HYDROSPHERE, FRESH WATER

DISTRIBUTION & WATER CYCLE

NAME: SYED ADNAN UL HASSAN
SEAT NO: 41
YEAR: 2ND YEAR 4TH SEMESTER
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI

COURSE HEAD : DR.KAUSAR REHMAN KHAN

 The Hydrosphere

 The hydrosphere includes all water

on or near the Earth’s surface
 This includes water in the oceans,
lakes, rivers, wetlands, polar ice caps,
soil, rock layers beneath Earth’s
surface, and clouds
 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered
in water
 The Earth’s Water

 97.2% of all of the water on Earth is found in the oceans

 Due to the salt content of ocean water, we are unable to use it
 Salt water can be cleaned by a process known as desalination
 This leaves only 2.8% of the Earth’s water as freshwater
 Only 0.8% of which is drinkable
 Freshwater Distribution

 The 2.8% of freshwater is divided into:

 Glaciers and Ice Caps = 2.15%
 Groundwater = 0.62%
 Surface Water = 0.03%
 Surface Water Distribution

 The 0.03% of surface water is divided into:

 Lakes = 0.017%
 Soil = 0.005%
 Atmosphere = 0.001%
 This refers to water vapor in the air
 Streams = 0.0001%
 The previous percentages referred to all the world’s
water but it can be adjusted to reflect percentages
based on a 100% scale
 The Water Cycle

 Water constantly moves

among the oceans, the
atmosphere, the solid
Earth, and the biosphere.
This unending circulation
of Earth’s water supply is
the water cycle
 Steps of the Water Cycle

Accumulation
 _____________________ – the process in which water pools in
large bodies (like oceans, seas and lakes)
Condensation
 _____________________ – the process in which water vapor (a
gas) in the air turns into liquid water
 Process by which water forms clouds in the sky
 Process by which water drops form on the outside of a glass of icy
water on a hot day
 _____________________
Evaporation – the process in which liquid water
becomes water vapor (a gas)
 Water vaporizes from the surfaces of oceans and lakes, from the
surface of the land, and from melts in snow fields
 Steps of the Water Cycle

Precipitation
 _____________________ – the process in which water (in the
form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail) falls from clouds in the sky
Runoff
 _____________________ – the draining away of water (or
substances carried in it) from the surface of an area
Transpiration
 _____________________ – the process in which some water
within plants evaporates into the atmosphere
 Water is first absorbed by the plant's roots, then later exits by
evaporating through pores in the plant.
Condensation Condensation
Precipitation

Transpiration
Runoff Evaporation

Accumulation