Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Keywords: ABSTRACT: This review summarizes the health benefits of Tender Coconut Water
(TCW). TCW is a natural, healthy, nutritious drink from coconut tree widely grown
TCW, GPx, L-arginine, in tropical countries. Indonesia is the larger country with the largest coconut
Review growing country in the world. The active compounds in TCW include methionine,
Correspondence to Author: L-arginine, cytokines, selenium, vitamin C, and Zn, Mn and Cu. L-arginine is
Siti Thomas Zulaikhah present in TCW Significantly reduce the free radical generation, TCW Also contain
Department of Public Health, Faculty vitamin C that Significantly reduce lipid peroxidation when Introduced in rats. L-
of Medicine, UNISSULA, Semarang, arginine was able to increase glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in rat exposed to
Central Java, Indonesia Plumbum. Cytokinin is a potent antioxidant against free radical-induced cell
damage. Selenium is one of the micronutrients that form the
enzyme GPx. Methionine is an amino acid containing sulfur that can be used as a
source of thiols and plays a role in the synthesis of glutathione. The TCW of 5-7
E-mail: sitithomas@unissula.ac.id
months of age is about 500-750 mL; depending on the maturity and varieties of
coconut. The older the coconut, the less water it contains
INTRODUCTION: Foods containing sulfur that can be used as a source of thiols and plays
natural antioxidants can be used as a strategy to a role in the synthesis of glutathione. Water content
reduce morbidity and mortality especially due to in a tender coconut of 5-7 months of age is about
oxidative stress 1 and the prevalence of degenerative 500-750 mL, and depends on the maturity and
diseases.2 Coconut water is a natural, healthy, varieties of coconut.11,12
nutritious drink from coconut palm trees widely The finding of Bhagya et al .4 proved that
grown in tropical countries. Indonesia is the largest tender coconut water can reduce oxidative stress and
coconut growing country in the world.3 TCW has a improve antioxidant status characterized
therapeutic effect,4,5 containing various nutrients by decreased MDA levels, increased levels of
such as minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, amino antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT and GPx in
acids, enzymes and growth hormones.6 Recent mice fed fructose diet. Loki and Rajamohan showed
studies have shown that TCW is rich in L-arginine, a that TCW has a beneficial effect, significantly
free form amino acid, and vitamin C, which can lowering MDA levels and increasing levels of
prevent heart disease and lipid peroxidation.4.7 In antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT and GPx in
addition, TCW also contains various important carbon tetrachloride-induced rats (CCl4 ).13 Similar
compounds for the body, such as magnesium, research conducted by Anurag and
34
potassium, calcium, selenium, methionine, zinc, Rajamohan proved that tender coconut water
iodine, manganese, boron, molybdenum and improves mitochondria and provides protection
phytohormon such as auxin, cytokines, against isoproterenol (free radical) induced
4,8
gibberellins. L-arginine can be used for the damage. Zulaikhah et al. study showed that TCW
therapy and reduce the effects of heavy metal can lower total cholesterol (TC), low-density
poisoning.9 Treatment with L-arginine was able to lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) levels and
increase GPx activity in mice exposed to Plumbum decrease height-density lipoprotein (HDL). 14 The
(Pb).10 Cytokinin is a potent antioxidant against free results of subsequent studies in human demonstrated
radical induced cell damage.8 Selenium is one of the that TCW can increase the antioxidant enzyme
micronutrients that form the GPx superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT),
enzyme. Methionine is an amino acid containing glutathione peroxidase (GPx), decrease lipid
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research
Zulaikhah ST., IJPSR, 2019; Vol. 10(2): . E-ISSN: 0975-8232; P-ISSN: 2320-5148
carbohydrate.12 TCW can also be used to risk of heart disease, improving blood
protect the heart and prevent peroxidation.4.7 circulation, lowering blood pressure high,
Zulaikhah et al. proved that the helps prevent atherosclerosis , prevents
administration of 450 mL/day of TCW 30 abnormal blood clotting, has anti-aging
days lowers MDA levels in traditional gold properties, restores strength and elasticity to
miners exposed to mercury.15 Loki & the skin, reduces wrinkles and sagging skin, as
Rajamohan reported that TCW was able to an antioxidant, enhances immune
8,11,25
decrease MDA levels in CCl4-induced function. Research Gullapalli et al. states
rats.13 Agbafar et al. studies suggest that that the consumption of the coconut water is
coconut water is capable of lowering MDA decreased in the blood pressure in primary
levels as lipid peroxidation markers.23 Lima hypertensive patients. The systolic
et al. Show administering coconut water (6 and diastolic blood pressure (BP) of
mL/100 g of body weight) to female rats experimental group decreased by 10.5 mm Hg
intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride and 6.8 mm Hg respectively.26
recovered the action of decreased lipid
peroxidation.29 7. Cardioprotective activity
Epidemiological studies suggest that high
5. Improve Lipid Profile levels of HDL can prevent heart disease
According Bhagya et al. tender coconut (cardiovascular diseases) such as ischemic
water lower trigleserid and free stroke, myocardial infarction.23 Anurag and
4
fatty acids. is supported by Zulaikhah et Rajamohan showed that coconut water has
al. showing that TCW lower total cardioprotective effect in
cholesterol, triglyceride levels, LDL levels experimental myocardial infarction induced in
and increase HDL levels.14 The findings rats.18 An important biological action of
of Agbafar et al, showed that coconut water coconut was demonstrated using an
is able to reduce total cholesterol, experimental model of myocardial infarction
triglycerides and LDL and can reduce induced by isoproterenol in rats. Feeding these
animals with TCW protected against the
HDL.23 TCW could also reduce total
induction of myocardial infarction and
cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels in
decreased mitochondrial lipid peroxidation.29
serum. Administering coconut water (4
mL/100 g body weight) in male rats
counteracted the increases in these 8. Anti-inflammatory effects
substances promoted by cholesterol The anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory
feeding. 29 effects observed in this study, like other
biological properties of coconut water, may be
6. Improve Blood Pressure due to its unique composition of sugars,
According to Bhagya et al. TCW can lower vitamins, minerals, amino acids and cytokinin
systolic pressure.4 The finding of Farapti et acids. This reduces threshold in both lactating
al. proved that fresh tender coconut water 300 and adult rats.This anti-inflammatory potential
ml administered twice a day for 14 of coconut water may be linked descriptively
consecutive days to lower systolic blood with inhibiting prostaglandin production,
pressure, but not the diastolic blood pressure.24 thereby reducing inflammation and pain. The
TCW is useful for preventing dehydration, results of the study show that coconut water
reducing swelling in the hands and feet, possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory
protecting against cancer, helping the blood properties in aduration-dependent manner. The
sugar balance of diabetics, providing ionic analgesic property was demonstrated on the
mineral resources, increasing digestion, basis of thermal nociception in the test models
helping to relieve constipation, reducing the of hot plate and tail immersion, and chemical
9. Diarrhea Therapy
Coconut water is rich enzyme systems include
very effective and selective reductase, Another benefits
polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase The Coconut Development
(POD). These are involved in its development Board (CDB) states that TCW can be utilized
of a brownish color when it is exposed to air to:
for a long time. Based on its content and a. Feeding baby with intestinal disorders,
properties, coconut water has been used in the b. Oral rehydration,
treatment of child and adult diarrhea, and c. Preventing body chillness
gastroenteritis as well as for urinary stone d. Preventing prickly heat, eliminating
dissolution, short-term intravenous hydration rash caused by chicken pox, measles
and protecting against gastrointe stinal tract etc.
infections.28 e. Killing the worms,
f. Good drinks in case of cholera,
10. Antidiabetic activities g. Diuretics,
The effects of mature coconut water were also h. Treating kidney and urethral stones,
evaluated and compared with glibenclamide i. Preventing urinary tract infections,
in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Treatment of j. Intravenous injection in case of
diabetic rats with lyophilized mature coconut emergency,
water (1000 mg/kg body weight) or
k. Detoxification toxins in cases of
glibenclamide (0.6 mg/kg body weight)
poisoning,
reduced blood glucose levels (129.23±1.95
and 120±2.3 mg/dL, respectively) when l. A tonic for the elderly and the sick, and
compared with the untreated control m.Urinary tract antiseptics.12
(275.32±4.25 mg/dL). Coconut water also TCW contains an electrolyte fluid that
increased insulin levels and liver glycogen maintains the body's osmotic pressure, can be
concentrations and reduced glycated used as an intravenous fluid in an
hemoglobin levels in diabetic rats. In emergency. In case of emergency in remote
addition, elevated levels of liver function regions of the world and during World War
enzymes markers like alkaline phosphatase, II, coconut water was used as a short-term
serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, intravenous hydration and resuscitation
and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase fluid,27 TCW was used as a substitute for
in diabetic rats were significantly reduced fluids and nutrients at the time of the
upon treatment with mature coconut water. It babies suffering from diarrhea in Vietnam.11
was also observed that diabetic rats showed
altered levels of blood urea, serum creatinine, CONCLUSION
and albumin, and the albumin/globulin ratio Experimental studies involving human and
was significantly reversed by treatment with animals showed that TCW can be used to
mature coconut water and glibenclamide.29 prevent oxidative stress, Antioxidant activity,
Lipid peroxidation Activity, Improve Lipid
11. Increase hemoglobin levels Profile, Blood Pressure, Cardioprotective