iy given in a mixed way in hy sentation of data written in PATABraphs,; Tt ndividual figure difficult t0 BTASP, com ance. It helps che oy r example, the telecommunig, 3 nt years: While the mumbo ly low figure of less than 2 lakhs in 195. method: a to single out # text tired to read th 's type of presentatic ‘As one iS req! the data. longwith 50) 4 Y ya increase in this sphere between tal m 2008-05 as the m f landline connections increased to 4.42 crore besides 4.5 al ce Thus the number of telephones stood 9-7 crore © ‘March 2005. With mani” © onnections, the teledensity (viz, the number of telephone connect, ) has increased from 3.6 in 2001 to 6.7 in 2005. On and mobile phon increase in telephon per hundred persons emi-tabular Presental entation is w! .d often, but is use planation. n then data is presented both through tables and paragraphs, ful when quired to be compared along a ith (ii) S Semi-tabular pres figures are Te method is not use ‘one or two sentences of ex] in columns and TOWS jy on of numerical data i Gii) Tabular Presentation Tabular presentation is a systematic presentati tures OF characteristics. accordance with some important fea| entation farm of statistical data in diagrams a! nd graphs. (iv) Pictorial Pres:PARTS OF A TABLE id table is e ‘ A good table is an art. The following Parts must be present in all the tables. an stetms} Of Complete fiumbers Sometiia (table aainbee like 1.2 and 2.4 are also used. In this case first digit refers to the chapter or section and second digit to its order. For example, Table 1.2: would mean second table in first chapter or section and Table 2.4 would mean the fourth table in second chapter or section. 2. Title: There may be a main title written in one or two lines, or a catch title written in few words. Title given above the table must be brief, clear and self explanatory. The lettering of the title should be the most Prominent of all lettering used in the table. A complete,title explains (a) nature of data, (b) time period of data, (c) the field to which the data are related, and (d) basis of classification of data.90 Ihil statistics for Econ” ‘and stubs (Column headings 2 ): Headings and stocneading, ‘Slumns are called captions whl nd Row headings) ae are identified by stubs. Both stubs ang he numbered according to requiremen, 3, Captions Jarify the fGgures in the rows. jy, jiven 0 prions shouldbe a ‘The captions explain read figures of captions vertically a 4, Body of the table: the numerical inf of the table. This ta the gues in i ind stubs horizontally. ha micae Morne pee roa a possible keeping n view ty Ie contain: cent of items in columns ang ie should be made as compre eer sof presentation, There should be Proper a Tange Peep irtlovant matier should be excluded. ways: (a ally, i) geographic ene na table may be arranged in the following ways: () alphabica!y phicaty onal) progressively and (in ascending or des ed upon must be underlings i) chronologically, ¢ coe tems of special significance which are to be emphasis ‘or written in bold letters. 5, Pretatory note or head note Iti «statement, normally given Below the lite. Tt expan ‘of it for example, All data in million tons, all data i ] the contents of the table or main part falometres te. 6 Footnotes: It is placed atthe botlom of the table. It isa phrase or a statement which contain Explanations of some specific items or some specific part of the table which have not bea explained earlier ot which is not clear from the heading, title, stubs and caption, et Footnotes can be identified by various systems and keys like putting, star(s) or signs (sa +,@, £ete) or by using small letters and numbers (say 1, 2,3, 4 or a, b, cd ete.) Footnote are also necessary to specify important limitations of data, if there is any or to expla some important feature of the whole fable. een oe 7, Source: In case of the tabulation of secondary data, a source note should be indicating place of publication, page, edition, name of the publisher or author. Tea ‘written at the bottom of the table. It is useful to the reader to check the figures and gath additional information. STRUCTURE OF TABLE Table Number : Title ;Tabular Presentation lil 91 S OF TABLES 7 siatsical tables can be ronlly classified en the basis of objective wf investigation, nature of 136 Se Ra quency Curve? ‘one on Graph Paper (cumulative Fred Fy ‘wore thant meth ) ution ee f By “mo ares [esccenen = oe 7) HO i Mors L “se Fig. 18 Fig.17 By ‘Less than’ and ‘More than’ method More than Mths uasan = 30 oo ey > sw 8 © Ww aks Fig. 19 Note: If we draw a perpendicular from the point of intersection of ‘less than’ and ‘more thm’ Ogives we get the value of median (on the X-axis). The median in this case is 40. Mustation 10, Draw a cumulative frequency curve forthe following distribution of wages 95 workers [eae rR 0030 [nee | aes | ee as a | Workers @) Z B 5 2 20, p.2) Method 1, Adjust the lower and upper limits of the classes, 2, Calculate the cumulative frequencies. oe citer kinked ine method oc start Xaxis from $95 or 9 5. Plot the various points and joingotution- adjustment oF class limits Weekly wages Wat 99,5-109.5 109.5-119.5, —119.5-129.5 129.5-139.5 139.5-149.5 [oes I Graphic Presentation Jhi 137 a nd calculation of cumul, ge ative frequencies by less than method. Number of worker a aa Slee ye hers a Cumulative frequency | bs RS aes hs cpa 149.5-159.5 e 2 = . 2 Ogive (Less than Method) Seale: Lem =2 10 on Keanis 41 em = 20 Workers on Yeaxis Less than method (oe 1006 1195 1295 1995 1495 1595 1695 Woekly Wages (in ®)GRAPHS OF TIME SERIES When the value of a variable is arranged over a period of time (e.g., years, months, weeks, days etc.) it is termed as a time series. Presentation of this type of information corresponding to 2 given time period by line or curve on the graph paper is known as a time series graph. These graphs are also known as line graphs or historigram, or arithmetic line graph. It helps in understanding the trend and analysing change in the variable over a period of time. GENERAL RULES TO CONSTRUCT A LINE GRAPH 1. As time (year, month, week) can never be negative (ie., in minus figures), there is no need of using Quadrant II and IIL. Year, month or week, according to the given problem, be given to X-axis and Y-axis, Start Y-axis with zero and fix the scales for both the axis. For example, every 1 cm on Y-axis very 1 cm on X-axis may represent ® Bap between 2009 and 2010. X-axis can start either from 2008 or 2009 (See Fig 2) give different points when plotted on the graph paper. For example values corresponding to time factor are: 2 1s taken on X-axis. Proper titles should Years 2009 2010 2011 20: 5 No. of 12 2013 2014 2015 Students 50 150 100 150 200 225 200 The dots obtained throu, ch the i joi or historgram See Fp ap PM Yalu are joined by straight tne Ths is called line g*?TYPES OF TIME SERIES GRAPHS Time series graph may be of two fYPSS {@ One variable graph (i) Two or more than two variable graphs. (A) ONE VARIABLE GRAPH When values of only one variable ar® © variable graph. The various points are } the points shows changes im the variable ove? line of the graph indicates the magnitude Mlustration 12. Present the followin Vidyalaya on the graph pape? own with resP% ined with a str data show Kendriy' ect to a given time aight line 5 time and the height of the Jing number of student ra Vidyalaya period it is called one uch that the distance between points from the base ¢ enrolled in a Kendriya 2017-18 750Method 1. Select X-axis for the time factor (years). + variables under study (students). 2. Select Y-axis for 3. Give suitable title and scales to X-axis and Y-axis Ps nce to its value and join them : by stay 4. Plot the respective dots for each year with refere line one by one to get a line graph. (2011-18) Time Series graph showing Students in Kendriya Vidyalaya Seale: 1 em = 200 Students on Y-axis Solution. (Be No. of Students POInI2 201213 2013-14 2014-18 2015-16 2016-17 20748 Years126 ibd stansties for Economics-*! (ii) Histogram of Unequal Class intervals (ie) Histogram when class intervals are given by Inclusive Method © Histogram of Equal Class Intervals ‘Mlustration 2, Present the data given in the table below in a Histogram, Te 0-10 an | 40 | aos | 50-0 Frogurney D4 16 20 781 Method 1, Take variables under study (Marks) on X-axis 2. Take frequencies on Y-axis, 3. Make rectangles joining each other, representing each class with its corresponding frequeney 4. Both the axis must be clearly labelled and the scale of measurement should be cleatly show, Solution, In the above illustration, class interval is 10 forall the classes and the frequencies are differen, from one class to the other ‘Therefore, the area of the rectangle for each class can be decided (class interval « cass frequency). Histogram Sete: n= 10 Macs on Kass den = reavaney on Vas 2 Wx4=40 10x 10= 100 x16= 160