Nuclear power

How does nuclear power affect people’s health?

January 2023

Content:

Introduction
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.. 2
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………….3
Nuclear power - overview …………………………………………………………………3
Advantages and disadvantages……………………………………………………...4
Disasters - overview……………………………………………………………….……………4
The Chernobyl accident…………………………………..……………………….5
The Fukushima Daiichi accident …………………………………………….6
Nuclear power in medicine……………………………………………………………….7
Nuclear power in agriculture…………………………………………………………….8
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………9
Sources……………………………………………………………………………………………….11

How does nuclear power affect people’s health?

Introduction

Nuclear power is a type of energy that is released from the nuclei, which is where
the protons and neutrons of the atoms are. Nuclear power can be obtained from
reactions like nuclear fission, which is when the nuclei split into different
parts, and nuclear fusion, which is when nuclei combine together.

The process of Nuclear Fission

This type of power is being widely used for producing electricity and according to
Einstein's equation E=mc2, part of the mass is converted into energy. Fissile
elements are put into rods called "fuel rods”. The fuel rods are immersed in water,
and the energy released in the fission reaction heats the water, which turns into
steam. The steam is then used to turn a turbine that drives generators, which
converts the steam’s heat energy into mechanical energy and then it shifts from
mechanical into electrical energy. This way of producing electricity is preferred
because it is completely carbon free and protects the air quality. It emits no
greenhouse gasses, and offers pollution-free power. Contrary to popular belief,
nuclear power station cooling towers only spew water vapor, not pollutants or
radioactive materials, into the sky. Many scientists agree that nuclear energy is
among the cleanest types of energy available today when compared to all other
options. It also requires less maintenance and is designed to operate for longer
stretches before refueling, for instance natural gas and coal have lower capacity
factors due to the routine maintenance. Nuclear power is considered as one of the
most sustainable and reliable energy sources, which is the reason for the mass
usage of it. Other than being used for electricity nuclear power has many different
applications such as seawater desalination, hydrogen production, district heating
and process heating for industries. However, the usage of nuclear power isn’t
entirely perfect just like everything else in the world. Unfortunately though it is
considered a non-renewable resource because the material used in nuclear power
plants, that generate electricity, is a certain type of the element called uranium.
This type of uranium is finite, thus nuclear energy is considered non-renewable.
Even though there are a lot of advantages, when using nuclear power, there are
consequences too. Despite the fact that nuclear energy is emission-free and clean,
experts point out a hidden risk associated with it: nuclear waste. Nuclear reactor
byproducts that are extremely radioactive and poisonous can be radioactive for tens
of thousands of years. Nuclear power alone is dangerous because a simple error can
lead to accidents. When put to nuclear exposure there will be serious health
consequences. When talking about nuclear power there are many arguments for the
usage of it and one’s against it. This sustainable energy resource sounds good in
theory but the realization of it has many drawbacks, which raises a controversy.

Abstract
Nuclear power seems like the most complicated and difficult topic to understand but
in reality it’s actually not that complex therefore this research paper will
provide you with loads of information regarding the topic and more specifically
nuclear power’s effect on people’s health. There are plenty of people out there who
are interested in nuclear energy but there isn’t much information on the internet
which could be useful to a person who doesn’t professionally engage in studying
chemistry and physics. Given that fact we considered it would be great to make a
research of our own and summarize our research results to create a clear yet
detailed paper on a topic which is certainly of huge importance to the world
nowadays - Nuclear power’s effect on people’s health.

Nuclear power - overview

Nuclear energy is a widely used way of generating electricity. As of 2011,

approximately 15% of the world's electricity is generated by nuclear power plants.
The United States has more than 100 nuclear reactors, and most of their electricity
is generated from fossil fuels and hydroelectric power. Countries such as
Lithuania, France and Slovakia generate almost all their electricity from nuclear
power plants. This type of energy is produced by using a fuel which includes the
highly radioactive element uranium. Uranium atoms are split apart under extreme
pressure in nuclear reactors. The atoms split, releasing little particles known as
fission products. Other uranium atoms break as a result of fission products,
beginning a chain reaction. This chain reaction releases energy, which is converted
into heat. This process happens in a reactor which is supposedly provided with
specific radiation shields which are meant to make certain that communities are
kept safe from radiation leaks and accidents. However, there are some style
reactors such as the old Soviet ones, which do not meet the safety precautions
entirely. They are still being used because making a new reactor is outrageously
expensive for the government. A new nuclear power plant's design and construction
need a large number of highly skilled professionals and may take several years,
compounding finance expenses that can grow significantly. Many factors actually
result in a significant growth in the price which sometimes outgrows the
anticipated price, keeping in mind that the original cost used to be 14 billion
dollars but now has risen to 23 billion dollars.

Advantages and disadvantages

Despite its high cost it’s still used widely as we previously mentioned. It’s
mostly famous and considered a clean source of energy because of the fact that it
has a small carbon footprint. The small amount of carbon that it exudes contributes
to the condition of our planet because as most people know the majority of other
electricity sources cause great damage to nature and therefore to people’s lives
and specifically health. Due to that exact small amount of carbon this type of
generating energy producеs less greenhouse emissions. Another vital advantage is
the fact that nuclear power produces high levels of energy compared to most power
sources, therefore is a great provider of baseload electricity. The term "baseload
electricity" simply refers to the minimal amount of energy required by the system
for a certain period, such as a week. More frequently than any other energy source
(93% of the time), nuclear power plants operate at full capacity. This 24-hour
consistency makes nuclear energy the perfect source for dependable baseload
electricity for the grid. The usage of this form of energy is opposed by the anti-
nuclear movement for a number of reasons. One main disadvantage is the nuclear
waste, which scientists sometimes refer to as an “environment and health
catastrophe waiting to happen”. There has been a strong awareness of the potential
possibility of release of radioactive materials from generating electricity with
nuclear power. This is exactly why governments spend tons of money to safely get
rid of used-up nuclear fuel. In the light of past events there has been one main
disadvantage that has been discussed the most. Nuclear weapon proliferation is the
first and currently most discussed drawback of nuclear energy. This discussion was
first sparked by the deadly atomic bombings of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki during the Second World War, and it has recently been reopened in light of
growing worries about a nuclear escalation of the conflict between Russia and
Ukraine. Of course, this is a perspective regarding one of the many details of the
bigger issue.
Disasters - overview

The issue in question is accidents in general. Accidents happen in every business,

but every industry also learns from them. Each accident that occurs in civil
aviation is carefully investigated. Reputable airlines are quite safe because they
have learned from over a century of experience. Major mishaps also result in
increased safety in the chemical and oil-gas industries. The dangers involved with
these businesses are generally accepted by the general public as a fair trade-off
for our reliance on their goods and services. The enormous energy density of
nuclear power makes the potential risk evident, and this has always been taken into
account in the design of nuclear power facilities. Although the few accidents have
been dramatic and noteworthy, there haven't been many fatalities as a result. Such
disasters occur when the heat created by a nuclear reactor exceeds the amount of
heat being transferred out by the cooling systems. The system goes over its melting
point as a result. If this occurs, heated radioactive vapors may escape, causing
nuclear reactors to completely melt and catch fire while also releasing dangerous
radioactive pollutants into the atmosphere. The likelihood of this worst-case
scenario occurring is extremely low, and nuclear power facilities are outfitted
with a variety of safety features to guard against meltdowns. Thanks to the
measurements taken, many studies undertaken by organizations like the World Health
Organization have found that the radiation health impacts of nuclear accidents have
been extremely minimal. The principal effects of nuclear accidents might have been
greatly averted because they were psychological and socioeconomic issues brought on
by misconceptions and anxieties about radiation, rather than radiation exposure
itself. No matter the rareness of accidents like that happening, the possible
effects could be crucial. When exposed to radiation at high doses there could be an
immediate cause to a person's body and health overall. Most serious consequences
include radiation sickness and sometimes even death.

The Chernobyl accident

To begin with, we decided it would be suitable to discuss the most popular accident
of all, that being the Chernobyl accident in 1986.

It’s considered the worst incident to ever happen in the nuclear power sector. In
the disaster, the reactor was damaged, and a considerable amount of radioactive
material was spilled into the environment. Those emissions apart from causing the
death of 28 emergency responders and plant workers from acute radiation syndrome
and 2 immediate deaths as a result of the explosions, 5000 cases of thyroid cancer
have been confirmed. Thyroid cancer is not one of the well-known types of cancer
but it is equally deadly. It affects the thyroid gland, which is a little gland at
the base of the neck that produces hormones. As with every type of cancer your
outlook depends on the type and stage of development when it’s diagnosed. These
5000 cases of thyroid cancer are the diagnoses to children who have drank fresh
milk containing radioactive iodine from cows who had eaten contaminated grass in
the first few weeks following the accident in Chernobyl. Due to the radiation the
115,000 members of the public who lived in this area had to be evacuated in order
to avoid further complications. Other than the public living in the area, the
workers onsite were 600 and those who received higher radiation doses had higher
rates of leukemia and cataracts. There have been numerous theories regarding
whether the released radiation has contributed to various diseases, but a report on
Chernobyl, made by professional researchers all around the world confirmed that,
while new research data has become available, the major conclusions about the 1986
Chernobyl health consequences are essentially consistent with previous assessments.
In people who were children or teenagers at the time of the disaster, thyroid
cancer is the main health concern, according to the paper, and more research is
required to assess the long-term effects of radiation exposure. However, several
new international studies have found that individuals exposed to Chernobyl
radiation experience significant levels of anxiety and are more prone to report
unexplained physical problems and poor health. Many claim that the mental
consequences of the people are way more serious than the physical ones. That is
proved thanks to studies of clean-up workers and adults from contaminated areas
that have an increase in post-traumatic stress, anxiety disorders and significantly
poorer subjective ratings of health. Thus, the Chernobyl Forum concluded that
mental health was the largest public health problem unleashed by the accident. It
has been determined that public health monitoring is required after every major
accident, like the one in Chernobyl and Fukushima, due to the fact that poor mental
health is a leading cause of disability, physical morbidity, and death.

The city of Pripyat after the accident of Chenobyl in 1986

The Fukushima Daiichi Accident

The second most serious nuclear power accident is also the most recent one, which
happened on 11 March 2011 in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. Off the
east coast of Japan, a magnitude-9 earthquake caused a tsunami that severely
damaged coastal areas, killed 15 891 people, and left 2579 missing. The Fukushima
Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, which is located along the shoreline, lost its core
cooling capacity as a result of the tsunami. This resulted in severe damage to the
core of the reactor and a nuclear accident that was rated Level 7 on the
International Nuclear Events Scale. After explosions at the FDNPS on March 12, 14,
and 15, significant quantities of radioactive materials were released into the
environment. There were public health consequences related to the response actions
to the disaster, such as evacuation and relocation of people. These measures were
taken because of concerns about radiation safety and the extensive damage to
facilities and infrastructure caused by the earthquake and tsunami. There were
numerous social, economic, and public health effects from these measures. It has
been reported that elderly people placed in temporary housing have a significantly
higher risk of dying from non-communicable diseases like diabetes and mental health
issues. The absence of admittance to medical services additionally added to decay
of wellbeing. Similar to what was observed and reported for the Chernobyl
population, the displaced Fukushima population is suffering from psycho-social and
mental health impact following relocation, broken social ties among those who lost
their homes and jobs, as well as disconnection from families. A higher event of
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among the evacuees was evaluated when
contrasted with everyone in Japan. Among the children who were evacuated from
Fukushima, psychological issues such as hyperactivity, emotional symptoms, and
conduct disorders have also been reported. Other than the mental consequences, the
FDNPS accident did not result in any acute radiation-related illnesses or
fatalities among the public or workers. The risks of cancer among the public that
has been exposed to radiation are much lower than the lifetime baseline cancer
possibility when the estimated doses are taken into account. The only possible risk
for the public is specifically thyroid cancer, but because it is difficult to
verify thyroid dose estimates using direct radiation exposure measurements, the
level of the chance of developing this disease in children and infants exposed to
radiation are uncertain. An increased risk of developing thyroid cancer and other
thyroid disorders was estimated for the twelve workers who were thought to have
absorbed the most radiation doses. From a global health perspective, radiation
exposure poses very little health risk in Japan and very little risk in neighboring
countries.

The reactor, its fuel, and any other radioactive elements are all intended to be
shut off from the environment in sealed containers, allowing for the management and
restriction of radiation exposures from nuclear plants (i.e., within multiple
barriers). Radiation-absorbing materials surround sources of radiation (shielding).
9 In order to prevent the barriers from becoming too hot, the design incorporates
redundant methods of transmitting energy, including decay heat, to "heat sinks."
Accidents occur when components, systems, or structures malfunction for a variety
of reasons, including human error. In order to control and limit radiation
exposures from nuclear plants, the reactor, its fuel, and any other radioactive
components are all meant to be kept off from the environment (i.e., within multiple
barriers). Radiation sources are surrounded by items that absorb radiation
(shielding). 9 The design features redundant ways to convey energy, including
decomposition heat, to "heat sinks," preventing the barriers from getting too hot.
Accidents take place when parts, systems, or buildings fail for a number of causes,
including human error.

Nuclear power in medicine

Other than the negative effect on people’s health that nuclear energy can have,
recently there have been discovered advantages of the usage of nuclear power in
medicine. It is proven that nuclear energy can cause cancer but it is also used for
a way of curing cancer. Several illnesses, including some types of cancer, can be
diagnosed and treated with the aid of nuclear medicine. In nuclear medicine, your
body is exposed to small amounts of radioactive material so that your doctor can
view your organs, tissues, and their functionality. They can use it to detect
tumors and determine whether your cancer has migrated to other parts of your body.
It can also aid in focusing on cancer cells. Nuclear medicine is another tool that
doctors employ to assess the efficacy of a treatment. Even though the biology
underlying the positive health effects remained unknown, modest doses of radiation
were widely employed in medical therapies for almost 50 years after ionizing
radiation was discovered. The nuclear industry was primarily responsible for
instilling a fear of radiation exposure, and anti-nuclear campaigners supported
this fear. Radiation was abandoned as a stimulatory agent for the majority of its
medicinal applications in the 1950s with the development of antibiotics and other
biochemical agents. To destroy cancer cells, tumors are now exposed to high doses
of gamma radiation (from radium or cobalt-60) as well as x-rays from electron
accelerators. Although radioisotopes and X-rays are often utilized in medical
imaging, worries regarding their potential genetic consequences and long-term
cancer risk continue to be raised. Patients with severe infections and other
ailments had several effective medical treatments using low-dose radiation from the
early 1900s through around 1960. Low-dose radiation therapy has been used to treat
and prevent many individuals with cancer between the early 1970s and the present.
The outcomes were positive. These therapies, which activate biological defense
mechanisms, are still not widely acknowledged.A strategy to treating cancer known
as nuclear
medicine therapy may be used in conjunction with or as a follow-up to other
treatmet modalities like chemotherapy and surgery. Unless paired with additional
therapy, it typically won't result in a cure. However, for many people, it will,
sometimes for years, regulate the symptoms as well as decrease and stable the
tumors. When alternative therapies are no longer working for a patient, nuclear
medicine therapy is occasionally their best option.Nuclear medicine therapy is
successful because radioactive molecules are used as a therapeutic (molecular
radiotherapy). How the organs or tissues are working may be seen via nuclear
medicine. The majority of diagnostic methods include injecting, swallowing, or
inhaling a tracer that contains radioactive material. A radiation detector is then
used by the healthcare professional or radiologist (a medical expert with
specialized training in the use of radiation in healthcare) to determine how much
of the tracer is absorbed or how it responds in the organ or tissue. The provider
will learn how effectively it is operating from this.The medication detects
cancerous cells.It is administered intravenously, circulates throughout the
body, attaches to tumor cells,provides radiation to them directly, and kills
them.Some of the medication never binds to cancer cells; instead, it floats in the
circulation until the body eliminates it, primarily through the urine. The
radioactive medicine eventually stops emitting radioactivity and ceases eliminating
cancer cells. To maximize the benefits, nuclear medicine therapy is frequently used
more than once. Once you have a diagnosis and you and your care team have decided
that nuclear medicine therapy is the best option for you or even the only option,
you'll be scheduled for treatment. Other than the benefits of nuclear medicine like
how it can't harm healthy cells as it
targets cancer cells, delivers a consistent radiation dose, has the ability to
treat cancer that has resisted other forms of treatment and It can increase the
efficacy
of other treatments, there are unfortunately many disadvantages. Some of them are
the facts that not every form of cancer responds to it,If you are pregnant you are
not gonna be able to use it, your radiation exposure will increases.It has
substantial
adverse effects, just as the majority of other cancer medications.The side effects
can occur, and they depend on your specific therapy and medical condition. It used
to be common for people to experience nausea when receiving nuclear medicine
therapy, but that has become far less of an issue. Many people even enjoy eating
during therapy. Some people notice hair loss, but it's usually only a little and
the hair grows back.Rarely, someone who has had nuclear medicine therapy might
develop a cancer of the blood months or even years later.

Nuclear power in agriculture

Nowadays nuclear energy has big advantages in agriculture. Nuclear
technology is one of the most innovative approaches being used to enhance
agricultural techniques. In order to combat pests and illnesses, boost crop
productivity, safeguard water and land resources, guarantee food safety and
authenticity, and boost livestock production, nuclear applications in agriculture
rely on the employment of isotopes and radiation techniques. It is one of the most
effective ways to battle hunger. Before any seeds are even planted, nuclear
technology may significantly improve the crops. One such method makes it easier to
breed hardier plant kinds. This is accomplished by subjecting them to radiation and
choosing mutations that increase their likelihood of surviving and thriving, such
as improving their ability to tolerate drought or supplying them with more
nourishment. These plants have been shown to be 100 percent risk-free and
radiation-free.

For more than 50 years, FAO and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have
been advancing knowledge and building capacity in this area and the outcomes
have produced some notable success stories across the globe. It does not only has
an impact on the quantity of the produced crops but it is also used to control and
observe the quality of the food. By identifying or removing dangerous pollutants
and residues from food items, nuclear techniques can enhance food safety and
quality management.For instance, ionizing radiation applied to food might eliminate
potentially dangerous bacteria, avoiding the occurrence of foodborne illnesses.
Food irradiation is used to guarantee the commerce of fruits and vegetables over
quarantine boundaries and prevent the spread of insect pests as well, which is a
rapidly expanding commercial application. With assistance from the FAO and IAEA,
specialists in Viet Nam started their studies on food irradiation in the late
1990s, and the nation today has 11 facilities. Most frequently utilized and capable
of treating about 1 tonne of fruit per hour are gamma rays. Viet Nam used gamma and
X rays to irradiate 200 tonnes of fresh export fruits on average every week last
year. We live in a society where poor harvests and the ensuing increase in food
costs can have a significant impact on food security and people’s health. One
potential solution to these issues is the use of nuclear technology, many of which
are already being employed extensively in various agricultural situations. Three
key areas of nuclear application in agriculture are genetic alteration,
sterilization-based pest control, and water use management. We must work toward a
greener nuclear era where these potent technologies can be fully utilized without
the challenges and threats they currently face because the use of nuclear energy in
agriculture is a hotly contested, highly politicized issue due to potential
contaminations and nuclear waste management.

Conclusion

Nowadays electricity is frequently produced using nuclear energy. The popularity of

nuclear power is due to the beliefs of many scientists that ,compared to all other
energy sources, nuclear energy is one of the cleanest forms of energy currently
available. It is an eco-friendly way of producing electricity but it is also proven
that it has a certain impact on people's health. Which is the reason for many
people refusing the usage of nuclear energy. In conclusion, the usage of nuclear
power could affect our lives and health specifically in not only bad ways. Nuclear
energy provides humanity with the opportunity to produce electricity in a non
harmful to the environment way. The usage of old Soviet reactors is the only way in
which the production of electricity using nuclear power could be harmful to other
people’s health. Otherwise it is a more eco-friendly way to produce energy. Humans
have of course found a way to use nuclear power against each other, creating
weapons to wipe out entire cities off of the earth. However, the actual effects of
nuclear power, as in nuclear disasters such as the famous Chernoyl accident, surely
affect human health in the long run but truly have the biggest impact on mental
health. People who have witnessed death or disaster of any form usually suffer from
PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) so the witnesses of such disasters which were
not killed by the radiation leak, still struggle with this mental disorder. These
consequences are similar to the ones of the Fukushima accident. When compared to
everyone in Japan, the evacuees had a higher chance of developing PTSD. Other
psychological effects that have been recorded in young teens, who witnessed the
accident, are hyperactivity and emotional symptoms.The accidental and uncontrolled
radiation leaks killed only the ones which were close to the explosion and their
deaths weren’t actually killed as a result of the harmful emissions but the
explosion itself. The main and most common consequence of the radiation is thyroid
cancer which affects a gland placed in the lower part of the neck. As well as
causing it sometimes, nuclear technology could be used to discover the cancer, as
well as cure it in particular cases. It is not a very common practice due to the
fact that it is not always helpful for every case of thyroid cancer developed.
Nuclear power is also used in agriculture which in fact is not harmful in any way.
It has been proved that the usage of nuclear technology helps cultivate crops and
raise livestock as well as provide humanity with safer, higher quality, and more
bountiful food.
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