
Pers a i n by
id
He sa the re
m
m n
the a e
onc liv d
e
of
e
fd
Al Ha e
fo
no t fa r r
id
i .
ndu
the R v er I
He sa tha t Al Ha e
nci n
f do n d
s an a
-
w e
e t
m
.
a v yl g f
er ar e ar i o c d g in fi l d
w th r ha r s , ra e g dn
s a nd ar e s He
—
.
wa s a con n d
te t e a d we a h
n l y t a con n d b c u
n te te e a se he wa s
'
l y
m
l yb c u con n d
,
One da y there
.
wea th , a n d wea th e a se h e w a s te te
m
.
vi i d i
s te f
th s Old a r er o ne of o nci n u dd i
th se a e t B i h st p r e sts ,
do n by
m
Al Ha fe d s fi re a nd t ol d old f
’
a nd he sa t w tha t ar er how
a
A
mi o l d of ou
th s w r
m me re
l ig y u
b nk of fog ic
a
ht thr st his
rs wa s
, wh
fing in o
da e
h is s e t
er
.
t the
id
He sa
ci n ific lly u a
b nk of fog
a
i o ld
tha t th s w r
id
tr e , a n d he sa
nbg n
onc
a nd the
wa s
tha t the
e a
e
Sl o ly
w to ov e his fing ound
er a r g du lly inc
a nd ra a to rea se the
S p ee d of his fing un il l
er ild
t a t a st he wh r e tha t a b nk of fog in o t
a s
m
ing
olid b ll of
a
its w a y thr
fi re , a nd it w e t r
oug o h ther
n olling oug
m thr
co ic b nk of fog un il cond n d
s a s
univ
h the bu n
t it
erse
e se
r ,
m
,
the oi u
st re w th i ou f ll in fl ood of in u on
t , a nd e s ra p d
the hea te
m
uf c
s r a e a nd
bu rst thr ou g
cool d
h the
e the ou
cooling c u
dcu
tw a r r st n The the
.
r st a n d thre w u p the
in n l fl
m
oun in
te r a a
ta s a nd
es
m m
th s m
d
a e the h
i in n l l d
ter a
ill of
s
e te
v ll y of i ond ful o l d
the a e
a ssbu
th s w
rst o ut a nd
er
cool d v y e
w r
m er
of ou rs
®ickly it
If
s
.
bce a
a nd
e g ni
ra te ; tha t wh h
l quickly gol d
e ss , ;
ic cool d l quickly b c
m
e
f gol d di ond
a n d a ter
ess
a m m
ilv
e a
d
s we re
e S
a e
er ;
.
m
Sa id the ol d i
p r e st , A
“
di ond
a cong l d d o of unlig
is a ea e r p s ht
”
.
i
Th s is a s e ti ci n fic u l o tr th a s kno
You a ll di ond
w tha t a a
—
m
.
u c bon c u lly d o i d unlig

is p re a r a t a e p s t e s h t id no
a nd he sa a ther
mm
,
th ing oul d
a nd h
a nd h
I w
ig
ig
hest
he st
not
of odG
G
fo gr et : he
s
’
of od ni l c ion
’
s a
d cl d
in l c ion
e ra
a
e a re
rea t
rea t s
di ond
tha t a
o n
s, a s a w
u o
a
m a
l
l
is the a st
is the a st
I s pp se tha t is the
m
.
rea s on Why the tw o ha e s h a v u c liking c o

for ea h ther And the
m m
.
i
Old p r est t ol d fd
Al Ha e tha t if he ha d a handful of i ond d a s he
coul d u cp r ha se a wh e ol coun y i
tr , a nd w th a in of di ond
e a s he
coul d l c
m i g
p a e his h
the r re a t w e a th l
c il d n u on on
re
fd
p thr
Al Ha e hea r a ll ad
ou g
e s thr
bou di ond t am
influ nc of
h the e
s a nd how
e
m
.
uc y o n
h the w e re w rth , a nd w e t to his b e d tha t nig oo
ht a p r
an — not tha t he ha d l o ny ing
st a th oo b c u
b ut p r e a se he wa s
mm m
,
di con n d
s te te a nd di con n d b c u
s te te e a se he th ou g oo
ht he wa s p r .
He sa : id “
I wa t an in of di ond
e a s!
”
k
S o he la y a wa e a ll
m
nig
m m
ht , a nd ea r
kno f o x i nc
w r
ly in
e p er e
the o ning oug
r
i
s
e tha t a p r e st whe n
i
ht out the p r e st
k n d ly in
a wa e e ea r
Now I
m
.
the
sa
m
id
r
m
o ning c o
to hi ,
is r ss .
Will you ll te
ok i
He a w e tha t p r est out
e where I ca n
of
find di ond
d
a
his rea s a nd
s?
”
mm The
i
m
m id i ond W do you n i di ond ”
p r e st sa , D a s? ha t wa t w th a s?
n
I wa t to b e i n ly ic
e se r h, id sa Al Ha te d , don
b ut I t
’
APPE NDICE S 485
r
kn ow wh t go W ll
e re
di m
id th p i t if you will find a
iv th t un ov whit nd b tw n high ount ins in tho
er a r
o
s
.
er e sa
e , sa
e ee
e r es
m
,
a se
Pl nty of th m p l nty of th m
,
sa nd you will lw y
s ond D you a ll y b li v
a s se e a s
”
o rea e e e
ll y u h v t do i ju t go n d find th m m
.
th t tha i u ch iv ?
e re s s a r
; er e e e e
m
,
th n yo u h v th
”
a o a e o s s a e e a e e
m m
, .
Al H f d id I will go S O h ol d hi f
a e sa
“
coll ct d his ”
e s s ar e e
ch of di m
.
, ,
on y t int t l ft hi f il y in ch g of n ighbo nd
e a e re s e s a ar e a e r, a
m
m
,
a w y h w nt in
a e eond H b g n v y p op ly t sea r a s . e e a er r er , o
y ind t th M ount in of th M oon Aft w d h w nt

a e a s e er ar s e e
m
.
,
ar ound into P l tin th n w nd d on into E u op nd t a es e, e a e re r e, a a

l t wh n hi on y w ll p nt nd h w in g w tch d
as e s e as a S e a e as ra s, re e
c m oll ing th ough th Pill

,
n n d p ov
e ss a ty h tood on th ho er of th t b y in B c lon
e s e s re a a ar e a,
m
,
S p in wh n
a tid l w v e a a of a e a e r r e a rs
m m m
,
H cul er nd th p ooes a fli t d uff ing n coul d n t i t

e r a c e s er a o re s s
m
,
th ewful t a p t tion t c t hi e lf into th t in co ing tid

a o as se a e,
a nd h nk b n th it fo ing c t n v t i in thi l if
e sa e ea s a re s , e er o r se s e
a g n ai
top p d th c m
.
Wh n th t ol d guid h d told
e a th t v y d to y h e a m e a er sa s r e
on n of th oth c m l nd I m b thinking t m m
,
s e l I w iding nd w nt b ck t fix th b gg g
e a e as r a e a o e a a e
o e e er y lf a e s, a re e er o se
m
d t b no b ginnin g m
,
“
Why did h v th t f hi p ti ul f i nd ? Th
e re se r e a or s ar c ar r e s
”
ere
see e o iddl e nd — nothing t it Th t
e , e or e o . a
w asth fi t to y I v e hrs d to l d s d in which th h o w s
r e er ea r o r rea e er a
d d Wh n th guid c mb ck nd took up
k i ll d in th fi t ch p t
e I h d b ut n ch p t
e rs of th t to y
a er a o e a er a s r
of m y c m m
.
a nd th h o w e er as ea e e e a e a a
m
.
th h l te a l g in h w nt ight on with th
er a e a a e e r e sa e
th t c m
,
s to y r H . id th t Al H f d ucc o l d hi c l ut into
e sa a a e
’
s s e ss r e s a e o
th g d n t d ink
e ar nd
e o l p ut it no down into th
r a as a a e s se e
cu iou fl h of light f o th nd of th h ll ow t mnd m

,
cl w t of th g d n b ook Al H f d ucc o notic d

ea r a er e ar e r a e
’
s s ess r e a
r s as r e sa s e s a s rea , a
rea ching in h p ull d ut bl ck ton h ving n y of light
e e o a a s e a a e e
cu iou p bbl into th hou nd l ft it on th m

th t a fl ct d ll th col o of th inbow nd h took th t
re e e a e rs e ra , a e a
r s e e nt l th n w nt e se a e e a e e e
m m m
,
on hi w y nd fo got ll bout it A f w d ys ft th t this

s a a r a a e a a er a
c min t vi it hi ucc o wh n h w th t fl h of light

.
,
sa ol d p i t wh tol d Al H f d h w di ond w
e r es o d a e o a s ere a e,
r
m
a
m
f o th m
e o
nt l H u h d up n d id H i di ond
e a
s
e
s s
e r s
e ss r ,
e a
e
sa
e sa
“
e re
a
s a
as
a m
m
.
,
h ere is di ond ! H s Al H f d tu n d ?
a a No no ; Al a a e re r e
” “
,
H f d h s n t tu n d n d th t i n t di
a e a o re ond ; th t i noth
r e a a s o a a a s
m
ing but ton ; w found it ight ut h in u g d n
m
”
a s e e B ut r o ere o r ar e .
I know di ond wh n I it id h ; th t i di ond ! ” “ ”

a a e se e sa e a s a a
m
,
Th n tog th e th y u h d t th g d n nd ti
e er d up th
e r s e o e ar e a s rre e
mm
whit
m m nd with th i fing
e sa
di cov d th di ond m
s nd fo und oth
o v lu bl di ond th n th fi t nd thu id th guid
re a a e
o b utiful
a
e r
s
e rs a
a e rs a
ers
s , sa
m
re ea
e
,
m m m m m
,
to w e, e re in of G olcond th o t
s ere e a es a, e s
ceem agnific nt di ond in in ll th hi to y of nkin d

e
ding th Ki b l y in it v lu
a
e Th g
in E ngl nd s c own j w ls nd th l g t c own di ond on
’
a
t K ohinoo di
r
er e ond
e e
es
s
a
a
a
e .
e
e
e
a r es
rea
s r
r m
a
r
a
a
, ex
in Rus i c own j w l which I h d oft n hop d h woul d

m m
’
ea rth s a s r e e s, a e e S e
m
h v t s ll b fo
a e o th y h d p
e c with J p n c
e
in nd wh n th ol d guid h d c ll d y tt ntion t th t
e, a e
re fro th t
e
e a
e
ea
a
e
a m e
a a
a
, a
e
e
o
a
a
w ond ful di cov ry h too k hi Tu ki h p Off his h d g in
m m
.
er s e e s r s ca ea a a
a nd swu ng it ound in th i t c ll y tt ntion t th o l
ar
m m
e a r o a
m
a e o e ra
Tho s A b guid s h v o l t ch to y though th to i s
m
.
e ra e a e a ra o ea s r , e s r e
a re n t l w ys o o l H s id h d Al H f d
a a in d t ho
ra . e a , a a e re a e a e
a nd du g in hi wn c ll in his wn g d n inst d of w tch
s o e a r or o ar e ea re
m
,
dn s t v tion p ov rty nd d th in t ng l nd h w oul d

.
e es s ar a e a ea a s ra e a e
—
m m
, , ,
h v a he d c of di ond
a
“
af v y c y s v y hov l
re s a s or e er a re , e e er s e
m
,
ful of th t ol d f ft w ds v l d th g
a ar which inc a er ar re ea e e e s S e
m
h v d co t d th c ow n of
th
a
e
e
his p ticul a f i nd s
“
ar
e
o l t hi to y I w why h h d
ra
ra e
o
on chs Wh n h h d giv n
I didn t t ll hi
r
s s
I coul d
r e
e
d this sto y f
r
it ; I w
r
, sa
s
’
e
e
ar
a
m
.
re se rv e
e
see
e a
r
e
or
as
m
.
n t going t t ll th t ol d A
o b th t I coul d s it F it w s th t
o e a ra a ee . or a a
ea n ol d A b s w y of going ound thing lik l wy
ra
’
a nd ar a e a a er , a
m
,
s ying indir ctly wh t h

a did n t d
e y di ctly th t th a e o a re sa re a ere
m m m
,
w as c t in young n th t d y t v ling down th Tigri

a er a a a a ra e e s
m m
Riv th t ight b tt r b t ho in A ic I didn t t ll ’
er a e e e a e er a e
m
.
m m
hi I coul d it see .
m
1 847 o wn d
m
I tol d hi hi to y
.
nch ut th e
ind d
H
of n nd I tol d it t hi
quick I tol d hi bout th t n ut in Cal ifo ni wh in
a ra
s s r
a
d th t gol d h d b n di o
re
e re
a
e
.
e
a
e rea
o
o e, a
a
r
a
a,
ee
o
o,
s
,
cov d in S outh n C lifo ni nd h sol d his nch t C ol on l

e re er a r a, a e ra o e
mS utt nd
er a t t d fi t hu n t f
ill on th littl st e
m
s ar e
in th t f
gol d C ol on l S utt p ut a
b ought so w t s nd f o th c w y of th ill into th
r e
nd e
e
o
n d y his l i ttl
rea
a
gi lmm m o
r
a
or
e ra
ar
e
a
.
a
o e
e
a
e m
er
e r
e
hou n d p l c d it b fo
se a th fi t dry
a e nd s th t s nd w se re e re o , a a a a a
f lling th ough th littl gi l s fing
a r vi ito w th fi t shining
e e r
’
ers a s r sa e rs
s a es
th e m
c l of l gol d th t w rea v discov d in C lifo ni ; nd
n wh w n t d th go l d h d sol d thi
a o a nch nd gon w y
e
a
e
ere e er
a
ere
s ra a
a r
e a
a a
a
m m
,
n v t tu n I d liv d this l ctu tw y s g in C li

e er o re r e ere e re o ea r a o a
m
.
f ni in th city th t t nds n
or a, e th t f n d th y t ol d
a s a ea r a ar a e e
m
,
th t th
a in i n t xh u t d y t nd th t n thi d own
e e s o e a s e e a a a o e -
r er
m
,
of th t f a h s b n g tting du ing th s
ar a c nt y s tw nty
ee e r e e re e ea r e
doll s of gol d v y fift n inut s of hi lif S l p ing w king
ar
Why you nd I woul d nj oy n inco lik th t !
, a
e er ee
e a
e
m e
s
e
e, ee
a
or a .
B ut th b st il lust tion th t I h v n w Of this thought w s

found h in P nnsylv ni Th w s
e re
e e
e
ra
m
n l i ing in P nnsyl a a
a
ere
a
a
e
a
o
m a v e
a
m
.
v ni wh own d f o h nd h edid wh t I shoul d do if I

a ar ere a e a
in P nn sylv ni —
a a
h d
a f
a
conclu d d t cu
a
ar
e
a
p l oy
a
h sol d it B ut b fo
o se
in C n d Th y fi st discov d co l oil th r S thi f
e
nt coll cting co l oil f hi cou in
e
re e
r
mm
h sol d it h
r
a a
e
e re
e
e
a
.
a
e e
e re
o
or
e
s
s
ar m s
e
e
m
. .
in P nnsylv ni d cid d th t h woul d p p ly f r p osition with

e a a e e a e a o a
his cou in in C n d
g th
e
m er a
s N w you s
m athis fa
fooli h n H did not l v his f r until h h d
s
a w s no t l t o
a
a . o
e
,
m
ee ,
ea e
r
m a
er a
e
a
a
m m
.
so thing l
e to do Of ll th si p l tons th st rs hin on
e se . a e e e a s e
th ere is non o fooli h th n a n wh l v s n j ob b fo
e re s a a o ea e o e e re
a nd
h e
y sol d ut in M s chus tt nd w nt t Wi con in wh
the
n into th
we t p l oy of th S up io C op p
l o t f o ight in th
o
e e mm
Mining C o p ny
a sa
e
e s a
er
m
r
e
er
o s s
mm ,
a
e re
a nd h w e as p l oy of th t co p ny t
s r s e e a a a
a ny
ee
m
fift n doll s w k g in H w l o t h ve n int e t in
n t b li v th t h h s v
o e e e
ar
a
di cov d
a
in s th t h shoul d di cov f th t co p ny B ut I do
e
a in —I do n t know
e
ee
e a
a a
e er
.
s
s
e
er
as a s
or
e re a
a
mm o
e
a
a
a
o
er s
a ny thin g
m
b out it b ut I do n t b li v h h s
a I know h h d
m o e e e e a
m e a
-
m
, .
c c ly gon f o th ol d ho t d b fo th f
s ar e e r wh h d e e s ea e re e ar er o a
bought th ho st d w nt ut t dig p ot to
th nd of th ton w ll c
e e s
e
m
bringing th in in l g b k t th ough th f ont g t w y
e
e
n tog th t th g t th t
e s
nd h w s ea
e
a
a
ar
e
e
a m
o
as
e so
e
o
ea r
r
a
e
es, a
er a
e r
e
as
a
a e
e
e a
a
a
,
th b k t hu gg d v y tight
e as e S h t th b k t on th g ou nd
e er o e se e as e e r
m m m
.
a n d p ull d fi t on n e id n d th n on th oth sid Ou

rs o e s e a e e er e r
m m
, .
f s in M chu tt
ar o tly ton w ll nd th f
a ssa s se s a re s s e a s, a e ar er
h v t b
a e cono ic l with th i g t w y in o d t h v o
o e e a e r a e a s r er o a e s e
p l c t p u t th
a e o ton s Th t b k t hu gg d e s tight th th t e . a as e e so e re a
a s h w s h ul ing it th o ugh h no tic d in th up p
e a a t on n x t r e e e er s e e
th g t
p ofr
e bl ock of n tiv ilv
a e a
m ight inch qu ; nd this
o of in s n d ining nd in l ogy wh w oul d n t
e ss r e a
a
m e S er , e
a m e ra
es s
m ,
a re
o
a
o
wo k f r fo ty fi doll
or r w k wh n h ol d th t ho t d
v e a rs a ee e e s
m a es e a
-
in M chu tt a ssa t ight on th t ton t

se k th b g in
s , sa r a s e o a e e ar a
m
.
H w e b ought up th ; h h d gon b ck nd fo th by th t
as r e re e a e a a r a
p i c of ilv
Co
e e
Why n t t k
m
n w
o
ubb d it with his l v n d it
n w
e
?
s
n w o
a
h
er , r
is
,
B ut h w o ul d n t t k it
e m
hund d tho u nd doll
o
The
dt y
w
,
no
e
o , ere
e
s ee
a
o
e, a
re
a e
see
sa
ere
e o sa
as
a rs
,
ilv in N wbu yp o t ; it w ll w y ff—w ll I don t know

m
.
' ’
S er e r r as a a a o e
—
m
,
wh ere
; h didn t b u t es o w h l nd h
’
w p of
, or e ere e se a e as a r ess
of in l ogy e ra .
th wh ol ti
e
o
m
I do n t kno w of nything I w oul d nj oy b tt
m
t night t ll ing of b lu nd
e e
th n t t k
lik th t I h v h d
o -
a
e
e
ers e
e
m
er
a
a
a e
o a
ea r
e
p of
th
r oe ss rs k Y t I wi h I kn w wh t th t n i doing ut
in Wiscon in I n i gin hi ut th
e re
a e .
s s h it by
e
ca
s
m a
e
e m a
o
a
e re , a
a s
e S s
o
m
.
hi fi s id nd h i ying t hi f i nd D you know th t

re s e, a e s sa o s r e s
“
o a
h
an C onw ll th t l iv
d of hi
ea r
in th t city ? a Y
m
e
Ih v h
in Phil d lp hi ?
And do yo u kno w th t
”
.
d of hi
Oh y
n Jon
a
“
I h v
th t l iv s
And th n h b gins e s,
es
a e ea r
a e
mm a
a
”
a
,
es
e
es,
a
e e
a
e
e
m
.
t l u gh n d l u gh nd s y t his f i nd
o a a a Th y h v don th a a s o r e s, e a e e e
sa thing I did p ci ly
e An d th t S p oil s th whol j ok
, re se . a e e e,
b c u you nd I h v don it
m m
e a se a a e e .
Nin ty u t of v y hund d p op l h
e o h v d th t i
e er re e e e re a e a e a s
ta k thi v y d y
e s I y yo u o u ght t b
er ich ; you h v no
a sa o e r a e
m m
.
right t b p oo T liv in Phil d lp hi nd n t b ich i

o e r o e a e a a o e r s a
m
.
i fo tun
s nd it is dou b ly
r e, a i fortun b c u you coul d h v a s e, e a se a e
b n rich just w ll b p oo Phil d lp hi fu nish
ee as e ny as e r a e a r e s so a
m
.
op p o tuniti r Y u o u ght t b es ich B ut p ons with c rt in

o o e r e rs e a
m m
. .
re ligious p judic will k H w n you p nd you ti

re e d as
“
o ca s e r e a
m
m
,
vi ing th ri ing g n tion t giv th i ti t g tting on y

s e s e era o e e r e o e e
doll s nd c nt —th co
ar a ci l sp irit ?
e s e er a
”
APPE NDICE S 489
a nd I
m
m mm
Y et I
m
w th
m
kno
u you ought t p nd ti g tting ich Y u
st sa y
o thing o v lu bl th n on y ;
tha t
ere a re s e
o s
s
e
re a
e
a
e
e
r
a
.
e
o
m m
are s
m
of cou w do Ah y ! B y h t d un p k bly d
m mm
a
rse ,
by g v on which th utu n l v n w f ll I know th
ra
o thing high nd g nd nd ubli
e
e
e
s
.
th n on y
,
er a
e a
es
ra
a
ea
er a
ea r
es
s
o
a e
a
er
,
s ea
a
a sa
ere
m
.
W ll do th
e n know wh
es h uff d th t th
e a o o as s e re a e re a re s e
m mm
, ,
thin g w t s s n d h ol i nd
ee er a o c d th n gol d N th er a re sa re a . ev e r e
l th
ess , n f co e on n l o know th t th i n t ny
a o se se a s s a ere s o a
m
o n of tho thing th t i n t g tly nh nc d by th u of
e
m
on y M on y i p ow
e
se
L ov i th g nd t thing on G od
e s
s a
er
s o
e
rea
s e
e
ra
a
es
e e se
’
s
m m
. .
ea r th b ut fo tun t th l ov wh h rp l nty of on y M on y
a e e er o as e e e
m m
.
,
i p ow ;
s on y h p ow ; nd f
er n te y I do n t
as er s a or a a o sa o
m
,
w nt on y i t y I do n t wi h t do ny good t y ” “
a e s o sa o s o a o
mm m
, ,
f ll ow n It i b u d thu t t lk It i b u d t di conn ct
e e
”
s a s r s o a s a s r o s e
m
. .
th e Thi i w ond ft g t lif nd you ought t p nd

s s a er rea e, a o S e
m
.
you ti g tting on y b c u of th p ow th i in on y
r e e e e a se e er ere s e
mm
.
,
An d y t thi ligiou p ju dic i O g

e s re t th t o p op l think s re e s S rea a s e e e
it i g t hono t b n of G od p oo I
s a rea l ooking in th
r o e o e
’
s r a e
m
.
f c of p op l wh think ju t th t w y I h d
a es e e n onc o y s a a . ea r a a e sa
in p y ting th t h w th nkful th t h w n of G od
’
a ra er ee a e as a a e as o e s
p oo
th t p ch
a
n d
r,th
s
n I
a il n
m
t ly w
h took in w hing t
ee
ond d w he t h i w
up p o t th
as s
if w ou l d S y t
n w hil h
e
e
as
ere
o s
a
m m s
r
e
e a
sa
e
o
e
m
,
sa t nd a ok d on th v nd I don t w nt t
s e ny o e era a .
’
a o see a re
of th t kind of G od p oo N w wh n
a n coul d h v b n ’
s r o e a a a e ee
m m
.
,
ric h ju t w ll nd h i n w w
s as k b c u h i p oo h h
e a e s o ea e a se e s r, e as
m
,
don o g t w ong ; h h b n unt uthful t hi lf ; h

e s e re a r e as ee r o se e
h
ca
as
m mm m
b n unk ind t hi f ll ow n W ought t g t ich if w
n by h ono
ee
bl n d Ch i ti n thod nd th
thod th t w p u quickly tow d th go l of ich
e s a
ra
s
e a
ee
o
th onl y
s
s e
r s a m e
e
.
ar
e
s, a
e a
o
ese a re
r
e r
es .
e
e
I
wh cm
m m o
b n t ny y
re e
into y offi c nd id t
a e
g young th ol ogic l tu d nt
er ,
th t h thought it w
o a
e a
ea rs a
sa
o a
o m
m e a
e
e
a
m
s e
as
hi duty t co l bo with k d hi wh t
m m
“ ”
s in nd o I e a a r ~
e . as e a
h d h pp n d n d h
a a id I f l it i y duty t co in nd
e e a e sa : ee s o e a
m m
,
Sp k t you i nd y th t th Holy S c ip tu d cl th t
ea o S r, a sa a e r re s e a re a
m
,
on y i th oot of ll vil I k d hi wh h found th t

e s e r a e as e ere e a
m
.
sa ying nd h id h found it in th B ibl I k d hi wh th

, a e sa e e e . as e e er
h h d
e d n w B ibl nd h id no h h d n t gott n
a a e a e e, a e sa e a o e a
mm
, ,
n w B ib l in th old B ibl W ll I id if it i “ ” “
e th t it w e, a as e e e sa s
m m
.
, ,
in y B ibl I n v w it Will you p l

e, g t th t xt book
e er sa . e a se e e e -
a nd l t e it ? H l ft th ooe see n d oon c t lk ing in e e e r a s a e s a

with hi B ib l Op n with ll th bigot d p id of th n
se
s
ct i n wh found hi c d on o
ar a
e
o i int p t tion of
e ow ,
s s
a
re e
e
mm m s
e
e
r
s
e
er re a
e a rr
m
,
S c ip tu
r n d h p ut th re , a B ib l down on th t b l b fo e nd e e e a e e re e a
f i ly qu l d into y
a r s Th
ea e
you lf I id t hi Y oung n you will l n wh n you
r se .
”
it i
sa
littl ol d th t you c nn ot t u t noth d no in tion
Y u n d it f r
o m e a r,
,
“
mere
m a ,
s . o ca
ea r
rea
, e
o
g t e a e e r, a a r s a er e a
m
d th B ibl f you I s id N w you b l ong t noth
m mm
”
t o rea e e or . a , o , e o a er
d no in tion Pl
e ad it t nd . b th t you ea se rea o e, a re e er a a re
490 THE ART OF PU B LIC S PE KIN A G
ta ught in chool wh a sp h si is x g sis S h took th ere e m m a s e e e o e e
m
.
B ib l d it Th l of on y i th oot of ll vil “ ”
nd e a rea : e ov e e s e r a e
m
.
Th n h h d it ight
e e Th G a t B oo k h r co b ck into the e rea as e a
m
.
nd l ov of th p op l nd into th c of g
,
t
es ee a e p t th t t e e e, a e re s e e rea es
m
ind of th nd n w you n qu ot it nd est your lif nd
r
s
you de th on it without o f a
ea r
f o th S c ipt u h qu ot d th truth The l ov Of on y

r e r
S
, a
wh n h qu ot d ight
re s
o
e
m e
ca
re ea r
e
.
e
o,
a
e
r
e
e
e
m
e a
r
e
m m
.
is th oot of ll vil Oh th t i it It i th wo hip of th

e r a e
”
a s s e rs e
mmm m
. .
,
n in t d of th nd though you c nnot ch th nd with

ea s s ea e e , a rea
-
e e
o ut th n Wh n
e ea n k n idol of th on y inst d
s e a a a es a e e ea
m
.
of th p u p o s f which it y b us d wh n h qu
e r se or th a e e e e s eezes e
mm
,
doll until th gl qu l th n it is d th oot Of ll vil

ar e ea e s ea s , e a e e r a e .
Think if you onl y h d th on y wh t you coul d do f your a e e a or
m
, ,
wif you chil d nd f you ho

e, r nd yo u city a Think h w or r e a r o
m m
.
,
oon you coul d ndow th T p l C oll g yond if you onl y

.
s e e e e e e er
h d th
p
a
eo p l y
on y nd th di p o ition t giv it ; nd y t y f i nd
yo u
e sa
e
n d I h o ul d n
e
t p nd th ti a
a
m
getting ich H w s
e s s
o s e
o e
e e
a e ,
r
r e
o
,
m m
.
incon i t nt th whol thing i W ought t b ich b c us

s s e e e s . e o e r , e a e
on y h s p ow I think th b t thing f t do is t ill us
(
e a er e es or e o o
m
.
t t thi f
ra e if I y you ought t g t ich I ought t l t t
s, or sa o e r a ea s o
m m
, , ,
s ugg t h w it i don W g t p ju dic g in t ich n b

es o s e . e e a re e a a s r e e
c u of th li th t
a se tol d bou t th
e es Th li s th t a to l d a re a e e e a a re
m m
.
a bout M Rock f ll b c u h h tw hund d ill ion doll s

r e e er e a se e as o re ar
—
m
.
so ny b li v th ; y t h w f l is th p nt tion of
a e e e e e o a se e re rese a
th t
se
a
a n t th w o l d
a
e
H w littl w
o
d y wh n n w p p t y t s ll th i p p s nti ly on o
s e
n tion ! Th w y th y li bout th ich n is o thing
sa
e n t ll wh t is tru no w
e
s a
r
m m
a
mers
.
e
r
o
o
e a
e
e e ca
e r
e r
a
e
er e
a
e
re
s
e
e
s
a
e
t ibl nd I do n t know th t th is nything t illu t t

e rr e, a o a ere a o s ra e
thi b tt
Phil d lp hi
s
a
th n wh t th n w p p
e
A you ng
e
er
n c
a
a
t
n w
th oth m mm m
y bout th city Of
d y nd
a
id
e
a
e s
a
a
e
ers
o
o
e
sa
e
a
er a a
e
sa
m m
.
,
If M Rock f ll r . you think is good n why is it th t

e e er , a s , a a , a
e v ybody y
er uch g in t hi ? It is b c u h h s
sa s so a a s
”
e a se e a
gott n h d of u ; th t i th whol of it—j u t gott n h d of
e a ea s a s e e s e a ea
u s Why i it M C n gi is c iticis d
.
w o ld ? B c u
r
mh h
s
gott n o th n w h v If
e a se
r
m
h p ly by n nvious
.
e
mm ar
n as
e e
e
r
re
e so S
a
ar
e a e
a e
a a
m
.
know o th n I know don t I inclin t c iticis o wh t

s re a
’
e o r e s e a
m
,
hi l s ning ? L t
ea r n t nd in p ul p it n d p
e ch t thou
a a s a a a rea o s
nd nd if I h v fift n p op l in y chu ch nd th y
mm m ll
’
a s, a a e ee e e r , a e re a
l p don t I c itici hi ? W lw y do th t t th
a s ee
’
r n se e a a s a o e a
m
,
wh g ts h d of u
o e Why th
a ea n yo u c itici ing h n s , e a a re r s as o e
ich st m
.
hu nd d ill ions n d you h v fifty c nt nd both of you h v

re a a e e s, a a e
m m m m mm
,
ju t Wh t you
s aw o th On of th a re n in thi cou nt y r . e e r e e s r
c a into y ho
e nd t down in y p lo nd id D id
e a sa ar r a sa :
you ll tho li s bout y f il y in th p p ?
m m
C t inl y
” “
see a se e a a e a er er a
m
I did ; I kn w th y w li wh n I w th Why do th y ”
e e ere es e sa e e
m m
.
li e a bout th w y th y do ? e W ll I s id t hi
e a if you e e , a o ,
wi ll giv you ch ck f n hund d illions I will t k ll

e e r e or o e re , a e a
th l i l ong with it W ll s id h I don t s ny sen ” “ ” “ ’
e es a . e , a e, ee a se
could n t w lk in nd p nt h coul d n t S it down in d ss d

o a a a s e
m o
m re e
-
m
,
l ik e g hop p ! W ll this hu n c ick t c

a ra ss up t th er e , a r e a e o e
cl k s d k ju t I c
er
’
in H dj u t d his un ing y
es s as a e . e a s e see e e
gl in thi wis nd li p d t th cl k b c u it Hing li h
a ss s e a s e o e er e a se
’
s s
m m
,
m
,
you know t li p Thi thi will you h v th kindn t ”

o S : r, r, a e e ess o
m m
,
fuhni h with th o
s p p h nd tho e n l p hs ! Th e a a a e e v e o e e
m
cl k er
too k o
u d th t n quick nd h p ull d ut dr w and
ea s
nv l op nd p p nd c t th
s e e
re
c o s the count
e
a
es a
a
a er a
, a
as
e
m e
e
a
o
r s
a a er
er
m m
a nd tu n d w y t hi boo k
n f hu
e
—
o
r
nity wh n th p p
count h who w nt h d lw ys b n nticip t d by
er
Y u houl d h v
e
n d nv l op
a
e
a c
n th t p ci
a
c o th
se
o
e
s
a
e
s
s
a
.
a
er a
o
a
s
a
e e
ee
a
es
e see
a
a m e a
a
a
r ss
e
S e
e
se r
m m
v nt H dju t d hi un ing y gl s nd h y ll d ft
a s e a s e s see e e as a e e e a er
-
.
th t cl k
a Co b ck h thir co
er : ight b ck h N w e a ere , e r a ere o
m
, .
,
thi will you o d

r, th v nt t t k th t p p h nd tho th r er a er a o a e a a a a e
m m m m
nv l op nd c y th t y nd h d thk Oh th p oo ”
e e es a a rr e o o a e .
, e r
i bl cont p tibl A ic n onk y ! H coul dn t c ry
sera e, e e er a e e
’
ar
m
p p
ar
a
m
n d nv l o p
s dow n
er a tw nty f t
I h v no p ity f
I upp o e h coul d n t g t his
uch t v ti s of hu n n tu
e
a
es
e
e ee
or s
. s
ra es
se
e
e
m a
o
a
e
re .
m
.
m
If yo u h v no c p i t l I gl d of it Y u don t n d c p it l ; ’
a e a a , a a . o ee a a
you n d co on n n t cop p c nts
m
ee se se , o er e .
m m
ric h tmm
A T S t w t th g
.
n in A
es
doll nd h lf n d w nt into th
ar a
t p inc ly
.
ic in hi ti a w
ch nt of N w Yo k th
e
c ntil b u in
a
ar
p oo boy ; h h d
a
,
B ut h a
er
e rea
a
e
r
s
e
e
e,
er
er a
as a
a
e
r
s
e
ess
r
e
,
a
e
a
e
m
.
l o t ighty v n n d h lf c nt of hi fi t doll nd h lf
s e -
se e a a a e s s rs ar a a a
b c u h bought so n dl s nd th d nd buttons t s ll
e a se e e ee e a rea a o e ,
which p op l di dn t w nt
’
e e a .
A you p oo ? It i b c us you
re n t w nt d rnd l ft s e a e a re o a e a a re e
on you wn h nds Th w th g t l son App ly it which
e v w y you will it co
er a
r o
t
a
v y singl p on s lif young r
.
m e re
es o e
as
er
e rea
e
es
ers
.
’
e, o
.
m
old H did n t kn ow wh t p op l n d d nd cons qu ntly
e
bought o thing th y didn t w nt nd h d th good l ft on

s e
o
e
a
’
e
a
e
a
ee e
a
, a
e
e
s e
e
hi h nd
of hi
s a
m
d d l o A T S t w t l n d th th g t l sson
s a
c ntil lif nd s id I will n v buy nything o
s er a
ea
e
ss
e a
. . .
a
e
“
ar ea r
e
e
er
ere
a
m m e rea e
re
m
,
until I fi t l n wh t th p op l w nt ; th n I ll k th p u
rs ea r a e e e a e
’
a e e r
ch a se H w nt o und t th doo s n d sk d th
. e ewh t th y ar o e r a a e e a e
did w nt nd Wh n h found ut wh t th y w nt d h inv st d
a a e e o a e a e e e e
m
, ,
his ixty tw s nd h l f c nts nd b g n t supp ly

-
o a known d a a e a e a o a e
m nd I c n t wh t you p of ssion occup tion in life

a
y b ; I c
a
.
n t wh the you l wy
a re
docto hous
a re o
o
e
a
er
r r
a re a
e
a
or
er , a
a
r, a e
m m
k p t ch
sa
ee er , wh t v l th p rincip l i p cis ly the
ea
W u t know wh t th w o l d n ds fi st nd th n inv st
e e
e r or
s
a e
a
er e se ,
e r
e
ee r
e
a
s re
e
e
e
m
.
ou lv s t upp ly th t n d nd succ is hn st c rt in
rse e o s a ee a e ss a o e a
m
.
,
A T S t w t w nt on u ntil h w s w orth fo rty ill ions

. . e ar eW ll e a . e ,
”
you will y n n do th t in N w Y o k b ut c nno t do it

sa
“
a a ca a e r a
m
, ,
h e rein Phil d lp hi Th st ti tic s v ry c a fully g th d in

e a
”
e a s e a re a ere
m m
.
N w Y o k in 1 889 how d n hu nd d nd s v n illi n ri s in

e r s e o e re a e e o a e
th ci ty wo rth ov
p p o
e l
e
th in k th y
e
t n
u st
ill ions p i c It w s e k bl nd
go th t g t ric h Ou t O f th
e t n
er
e m e
ere
a e e
o e
.
.
a r ar a
a
e a
o
APPENDICE S 493
m
h und d nd s v n illion i onl y s v n of th
re a e ed th ir m a res
m e e e mm a e e
on y in N w Y o k nd th oth
hund d m
th i fo tun
e r
e
w r d nd ixty v n ut of th m
e
es
ov d t N w Yo k ft
ere
r
ining m
, a
a e, a
e
s
ers
-
se e
e
o
o e
e re
r
a
a er
p op l
e
d th i fo tun s in town of l th n i thou nd
re
n d th
e, a
a e
ich t n in th count y t th t ti liv d ne r
e r
es m r
a
e
e
s
r
e ss
a a
a
m
s x
e e
sa
i a
m
tow n of thi ty fi hund d inh bit nt r nd lw y liv d th
v e re a
m
a s, a a a s e ere
-
a nd n v ov d w y It n t
e
into th p obl mth n m

you B u t t th
a re
er
m ti m
m
uch wh you
if th l g n
e
aof th city com
wh t
a
s e sa
a .
e
is
e
o so
e
m ar e e ss
er e
e
a re a s a
e
ni h th g t op p o tunity t m k th ill ion of m m

.
e rb it i th ll city th t fu
e , e re e er s e s a er a r
s es e rea on y Th r o a e e s e e
p oo boy nd w h m m
.
b t illu t tion th t I n giv i in f nc t J ohn J cob

es s ra a ca e s re ere e o a
A to wh w
A to f
s
s
r,
ily
r H m
n d nd y t h onc h l d m
a m
d m
o d ll th on y of th
as a
o tg g on m
o th n hi ucc o h v v e
r
a e
a
re
o
a
a
s
e a
s e ss r s
e e
a e e er
e
N w Y o k nd b c u th p op l coul d n t m k nough m
.
ea r e a e ill in y to in
e e e a r a e a er s re
m
,
e r , a e a on y se e e e o a e e e
t p y th int
o a t n d th e nt h fo clo d th o tg g nd
e re s a e re e re se e r a e a
m m m
,
took p o ion of th to nd w nt into p tn hip with th

ssess e s re a e ar e rs e
doll c p it l n d h l ft th mlon nd w nt ut nd t
n w h h d f il d
a H k p t th
o a tock did n t giv th
a e . e e e sa e s , o e e
a ar a a a e e e a e a e o a sa
p k h h d th m o t i p o t nt n d t m m m
,
dow n up on b nch in th p k Out th on th t b nch in th

a e e ar . ere a e e
ar e a y ind th p l
e nt ts r a a o e ea sa es
m
, ,
p t of th t p tn
ar hip b u in a H w w tching th l di s
ar e rs s e ss . e as a e a e
th y w nt by ; i th n th t w oul dn t g t ich t
’
as e n d wh e a e re s e a a e r a
th t b u in
a ? B u t wh n J ohn J cob A to
s e ss w l dy p with e a s r sa a a a ss ,
h houl d
er s b ck n d h h d up if h did n t c if th
ers a a er ea as S e o a re e
h p of th f mnd
,
wh ol w o l d l ook d on h
e r h tu di d h bonn t ; nd b fo e er, e s e er e a e re
col o of th t im m ing th cu l of thw m

th t bonn t w
a ut of ight h kn w th
e as o s e e e s a e e ra e a
th e
bonn t S o ti
i of l ittl u
s
e
f
.
r
I t y t d c ib
it w oul d b
e
mm
se ,
w om
u t of tyl t m
e
ethin g on
n bonn t b ut it
o ow night S
or
es
r
r
s,
o
e o
es r
e r
e a
s e o
a
-
so
’
s
rr
e
e ,
.
a
o
John J cob A to w nt t th to nd id N w p ut in th
a s r e o e s re a sa :
“
o , e
h ow window ju t u ch bonn t I d c ib t you b c u ”

S s s a e as es r e o e a se ,
m
id h I h v ju t n l dy wh lik ju t uch bonn t
m m
“
sa e, a e s see a a o es s s a e .
D n t o k up ny o till I co b ck An d h w nt ut
o a e a re e a e e o
diff nt fo mnd com m

.
a g in nd t on th t b nch in th p k nd noth l dy of
a a sa a e e ar , a a er a a
e re p l xion p r d hi with bonn t of dif
a e a sse a e
n d col o of cou id h p ut uch ”
N w
“ “
f nt h p
ere S a e a r, rse . o , sa e, s a
bonn t th t in th how window H didn t fill hi how win
e as a e S e
’
s S
m
.
d w with h t
o n d bonn t which d iv a p op l
s a w y n d th n e s r e e e a a a e
Sit in th b ck of th eto nd b wl b c u
a th p op l go o e s re a a e a se e e e s e
wh l t t d H didn t p ut h t bonn t in th t how
mm
’
e re e se o ra e . e a a or e a s
windo w th l ik of which h h d n t e n b fo it w
e d up e a o see e re as a e .
In u city
f tu ing
ac
o
nd th
r
p ci ll y th
ti
r
h
g t op p o tuniti f
es
co wh n th lin i d wn v y
a
e
e
nu a
m e
ere a re
as m e
re a
e e
r
e s
es
ra
or
m
a
er
m
,
l o com di cou ging gloo

sh p ly b tw n th
ar tockh ol de of th f cto y nd th i
ee e s e rs e a r a e r e
up on thi count y nd th l bo ing m

p l oyé N w f i nd th
s . h o , r e s, ere as a s e a s ra
s n b ginning t f l
r a e a r e a re e o ee
th t th y
a b ing h ld down by c u t ov th i h ds th ough
e a re e e a r s er e r ea r
4 94 THE ART OF PUB L IC S PE AKING
ic
wh h the y find i o ibl b k
it m
p ss e to i oc ic on y
rea , a n d the a r st ra t me
n
Ow e r hirn self is so fa r a
i nc
a ss sta e Tha t is the th
bov
ou g
ill n v d c nd
e tha t he w
in
ht tha t is ind ofthe
e er
o l s
i
m
es e to the r
our p e p e
m
. .
B ut , r ef i nd n v in i o y of
the h st r coun y tr wa s the re a n
“
s, e er ou r
Op p rto uni y g t so rea t for the p oo r ic
a n to g et r h a s there is now
in
a egd
the c t
is to it
i y of il d l i
Ph a e p h a
vn
is wha t p re e ts the
o d o n
The r a is p e
v yf c
The er
f o g ng ic
r mm
.
k
etti
a n d l et u s o nb
y
r h
e ep it
di cou
a t tha t the
n
g et s
T ha t is a ll there
.
etwee the
r
pe
“
m
.
,
p oo r a nd the r h ic knoI l b union v

w tha t the a or g s h a e tw o rea t
m m
.
pr obl e s to con nd ite o y

w th , a nd the re is nl o lv
one w a y to s e
the . The a l bo unionr doing
s a re uc as vn olving
h to p re e t its s
a s a re the c i li
a p ta sts to d a y , a nd the re a re p s t
-
o i iv ly id e tw o s es
to it
bgn
.
it e a to
The a
m
l bo union
m
r
k l bo c l
a e a a
d cul i
ha s tw o iffi
cl
r s a e for a ll on
fi
t e s ; the rst one is tha t
a sses y
a p a r , a nd the
c l do n
s a e
lf
ha a da y ,
w a
in o d
a n tha t ca n ea r
lvl
n
r e r to e e up to hi
doll
fiv e
i b cil an mmm
a rs a d a y to tw o a nd a
c nno
e e tha t a t
ea r
s
n fif y c n
di cou ging ing
re sul ts
ra
of
t e ts a d a y
th
ok
his w r if he
s for the w r
do b
.
o king
of
Tha t is on e
ok
ette r w r
o d ng ou
ig
the
c nno
an m
ok
or h
He a
st
.
ok
a er
her w r o r w r
s a nd
t g e t the
l ong
ing me r ; tha t is a
f
a n ree a nd e er v y
a
mm m
d ng ou ing er s th
ic n qu l
in o d
a nd
A e r a e a to e e r
,
v yo
v l bo
r e r to g et e e ry a
ic nther A e r a ,
—
m r
let the a
c i li
l bo ing r
a p ta st sa y to hi : ll o k
o
a n a sk w ha t he is w rth a n d g et it
You sha w r for lf of m
e fo r ha
no t let a ny
w ha t
you o l bo o g ni ion ll
m
” “
a re w rth ; n or let a ny a r r a za t sa y : You sha
ok c i li lf you o
m ind
”
w r for the a p ta st for ha r w rth Be a a n, be e
m
.
pe nd ne t , a n d the n l bo ing
sha ll the a r find an o d v o n the r a e er p e
f o ov y
r
ha s to
p
con id
ert
s
l
to w ea th
i obl
e r a n d th s p r
mm
o
m
.
mdi c y
The ther ffi ul t tha t the a
ey v olv
the ha e to s
l bo union
lv e the
r
se es,
m mm
,
is the kind o o Of ra t rs w ho co l
e a n d ta k to thebou a t the opp re s
s iv ic
e r h I ca n in d y r e ci
a s r e o ion
t e t h e vra t d I h a e h ea r
m m m mm
.
a ag in g n und u c ci cu
a nd a a i er s h r nc sta lif
es b n i
M y e ha s ee w th
.
the a
in i m
l bo ing
the r a sse
r
bl i
an . I a
d
e s , hea r
l bo ing
a
m
a
c of
r
the sp ee h
y lf an
the
v f n
se
b n
I ha e O te ,
.
a n who ha s ee
invi d
a ss e
sa
m m
te to a
ying
bl d co
:
e
dd
p a
on
Oh , ye h e st ,
l bo union
re ss the a
ny of on l bo ing
h m m
r
e st
ind iou l bo ing
ustr
a r
s
g
The.
a
b fo
an
b g n by
e
r
n a
ets up
n d
v
h e
e
e
en , who ha e
i
re the
s
fu ni d
r she a ll the c i l of
a p ta o ld
th e w r v buil
w ho ha e t a ll the
m m
,
p a l c
a e s a n d con uc ds tr t e a ll il o d
t h e ra r cov d
a s a n d oc n e r e t h e ea
i
w th he r stea sh p s i you l bo ing
Oh ,
. a r en !no ingYou a re th
l v
b ut s a es ; you g ound do n in
a re r w du by the c i li
st the a p ta st
who is gl o ing ov you
at er nj oy
a s he e b u if
s his ea t ul e sta tes a nd
a s he ha s his
coin d e ou t of
b a nk sfill d i gol d
the hea rts
e w th
bl ood of
’
v y doll
a nd e e r
,
on l bo ing
the h
o n
est a
a r he
r m
w s is
an
”
mm
.
Now , tha t is a lie , a n d you kno w it is a lie ; a n d y et tha t is the

kind of c
sp ee h tha t the y i
a re a ll the t ing e hea r n ing , re p re se
t the
c i li
a p ta sts a s w
m
how w r
A er a p r
ong
ick d
e
e
it is ! L et the
ic n inci l nd vo i s e ea
l bo ing
a nd the a
r
lov
a n who
w
m
th o
r
a ll h i
nlvd
s s
en so e s a e
b li v in
e s his fl a g a nd
b ing c i l
u l t o r th
.
e e es
Why ,
e a p ta
p
49 6 TH E ART or PUB LIC S PE AKING
up on th t ho nd l ook d ut up on th oc n no tic d th t th
a s re a e o e ea e a e
mm
m
,
ship s th y
, il d w y nk d p into th
as e sa e th f th a a , sa ee er e sea e ar er
th y w nt And S inc th t ti o oth S p ni sh hip
”
e e e a e s e er a s s
m
.
h v a unk into th s
e s B u t s C olu b u s notic d th t th top s
e ea . a e a e
of th t d o pp d dow n u t of S ight h s id
e as s r Th t is th
e o , e a : a e
w y it is with this h h ndl ; if yo u go ound thi h h ndl
_
a oe a e ar s oe a e,
th f th
e
m
t th E t Indi
o e
ff yo u go th f th
ar
— j tic lik th i p licity of

er o down you g o I n il ound
H w p l in it ll W s H w i p l th
as es ind
m
e
o
ar
a
er
a
m a
.
o
ca
s m m sa
e
ar
e
m
. .
a es ount in in its g tn
e e s a a rea ess .
Wh th g
o a re t inv nto ? Th y e reav th i p le p l in e rs e a re e er e s , a ,
e v yd y p op l wh
er a th n d n d e t bout t
e up p ly it
o se e e ee a se a o s .
I w s onc l c tu ing in No t h C rol in

a e e nd th c shi of th
r r a a, a e a er e
b nk t di ctly b hind l dy wh wo
a sa re v yl g ht I e a a o re a er ar e a .
s id t th t u di nc Y ou w lt h i t n t you ; you “
a o a a e e, r ea s oo ea r o a re
m
l ooking ight ov it H whi p d t hi f i nd W ll th n
m
” “
r er e s ere o s r e e e
m m
.
, , ,
y w l th is in th t h t A l ittl l t h w ot id ”
ea a I a e a er , a s e r e e, sa
m
. ,
“
Wh v th i hu n n d th i g t fo tun th n
ere er e re s a a ee e re s a rea er r e a
b tt h t p in th n w in th h t b fo himnd th
a in n fu ni h H c ught y thou ght n d h d w up his
e ca r s
”
e a a e re
m
.
,
pl n f
a or a e er a a as e a e re a e
m
,
n m
p in is n w b ing nuf ctu d H w off d fifty fi thou
o e a a re . e as e re -
v e
sa nd doll s f his p t nt ar Th t or d hi fo tun b fo a e . a a a e s r e e re

h g t ut of th t h ll
e o o Thi i th wh ol qu tion D yo ua a s s e e es : o see
m
.
mm m m
a n d? ee
I b w ll
re e n u p in y n
er tiv h ille p oo an wh a a e s, a r a o
m
,
own d wid p ding m

f ortw nty y ew h lp d by th to w n in hi p ov ty wh
ea rs as e e e s er o
m mm
,
e a p l t t h
e s -
t cov read th p oo n s a e re e a ere e r a
’
om ogui h boy ound th t

cott g lik b n diction f o on high I
a e e a e b th t t
e r re e er a ree ,
in th p ing—th w
.
f or e S r ere e re s e r s s ar a
n ighbo hood wh n I w young—in th p ing of th y th

m m
e
n w o ul d p u t
a
m
r
b uck t th n d th
e
p out t c tc h th
a pl e
as
e re a e s m
e S r
s o a
e
e
ea r
a
e
e
sa
m
p
m
n d,
young th boy w
I a b w
h
h
e
t
b fo th t n h d gott n ut of b d in th
e re a
h treb u c k
a
t
s
we s ; n
n th t th y w nt t th t t
d
ning
a
w h n
er I
e re , o
nd
w
ft
e re
e
so
o
a
ea ,
e
a
e
m
a
e
e
a
or
e o
’
e
a
a
a
ree
as
er
m
,
coul d w th y did it H didn t m

h h d gon t b d t night
e a nd d
e n k u p th t w t s p I
o e a a ra a s ee a .
m m
,
s ea r k g t d l of pl
e e
’
a e a re a ea a e
m
.
s ug f o th t t
ar r B u t ne d y h a d th ug ree wh t o a e a e e s a r so 1 e
m m
.
a nd c y t llin th t th vi ito did n t b l i v it w

r s a e a pl ug ; e s r o e e e as a e s ar
m m
nm
thou ght
a :
p l u
Why don t you
g u t b d
a b l
e s c k
k it th t w y nd ll it f conte
H
’
id t t
arh Old s
a e
e re or
a
a
a
.
a
e sa
se or
o e
e
m
ti n y ? Th ol d n c u ght hi th ou ght n d inv nt d th
o er e a a s a e e e
“
ock p l c y t l nd b fo th t p t nt xp i d h h d
r a e r s a ,
”
a e re a a e e re e a
nin ty thou nd doll

e n d h d b uil t
sa b utiful p l c on th a rs a a a ea a a e e
r
m
it of th t t
e
ight by th t th t h
Af t fo ty y
a
a
e
owning th t t h w ok t
ree
find it h d fo tun of on y ind d in it And ny of u r
.
fo tun f u and w wn t p o ss
ree
es
a
er
as a
r
e
r
ea rs
ee
e or s,
.
a
e o
m
re e
a
e a
i ,
s a re
sse
e o
mm m
it do wh t w will with it b u t w do n t l n its v lu b c us
a e e o ea r a e e a e
, ,
w do n t
e th hu n n d nd in th di cov i s nd n
o see e a ee , a ese s er e a i
ve nti n thi i o n of th s o t o ntic thing Of lif

s s o e e s r a s e .
APPE NDICE S 97
v c ived l tt rs f o ll ov th coun t y nd f o
I ha e re e e e r m a er e r a r m
E ngl nd wh
thi
a
s a
a
nd th t nd n
,
as
a m
I h v l ctu d s ying th t th y h v di cov
ere
n ut in Ohi o t ook
, a
f cto i l t p ing nd id th t th y co t hi $680 000 nd
r es S r
a
th ough hi g
o e
d
t
e
a
e
a
sa
o
re , a
a e
mm a
s
e
e
a
r
e s
s
ere
rea
a
m m mm
, , ,
sa id h I w s n t w orth
e, c nt in th w o ld wh n I h d your
a o a e e r e ea r
m
right h
re
nd k y fortun h
ere a mmm
l ctu Ac s of D i ond but I d up y ind t stop
e re
nd h it i a H how d
e
a s,
e ere , a
a e
ere s
”
e s
o
e
m
.
th ou gh hi un o tg g d p o
e r ion And thi i continu l
s r a e ssess s s s a a
m
.
e xp i nc n w s I t v l th ough th count y ft thes

er e e o a ny
ra e r e r a er e a
m
,
y s I ntion thi incid nt n t t bo t but t how you

ea r . e s e , o o as , o S
mm
th t you
a n do th if you will
ca e sa e .
in
Wh
a m
m
th g
n wh u
t inv nto ? I
o a re e b
d t liv in E t B kfi ld Mass H was
a o
good illu t tion
se
rea
o
e
e
rs
as
re
roo
e
e
er a s ra
e a
m
. .
,
sho k nd h w ut of wo k nd h t ound th hou

e a er , a e as o r a e sa ar e se
m
,
until hi wif told hi t go ut doo And h did wh t v y

—
s e o o rs . e a e er
hu b nd is co p ll d by w t do h ob y d hi wif
s a l e e An d h a o e e e s e e
m
.
w nt ut nd
e o t down on n a hb l in hi b ck y d Think
sa a as a rre s a ar .
of it ! S t nd d on n ash b l nd th n y in p oss ion of

ra e a a rre a e e e ess
th hou ! A h
a
e
nd h
e
w
t on th t
se hb
littl t out go fl hing u p th

e sa a
l h look d down into th t
littl b ook which n through th t b ck y d into th
r
s
t
e sa
ra dows
nd hiding
e r
a as
as
a
a rre
a
, e
ar
e s rea
e
mm e
a
ea
a
m
un d th b nk I do n t sup p o h thought of T nnyson s ’
er e a . o se e e
b utiful p o
ea e :
Cha tte r
To mm
ch tt as I fl w
m m mm
j oin th b i ing iv
, a
e
er,
r
o
r
,
er ,
M n ey co nd n ay go e, a e a ,
B ut I go on fo v
”
re er .
B ut
m m l ook d in o
as th b ook
i s l
the r d an , he ea p e ofl tha t ash
e t
y o d giv m
b l
a rre a nd ngd c c
a a e ou i
to a t h the tr fing n
t w th his ers, a nd se t
it toWo c r ester y o b ck
The wr te a tha t the w ul e hi a
m oo m
.
fiv edoll bi ar no
ll for au c ou
ther s h tr o
t a s tha t , not tha t it wa s w rth
mk o c n if
tha t uc y i d l
h , b ut the w she to he p the p r
f c ly uni d
a e r a nd his w e , now p er e t
i o
doll bi
an
te , tha t fi v e
S O th s S h e
ar ll
.
m b im m
no
in p r sp e t , w e t out to g et a ou y n
ther tr t The w e t up the
m
.
stre a ou c
to its s do n
r e a nd ing iv
w to the r r er , b u t n ot
c momdi con ol m m
ano ou co
ther tr t y ul d the ol y
fin d in the wh e strea ; a nd so the
a e h e s s n i
a te a n d w e t to the ni nister The i ster
info mion
.
didn kno
’
t ou g on d
w how tr t rew , b ut he p i te the w a y id Sa he , .
n book
G et S eth G re e s
’
i giv you
, a n d tha t w ll e the r at
you n wa t y found
The did so , a nd
. bou cul u of
a ll a t the t re
trou t y fou d
The n tha t a tr t a s th rt S ix h re ou l y i y
e s und d gg
m
-
.
v yy
e er v y
ea r a n d e er tr t a s a a rt er a p n ou g in qu
e er ea r ,of ou d v y y
so tha t
ll
in fou
to se to the k
r yea rs a
a r et a t
tt e tr
t m
t w ll
e ts a p
r sh r t li l ou i fu ni fou on
s p er a
he the fif y c n
nn u
ound W n y found
m m
.
y id y
tha t , the s a the di
’
t e
e e a ny s dn b li v
h st r a s tha t , b ut uc o y
if they cou d l g et fi v e a rs a p ie e the co a e sdoll c
eth n y ul d k o i g .
4 98 THE ART or PU B L IC S PE AKING
An d ight in th t
r b ck y d with th co l ift up tr a sa m e a ar
m e a S er s ea m
a
h
nd windo w c
t out
r
as
Th y ft w d .
n down th t
m
th y b g n th cul tu
e
b co th uthority in th Unit d S t t up on th i ing
e e
s ree
ov d t th Hud on n d inc th n h
a
e a
er
of
m
ar s
e s re a
e
e
o
,
e
e
e
s
a es
e
,
a
a S
e
e
e ra s
re
e e
Fi h C o
s
,
m
m
of fi h n d h h b n n xt t th high t on th Unit d S t t
s a
i ion in W hington My l on i th t n w lth
ss
e as ee
as
e o e
ess
es
s
e
a m a
e
’
s ea
a es
m
.
w ut th in his b ck y d f tw nty y a b ut h didn t

m
’
as o e re a ar or e e rs , e
mm m
it u ntil hi wif d ov hi u t w ith p stick
m
s ee s e r e o a o .
I b
re ting p on lly p oo c p nt Of Hingh
e er ee e rs a a r ar e er a
m
,
M s chu tt wh w s ut Of w o k nd in p ov ty Hi wif
a sa se s, o a o r a er . s e
a sl o d ov hi ut of doo r H e t down on th sho ond rs . e sa e re a
whittl d o k d hingl into w ood n ch in Hi chil d n
e a s a e s e a e a s re
m
.
qu l d ov it in th v ning n d whil h w whittling

a rre e er e e e , a e e as a
s cond
e n n ighbo c o l ong nd id Why don t you
e, a e r a e a a sa ,
“ ’
m
whittl toy if yo u n c v lik th t ? H id I don t know ” “ ’
e s ca ar e e a e sa
m
,
wh t t a k ! Th is th whol thing Hi n ighbo id t

o a e
”
ere e e s e r sa o
m
.
hi Why don t you k you w n chil d n ? S id h

: Wh t
’
as r o re
”
a e,
“
a
i th u
s of doing th t ? My chil d n
e se diff nt f o oth a re a re e re r er
p op l chil d n I u d t
m
p op l l ik th t wh n I t u ght
m
’ ”
e e s re se o se e e e e a e a
m
.
sc h oo l Th n xt o ning wh n hi boy c e down th st i w y

e r e s a e e a r a
m
.
,
id S wh t do yo u w nt f I w nt wh l
“ “
h e sa , at y? , a a or a o a a ee
b ow Wh n hi littl gi l c
a rr down h k d h wh t h
e s e r a e e as e er a s e
m
.
,
w nt d a nd h e id I w nt littl doll w h t nd littl

a S e sa a a e
’
s as s a a e
m
, , ,
doll c i g littl doll u b ll

’
s a rr a n d w nt on with
e, a whol e
’
s re a,
”
a e a e
l t of thing th t w oul d h v t k n hi l if ti
o s t upp ly H
a a e a e s e e o s e
mm
.
con ult d hi wn chil d n ight th in hi wn hou n d b g n

s e s o re r e re s o se a e a
t
m mo whittl u t toy t pl th
knif nd d tho unp int d Hingh toy H i th ich
e, a
e H b g n wi th hi j ck
o
a e
s
se
o ea se
a e
e .
a
e e a
s e s
s
e r
a
m
.
es t n in th nti N w E ngl nd S t t if M L w on i t
a e e re e a a es , r a s s o
m m
.
b t u t d in his t t
e r s e nt conc ning uch thing nd y t th t s a e e er s s, a e a
n fo tun w
a
’
s d by con ulting hi wn child n in hi
r e as a e s s o re s
wn h o u Y u don t n d t go u t of yo u wn h o u t find
m
’
o se . o ee o o r o se o
o ut wh t t inv nt wh t t
a k I lw y t lk t l ong on
o e or a o a e . a a s a oo
thi ub j c t
m mm
s s e .
m I w oul d l ik t t th g t n wh h
e t night
o Th ee e rea e o a re ere o e
-
mm mm
.
g t n ! W don t h v ny g t n in Phil d lp hi G t
rea e e
’
a e a rea e a e a . rea
n! Y u
e y th t th y ll co o f o L ondon S n F nci co
sa a e a e r or a ra s
l b ut h — nywh
, ,
or Ro M n yunk e, nywh or a a or a e re e se e re a ere

l b ut Phil d lp hi — nd y t in f ct th
m
,
e se a ju t s g t
e a a e a e re a re s a rea
m mmm m
, ,
n in Phil d lp hi
e in ny city of it i a Th
e g t a as a s S ze ere a re rea
m m
.
n e nd w o a n in this u di nc G t n I h v id e a e e rea e a e sa a re
m
.
, ,
v y i pl
er Sn Ju t s ny g t n he e t b fou nd
. s a a rea e ere a s a re o e
a nywh Th g t t
ere o in ju dging g t n is th t w
. e re a es e rr r re a e a e
think th t th y lw y h ol d n offic
of it g t t n Whs
m m
rea
a
th g
young n nd young w o n y w ll k th qu tion It i
a
t
Th w o l d kno ws no thing
es
a
e a
n of th w o l d ?
e Th .
a s
o a re
mm m a
a
e
a
e
rea
.
e as
e
e
r
e
e
es
r
.
e
s
n t n c
o y th t th y hould hol d n offi c nd y t th t is th
e essa r a e S a e, a e a e
p op ul id Th t i th id
ar w t c h n w in u high schoo l s
ea . a s e ea e ea o o r
50 0 THE ART OF PUB LI C S PE AKING
I w oul d h v y ll d t b c u h d s rv s uch o of his

a e e e oo , e a se e e e e mm re
m m
coun t y th n h h v
?m
High S chool t
ac
r
If th y nsw
c iv d B ut upp os I go into th
a
o ow nd k B oys wh sunk th M ri
H ob son th y t lle
o
e
-
v n ighths
a
as e
rr
er
er re e
a
e
as
e
,
.
e
s
e
o
m m
e
e se e
e
e
er
e
of li —s v n ighths of li bec u th w
-
m m
,
a e e e -
e ight n wh a
’
e, a se ere ere e e o
sunk th : M ri c Th oth s v n n by vi tu of th i
e er a e er e e e r e e r
m m
.
,
p o ition w
s continu lly xp o d t the S p ni h fi whil
ere a e se o a s re , e
m
,
H ob on s n offi c , ight
as a on bly b b hind th ok er , re a s a e e e s e
st c k a Why y fri nds in this int ll ig nt u di nc g th d e e e a e e a ere
m m
.
, ,
h ere t night I do n t b li v I coul d find

o -
singl p son th t o e e e a e er a
ca n n th oth
a s v ne n wh w e with H ob son Why do er e e e o e re
m mmm
.
w t ch hi to ry in th t w y ? W ou ght t t ch th t how v r
e ea s a a e o ea a e e
hu bl th st tion
hi p l cs
e
h is ju t
a e,
n y occup y if h do s hi f ull duty in
e a
uch ntitl d t th A ric n p op l s
e s
a
as
a a
e e
,
o
e
em m e
e
s
a e e
’
h ono s i r aking up on th on W do t ch it s
did h littl boy in N w Yo k wh n h id M
er
s a
e
oth r
wh t e
a r
r
e .
e
e
e sa
ea
m
mm a
a
a
a,
e
a
m
,
g t b uil ding i th t ?
re a Th t i G n l G nt s t o b
s a
“
a s e era ra
’
.
”
“
Wh w s G n l G nt ?
o a H w s th e n who p ut do wn
era ra
“
e a e a
th b llion I th t th w y t t ch hi to y ?
e re e .
”
s a e a o
‘
ea s r
D O yo u think w w oul d h v g in d victory if it h d d e a e a e a a e

e
m
p nd d n G n al G nt l on ? Oh no
e o
to b on th Hu d on t ll ? Why n t i p l y b c u e
e Th n why is th
er
G n
s l
ra
a a
a
m m me ,
o s
. e
e a
mse e
e re a
era
m
,
G nt w s p son ll y g
ra a t n hi lf b ut th t to b is th
er a a re a a se a ere
m m
,
b c us h w
e a e p s n t tiv
e n nd p s nt d two hu ndr d
a s a re re e a e a a re re e e e
thou nd
of th m
mmm
sa
s ge
n w h w n t do wn t d
t s G n
to b st nd s on th h ights ova
a
th f
e
th Hu d son
th i n tion n d
l G nt Th t is why th t b utiful
rea
o
a
e
ny e
e
e e ra ra
er
o ea
.
e
or
a
e r
.
a
a
a
ea
a
I
th t I a
reb n incid n t th t w ill i llu st
n giv t night
ca
e
I sh
er a t thi s th o nl y n
d of it but I don t d
e o -
m m m e a
a a a e
ra e , e
’
o
a re
e
m
.
,
l v it ut I clo
ea e o y y n w ; I l oo k b ck th ou gh th y
. se s e es o a r e ea r
t 1 863 ; I c n
o y n tiv tow n in th B k shi
a seeHill I n a e e er re s, ca
s th t c ttl
ee a h ow g ou nd fi ll d with p op l ; I
a e s -
n s th r e e e ca ee e
chu ch th
a nd fl
r
mm
g
see s fl
n d th to w n h ll c o w d d
ying n d h
ere a
nd
a k c hi f s tre
nd h
ing —
b nds p l ying
w ll do I c ll a
e
a
a
er
r
e m e
s
, a
a
ea r a
e
a
re a
,
a
a
t thi s
th C o e
mm
o nt th t d y Th p op l h d tu n d ut t c iv
m
co p ny of ol di s nd th t co p ny c
a
on Th y h d rv d ut n t
e
s
in th Civil W r
a
rc hing up on er
e
a
, a
a
.
se
e
a
e
e
o
m m
mm e
o
a
a
e
a
er
r
e
e
a
o
e
o re e
a
e
m m
.
a nd h d enl i t d
a n d th y w
re b ing c iv d by th i n tiv
s e a e e re e re e e e r a e
m
,
to w n n I w s b ut boy b ut I w s c p t in of th t co p ny
s e a a a a a a a
—
m mm m
m
.
, ,
h v bu t
a
e
e m
p uff d u t with p id on th t d y why
m m
o
ll t p i c
rs A I
c b ric n dl w oul d
ch d on th Co on t
e a
r e
o e es
a a
s ar
, a
e
a
e
ee e
a
m m
.
th h d of
e ea y co p ny th w s n t n o p ou d th n a ere a o a a re r a
m
,
I .W ch d into th town h ll nd th n th y s t d y
e ar e e a a e e ea e
sol di s down in th c nt of th hous nd I took y p l c
er e e er e e a a e
down on th f ont t nd th n th town offic s fil d th ough
e r sea a e e er e r
m m mm
,
th g e t th ong of p o p l
re a wh stood cl o r nd p ck d in th t e e, o se a a e a
littl h ll Th y c
ar
e a up on th p l tfo
.
ound it nd the yor of th town th ch i n of th

, a
fo d h lf ci cl
e a
m e
a
e
e
a r
,
,
e
r
“
e
a r
a
a
a r e
e
APPE NDICE S 50 1
l ctm n in N w Engl nd took hi t in th m

lf ci cl H w n ol d m
Se e e id dl of th t e a , s se a e e a
ha r n hi h i w
e g y ; h n v h ld
e as a a s a r as ra e e er e
ne d d t b t ul y g t m n d wh n h c m
.
,
an Offic b fo in hi hf H thought th t n offic w ll h

e e re s e e a a e as a e
m
.
e e n
o e a up h dju t d
r rea a a e e a e e a s e
m m
,
hi p ow ful p ct cl
s n d gl nc d c l
er ly ound th udi nc
s e a es a a e a ar e a e e
th good ol d m n c might fo w d nd invit d mt comup

wi th ing dignity S udd nly hi y f ll up on
a az n d th n e s e es e e, a e
Invit d m
;
e a a e r r ar a e e o e
v took notic of mb fo I w nt t w
on th t nd with th town offic
e s a up on th t nd ! e e rs . e e e s a
N tow n offic
o er e er e e e re e o ar
dvi d th t ch t wh l mb ut I mn no hono bl
.
N w I houl d n t
o y th t s On town offic w th wh o sa a e er as ere o
m
.
,
“ ” “
a se e ea er o a e e, ea ra e
I took m t nd l t m
ntion S I w invit d up on th t nd with th town
e o as e e s a e
fold d m m co m
.
offic e rs y .
y w o d f ll on th fl oo nd sea a e s r a e r, a
y e y b t n d w it d t
ar b c iv d
s a r ss rea s a a e o e re e e
Wh n I h d gott n m t nd ll b c mil nt th o ugh th

.
N p ol on th Fifth ! P id go th b fo
a e d t uction nd f ll
e r e e e re es r a a a
h ll th ch i m n of th S l ctm nd c m
.
e y a e sea a a e a e S e r e
a e n o a r fo w d
a e e e e ar se a a e r ar
int oduc th Cong g tion l m

,
wi th g t digni ty t th t b l
re a nd w ll up p o d h w oul d o e a e, a e a s se e
r e in i t wh w th onl y o to
e re a a s er , o as e ra r
in th town nd wh w oul d giv th o tion t th tu ning
e a o e e ra o e re r
d th t thi ol d f m
,
soldi B ut f i nd
ers you hould h v n th u p i th t r e s, s a e se e e s r r se a
going t d liv th t o tion hi lf H h d n v m m

.
,
ra n ov th t u di nc wh n th y di cov
er a a e e e e s e re a s ar er
w
S
as
p ch in hi l if b fo
ee
m
b ut h f ll into th
o
s m
d t think th t th fli w oul d m
e
o th t oth
e
d er
e re ,
a ra
e e
se .
e sa
e
e err
a
r
e er
a
a e a
e rs
hi
a
m
h v f ll n into h
n o
e
to a
a e
S h h d w itt n u t ra p ch nd w lk d u p
r.
, k
o
e se e
e a
e o
r e o
a
a s ee
e o ce
a a e
a e
a n d down th p tu until h h d l n d it by h t nd
f ight n d th c ttl nd h b ought th t nu c ip t with hi
r e e
e
e a
as
m e, a
re
e r
e a ea r
a m e
a s r
ea r a
m
dju t d hi p ct cl t b u th t h m
,
a n d t king it f o a hi p ock t h p d it c full y up on th

r s e e s rea a re e
m
,
t bla Th n he e e a ight s e s s e a es o e s re a e
fo w d lik thi H m u t h v tudi d th ub j ct m

.
see it n d w lk d f b ck on th p l tfo
a n d th n
a t pp d
e ar a e a r a e s e e
um
,
r ar e uch f
s . e s a e s e e s e , or
h e a ss d n locution y ttitud ; h e t d h vi ly up on hi
a e ar a e e re s e ea s
l ft h l lightly dv nc d th ight foot th w b ck hi houl
e ee , s a a e e r , re a s s
d op n d th o g n of p ch nd dv nc d hi ight h nd
e rs , e e e r a s s ee , a a a e s r a
at n ngl of fo ty fi
a a A h tood in th t l ocution y tti
e r -
v e s e s a e ar a
mof m k d mif I do n t x gg t it b ut
.
tu d thi i ju t th w y th t p
e s ch w nt thi i it p ci ly
s s e a a S ee e s s re se
Im
.
,
So y f i nd h v
e r e s a e as e e o e a era e
m
,
I coul d n t x gg t it p o ib l ! Thi i th w y it w nt ;
o e a era e . ss e s s e a e
th u g h I n t h f to y b ut th l on th t i b ck
}i
a o th a o ere or e s r e e ss a s a
0 t:
b g n t h k lik th t hi kn b g n t t m
ll ow citi n
“
Fe A oon h h d hi voic hi h nd ze s S s as e ea r s e, s a
H cough d nd chok d n d fin lly c m

.
e a o S bl n d th n
a e e a s e es e a o re e, a e
ound t look t hi m
,
h eh ook ll ov
S a er . e e a e a a a e
nu c ip t Th n h b g n g in F l “
—
o a s
—
ar a s r e
—
e e a a
—w
e a :
v y h p p y t w l com
.
l w citi n W w zew s: W v y a re
h p p y—w
o e e a re e a re e a re er
—
e a re
a —
v y p py w
h e a re er a e a re er a o e e
b ck t th i n tiv town th
a o ol di wh h v fought nd
e r a e e se s ers o a e a
b l d —
e
—
n d co b ck g in t th i n tiv town W
a
—
m —
e a p a a o e r a e
'
e a re es e
m
.
o (th t mnt )
i lly w
c a p ci ll y w
e a rep ci ly w
l es p ci ll y
e a e a re es e a e a re es e a
p l d t
ea se
m
w
thi you ng h o wh in i
s
it h u t o d y t
o se eh i yo u ng
gin tion (f i nd
er
h
b h id o
s
m a
a a
s
r e
er
s , re mm a
e
ea
e r, e sa
e
i gin tion f if h h d n t id th t I w oul d n t b goti ti

m
”
or e a o sa a
—
a a , , o e e s
ca l nou gh t f t i ) this young h o wh in i gin tion
t o re e r o er o,
—
e a a
—
,
w h ve n l ding hi t oop l ding w h v s n l ding

a e see ea s r s ea e a e ee ea
— w h v e n l ding hi t oop s on t th d dly b ch W
a e see ea s r o e ea rea e
— —
.
h v a n hi hining hi hining w h v
e see s s n hi hining s s e a e se e s S
— —
w e h v na hi h ining
e hi
se e h ining w o d fl hing in th
s S s S
m s r as e
m
s unlight h hout d t his t oop C o on ! as e s e o r s, e
’
Oh d d , d d ! H w littl th t good ol d n kn w
ea r , ea r , ea r , ea r o e a , a e
a bout w If h h d known nything bout w
ar h ou ght t
e a a a a r, e o
m m
.
h v known wh t ny ol di
a e in thi u di nc know i t u th t
a a s er s a e e s s r e, a
t go h d of hi m I with m
it i n x t t
s c i f n Offic of inf nt y v in ti of d ng
e o a r e or a er a r e er e a er
s
o a n ea
I w oul d go h d of m
unl ight houting t y t oop S C omon
y hining w o d fl hing in th
I n v
s
did it
o
e
m .
,
r s:
s
m
e
s
”
r as
e er
e
m m
.
,
f ont by th n y nd in th b ck by y w n m
.
D you up p o
o s y se n t b ho t in th a ea e o e S e
r e e e n? Th t i a e a o e a s
no p l c f n offic a e Th p l c f
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m
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e e e e e e e cr a e as o
Of th w ood e w p ing l ong ov th fi l d nd hout d
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Offi c ! Offic nd th n v y offi c ”

t th e rs ot th ! e rea r e rs o e rea r a e e er er
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ntion d th b ut th y w b ut littl
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m
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50 4 TH E ART OF PUB LIC S PE AKING
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U N I F O RM W IT H TH IS V OL U M E

WRITI NG THE SH ORT S T ORY -

TH E S TAND ARD MA NUA L F OR A MA N MP

WRITI NG T AY THE PH O OPL THE ART VE RS IFICAT ION OF

H E ART OF S T ORY WRIT ING T HE ART OF PUB LIC S PEAK IN-

THE T E CH NIQ UE OF THE M YS TE RY S TORY

TH E ART OF PLAYW RIT ING THE TO JOURNAL IS M

THE HOME CORRE S POND E NCE S CHOOL

TH E HOM E CORRE S POND E NCE S CH OOL

CHAPTE R XIII—V OICE CHARM

The efﬁci ency of book is like tha t of a a n in one i

so urc e of its p ower A book a y b e ful l of good id ea s well

a ngl e ev en his exc e llent a dvic e ay prove to be in effective .

Thi s b oO k sta n ds or fa ll s b y its a utho rs a tti tu de to wa rd

its sub j ec t If the b est wa y to tea ch oneself or others

to sp ea k effec tively in p ub l ic is to ﬁl l the ind wi th rul es ,

a nd to set up ﬁx ed sta n da rd s for the in terp reta tion of

th o ught the u ttera nc e of la ng ua g e the

tures a nd a ll the rest then thi s boo k will b e li ited in

va lue to such stra y idea s throughout its p a ges a s a y

It is of so e i p o rta nc e therefore to tho se who ta k e

up thi s volu e wi th o p en ind tha t they sho ul d see

underlies a nd is b uilded through this structure I n p la in .

ta lly ; it is not a a tter of co nfo r —

of the a n hi self ; therefore the ﬁrst thing both in ti e

The se r p e es C se to t he rst : The an st

n h on ill ul ov o ugh f ling

The third p incipl i ll r i ou no pu

sp o k en he ca n i prove hi self by self ob serva tion or

a cco rding to the c ri tici s s of th o se who h ea r

B ut how sh a ll he b e a b l e to cri tici se hi self ? S i ply

ﬁrst a nd the la st B ut exp erience ust b e a dua l thing

the exp eri enc e of o thers ust b e used to supp l e ent ,

correct a nd justify our own exp erienc e ; in this way we

tra in ed o urselves in self knowl edg e the knowl edge of

wha t o ther inds thi nk a nd in the a bi lity to ju dge our

selv es by the sta ndard s we h a ve co e to b eli ev e a re

An ex a in a tion of the conten ts of this volu e wi ll show

to b egin to spea k a t onc e of wha t he kno ws Then he is

given S i ple suggestions for self control wi th gra dua lly

a teri a l is p ointed out And ﬁna lly a ll the whil e he is

urg ed to sp eak spea k S PEAK a s he is a pplying to his own

ethod s in his own persona l wa y the p rincip l es he ha s

ga thered fro his own exp eri enc e a nd ob serva tion a nd

S o now a t the very ﬁrst let it b e a s cl ea r a s light tha t

wa r h ea rt the do in a nt will a re p ri a ry a nd not o nl y

p o un u t b e a full b eing tha t

or ha v Things of s a ll V a lu in th a re a s ga udily D ress d

a s those th t a e full of p e ci ous D ru gs

l vel D w lling p fer bl e The ta llest T e s a e ost in the

Power of th Winds nd A b itiou s M n of the B l sts of Fortun

B uil dings ha ve n d of g ood Fou nd a tion tha t lie so

p ose d t the We ther

A CQU IRI N G CON F I D E N C E B E F ORE A N A U D IE N C E

nsa tion oft n xp i nc d in th p nc

of n udi nce It y p oc d f o th g of th ny yes

stea dily tu n th t g M ost p a k rs h v b n con ciou

of this in n less th ill a l so thing p v ding th t o

t ngibl v n c nt ind crib bl All writ rs h v

udi nc This inﬂu nc which w n w con id ing is

ﬁres of o tory f nn d into ﬂ y of th udi nc

l o ll t o WIL LIAM PITTE NGE R E t p S p h

S tu den tsof pub lic sp eaking continua lly a sk How ca n