BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01

DIVISION 03
CONCRETE

E D I T E D B Y A R . M A R C E M I L V. M I R A N D A , U A P
F O R D O N H O N O R I O V E N T U R A S TAT E U N I V E R S I T Y
D E PA RT M E N T O F A RC H I T E C T U R E
 TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED:

DIVISION 03 | CONCRETE
3.A

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

c. Water
❑ This usually varies from 5 to 7 gallons, with 6.5 gallons as
average for ordinary job conditions. The less water used in
mixing, the better the quality of concrete.
3.A

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

c. Water
❑ The ideal mix is one that is plastic and workable. It should
not be too dry that it becomes too difficult to place in the
forms, nor too wet that separation of the ingredients result.
 CEMENTING MATERIALS 3.A

SLUMP TEST
3.A

SLUMP TEST
CEMENTING MATERIALS

❑ used for measuring the consistency of a concrete mix.

❑ Consistency may be defined as the “state of fluidity of
the mix”, and it includes the entire range of fluidity
from the wettest to the driest possible mixtures.

In this test the tendency of a

mix to “slump”, or reduce its
height due to gravity action,
is measured.
3.A

SLUMP TEST
CEMENTING MATERIALS

The apparatus consist of

metal cone:
❑ the bottom opening being
200mm (8”) in diameter
❑ the top opening being
100mm (4”)
❑ and the height exactly
300mm (12”).
3.A

SLUMP TEST
CEMENTING MATERIALS

In making the test, the slump tester is placed on a flat, smooth

surface and is filled with newly mixed concrete from mixer. In
filling the mold with concrete, the latter is tamped in with a 12mm
(½”) rod pointed at one end and the top of the concrete is
smoothed off exactly level.
The mold is then slowly raised vertically, and the height deducted
from the original height of 300mm (12”) represents the slump.
3.A

SLUMP TEST
CEMENTING MATERIALS

A harsh mix is efficient for slabs, CONSISTENCY

pavements, or mass concrete where (SLUMP)
the lowest possible water-cement Maximum Minimum
ratio is desirable.
Reinforced foundation 125mm 50mm
The following table gives the
walls and footings (5”) (2”)
permissible slump for various types of
concrete in relation to their uses: Plain footings, 100mm 25mm
caissons, and (4”) (1”)
substructure walls
Slabs, beams, thin 150mm (6”) 75mm
reinforced walls & (3”)
building columns
Pavements and floor 75mm (3”) 25mm
laid on ground (1”)
Heavy mass 75mm (3”) 25mm
construction (1”)
3.A
CEMENTING MATERIALS

PROPORTIONING
OF CONCRETE
3.A

PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

Briefly stated, the principles of proper proportioning are as follows:

a) Use good quality materials: Portland cement,
water, and aggregate.
b) Determine the strength of the concrete using the water-
cement ratio. (The strength increases as the
water-cement ratio decreases).
c) Determine the consistency of the mix using the slump test
using as dry a mix as practicable.
d) Add correct proportions of aggregates to the cement and
water as will give a mix of the desired consistency.
e) Make a mix that’s workable, not harsh.
3.A

PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

The strength of a workable concrete mix depends upon

the water-cement ratio. The economy of the mix depends
upon the proper proportioning of the fine and coarse
aggregates.
There are several methods of proportioning concrete:
a) Proportioning by arbitrary proportions
b) Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test
c) Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and fineness
modulus
3.A

PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

a) Proportioning by arbitrary proportions

Proportioning concrete by the arbitrary
selection of the proportions is the oldest, the
most used, the most convenient and the least
scientific method.
In this method, the aggregates are measured
by loose volume, that is, its volume as it is
thrown into a measuring box.
One sack of cement is taken as 1 cu. ft.
Enough water is used to give the
desired consistency.
3.A

PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

b) Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test

Common mixes expressed in proportions by volumes of
cement to fine aggregate to coarse aggregate are as follows:
CONCRETE PROPORTIONS
Class “AA” 1 : 1.5 : 3 For concrete under water, retaining walls

Class “A” 1:2 :4 For suspended slabs, beams, columns, arches, stairs,
walls of 100mm (4”) thickness
Class “B” 1 : 2.5 : 5 For walls thicker than 100mm (4”), footings, steps,
reinforced concrete slabs on fill.
Class “C” 1:3:6 For concrete plant boxes, and any non-critical concrete
structures.
Class “D” 1 : 3.5 : 7 For mass concrete works.
3.A

PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

b) Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test

CONCRETE PROPORTIONS
Class “AA” 1 : 1.5 : 3 For concrete under water, retaining walls

Class “A” 1:2 :4 For suspended slabs, beams, columns, arches,

stairs, walls of 100mm (4”) thickness
Class “B” 1 : 2.5 : 5 For walls thicker than 100mm (4”), footings,
steps, reinforced concrete slabs on fill.
Class “C” 1:3:6 For concrete plant boxes, and any non-critical
concrete structures.
Class “D” 1 : 3.5 : 7 For mass concrete works.

The proportion is to be read:

Class A : 1 part cement is to 2 parts sand is to 4 parts gravel.
It is customary to specify the cement in sacks the water in gallons per
sack of cement and the mixed aggregate in cu. ft. per sack of cement.
3.A

PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

c) Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and fineness

modulus
❑ For economy, proportion the fine coarse aggregates so that the
largest quantity of mixed aggregate may be used with a given
amount of cement and water to produce a mix of the desired
consistency of slump.
❑ Comparatively, the coarse aggregate has a lesser total surface to
be covered with cement paste and, therefore, is more economical.
❑ However, there must be enough fine aggregate present to fill the
voids in the coarse aggregate, or extra cement paste will be
needed for this purpose. A well-graded aggregate contains all sizes
of fine and coarse particles in such proportions that the voids in the
combined aggregate will be a minimum.
3.A
CEMENTING MATERIALS

MIXING OF CONCRETE
3.A

mixing of concrete
CEMENTING MATERIALS

❑ Reinforced-concrete work should be mixed by machine

❑ Machine-mixed concrete is usually of more uniform quality
than that mixed by hand and is generally less expensive when
in large volume.
❑ The strength of concrete is very largely dependent upon the
thoroughness of mixing.
3.A

a. MACHINE MIXING
CEMENTING MATERIALS

In machine-mixing, the
mixing of each batch should
continue not less than one
minute after all the materials
are in the mixer and
whenever practicable, the
length of the mixing time
should be increased
to 1.5 or 2 minutes.
The entire contents of the
drum should be discharged
before recharging the mixer.
The mixer should be cleaned
at frequent intervals
while in use.
3.A

a. MACHINE MIXING
CEMENTING MATERIALS

Concrete mixers may be divided

into two general classes:
Batch Mixers
into which sufficient
materials are placed at
one time to make a
convenient size batch
of concrete, the whole
amount being
discharged in one
mass after it is mixed.
Continuous Mixers
into which the
materials are fed
constantly and from
which the concrete is
discharged in a
steady stream.
3.A

a. MACHINE MIXING
CEMENTING MATERIALS

Concrete mixers may

also be classified as:

❑ Drum Mixers
❑ Trough Mixers
❑ Gravity Mixers, and
❑ Pneumatic Mixers.
The drum mixers are
the most common
type.
Videos courtesy of Youtube.com
For Educational Purposes only intended for Student Visuals
3.A

b. HAND MIXING
CEMENTING MATERIALS

❑ hand-mixing must be done

on a water-tight platform.
❑ cement and fine
aggregate shall first be
mixed dry until the whole is
a uniform color.
❑ water and coarse
aggregate shall then be
added and the entire mass
turned at least three times,
or until a homogeneous
mixture of the required
consistency is obtained.
Videos courtesy of Youtube.com
For Educational Purposes only intended for Student Visuals
3.A

b. HAND MIXING
CEMENTING MATERIALS

❑ since initial set of concrete

takes place 1 to 3 hours
after mixing, a batch may
be used anytime before
initial set takes place,
provided that the mix is
plastic.
❑ Regaging or retempering
of concrete that has been
allowed to stand more
than ½ hour is not to be
permitted.
3.A
CEMENTING MATERIALS

TRANSPORTING AND
PLACING OF CONCRETE
3.A

TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE

CEMENTING MATERIALS

❑ Fresh concrete should be

transported from the mixer as
rapidly as practicable by methods
that will permit the placing of the
concrete in the forms before initial
set occurs and without loss or
separation of materials.
❑ The delivery of the concrete from
the mixer to the forms should be
fairly continuous and
uninterrupted.
❑ The time of transportation should
not exceed 30 minutes.
3.A

TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE

CEMENTING MATERIALS

❑ The concrete may be

transported by means of
barrows, buggies, buckets,
cableways, hoists, chutes,
belts and pipes.
❑ When chutes are used, the
slope should not be more
than 1 vertical to 2
horizontal or less than 1
vertical to 3 horizontal. The
delivery end of the chutes
shall be as close as
possible to the point of
deposit.
3.A

TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE

CEMENTING MATERIALS

❑ Before placing concrete, the forms

shall be cleaned and inspected,
surfaces wetted or oiled, and
reinforcement properly secured.
❑ Concrete should be deposited in
approximately horizontal layers in
wall, column and footing forms.
They should not be piled up in the
forms which may result in the
separation of the cement mortar
from the coarse aggregate.
❑ Concrete should never be allowed
to drop freely over 5 ft. for unexposed
work and over 3 ft. for exposed work.
3.A
CEMENTING MATERIALS

CONCRETE CURING PROCESS

3.A

CURING OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

❑ The increase in
strength is rapid during
the early ages and
continues more slowly
as time goes on.
❑ The compressive
strength reaches about
60% of its own
maximum value at an
age of 28 days and
about 80% at an age
of 3 months.
3.A

CURING OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete from drying out too rapidly.
This may be done by:

a. Covering the concrete.

Floors shall be covered with paper
sacking wetted down at the edges or
with burlap, sand or earth that is kept
moist, after the concrete is hard
enough to walk on.
b. Removal of forms at prescribed
time. Forms shall not be removed
until after the time specified
3.A

CURING OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete from drying out too rapidly.
This may be done by:

c. Sprinkling with water.

Beams, columns and walls are d. Using curing compounds
sprinkled or sprayed with water as (see ADMIXTURES).
soon as the forms are removed.
3.A

CURING OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

❑ In order that the hardening may

proceed favorably, the fresh
concrete, for about 7 days after
placing, should be protected
from excessive vibration, loads,
extreme heat or cold, too rapid
drying, and contact with
impurities which may interfere
with the chemical action.
❑ The strength of the concrete
increases with age when the
curing conditions remain
favorable.
3.A
CEMENTING MATERIALS

Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete from drying out

too rapidly. This may be done by:
COVERING THE CONCRETE

❑ Floors shall be
covered with paper
sacking wetted
down at the edges
or with burlap, sand
or earth that is kept
moist, after the
concrete is hard
enough to walk on.
3.A
CEMENTING MATERIALS

Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete from drying out

too rapidly. This may be done by:
REMOVAL OF FORMS AT PRESCRIBED TIME

❑Forms shall not

be removed
until after the
time specified.
3.A
CEMENTING MATERIALS

Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete from drying out

too rapidly. This may be done by:
SPRINKLING WITH WATER

❑ Beams, columns
and walls are
sprinkled or
sprayed with water
as soon as the
forms are removed.
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
3.08 SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
& TEMPERATURE CHANGES
2. STORAGE OF • Shrinkage of concrete due to hardening and
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
contraction from temperature changes, causes
3.01 Definition cracks the size of which depends on the extent of
3.02 Qualities
of Good the mass. They cannot be counteracted
Concrete
3.03 Materials of successfully but they can be minimized by placing
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test reinforcement so that large cracks can be broken
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
up to some extent to smaller ones.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures • In long continuous length of concrete, it is better to
3.11 Forms
place shrinkage or contraction joints. Shrinkage
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE cracks are likely to occur at joints where fresh
4.01 Types of
Processed
concrete is joined to concrete which has already
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
set, and hence in placing the concrete,
Light-weight construction joints should be made on horizontal
Conc.
and vertical lines.
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
• Concrete must be allowed to “cure” or harden
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT after it is placed.
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition • Hardening is a rather slow process in which
3.02 Qualities
of Good the cement and water unite to form
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
compounds that give strength and durability to
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning the concrete. It continues as long as the
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting temperatures are favorable and moisture is
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
present.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
• Three main factors that affect hardening are:
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE

▪ age or time
4.01 Types of
Processed

▪ temperature, and
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc. ▪ moisture.
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete from drying out too rapidly.
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT This may be done by:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
d. Using curing
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
compounds (see
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
ADMIXTURES).
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Parts of Structure CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED FOR THE

CEMENT REMOVAL OF FORMS
3. CONCRETE
FOOTINGS a. Massive footings a. 1 day (24 hours)
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities b. Cantilever footings b. 5 days (120 hours)
of Good c. Slab footings c. 5 days (120 hours)
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
WALLS AND a. Massive walls, 30 cms. thick a. Up to 2 M. high: 1 day (24 hours). Add 1 day (24 hours)
3.04 Slump Test PLASTERS or more for every additional meter or fraction thereof.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing b. Thin walls less than 30 cms. b. Up to 2 M. high: 2 days (48 hours. Add 1-1/2 days (36
3.07 Transporting
and Placing Thick hours) for every additional meter or fraction thereof
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures c. Cantilever walls, buttresses, c. Without loads, same as (b).
3.11 Forms counter forts, diaphragms.
4. PROCESSED COLUMNS a. Ratio of height to least a. 2 days (48 hours)
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
diameter up to 4
Processed
Concrete b. Ratio of height to least b. Add to the above number 1 day (24 hours) for every
4.02 Aggregates for diameter from 4 to 15. additional meter or height or fraction there of but not
Light-weight
Conc. more than 28 days (672 hours).
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
Parts of Structure CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED FOR THE
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT REMOVAL OF FORMS
3. CONCRETE SLABS a. 3 to 7 ft. spans a. 3 ft. span, 5 days (120 hours). Add ½ day (12 hours) for
3.01 Definition every additional 1 ft. span or fraction thereof.
3.02 Qualities
of Good b. 7 ft. span, 7 days (168 hours). Add 1 day (24 hours) for
Concrete
3.03 Materials of b. Over 7 ft. span every additional 1 ft. span or fraction thereof but not more
Concrete than 28 days (672 hours).
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing BEAMS AND a. Sides a. 3 days
3.07 Transporting GIRDERS
and Placing b. Bottoms b. Up to 14 ft., 14 days (336 hours). Add 1 day for every 1 ft.
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing additional span or fraction thereof but not more than 28
3.10 Admixtures days (672 hours).
3.11 Forms
ARCHES a. Spandrel walls a. 7 days (168 hours).
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE b. Spandrel arches b. 14 days (336 hours)
4.01 Types of c. Main arches c. 21 days (504 hours)
Processed
Concrete BALUSTRADES, a. Steel & side forms a. 1 day (24 hours)
4.02 Aggregates for COPINGS,ETC.
Light-weight
Conc. R.C. PILES and a. Sides. a. 3 days (72 hours)
R.C. POSTS b. Bottom b. 14 days (336 hours)
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
Substances added to cements, mortars, and concrete for the purpose of improving
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
or imparting particular properties, such as:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
• To improve workability of concrete, e.g. hydrated lime
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
• To improve durability by entrainment of air
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test • To accelerate setting or hardening (accelerators) e.g. calcium chloride
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
• To retard setting (retarders).
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures • To improve wear resistance
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
• To impart water-repellant or water-proofing qualities e.g. hydrated lime, KAOLINE,
4.01 Types of CELITE
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for • To impart water-repellant or waterproofing qualities, e.g., hydrated lime, waterproofing
Light-weight
Conc. compounds, KAOLINE, CELITE.

• To impart color, MINERAL OXIDES, COLORCON, METALICHROME.

 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF
Admixtures may be grouped into three categories:
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
• those for mixing into concrete
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
• those for mixing into mortar
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
• those for surface application or finish.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE Admixtures come in powder, paste, and liquid form, and are
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
usually patented and sold under trademark names.
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
Concrete admixtures include:
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
a. Accelerators - to
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition speed up setting time, to
3.02 Qualities
of Good develop earlier strength, and
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
to reduce length of time for
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
protection. Principal
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting ingredients are calcium
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
chloride. Maximum amount
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms added is 2 lbs. per bag of
4. PROCESSED cement.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete Disadvantages: they increase the expansion and contraction of concrete,
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight reduce resistance to sulfate attack, and increases efflorescence and
Conc.
corrosion of high tension steels.
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
Concrete admixtures include:
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
b. Retarders - to slow down the
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition hydration of the cement during very
3.02 Qualities
of Good hot weather. Principal ingredients
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
include zinc oxide, calcium
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
lignosulfonate, derivatives of adipic
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting acid.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
Disadvantages: may cause some
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE loss of early strength and will
4.01 Types of
Processed therefore require careful control and
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for more frequent slump tests, also
Light-weight
Conc. reduces the expansion and
contraction of concrete.
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
Concrete admixtures include:
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT c. Air-entraining agents - introduce
3. CONCRETE minute air bubbles to greatly increase the
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
resistance of concrete to freezing and thawing,
Concrete
3.03 Materials of increase plasticity and reduce bleeding.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test Addition of air-entraining admixtures is usually
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
in the proportion of 3 to 6% of the volume of
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
concrete. They are manufactured from such
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures ingredients as rosin, beef tallow, stereates,
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
foaming agents (soap).
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Disadvantages: These require careful control
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
and more frequent slump tests. They may also
Light-weight
Conc.
cause some loss of strength.
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
Concrete admixtures include:
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT d.Inert, finely
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition divided powders
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
such as powdered
3.03 Materials of
Concrete glass , silica sand,
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing stone dust,
hydrated lime - are
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
added to improve
4. PROCESSED workability, used as per
manufacturer’s directions.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Hydrated lime is usually in
Light-weight
Conc. the proportion of 10 to 15%
of the cement by volume.
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
Concrete admixtures include:
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
e. Waterproofing
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition (permeability-reducing)
3.02 Qualities
of Good compounds - reduce the capillary
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
attraction of the voids in the concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
or mortar, but while it may decrease
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting water absorption of the concrete or
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
mortar, it does not render concrete
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms waterproof. They are manufactured
4. PROCESSED from stearic acid or its compounds,
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of mainly calcium steareate, and include
Processed
Concrete asphalt emulsions. They are
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight introduced usually in the amounts of
Conc.
0.1 to 4.0% of the weight of cement.
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
Concrete admixtures include:
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
f. Colored pigments are mainly to used to give color to concrete
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition floors. There are two types:
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete • Dry-cast, broadcast or dust-on,
3.03 Materials of
Concrete for surface coloring. They are dusted on, usually in
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
two coats, after all surface water has disappeared.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
The surface is then finished with a steel trowel.
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures • Integral colors, for body coloring.
3.11 Forms
Integral color pigments are incorporated in the
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE mortar topping. They are mixed dry with the
4.01 Types of
Processed cement and aggregate before water is added.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for Amount of color pigment required is not more than
Light-weight
Conc.
10% of the cement by weight, generally 3 to 6 lbs.
per bag of cement.
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF
Admixtures for mixing into mortar include:
CEMENT
• Accelerators
• plasticizing agents (correctly called water-reducing agents) to
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good lower water cement ratio and make the mix more workable
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • waterproofing agents, and
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
• color pigments
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
Surface application finishes for concrete consist of:
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures • hardeners
• color pigments
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE • special aggregates
4.01 Types of
Processed • sealers
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for • abrasive materials
Light-weight
Conc. • waterproofing agents, and
• fillers and patchers.
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.11 forms
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement a. LUMBER FORMS
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT ➢ Lumber used in form
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition construction should only be
3.02 Qualities
of Good partially seasoned.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test ➢ Kiln-dried lumber has a tendency
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
to swell when soaked by the
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage concrete, and this swelling
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
causes bulging and distortion of
4. PROCESSED the forms.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
➢ Green lumber, on the other hand, dries out and shrinks if allowed to stand
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
too long before the concrete is placed. This tendency of green lumber to
Light-weight
Conc.
check and warp may, however, be prevented to some extent by keeping
the boards thoroughly saturated with water.
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.11 forms
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement a. LUMBER FORMS
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
When using natural, well
3.02 Qualities
of Good seasoned lumber, care should
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete be taken not to drive the work
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
up too close, since forms
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
should always be left in a
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms position to experience some
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
slight swelling without any
Processed
Concrete undesirable results.
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.11 forms
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement a. LUMBER FORMS
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT • Sheathing lumber dressed at least one side and
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
both edges even are used where the removal and cleaning of the
3.02 Qualities
of Good
forms are necessary for re-use .
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete • Sheathing lumber dressed on all four sides shall
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning be used in face work, where smooth and true surface is important.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
• Tongue-and-groove lumber will achieve tight joints between
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures boards in floor and wall panel construction.
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED • Simply dressing the lumber true to edge form square of

CONCRETE
4.01 Types of butt joints in the forms for columns, beams, and girders.
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for Sizes of lumber frequently used :
Light-weight • 2-inch thick for columns, beams and girder bottoms
Conc.
• 1-inch thick for floor panels and beam and girder sides
• 2x4s for struts, posts, shores, and uprights
• 1 or 2-inch thick for cleats
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.11 forms
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement a. LUMBER FORMS
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE Sizes of lumber frequently

3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities used :
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
• 2-inch thick for columns,
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
beams and girder bottoms
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing • 1-inch thick for floor panels
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
and beam and girder sides
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
• 2x4s for struts, posts, shores,
3.11 Forms
and uprights
• 1 or 2-inch thick for cleats
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.11 forms
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement a. LUMBER FORMS
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
Use nails sparingly in the
3.02 Qualities
of Good construction of forms because
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
unnecessary nailing not only
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
adds to the labor of wrecking
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
but also renders the lumber
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures unfit for continued use. Where
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
nails must be used, leave the
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of head protruding so that they
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
may be withdrawn without
Light-weight
Conc.
injury to the lumber.
 3. concrete
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime 3.11 forms
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement a. LUMBER FORMS
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
All forms for concrete require a coating of some lubricant to
of Good
Concrete
prevent concrete from adhering to the wood and thus make a
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
rough, unpleasant appearance. Crude oil and petroline preserve
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
the forms against damage by alternate wetting and drying. The
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage forms should preferably be oiled before they are set in place. Oil
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
should not be used, however, on forms against surfaces which
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
are to be plastered, as oil prevents adhesion of the plaster. In
4.01 Types of
Processed
such cases, wetting with water will be sufficient.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.