Page - 1

Page - 2

MEF

KD

William Paul

Designer Drawing

SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION & SPECIFIC THRUST

Phi - J

Differential & Integral

 Page - 3

Easy Subnetting

Interior Designer

Mersenne Prime & Perfect Number

Little 3278

Delay and Doppler Tracking System For Glonass

MEF

Chit tee

How To Partition On Window

ETABS Modeling Chit tee

Gravitation

Fun With Fl Studio 9

KPZ

English Section

1/ Let’s Test About Your General Knowledge Zener 134

2/ Two in a Million(Short Story) Nay Mhu 135
3/ The Mayonnaise Jar and Two Cups of Coffee Zener 137
4/ You are the one who … Nay Mhu 138
5/ The ten Study habits of Successful Students Stability 139
6/ Writer U Aung Thinn's Opinion upon the future
of Myanmar young Stability 141
7/ Crank Case Explosion Two Stroke Marine Used
Main Engine Ko Tun 143
 Page - 4

ဿွှွ ေမလ ှရကးေန႔ဆိုရငး ်မနးမာအငးဂ္ငးနီယာဖိုရမးေလ့ဟာ ဿ ႏြစး သာ့ေလ့ ်ဖစးလာခဲံပါၿပီ ၈

ကိုေရခါ့ တစးေယာကး ရညးရျယးခ္ကးေကာငး့ေကာငး့နဲ႔ခကးခကးခဲခဲ စတငးေမျ့ဖျာ့ လာခဲံရတဲံ ဖိုရမးေလ့ဟာ

အခုဆိုရငး ပဵုမြနးလညးပတးသူေတျ နဲ႔ နညး့ပညာအသာ့ေပ့ေသာဖိုရမးေလ့အ်ဖစးအထိုကးအေလ္ာကး ေအာငး်မငးစျာ

ရပးတညးလ္ကးရြိေနပါၿပီ ၈

်မနးမာံအငးဂ္ငးနီယာနညး့ပညာနယးပယးအတျကးအုတးတစးခ္ပးသဲတစးပျငးံအ်ဖစး ေပ့ဆပး ချငးံရေနၾကပါၿပီ ၈

ဖိုရမးေလ့အတျကး မိမိတို႔ရဲ႔ အဖို့တနးအခ္ိနးမ္ာ့စျာကို ေပ့ဆပးၿပီ့ ဖိုရမးထဲမြာ ပဵုမြနး လညးပတးေနၾကသူ ၇

အမ္ာ့အတျကး မြ္ေွ ေဆျ့ေႏျ့ ဆျတးယူစာ့သဵု့ ေနၾကတဲံ အသငး့ ွငးေဟာငး့ေတျေရာ အသငး့ွငးအသစးေတျကိုပါ

အာ့လဵု့ရဲ႔ကိုယးစာ့၇ MEFရဲ႔ကိုယးစာ့ ေလ့စာ့ စျာေက့္ဇူ့အထူ့ တငးရြိပါေၾကာငး့ ပဏာမအေနနဲ႔ ေ်ပာပါရေစ ၈

အခုလို ဖိုရမးေမျ့ဖျာ့ခဲံတံဲ ဿ ႏြစးေ်မာကး ဖိုရမးေလ့ရဲ႔ ေမျ့ေန႔အခ္ိနးအခါသမယမြာ အမြတးတရအ်ဖစး

ဒုတိယေ်မာကး ႏြစးပတးလညး စာေစာငးေလ့ကို ဖိုရမးထဲမြာရြိတဲံ အသငး့ွငးေတျအာ့နဲ႔ နညး့ပညာ သုတ၇ ရသ

တတးႏိုငးသမြ္စဵုေအာငး အထူ့ႀကိဳ့စာ့ ဖနးတီ့ ထာ့ၾက်ပနးပါတယး၈ ဒီစာေစာငးေလ့ကို နညး့ပညာပိုငး့ကို

ဆာေလာငးငတးမျတး ၾကတဲံ သူေတျေရာ ရသပိုငး့ကို ခဵုမငးခဵစာ့တတးၾကသူေတျပါ ႀကိဳကးႏြစးသကး ၾကလိမးံမယးလို႔

ယဵုၾကညး မိပါတယး၈

ဒုတိယအႀကိမးေ်မာကး ဖိုရမးႏြစးပတးလညးစာေစာငးေလ့ ်ဖစးေ်မာကးေရ့အတျကး အဘကးဘကးမြ ကူညီ

ဖနးတီ့ ေပ့ၾကသူ အာ့လဵု့ကိုလဲအထူ့ေက့္ဇူ့တငးရြိပါေၾကာငး့ မြတးတမး့ တငးအပးပါတယး ၈

ဖိုရမးေလ့ကို ေနာငးႏြစးေပါငး့ေ်မာကးမ္ာ့စျာတိုငးေအာငး အသငး့ွငးမ္ာ့ရဲ႔ အငးအာ့ကို အာ့ကို့လ္ကး

တို့တကးသထကးတို့တကးေအာငးစညး့လဵု့စျာနဲ႔လကးဆငးံကမး့ရငး့ဆကးလကးၿပီ့ ေစာငးံေရြာကးသျာ့ၾကရ ေအာငးဗ္ာ

အာ့လဵု့ကိုခငးမငးေလ့စာ့စျာ်ဖငးံ

chit tee

29/4/2010 1:38:47 AM
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 MEF 

MEF

 MEF

MEF

 MEF

MEF

 MEF

MEF
 Page - 6


 Page - 7

(DJ)

J
 Page - 8

J J

J
 Page - 9

Y
B

Y
B

Y
 Page - 10

Y
Page - 11
Cartoon
Page - 12
Page - 13
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UHF

frequency band

UHF frequency band

reflector dipole antenna
Magnetron
microwave

reflector

dipole antenna

mono-pulse angle measuring

Pulse Compression SAR (Synthetic Aper-
ture Radar) Phased Array Radar OTH (Over-The Horizon)

MTD (Moving Target Detection)

 Page - 15

Phased Array Radar non-coherent

SAR mechanical scanning
LSIC (Large- coherent
Scale Integrated Circuit) phase array
scanning mono-pulse
Transmitter
Solid-State tracking

(Generation)
Phased Array

non-coherent quasi-coherent

full-coherent
(Radar netting) full-coherent all-solid-
(Sensor Data
state
Fusion)
full-coherent, all-solid-state,
(processing)
active phased array multifunctional
software

(Jamming)
 Page - 16

(Stealth)
(Stealth)

(Anti-Stealth Radar Technology)

Bi-static Multi-static
meter wave millimeter wave

Sparse Array
Impulse
(Passive Detection)
 Page - 17

Clutter processing

Broadband processing

(OTH)

(Anti-Radiation Missile) (Precision Guided

Weapon)
 Page - 18

(ECCM capability)

(LPI-Low Probability of Intercept)

(Decoy)
 Page - 19

Phased Array Multifun -

ctional

Jammer

(Electroma -gnetic Spectrum)

(ESM-Elect- Jamming
ronic Support Measure)
(ECM-Electronic
Counter Measure)
(ECCM-
Electronic Counter Counter Measure)

Side lobe antenna

Beam
Side lobe (Blocking)
Side lobe (Canceling)
 Page - 20

Modularized
(Digitalized)
Software

William Paul

Aerospace Engineers make aircraft,

Armament Engineers make weapons to destroy those aircraft,
AND
Avionics Engineers help both.
Tanveer Ahmad

ေလေၾကာငး့နဲ ံအာကာသ အငးဂ္ငးနီယာ က ေလယာဥးေတျကိုထုတးလုပးတယး၈

လကးနကး အငးဂ္ငးနီယာက အဲဒီေလယာဥးေတျကို ပစးခ္ဖို ံလကးနကးေတျ
ထုတးလုပးတယး .. ်ပီ့ေတာံ ...
ေလေၾကာငး့အီလကးတရျနး့နစး အငးဂ္ငးနီယာကေတာံ သူတို ံႏြစးေယာကးလဵု့ကို
အကူအညီေပ့တယး၈
တနးဗီယာ အာမကး

Ref: www.boardofwisdom.com
 Page - 21

" "
 Page - 22

(Research and De-

velopment)

R&D

Generation
 Page - 23

… Civil

Cartoon
Page - 24
 Page - 25

တိမးတစးစငး့ေအာကး ၉ ကိုယးံကိုယးကုိ ပုနး့ကျယး်ခငး့

ခပးမြိဳငး့မြိဳငး့ နိမိတးဆို့မ္ာ့နဲ ံ
တိမးမညး့ရိပး အေမြာငးေတျက
ဖဵု့အုပးထာ့တဲံ ငါံရဲံညတစးည

တ်ဖဳတး်ဖဳတး ေခၽျခ္တဲံ သကး်ပငး့မ္ာ့

သစးရက
ျ းေဟာငး့ေ်ခာကးေတျလို
ၾကမး့်ပငးထကးမြာ ဗရုတးဗရကး ေၾကျကာက္

ပုလငး့တစးလဵု့ရဲံ မိနး့ေမာဖျယးရာ အာနိသငးက

ငါံအတျကးေတာံ တဵခါ့မ္ာ့ ်ဖစးမလာခဲံဘူ့

"
လိပး်ပာဖမး့တဲံ ပိုကးကျနးတစးေခ္ာငး့နဲ ံ
"
တဖ္တးဖ္တး ငါံစိတးေတျေနာကး တေကာကးေကာကး လိုကးဖမး့ရငး့ ရူ့ခဲံရ
ငါံရဲံကၽျနး့မြာ အလငး့စစးတို ံကျယးပ သျာ့ခဲံတာၾကာေပါံ
ထူမတးမယးလို ံ ငါံကိုယးငါ ်ငမး့ေတျဆငးလိုကးရငး့
အခါခါ လဲ်ပိဳသျာ့ရငး့ …
အခါခါ ်ပိဳလဲသျာ့ရငး့ …
ဒီ ညဥးံတာကလဲ ရြညး … … …. လ္ာ့… … … …. လျနး့….. ပါတယးေလ

အလငး့စစးကိုမြ အာသာ်ပငး့်ပငး့ ခ္ဥးခ္ငး့တပးခ္ငးတဲံငါ

မ္ကးလဵု့ေတျကို ဖျငးံၾကညံးလိုကးတိုငး့
်မငးေနရတာက ပဵုရိပးေယာငး ေတျပါပဲလာ့ကျ႔ဲ ၈ ၈

မို့ထကးလငး့

Cartoon
 Page - 26

rendering normaliza-
tion

chatting e-mail

Microsoft Windows

Online Chat Room

Caps Lock

www.ayarunicodegroup.org
 Page - 27

css
Page - 28
 Page - 29

Designer
Drawing Designer
Drawing
Drawing Designer
Designer

Designer Drawing Technical Drawing Designer

Design Drawing

Designer Drawing
Design Concept

Design
Concept
Fabulous Drawing Fine Art
Fabulous Drawing Designer
Drawing
Des ign Conc ept Drawing Presentation Drawing

Proposition Drawing

Design Drawing Fabulous Drawing

Creative
Perspective View Lighting,
Color tone Design Concept
Fabulous Drawing
Fabulous
Design
Drawing Draw-
Designer
ing Visionary drawing
Drawing
 Page - 30

Experiential Drawing Designer

Designer

Designer
Designer
Sketch Experiential Drawing Desinger Experiential
Drawing Client Client

Designer Designer
Experiential Drawing Designer

Designer
chart graph Drawing
Design Concept Client
step by step function
Diagram Designer Drawing Type
Mubble Bubble Diagram Designer Thinking Problem
Architecutre Plan Diagram
Diagram
Diagram
Designer Sketching Sketch Designer
Idea
Designer sketch Design
Layout Conceptural Drawing
Drawing
Architectural Design Layout Plan
Interior Design Perspective View Designer
Conceptual Drawing Client Confirm Drawing
 Page - 31

Designer Conceptual Drawing Client Confirm Consultating

Drawing
Consulation Drawing Presentation Drawing
Consultation
Drawing Presentation Drawing Des-
igne Client
Consultation Drawing Presentation Drawing
Drawing Drawing

Highlight Drawing
Client
Designer

Drawing
Consultation Drawing
Presentation Drawing

Proposition Drawing Designer

Drawing Drawing
Drawing Drawing Designer
Client
Drawing Designer
Client
Drawing Client
Designer
Designer
Presentation Drawing Client
Client
Designer Presentation Drawing Client
Drawing Designer
Presentation Drawing
Drawing Designer Designer
Visualizar
Visulization Visulization
Designer final result
Client
Presentation Drawing Designer
Drawing
 Page - 32

Proposition Drawing Designer

Design Process
Designer
Design

Design
Design Problem Proposition
Proposition Drawing Design Drawing
Design Concept
Standard Detail Measurement Material
Adjust Design
Proposition Drawing Proposition Drawing
Design Laboratory Proposition
Drawing Designer

Designer Presentation Drawing

Client Confirm Working Drawing
Drawing Instruc-
tion Drawing Designer Design Team
member Design
Contractor Supplier Engineer

Instruction Drawing technical term

Instruction Drawing Project
Instruction Drawing
Drawing

Calculation Drawing Proposition Drawing

Detail Measure-
ment Fixed Material Construction Method Construc-
tion Time & Management Quotation
Drawing Drawing
Standard
 Page - 33

Design
Drawing Calculation Drawing Working
Drawing

Designer Drawing
 Page - 34

“ ” “ ”
 Page - 35

" "
 Page - 36

specific fuel consumption fuel efficiency

engine
fuel efficiency specific fuel consumption

Thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC)

TSFC

TSFC
TSFC engine performance parameter

Fuel consumption
fuel consumption (of TSFC) is "how much fuel the engine burns each hour."
Fuel consumption

TSFC
thrust force
TSFC
 Page - 37

Turbojet Turbofan
Turbojet Turbofan thrust force TSFC
equation fuel mass flow rate thrust force TSFC
TSFC thrust force
TSFC

TSFC speed altitude

(altitude) constant graph x-axis mach no.

y-axis specific fuel consumption mach no. TSFC
speed

TSFC Specific Thrust general graph x-axis

y-axis specific thrust
y-axis TSFC Mach no. constant TSFC
 Page - 38

11 km TSFC TSFC
11 km specific thrust specific fuel consumption
11 km specific
thrust

" "
" specific Thrust 70 engine efficiency engine
"

" engine efficiency specific Thrust 60

"
" "

Specific Thrust

engine performance parameter

specific thrust air mass flow rate 1 unit thrust force parameter
TSFC Thrust force (F) Specific Thrust Thrust
force (F) idea Specific thrust force TSFC
Specific thrust engine performance Specific Thrust
size
Specific thrust Equation Thrust force constant air mass flow rate
Specific thrust Thrust force
efficiency supersonic
Drag Force
specific fuel consumption specific thrust engine design parameter

Ref: 1. http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/sfc.html
2.http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/specth.html
3.Теория и расчет воздушно-реактивных двигателей (1987)

( Electronic engineer)
Electronic engineering
Basic circuit analysis
Electronic devices and components
Electronic circuits
Page - 39
Electronic systems
Electronic designs
Electronic measurement and instru
mentation
Basic circuit analysis
Basic electricity (Direct current, Alternating cur
rent, Voltage, Power, Energy ... etc)
Basic Laws and theorems (Ohm’s law,
Kirchhoff’s laws, Superposition theorem, Thevenin
and Norton theorems … etc)
Resistance, Capacitance, Inductance
Series circuits, Parallel circuits, Series –parallel
networks, Series-parallel ac networks
Magnetic circuits and transformers
Methods of analysis (dc, ac) (branch-current
analysis, analysis, mesh analysis... etc)
Resonance and R-C response
Units, symbols and notations
Electronic devices and components
Electronic circuits
devices electrical char-
acteristics units and circuit symbols physi-
cal structures and basic parameters
devices
Resistors
Capacitors
Inductors
Semiconductors diodes (junction diode, Zener
 Page - 40

diode, PIN diodes, Varactor diodes ... etc) Operational amplifiers (inverting amplifiers, non-
Transistors (BJT, FET, CMOS) inverting amplifiers, differential amplifiers, sum-
Others devices ming amplifiers Differentiators, integrators, com-
_ Silicon-Controlled Rectifier parators, voltage follower, instrumentation amplifi-
_ Silicon-Controlled Switch ers, current-to-voltage Converters, voltage-to-
_ DIAC current converters, Logarithmic amplifiers..etc)
_ TRIAC Oscillators and Timing circuits (L-C oscillators,
Transducers and switches ( microphones, Loud- Crystal oscillators, Wien bridge oscillator, audio-
speakers, headphones, earpieces, Photodiodes, frequency oscillators, Multivibrators (astable,
Phototransistors, Light-emitting diode(LED), ther- monostable, bistable multivibrators), Schmitt Trig-
mistors, stepper motors, relays, reed switches, ger oscillators, 555 timer circuits, … etc)
Cathode ray tube(CRT), Liquid crystal displays Active Filters (two-pole Low-Pass Butterworth
(LCD) filter, two-pole High-Pass Butterworth filters,
Transistor Higher-Order Butterworth Filters, Switched- Ca-
V-I characteristics pacitor filters..etc)
frequency response small-signal analysis Digital circuits
DC-biasing
Logic circuits (AND logic, OR logic, NAND
Devices
gate, NOR gate, XOR gate, Buffer(inverter),
materials
etc..)
logic families (resistor-transistor logic
crystal physics (RTL), diode-transistor logic (DTL),
transistor-transistor logic(TTL), Di-
conducting materials
ode logic(DL), Emitter-coupled
semiconductor materials logic(ECL), integrated injection
magnetic and dielectric logic (I^2L), NMOS logic,
materials CMOS logic, BiCMOS logic ...
optical materials etc)
Decision-making circuits (Encoders,
Electronic circuits Decoders, Adders, Multiplexers, Demulti-
plexers ... etc)
Memory-type circuits (SR flip-flop, T-type flip-
flop, D-type flip flop, JK flip-flop, Shift registers,
Counters, RAM, ROM ... etc)
Analog circuits ( Linear circuits) Other circuits ( timers, analog-to-digital converter
Digital circuits (ADC), digital-to-analog converters(DAC), Schmitt
Mixed-signal cir- trigger ICs..etc)
cuit Electronic system
Linear analog circuits

Diode circuits (Rectifier circuits, Voltage multi- system

plier circuits, Voltage reference circuits, Clipper
and Clampers circuits...etc)
Amplifiers circuits ( ac coupled amplifiers, dc
coupled amplifiers, large-signal amplifiers, small-
signal amplifiers, Audio frequency amplifiers,
wideband amplifiers, radio frequency amplifiers,
low-noise amplifiers, power Amplifiers, voltage
amplifiers ... etc)
electronic system
Telecommunication systems
- Microwave communication system
- Wireless communication system
- Mobile communication system
- Satellite communication system
- Fiber optic communication system
 Page - 41

Telecommunication system instruments

measuring sensors

- Analog modulation (AM, FM, PM) and - Multimeters

demodulation - Oscilloscopes
- Digital modulation (ASK, FSK, PSK) - Galvanometers
and demodulation - Ammeter, Voltmeter, Ohmmeter E
- Multiplexing (TDM, FDM.CDM) and - Frequency meters l
de multiplexing - Watt-hour meters e
- Signal attenuation, interference and - Power-factor meters c
distortion Potentiometers t
- Noise and noise filtering Units systems, standards of measurement, r
accuracy, precision and types of errors o
Electronic control and automation systems n
- Microcontroller-based system i
- Microprocessor-based system c
- Robotics and Embedded systems
Radar and sonar systems
Computer architecture and microproces- Microelectronic Nanoelectronic
sors. Analog system Digital system E
n
systems program- g
i
ming languages
Research & Development n
e
- C programming language ( high level
(technology) e
language)
r
- Assembly language (low level lan
(Developed country) i
guage
n
El ect roni c design g

circuit design
Design

- Analog IC design
- Digital IC design
- Layout design
- Logic design
- PCB design
design circuit simulation pro-
gram software

- OrCAD Pspice
- Cadence IC virtuoso
- PCAD
- Intel FX
Quartus software
Electronic measurement and instru-
mentation Electrical engineers
 Page - 42

ဒီေတာံ သိပးလညး့ မရြညးလျနး့ မခ္ဵဳ႔လျနး့ေသာ

၇ကေလ့ကလာ့လညး့မဆနးေသာ ၇ ဂုဏးသိကၡာ
လညး့မညဵံေသာစာေကာငး့တစးခု ်ဖစးေစခ္ငးသညး၈ ေရ့လိုကးမဟဲံဆို်ပီ့
ေဘာလးပငး ေကာကး ကိုငးလိုကးေတာံ လညး့ နညး့ပညာပိုငး့ဆိုငးရာ၇
အငးဂ္ငးနီယာပိုငး့ဆိုငးရာေတျကို ေရ့ဖို႔က ေတားေတားေလ့လကးရြိနးေနပါ
သညး၈ အမြနးအတိုငး့ေ်ပာရရငး က္ေနာံးမြာ B.E (Mechanical)ဆို်ပီ့ ဘျ႔ဲ
လကးမြတးၾကီ့ လကးွယးခနး႔ခနး႔်ငာ့်ငာ့ ပိုငးဆိုငးေနေပမငးံ အခုအခ္ိနးထိေတာံ
ဘာကိုမြ Professional က္ေအာငး မတတးေသ့ေၾကာငး့ ၇မသိေသ့ေၾကာငး့
ရြကးရြကးႏြငးံပငး ွနးခဵပါ၏၈ ဟုိနာ့နညး့နညး့၇ ဒီနာ့နညး့နညး့ ၇ ဟိုဟာသိလာ့
ဆိုေတာံ သိသလိုလုိ ႏြငးံ တကယးစဥး့စာ့ၾကညံးေတာံ ဂဃနဏ မသိ၈ ခိုငးခိုငး
မာမာႏြငမ
ံး ာ့မာ့မတးမတး လကးမေထာငး ဖို မ
ံ ရဲပါ၈ ကိယ
ု လ
ံး ကးမေလ့ကို
အ်မငးမခဵွဵံဘဲ ွြကးထာ့ေန ရပါသညး၈ အမြနးေတာံအခုခ္ိနးဆိုလြ္ငး " ေဟံ..
ပညာရပးနဲ ံ ပတးသကးလို ံေတာံ ငါံကိုလာစမး့နဲ ံကျ… ဘာမြတးလဲ.. " ဟူ၊
ွဵံွံဵစာ့စာ့ေ်ပာႏိုငးေန သငးံပါသညး၈ အခုလို်ဖစးရတာ ဘာံေၾကာငးံလဲ်ပနးသဵု့
သပးၾကညံးပါသညး၈ "အငး့ ….စနစးေၾကာငးံပလ
ဲ ာ့ …ေခတးေၾကာငးံလာ့ …
လူေၾကာငးံလာ့ …မူေၾကာငးံလာ့ …၈" အ်ပစးဖို႔ရနး လကးညြဳိ့က ဟိုဘကးရျယး
ဒီဘကးရျယး်ဖငးံ ဟိုဟိုဒီဒီထို့ရနး လကးညြိဳ့ကေနာကးဆဵု့ေတာံ ကိုယးံကိုကိုယး
်ပနးထို့်ပမိလ္ကးသာ့်ဖစးေနပါသညး၈ "ကိုယးံဟာကိုယး ေသာကးသဵု့မြမက္တာ
ကို့ကျ…" က္ိနးဆဲလိုကးမိပါ၏၈ က္ေနား ကိုယးံေပါငးကိုလြနးေထာငး့ေနရပါသညး၈
ဦ့ဘဂ္မး့ ကာတျနး့ထဲက လိုမ္ိဳ့ေ်ပာရလြ္ငး " အဘကလဲ… ကိုယးံေပါငးကိုကိုယး
်ပနးလြနး ေထာငး့ေတာံ သကးသာတာေပါံဗ္.. " ဟုေ်ပာရပါမညး၈
ကာတျနး့ဆိုေတာံမြ ေအားပီက္ယး၏ ကာတျနး့တစးကျကးကို
ေတျ့မိေတျ့ရာ ေရ့မိေရ့ရာ သတိရမိပါသညး၈ လူတစးေယာကးသဲကႏၱာရထဲမြာ ေရငတး်ပီ့
ေလ့ဘကးတျာ့သျာ့ေနသညး၈
်မနးမာအငးဂ္ငးနီယာဖိုရမး (ဿ)ႏြစး်ပညးံ ႏြစးလညးဂ္ာနယးတစးေစာငး သူ႔ေဘ့နာ့တျငးေတာံ ေရမ္ာ့်ပညးံလြ္ဵက္ေနေသာ ေသာကးေရအို့ပဵုပနး့ခ္ီကာ့
ထုတးမညးဟူ၊သိရပါသညး၈ဂ္ာနယးထုတးမညးဆိုေတာံ တစးခ္ပးရြိေနေသာ ကာတျနး့ေလ့်ဖစးသညး၈ ေရအို့မြာပနး့ခ္ီသာ်ဖစး၊
စာေလ့ဘာေလ့ွငးေရ့ အဵု့မြပဟ
ဲ ု ေတျ့လိုကးသညး၈ " တကယးေသာကးလို ံေတာံမရႏိုငး ပါ၈ ေတျ့မိသညးမြာ က္ေနားတို ံ၏
ဘာအေၾကာငး့ ေရ့ရငးေကာငး့ မလ..ဲ" ေရ့ မယးဆိုေတာံ လဲ ဘျ႔ဲ လကးမြတး Certificate ကဒး်ပာ့ေလ့မ္ာ့သညးလညး့ ကႏၱာရ
ဘယးလိုစာမ္ိဳ့ကို ေရ့ရပါ ံမလဲ ေခါငး့စာ့မိသညး၈ အငးဂ္ငး ထဲမြ ေရအို့ပဵုပနး့ခ္ီကာ့ တစးခ္ပးသာသာ်ဖစးေနလြ္ငး သိပးမနိပးလြဟူ၊်ဖစးသညး၈
နီယာဖိုရမးႏြစးလညးစာေစာငး ဆိုေတာံ အငးဂ္ငးနီယာဆိုငးယာ၇
နညး့ပညာပိုငး့ ဆိုငးရာေဆာငး့ပါ့ ေလ့တစးခုခု ေရ့ရငးေကာငး့မလာ့၇
ရသဆနးဆနးွတၳဳပဲေရ့ ရမလာ့ ၇ အဂၤလိပးအကးေဆ့ေလ့
တစးပုဒး၇ ေဆာငး့ပါ့ေလ့
တစးခုခုေရ့ရလြ္ငး ေကာငး့မလာ့ ေခါငး့ထဲမြာအၾကမး့ဖ္ဥး့
လ္ာထာ့ၾကညံးပါ သညး၈

ွတၳဳေရ့ဖို ံၾကိဳ့စာ့ၾကညံးသညး၈ ဦ့ေႏြာကးကို ၾကဵရညးၾကိတးစကး

ဒလိမးံတဵု့ႏြစးခုအၾကာ့ ထညံးမလြိမးံရဵုတမယး ၾကိဳ့စာ့အာ့ထုတးခဲံသညး၈ တစးရဵေရာအခါက က္ေနားံအာ့ က္ေနာံးေဘားဒါတစးေယာကးက "
Work သာရြိ်ပီ့ Work done ထျကးမလာေသာေၾကာငးံ ဟေကာငး… မငး့ွမး့စာမ်ပညံးေသ့ဘူ့ေနား..မငး့ ွမး့စာ်ဖညံးဖို ံလိုမယး … "
အခ္ညး့ႏြီ့်ဖစးရသညး၈ ဦ့ေႏြာကးေ်ခာကးရဵု သာအဖတးတငးခံပ
ဲ ါသညး၈ ဟူ၊ဆိုဆဵု့မဖူ့ပါသညး၈စာအေၾကာငး့ေပအေၾကာငး့ကဗ္ာအေၾကာငး့ ေလကနး
စာေရ့ဆရာတစးေယာကး (နာမညးကိုေတာံမမြတးမိပါ) ေ်ပာသညး ၾကစဥးတုနး့က က္ေနားက ဘာမြ္မေဆျ့ေႏျ့ႏိုငးဘဲ ပါ့စပးပိတး်ပီ့ ေဘားဒါေတျ
ကေတာံဥာဏးနီ ဥာဏးနကးမ္ာ့တဲံ စာေရ့ဆရာဟာ ေ်ပာသမြ္သာ လိုကးနာ့ေထာငးေနရေသာေၾကာငးံ်ဖစးပါသညး၈ ွမး့စာ်ပညးံဖိုံရနး
လြညးံကျကးေတျမ္ာ့မ္ာ့နဲ ံွတၳဳေကာငး့ေကာငး့ ေတျပိုေရ့နိုငး အေရ့ၾကီ့ပါသညး၈ ဗိုကးဆာ်ပီဆိုေတာံမြစပါ့ေ်ပ့စိုကးလို ံမရပါ၈ ေရငတးလာမြ
တယးဟူ၊်ဖစးပါသညး၈ သို႔်ဖစးရာ က္ေနားအေန်ဖငးံ ကိုယးံကိုကိုယး ဥာဏးနီ ေရတျငး့ေ်ပ့တူ့၊ အဆငးမေ်ပပါ၈ သူ႔အသကးအရျယးႏြငံးဆီေလ္ားေသာ
ဥာဏးနကး ၇ကလိမးကက္စးမရြိေသာ ရို့သာ့သူ ဟူ၊ ကိုယးံဘကးကိုယး ွမး့စာကို အခ္ိနးႏြငးံ အမြ္တ်ဖညး့်ဖညး့ခ္ငး့ ်ပညံးေအာငး်ဖညံးလာရပါ မညး၈
ယကးကာ မြတးယူရေပေတာံမညး၈ ေအာကးသကးေက္ဖို ံ အေရ့ၾကီ့ပါသညး၈ က္ေနားတို ံ အေဆာကးအဦေဆာကး
နညး့ပညာပိုငး့ ေရ့ေတာံမယး ဆို်ပနးေတာံလဲ ခါတိုငး့ဖိုရမးထဲမြာ မညးဆိုလြ္ငး ေအာကးခဵေ်မသာ့ ႏြငးံ ပႏၷကး Foundation ေကာငး့ဖို ံအေရ့ၾကီ့ပါ
ေခါငး့စဥး (Topic) တစးခုခုဖင
ျ းံ်ပီ့ေရ့သလိုနညး့နညး့ခ္ငး့ေရ့လို ံမရ ၇ သညး၈ အေဆာကးအဦ ်မငးံ်မငံးေဆာကးေလေလ ေဖာငးေဒ့ရြငး့ ခိုငးမာဖို ံပို်ပီ့လို
စပးမစ
ိ ပးရာ ေပါံေပါံပါ့ပါ့ သေဘာထာ့်ပီ့ေရ့လိမ
ံု ရ၈ လာေလေလ်ဖစးပါသညး၈
အဘယးံေၾကာငးံဆိုေသားဂ္ာနယး၇ ပညာေရ့စနစးတျငးလညး့ ေဖာငးေဒ့ရြငး့အေရ့ၾကီ့သညး၈ ေဖာငးေဒ့
မဂၢဇငး့တို ံမညးသညးဖတးမညးံသူမ္ာ့ဆီသို ံတစးခ္ီတညး့အေရာကးပို ံရမညးံ ရြငး့မေကာငး့လြ္ငး အတနး့ငယးငယးမြာ သိပး်ပီ့ ်ပႆနာမဟုတးေပမငးံ ေနာငး
သ ေဘာ၇ပို်ပီ့အမြာ့မခဵသညးံသေဘာေဆာငးေသာေၾကာငးံ်ဖစးသညး၈ အတနး့ၾကီ့လာေသာအခါ၇ အဆငးံ်မငးံပညာမ္ာ့သငးၾကာ့ရေသာအခါ ်ပႆနာ
ဖိရ
ု မးမာြ လိမ
ု ္ိဳ့ တစးေယာကးတစးေပါကး ွိုငး့ေဆျ့ေႏျ့သညးံပဵုစဵ မဟုတးေပ၈ တကးပါေတာံသညး၈ ေအာကးသကးမေၾကခဲံ်ခငး့က ဒုကၡႏြငးံ လြလြ တို ံေတျ႔ပါ
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ေတာံသညး၈ က္ေနားတို႔လကးရြိပညာေရ့စနစးမြာ ်ပညးံစဵုေကာငး့မျနးေသာပညာ ကာ ဘွတျငးအခ္ိနးမ္ာ့စျာ Loss ်ဖစးေနေၾကာငး့ကို ပီတာဒရပးကာ့က ေထာကး

ေရ့စနစး်ဖစးပါသလာ့…၈ ေခတးအေ်ခအေနလို အပးခ္ကးႏြငံး ကိုကးညီေသာ ်ပခဲံသညး၈ ်ပနးစဥး့စာ့ၾကညံးေတာံ ကၽျနးေတာံးဘွ အခ္ိနးမ္ာ့စျာမြာ ဘာမြ
ပညာေရ့စနစး်ဖစးပါသလာ့…ေတျ့ေနမိပါသညး၈ပညာေရ့်မငးံမာ့်ခငး့ဆိုသညးမြာ အေရ့မပါေသာ အလုပးမ္ာ့စျာ်ဖငးံ Loss ်ဖစးသျာ့ခဲံရသညးမ္ာ့ရြိခဲံပါသညး၈
ကိနး့ဂဏနး့မ္ာ့၇ အေရအတျကးမ္ာ့ မ္ာ့်ပာ့လာ်ခငး့ကို ေခၚဆိုပါသလာ့၈ အခ္ိနးမ္ာ့စျာတို႔မြာ ေလထဲမြဳတးလိုကးေသာ ဆပး်ပာပူေဖာငး့မ္ာ့လို
ပညာေရ့ စနစးတစးခု ေအာငး်မငးလာ့၇ မေအာငး်မငးလာ့ကို ဘာကိုၾကညံး်ပီ့တိုငး့ တေဖာကးေဖာကး်ဖငးံကျယးေပ္ာကး သျာ့ခဲံရသညး၈ အေရ့မပါေသာ အရာမ္ာ့ကို
တာမလဲ..၈ Quality Control (QC) ဆိုတာကို သတိရရပါမညး၈ Quantity & အေ်ခအေနအရ အေရ့ပါသလိုလိုလုပးခံရ
ဲ သညး၈ ႏြေ်မာလိုကးပါဘိ၈
Quality ကို စိစစးေနရပါမညး၈ ပညာတတးအတုအေယာငးမ္ာ့ ေဖာငး့ပျလာ်ခငး့ ်ဖစးနိုငးမညးဆိုလြ္ငး… အေ်ခအေန ေပ့လာခဲံလြ္ငး…
သညး သိပးအလုပးမ်ဖစးပါ၈ ပညာေရ့ တို့တကး်မငးံမာ့ဖို ံက ဆရာေတျ အေပၚမြာ နညး့ပညာႏြငံးဆိုငးေသာ ထိပးတနး့တကၠသိုလးၾကီ့
လညး့ ရာခိုငးႏြဳနး့မ္ာ့စျာ မူတညးေနသညး၈ ဆရာ ၇ဆရာမ ေတျရဲံ Quality ကို တစးခုခုတျငး အေႏြာငးံအယြကးမ္ာ့ကငး့ကငး့်ဖငးံ
လညး့်မြငးံတငးရနးလိုသညး၈ ဆရာ၇ဆရာမမ္ာ့ရဲံပငးကိုဥာဏးအရညးအေသျ့ ်မငးံ ကၽျနးေတား ေက္ာငး့်ပနးတကးခ္ငးပါသညး၈ မေၾကညကးခဲံေသာ
်ခငး့၇ အ်မငးက္ယး်ခငး့၇ အေတျ့အေခၚ ႏြငံး ေလံလာမြဳအာ့ေကာငး့်ခငး့၇ စာမ္ာ့်ပနးဖတးခ္ငးသညး၈ မေၾကညကးခဲံေသာ သခ္ၤာပုစၧာမ္ာ့်ပနး်ပီ့
သငးၾကာ့မြဳနညး့ စနစးး ပိုငးႏိုငး်ခငး့ ၇ တာွနးေက္ပျနးလို်ခငး့ စသညး်ဖငးံအမ္ာ့ တျကးခ္ငးပါသညး၈ ွါသနာပါေသာဘာသာရပး တစးခုခု
ၾကီ့လိုအပးပါသညး၈ သာမနးကာလြ္ဵကာ ်ပီ့လျယးစီ့လျယးေရစုနးေမြ္ာလိုကး ေနရဵု ကို ေအ့ေအ့ေဆ့ေဆ့ ေလံလာခ္ငးပါသညး၈ ်ဖစးႏိုငးလြ္ငး ကိုယးပိုငး laboratory
်ဖငးံေတာံ တိုငး့်ပညးႏြငံးလူမ္ိဳ့အတျကး သိပးမဟနးလြ ဟုထငး်မငးမိပါသညး၈ တစးခု တျငးအေႏြာငးံ အယြကးကငး့ကငး့်ဖငးံ ေပါကးတတးကရမ္ာ့ ေလြ္ာကး်ပီ့
ေနာကးတစးခ္ကးေတျ့မိသညးက ကၽျနးေတားတို ံကိုယးံအလုပးမြာကိုယး စမး့သပးေနခ္ငးမိပါသညး၈ အဆငးံရြိရြိဘ႔ျဲ ေလ့ တစးခုခုကို လညး့
Professional ်ဖစးဖို႔လိုအပးသညးဆိုတာပဲ်ဖစးပါသညး၈ ပုရက
ျ းဆိတးက ထပး်ပီ့ယူခ္ငးပါေသ့ သညး၈ (်ဖစးခ္ငးတာေတျ သိပးမ္ာ့ေနပါလာ့ဟ…)
ပုရက
ျ းဆိတးအလုပးလုပး၇ ႏြဵေကာငးကႏဵြေကာငးအလုပးလုပး၈ ဒါပဲ်ဖစးသညး၈ ကၽျနးေတားသညး ေတားေတားစိတးကူ့
ွကးသာ့ဒုတးထို့ေရာငး့သူ ွကးသာ့ဒုတးထို့ေရာငး့ပါေစ၇ အိမးေဆာကးသူအိမး ယဥးတတးပါသညး၈ စိတးကူ့ယဥးသညးံအတျကး
ေဆာကးပါေစ၇ ဆရာွနးေဆ့ကုေနပါေစ၈ အာ့လဵု့အဆငးေ်ပေနပါမညး၈ အချနးေပ့ေဆာငးစရာမလိုေသာေၾကာငံး်ဖစးပါသညး၈
လိုငး့ေတျပူ့ေနလြ္ငး သိပးမနိပးလြပါ၈ အလုပးေတျေသလုမတတး မညးမြ္ၾကိဳ့စာ့ အဗၺဒူကလမး ကေ်ပာပါသညး… " အိပးမကးေတျ မကးၾကစမး့ပါ…" တဲံ
်ပေနပါေစ ၇ အရာထငးဖို ံ အေရ့ၾကီ့ သညး၈ အဓိက မြာ Resultant ၈ ကၽျနးေတားလညး့ အိပးမကးေတျ အစီအရီမကးၾကညံးေနပါသညး၈
သာ်ဖစးသညး၈ ပဵု်ပငးတစးပုဒးထဲက လူမိုကးလို တစးညလဵု့လဵု့ေလြကို တကယးံလကးေတျ႔ ဆနး့်ပာ့ေသာအရာမ္ာ့သညး စိတးကူ့အိပးမကးမြာပငး သေႏၶ
က္ဵဳ့ရုနး့ေလြားေသားလညး့ ၾကိဳ့မ်ဖဳတးဘဲေလြားေန်ခငး့ေၾကာငးံလူသာလြ္ငးဖတး တညးခဲံရသညးမဟုတးပါလာ့ …………..၈ ၈
ဖတးေမာ၊ ခရီ့မေရာကးခဲံသညးကို သတိရမိပါသညး၈ သျာ့သေလာကးခရီ့ေပါကး
ရမညး၈
Phi - J

Work done =Force x Distance ်ဖစးသညး၈ အေရျ႔ (Distance) မရြိသ၊

အာ့ဘယးေလာကးစိုကးစိုကး အလုပး်ပီ့ေ်မာကးမြဳမရြိပါ၈ အလုပးရြဳပးခ္ငးေယာငး
ေဆာငး ဟိုေယာငးေယာငး ဒီေယာငးေယာငး လုပး်ခငး့်ဖငးံ အခ္ိနးကုနး၇ အာ့ကုနး
တာသာအဖတးတငးပါလိမးံမညး၈ ဘာမြထူ့်ပီ့ ေတာံ တုိ့တကးလာ မညးမဟုတးပါ၈
( အလုပးေတျသိပးမ္ာ့တယး ဟူ၊ အသဵဟစးလို ံေတာံရႏိုငးပါသညး၈ အလုပးမ္ာ့
သူဟူ၊ အထငးၾကီ့ ခဵရႏိုငးသညး ကေတာံအ်မတးပငး ်ဖစးသညး၈)
လုပးသငးံသညးကိုမလုပး၇ မဟုတးသညးံေနရာတျငး ေငျကုနး၇ အခ္ိနးကုနး၇
လူပနး့ ်ဖစးေနသညးမ္ာ့ကေတာံ Losses မ္ာ့်ဖစးသညး၈ သာမိုဒိုငးနဲမစးေလာ
အရစဥး့စာ့ၾကညးံလြ္ငးေတာံ Losses ဆိုတာက ေဖ္ာကး၊မရႏိုငးေသာ
အရာ်ဖစးသညး၈ သို ံေသားလညး့ သူ ံlimitation အတျငး့ေတာံ ွငးရမညး်ဖစး
သညး၈ limitation ေက္ားလာလြ္ငးေတာံ အေလအလျငးံမ္ာ့်ဖစးကာ အလဟႆ
်ဖစးရေလသညး၈ လူအေတားမ္ာ့မ္ာ့သညး အေရ့မပါေသာ အလုပးမ္ာ့ကို လုပး
 Page - 44

"It is possible to fly without motors, but not without

knowledge and skill."

Wilbur Wright, American inventor/aviator (1867–1912)

အရာရာတုိငး့ မအုိ ၇ မနာ ၇ မေသ ဆုိတာမရြိပါဘူ့၈ အရာအာ့ လုဵ့ ကိစၥေခ္ာ

မြာပါ၈ အခုကေတာံ အသကးရြညးရာ အနာမဲံေၾကာငး့ေပါံဗ္ာ၈ ေဖၚ်ပပါ အခ္ကးေလ့ခ္ကးကုိအဓိကထာ့ ေဆျ့ေႏျ့ခဲံ တာပါ၈ AIR-
W O R T H I N E S S ထဲက R E G U L A R I N -
ေလယာဥးသကးတမး့ရငးံ်ပႆနာမ္ာ့ေက္ားလႊာ့ေရ့အစီအစဥး က ေလတပး SPETION ေတျနဲ.အ်ပငးထပးေပါငး့ အစီအစဥးမ္ာ့အရ ANTI-AGING PRO-
( US AIRFORCE ၇ US NAVY & OTHER MILITARY CROPS ရဲ. PLAN ေတျ GRAM ကုိေဖၚေဆာငးရပါမယး၈
ထဲက တစးခုပါ၈ ေလယာဥးသကးတမး့ရငးံ ်ပႆနာမ္ာ့ေက္ားလႊာ့ေရ့အစီအစဥးက
ေလယာဥးတငး သေဘၤာ ေတျမြာေတာံ CORROSION PREVENTION ကုိ DESIGN FTORS ေတျ ကုိေထာကးပဵံေပ့ပါလိမးံမယး၈LONG PLAN တစးခုက
တငး့တငး့က္ပးက္ပး ခ္မြတးထာ့မယး ထငးတယး၈ CREW ေတျ ရဲံ စိတးပုိငး့ အက္ဳိ့်ပဳမြာပါ၈ AIRCRAFT ZONING ၇ ATA-100 ၇ SERVICE bulletins ၇
ဆုိငးရာ ဖျဵ.ၿဖိဳ့ေရ့ လဲ ပါမယး ထငးတယး၈ ကမးမ်မငး၇ လမး့မ်မငး မြာ တာွနး AIRCRAFT SCHEDULE PROCEDURE ေတျဟာ AIRWORTHINESS
ထမး့ေဆာငးေနရတာ ( အထူ့သ်ဖငးံ စစးေ်မ်ပငးမြာ ပုိတာွနးႀကီ့မယး၈ ) ကုိေထာကးပံဵေပ့ပါတယး၈
The conference is designed to be of interest to DOD, NASA, FAA and ေလယာဥးကုိ ဆကးလကးသုဵ့စျႏ
ဲ ူိငးေရ့အတျကး စာရငး့စစးအဖျဲ.လုိပဲ
industry professionals. DOD( DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ) ဆုိတာက BOARD OF SURV EY ဆုိတာကုိဖျဲ.စညး့ရပါ တယး၈
ထုိအဖျ.ဲ ွငးေတျတုိငး့ကစစးေဆ့ရမယးံ ေလယာဥးရဲံ အေၾကာငး့ ေစံေစံငင
သိခ္ငးမြ သိမယး၈ ဒါေပမယးံလကး ရြိတနးဖုိ့ နဲ. ်ပငးဆငးသုဵ့စျရ
ဲ ငးကုနးက္စရိတးကုိ
အဓိက ခ္ိနးထုိ့ပါတယး၈ ်ပငးဆငး ကုနးက္စရိတး က သုဵ့ရမယးံ
တနးဖုိ့ထကးမ္ာ့ေနရငး သူ.ဆီက ထုတးယူသုဵ့စျဲ ႏူိငးမယးံ SPARES LIST ကုိ
ထပးမဵ ်ပဳလုပးေပ့ရပါမယး၈ တခ္ိဳ. ေတျက COMPANY နဲ.
လုပးေဆာငးေစပါတယး၈ ထုိအတျကး ွနးေဆာငးခ ေပ့ရပါတယး၈ ရာ်ဖတးေပါံဗ္ာ၈
ဒါေပမယးံ ပညာရပးဆနးဆနး ၇ ခ္ကးက္ လကးက္ လုပးရတာပါ၈ ေလယာဥးပုိငးရြငး
ရဲံ မညးမြ္ ဆကးလကးသုဵ့စျႏ
ဲ ူိငးေရ့ ႀကိဳ့ပမး့မႈ ပါ၈
COMPANY ရဲံ လုပးေဆာငးေပ့မႈ ၇ ွနးေဆာငးမႈ အပုိငး့ပါ -
* Aircraft End-of-life Consulting and Support
ေလယာဥးရဲံ သကးတမး့ကုိ ေဆျ့ေႏျ့သတးမြတး ေပ့်ခငး့၈
* Aircraft teardown, disassembly and recycling
အေမရိကနးရဲံ ကာကျယးေရ့႒ာနကုိ ေခၚတာပါ၈ ေလယာဥးအစိတးအပုိငး့မ္ာ့ကုိ ်ဖဳတးယူ်ပငးဆငး်ခငး့ ၇ ်ပနးလညးသုဵ့စျ်ဲ ခငး့၈
က္နးႏြစးဖျဲ.ကေတာံ သိၿပီ့သာ့ေတျပါ၈ေဖၚ်ပပါ ေလေၾကာငး့ အဖျဲ.အစညး့ ( ၀ ) * Marketing and sales of removed aircraft parts and components
ခုက ေလယာဥးသကးတမး့ သတးမြတးေရ့ အတျကး ၇ စိတးခ္ ယုဵၾကညး ႏုိငးေရ့ ်ဖဳတးယူေသာအစိတးအပုိငး့မ္ာ့ကုိ ေစ့္ကျကးတျငး ်ပနးလညးေရာငး့ခ္်ခငး့၈
အတျကး အစညး့အေွ့ ပူ့ေပါငး့်ပဳလုပး ခဲံပါတယး၈ ( လကးက္နး နာရီ ေပၚမူတညးပါသညး၈ )
(1) aviation safety (ေလေၾကာငး့ လုဵၿခဵဳေရ့) * Logistics and inventory management for removed aircraft
(2 ) corrosion prediction (သဵေခ့္တကး်ခငး့ အပါအွငး MATERIAL components .
STRENGTH ကုိ ပုိငး့်ဖတးေရ့) ်ဖဳတးယူေသာ အစိတးအပုိငး့ မ္ာ့ကုိ ေထာကးပဵံေရ့ ႏြငးံ လုိအပးေသာ
(3) wiring systems (ေလယာဥး တစးစီ့လုဵ့ ရဲံ ွါယာရငး့ အေ်ခအေန) ထပးေပါငး့ ်ဖညးံ စျကးေပ့်ခငး့၈
(အရမး့ အေရ့ႀကီ့တယး) * Aircraft parts inspection and trace verification အစိတးအပုိငး့မ္ာ့ကုိ
(4) Product lifecycle (ေလယာဥးသကးတမး့ ကုိ အေ်ခခဵပါတယး) စစးေဆ့်ခငး့ ႏြငးံ တိက္ေစ်ခငး့ ၈
 Page - 45

* Repair, overhaul and re-certification of dismantled aircraft parts ွါယာႀကိဳ့ ေတျပါွငးတဲံ ႀကိဳ့အထုဵ့ကုိ ွါယာ „looms‟ လုိ. ေခၚပါတယး၈ ွါယာ
and components ေလယာဥး အစိတးအပုိငး့မ္ာ့ကုိ ်ပငးဆငး်ခငး့ ၇ „looms‟ နဲ. ွါယာႀကိဳ့ ေတျ ရြာေဖျ ရတာ လျယးကူတဲံ ်ဖစးစဥး မဟုတးပါ၈
သကးတမး့အရတစးစစီ ်ပငးဆငး်ခငး့ ႏြငးံ နဂုိအတုိငး့်ပနး်ဖစး ေစ်ခငး့၈ ရြာေတျ.ဖုိ. အဆငးံဆငးံ ချာရပါတယး၈ ဒါေၾကာငးံလဲ ွါယာ „looms‟ အ်ပစး
ရြာေဖျႏုိငးေရ့ လျယးကူေအာငး ေဆာငးရျကး ေနပါတယး၈ထုိ.်ပငး wiring circuit
ေစ့္ကျကးွငး ေလယာဥးမ္ာ့ကုိ သကးတမး့ေက္ားလျနးၿပီ့ေနာကး သုဵ့စျမ
ဲ ႈ integrity ကုိလဲ cross check အေနနဲ. ဂရု်ပဳရပါမယး၈ ဒါမြ ပုိမုိ တိက္မႈ
မ်ပဳေတာံ ပါဘူ့၈ ထုိအခ္ိနးမြာ ပုိငးရြငးနဲ. ရာ်ဖတးအဖျဲ.ေတျဟာ သုဵ့စျဲ ရြိပါမယး၈ မေမြ္ားမြနး့ႏုိငးတဲံ ပ္ကးစီ့မႈ ေတျကုိလဲ ်ပငးဆငးေနရငး့ နဲ.
ႏူိငးေသ့တဲံ ပစၥညး့ မ္ာ့ရဲံ သကးတမး့ႏြငးံ တကျ လကးက္နး နာရီ ၇ ်ပဳ်ပငးမညး ထပးမဵေတျ.ရြိ ရပါဦ့မယး၈ ႀကိဳ တငး ေတျ့ဆ လုိ. မရတဲံ ်ဖစးစဥးပါ၈
ဆုိပါက မညးမြ္ ကုနးက္ မညး တုိ.ကုိပါ တျကးခ္ကး တုိငး့ထျာ ွါယာ ပ္ကးစီ့ မႈကုိ ေသေသခ္ာခ္ာ ေလံလာေနပါတယး၈ ေလြ္ာံခး ရဲံ
ရပါတယး၈ ေလယာဥးတစးစီ့ကုိ အနာ့ေပ့မယးဆုိတာ နဲ. ပုိငးရြငး ဟာ အမ္ဳိ့အမညး ၇ အမ္ဳိ့အစာ့ ေလ့ေတျ ၇ သေဘာ သဘာွေတျကုိ ထညးံသျငး့
ဒီ ်ပႆနာ ကုိ စတငး ရငးဆုိငး ရပါမယး၈ ထုိ. အတူ လကးက္နး တနးဖုိ့ ကုိ ပါ စဥး့စာ့ဖုိ. လုိပါတယး၈ ကုိယးထညးပုိငး့ သာမက လြ္ပးစစး ွါယာ ေတျက
ထညးံသျငး့ တျကးခ္ကးရပါမယး၈ လဲ ်ပႆနာ ဖနးတီ့မႈမြာ ေရြ. ဆုဵ့က ပါေနပါတယး၈ကုိယးထညး
ပ္ကးစီ့မႈကုိ ေသခ္ာစျာ ၾကညးံ ရႈႏုိငးေရ့ အတျကး STRUCTURAL HEALTH
ေနာကးဆုဵ့ေတာံ a i r f ra m e ( ကုိယးထညး ) ကုိပဲ MONITORING SYSTEM ကုိ ထူ့ထူ့်ခာ့်ခာ့ေလ့ သုဵ့စျဲ
သကးတမး့ရငးံ ေ်ဖရြငး့ေရ့ အတျကး အဓိက ထာ့ရပါတယး၈ အခုေတာံ လာၾကပါတယး၈လြ္ပးစစး အာရဵုခဵပစၥညး့ (Sensor) ေတျကုိ အဓိက ထာ့ သုဵ့
နာႏုိ နညး့ပညာပါ တျဖ
ဲ ကးသုဵ့ စျေ
ဲ နတယး လုိ.ေတာံ ၾကာ့တယး၈ လာပါတယး၈
airframe ( ကုိယးထညး ) ရဲံ သိသာ ထငးရြာ့ေသာ အကးေၾကာငး့ေတျ ကုိ ဖုိငးဘာ နဲ. ်ပဳလုပး ထာ့တဲံ ကုိယးထညး အစိတး
အဓိက ထာ့ ေလံလာ သုေတသန ်ပဳလုပးခဲံပါတယး၈ ေလယာဥး သကးတမး့ရဲံ အပုိငး့ ေတျသာမက corrosion, aging, fatigue
ႏြငးံ ်ပငးဆငးေနစဥး ်ဖစးေပၚလာေသာ လတးတေလာ ပ္ကးစီ့မႈမ္ာ့ အတျကးပါ
စမး့သပးေပ့ႏုိငးပါတယး၈ ေအားထရာေဆာငး့ ၇ Eddy Current ( လြ္ပးစစးနဲ.
စမး့သပးတဲံနညး့ပါ၈ ) ၇ Magnetic Particle ( သဵလုိကးအမႈနး ေလ့ ေတျနဲ.
စမး့သပးပါတယး၈ ) ၇ X-RAY စတဲံ နညး့မ္ဳိ့စုဵ နဲ. စမး့သပးပါတယး၈
Eddy Current( လြ္ပးစစးနဲ. စမး့သပးတဲံနညး့ပါ၈ ) { အကးေၾကာငး့
ရြိရငး ကာလာ တစးေရာငးက အေၾကာငး့လုိကးေလ့ က္နး ေနခဲံတယး၈ }

သုဵ့ပုဵ ႏြစးပုဵ အထိ ႀကီ့ႀကီ့ မာ့မာ့ ်မငးႏုိငးတဲံ အကးေၾကာငး့ႀကီ့ေတျ

ေတျ. ရေလံ မရြိပါဘူ့၈ ( ပုဵမြနးပဲ မထိမခုိကးေပါံ၈ )

လြ္ပးစစးပစၥညး့ေတျ ကေတာံ ၾကာေလ ပ္ကးစီ့

ယုိယျငး့ေလပါ၈ ေလယာဥးေတျ တုိ့တကးလာတာ အီလကးထေရာနစးနဲ.
အတူပါ၈ Ageing Aircraft - Electrical Wiring ဟာ
ရြာရတာခကးခဲပါတယး၈ ေခ္ာငးႀကိဳ ေခ္ာငးၾကာ့ ေနရာေတျက္ေတာံ

( ကာလာ ေလ့ေတျနဲ. စမး့သပးတဲံ နညး့ပါ၈ )

PANEL ေတျချါရပါတယး၈ အဲေတာံ ပုိမုိ

ၾကနး.ၾကာတာေပါံ၈ ေနာကးၿပီ့ ်ပငးဆငးမႈ်ပဳလုပး်ခငး့ေတျမြာ မေမြ္ား
မြနး့ႏူိငးတဲံ ၇ airworthiness problems ေတျ ်ဖစးေပၚေစပါတယး၈ Magnetic Particle ( သဵလုိကး အမႈနးေလ့ေတျနဲ. စမး့သပးပါ တယး၈ )
 Page - 46

ေဖၚ်ပပါအတုိငး့ မ္ကး်မငးန.ဲ စစးေဆ့ စမး့သပးႏုိငးပါတယး၈

ေလယာဥးကုိ စစးေဆ့ေရ့ ခုဵရုဵ့ ဖျဲ.တာ နဲ.ပဲ ေလယာဥး ဖ္ကးသိမး့ဖုိ. အတျကး The project started in 2006 and
ရညးရျယးတာ မဟုတးပါဘူ့၈ လုိအပးလုိ. စစးေဆ့တယး၈ ေနာကး ချငးံ ်ပဳႏုိငးရနး was finished in 2009. ေဖၚ်ပပါ
စစးေဆ့ခ္ကးေတျ ၇ စမး့သပး ခ္ကးေတျ ၇အရငးက ရြိခဲံတာေတျ အဖျ.ဲ အစညး့က
နဲ.ခ္ိနးထုိ့ပါတယး၈ ေလယာဥးတစးစီ့ ေလထဲ ပ္ဵဖုိ. ေလေၾကာငး့ လုဵၿခဳဵေရ့ ကုိ တာွနးယူေဆာငးရျကးေပ့ခဲံပါတယး၈
အာမခဵ ေပ့ရပါမယး၈ ဒီအတျကး ယုဵၾကညး စိတးခ္ရမႈ အပုိငး့ ပါလာပါၿပီ၈ ေနာကး
မညးမြ္ၾကာ ရြညးစျာ သုဵ့စျဲ ခဲံ သလဲ ၈ သကးတမး့တုိ့ ေပ့ႏူိငးရနး ကုိယးထညးပုိငး့ 8 Fokker F27 Aircraft, Cologne
Airport, Germany
A total end-of-life solution
was provided for 8 Fokker F27 aircraft in one single project. This
project was executed between September 2008 and February
2009. ေလယာဥး ရြစးစီ့ ကုိ လုပးေဆာငးေပ့ ခဲံပါတယး၈

Dismantling Fokker F27

Woensdrecht

On behalf of Fokker Services,

AELS dismantled a stranded
Fokker F27 aircraft at Woens-
drecht Airport in the Nether-
lands. Before dismantling and recycling of the materials the aircraft
was used for training by the Dutch Ministry of Defense.
ၾကဵံခုိငးမႈ ကုိ အာမခဵ ေပ့ႏုိငးရပါမယး၈ ကုိယးထညးပုိငး့ နဲ. ပတးသတး တာေတျ ေဖၚကာေတျ အနာ့ေပ့တာ စတငးတဲံ အခ္ိနး ကထဲက ေပါံ၈ ေဖၚကာ
အာ့လုဵ့ ပါွငး ပါတယး၈ ဆကးစပး ပစၥညး့ေတျ လဲပါွငးပါမယး၈ သဵေခ့္တကးမႈ ဖ္ကးသိမး့ေရ့အစီအစဥးေပါံဗ္ာ၈
အေ်ခအေန ေတျလဲ ပါွငးပါမယး၈ ွါယာ ႀကိဳ့ ေတျရဲံ သကးတမး့ကိုလဲထညးံ
စဥး့စာ့ရတယး ၈ သူ.ကုိ တစးစီ့ လုဵ့အသစး လဲဖုိ.ဆုိရငး ကျၽမး့က္ငး ပညာရြငး
Dismantling KLM 737-400
အပါအွငး ေခတးမြီ ပစၥညး့ ေတျ လဲ လုိအပးပါမယး၈ ေလထဲေရာကး
Barcelona Airport
မြေရြာံခး်ဖစးေန ရငး ခကးကုနးပါမယး၈
အာ့ယာ့ဘတးစး ၀၅ွ ရဲံ ွါယာႀကိဳ့ လုပးငနး့ချငးပါ၈
Between the end of April and
the beginning of May 2006
AELS executed the dismantling
of a Boeing KLM 737-400, with
the former registration PH-BTC
that was parked in a corner of
Barcelona Airport.

ဘာစီလုိနာေလဆိပးက ဘုိ့အငး့ေလယာဥး ကုိ အနာ့ေပ့တဲံ ်ဖစးစဥးပါ၈

ဒီေခါငး့စဥးကုိ ေဖၚ်ပပါ စာအုပးကုိ အေ်ခခဵ ေရ့သာ့ပါတယး၈

Airbus technicians are installing full replacement harnesses where

necessary, but wiring kits have
also been developed.
Wiring kits ဆုိတာ
ႀကိဳ့အ်ပငးကေန အငးဆူေလတာ
သေဘာမ္ဳိ့ ပတးတာကုိ ေခၚတာပါ၈

AIRCRAFT LIFE END OF

SERVICE

Ilyusin Il-18 Hotel

 Page - 47

ဇငး ေမာငး ထျနး့

Differential & Integral ?

Differential Integral
Differential
Differential
Integral Differen-
tial Integral

Differential

Derivative
( rate of change )
Derivative Temperature
Velocity Circuit Current Stock
Derivative
derivative slope slope derivative slope
slope
derivative
derivative =
zero

maxi-
mum point minimum point slope slope
derivative = zero derivative zero maximum
minimum
 Page - 48

Derivative
maximum minimum optimization design

X equation
equation

equation derivative
zero maximum value

Coca-Cola
(minimum optimization design)

Integral

" "

" "
 Page - 49

integral (summation Mathematics

y=f(x) a b

“ y ”
“"Delta x"”

Area = y*Delta x = f(x)*Delta x

a b

Delta x
 Page - 50

Integration is an “infinite sum”

The “ intergral ” sign is an elongated "S", standing for "sum". Later we will see
that the integral is the sum of the areas of infinitely thin rectangles.
Integral sign Sum “ S ” Integral

hydrostatic force

Water pressure pressure

pressure

P = F/A = rgh = d*h

P = pressure, F = force, A = area, r = mass density, g = gravitational acceleration,
h = height (or depth), d=rg =weight density (here d=62.5 lb/ft3)

pressure pressure force

Delta h
Delta h Delta h
Delta h force
 Page - 51

Delta h force
force h force Force area
pressure

A = 100Delta h
P = 62.5h
h force F = P A = (62.5h)(100Delta h)
hydrostatic force integral

hydrostatic force=5000000 lb

Ref: 1. http://www.intmath.com/Integration/2_Indefinite-integral.php
2. Change and Motion: Calculus Made Clear, 2nd Edition : Professor Michael Star
bird, The University of Texas at Austin : Lecture Eleven

Mathematics is the sculpture of thought.

Alan De Martino

သခ္ၤာဟာ အေတျ့အေခၚကို ထုဆစးေပ့တယး၈

အယးလနး ဒီ မာတီႏို
 Page - 52

Design
IP Address
Subnet Mask Network
Hardisk Partition
Hardisk Partition C,D,E C Window
D Movie E Ebook
Network Network

IP Address : 192.168.0.1
Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0
IP Address Default Subnet Mask Network Host
Network Host

IP Addresss : 192.168.0.1
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.240

Subnet Mask
performance
Security Routing table size
physical media
How Subnetting work
packet Local Network Remote Network
Local Network Remote
Network Local Network
packet Local Remote
Network IP Routing

Local and Remote remote

routing subnet
 Page - 53

subnet
Default Subnet Mask routing
subnet routing
subnet

How to subnet a Network

subnet IP Addressing IP Address
32 bit 8 bit IP Address

digit number 0 1 IP number 0

1

Bit Decimal Binary

0 0 0000 0000

1 128 1000 0000

2 192 1100 0000

3 224 1110 0000

4 240 1111 0000

5 248 1111 1000

6 252 1111 1100

7 254 1111 1110

8 255 1111 1111

binary ; subnet
IP address Class 3 Class A,B,C
 Page - 54

Network number range

Class A – IP range 1 126
Class B – IP range 128 191
Class C – IP range 192 223
Class C IP address subnet

Subnetting for Class C IP address

Class C IP default subnet mask 255.255.255.0

performance security

subnet subnet
subnet formula
 Page - 55

IP address 192.168.10.0
Host 8 bit
bit 4 formula

11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
255 255 255 240
N N N n
2^4-2=14 Network
2^4-2=14 Host
256-240=16
subnet (255.255.255.240)
IP address

256-240=16

Network First Host Last Host Brocast

16 17 30 31
32 33 46 47
48 49 62 63
………………………………………………………………………….
244 255 238 239

IP address 192.168.10.0 subnet IP

192.168.10.17 192.168.10.30 subnet sub-
net 14

255.255.255.192=62 hosts per subnet

255.255.255.224=30 hosts per subnet
255.255.255.240=14 hosts per subnet
255.255.255.248=6 hosts per subnet
255.255.255.252=2 hosts per subnet

Class C subnet Class A B

 Page - 56

CIDR notation
Class A , B , C address slash”/” CIDR
( Classes Inter-Domain Routing
subnet

IP subnetting
subnet

“IP Tutorial - Subnet Mask and Subnetting.”

http://compnetworking.about.com/od/workingwithipaddresses/a/subnetmask.htm.
“Subnetwork - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetting.
Syngress, and Syngress Media. IP Addressing and Subnetting, Including IPv6. 1st ed. Syngress, 1999.
Lammle Todd, Subnet in your head in 90 minutes !
http://www.myanmarengineer.org/subnet.pdf
Page - 57
 Page - 58

Interior Designer Interior Designer

Interior Designer Architect

Interior Designer

Designer
Interior

Mini waterfall

Design Realistic rendering

Designer

Designer

Design

dinner
 Page - 59

breakfast

Design Concept engineer

Visualization tools
design
propose design
layout plan
client
design tools hands-
ketch , (computer aided design) cad drawing

tools software

Interior Design autocad 2D/3D 3ds max interior design

interior Design
interior design school Architect Interior design
interior design professional course
Software
Professional

Interior Design & supervise Client

final
painting color
structure client
Interior
Client complain

2D design client technical point of view archi

Client
Client educate

client
technical term english impression

oversea
experience Technical term Archi term concept
 Page - 60

Interior Design I
n
t
e
Designer 2D design complete r
master i
o
r
2D design material specifi-
cation color print client D
e
actual wall ceiling color
s
material composition i
g
n
e
Design 3d visualization color, material, r
texture, lighting 3d visualization
actual

color color
lighting color

design 3d visualiza-
tion color daylight night light color
dressing shop color light color
lighting color effect

Designer
 Page - 61

day light
night scene
Designer
color Designer favorite color
Design favorite
color Design Design match
designer
favorite white

white color main

Designer
color
client
Mindset ambient color color
Design Function

function attraction
Design Coffee bar
"point out" wall decoration plaster
scrag pattern attraction wall material
echo proof noise
Technical
decorate function material choice
residential & commercial residential
Mr bed layout ceiling Gypsum board plaster
board Wood ceiling or Wood frame + Plywood ceiling
beam plan
depth designer
layout plan
ceiling design actual beam
beam depth ceiling height
?.. same level layout
design
layout
ceiling 2' or 2'6" level down level
up design
height ceiling height 1' or 2' length
 Page - 62

ceiling 2' or 2'6"

ceiling design Odd Layout planning
actual

Wall materials Design Design elements mood

concept light , color,materials etc to express Design mood
function Designer
level using client Health glass steel paint
bed room vent (air circulation)
aircon

effect fresh

INAX (ecocarat )
function

mate-
rial choice

Materials Designer
floor material floor plan layout
plan floor material material thickness
material types ,size thickness
9"x2" flooring finish floor level
site engineer professional level designer experience,

talent detail measurement - condo path way

material slope level down floor topping
level check
materials level
down
site engineer

professional designer Acces-

sories show case

unity style Group

rhythms
 Page - 63

pattern

design

material designer
site engineer design con-
material cept
light
design
materials
light function
projects
projects designer

designer
material
designer
designer site
reflected color, intensity, angle engineer

design
site engineer client process
complete drawing
site engineer
design
client interior
client
site engineer
client
construction experience
decoration
design design

design
material, installation, budget..
 Page - 64

Designer
designer instruc- Designer
tion client Designer
company

(MEF)
client

client

client client

educate
client post

keyboard

final edit

(MEF)

interior designer

"A doctor can bury his mistakes but an architect can only advise his clients to plant vines."
Frank Lloyd Wright (1868-1959)
ဆရာွနးတစးေယာကးဟာ သူ ံရဲံအမြာ့ေတျကိုေ်မ်မြဳပးဖဵု့ကျယးလို ံရေပမယးံ ဗိသုကာတစးေယာကးအဖို ံေတာံ တစးခုခုမြာ့ခဲံရငး သူ ံေဖာကးသညးကို "
စပ္စးပငးေတျ မ္ာ့မ္ာ့သာစိုကး်ပီ့ ဖဵု့လိုကးေပေတာံ.." လို ံပဲ အၾကဵေပ့ႏိုငးလိမးံမယး၈
Frank Lloyd Wright (1868-1959)
 Page - 65

(Aristotle)

(Aristotle)

(similar substance)
 Page - 66

(speed) (weight)

natural motion
natural motion force
force
violent motion
motion violent motion

theory

Uniform acceleration falling object

vacuum

motion
Law motion force
lst law: Inertia
object at rest remains at rest
object in motion remains in motion unless a force acts on it
(Absence of force)

2nd law: F=ma

Acceleration is the Result of a force acting on the mass

3rd Law: Action = Reaction

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
(Balance of forces)

theory
equation Aerospace
astronomy motion equation

a=v/t
v=a×t
d=(1/2) a×t2
a= acceleration
v=velocity
d=distance
t=time
“ ” aerospace astronomy
physics website
 Page - 67

experiment

uniform acceleration air resistance

friction
vacuum space

friction friction solid

solid fluid drag friction
friction friction friction

Ff=Mu×N
Ff=friction force
Mu=coefficient of friction
N=normal force
friction force constant object velocity friction force constant
coefficient of friction experiment Friction force object velocity
velocity friction Drag force object velocity

D=0.5×r×V2×S×CD
D=Drag force
r=density
V=velocity
S=reference area
CD=coefficient of drag
 Page - 68

Ref: 1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction
2.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo%27s_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_experiment
3. http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/theories/on_motion.html
4. http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/lectures/aristot2.html
 Page - 69

MLM (Multi-level Marketing)

(Hope and Pride)

MLM

Silver, Pearl, Gold, Platinum, Diamond Member

Presentation

Member of the month

MLM
(Hope Product)
Real Product

"
"

MLM

Certificate
 Page - 70

MLM (Hope)
(Pride)
MLM

"

MLM

"

MLM

MLM Hope Product

Pride Product Real Product

MLM
Diamond, Platinum Initial Member Level

MLM Model

Initial Member Level

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyramid_scheme.svg )
 Page - 71

MLM

MLM

MLM

member Presentation

MLM
 Page - 72

MLM

MLM

MLM

MLM
(Real Product)

MLM

MLM

MLM

MLM

(Sugar
Coated)
 Page - 73

MLM
MLM

FDA

ISO Standard, CE mark

MLM

" MLM "

Multi-level Marketing Company

“Multi-level marketing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-level_marketing.

“Pyramid scheme - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_scheme.
Page - 74

ရို့ရို့ေတာငးပဵတပးေလယာဥး( Fixed wing) ေတျနဲ ံစာလိုကးရငး
ရဟတးယာဥးေတျရဲံ သမိုငး့ပဵုရိပးေတျကို ကၽျနးေတားတို ံဆီမြာ သိပး်ပီ့ မသိ
ၾကေသ့ဘူ့လို ံထငးတယး၈ ရဟတးယာဥးေတျ်ဖစးလာပဵုေကာကး
ေၾကာငး့ေလ့ကို ေပါံေပါံပါ့ပါ့ေရ့လိုကးပါတယး၈ ေလယာဥးေတျနဲံအလြမး့
ေွ့တဲံ သူေတျအတျကး အပ္ငး့ေ်ပ ဗဟုသုတအ်ဖစး ဖတးဖို ံေလာကးပဲ
ရညးရျယးပါတယး၈ ကၽျနးေတာံးအေနနဲ ံ လကးလြမး့ မီ၇ ဥာဏးမီ အခ္ိနးရ
သေလာကးေလ့ပါ၈
ဒီေနရာမြာ Fixed wing ဆိုတာက ပဵုမြနးေတျ႔ေနက္ အေတာငးပဵ
တပးေလယာဥးေတျကိုေ်ပာတာ၈ ေတာငးပဵေတျကို အေသတပးတဲံေလယာဥးပ္ဵ
ေပါံ၈ ရဟတးယာဥး ေတျကိုေတာံ Rotary wing လို႔ေခၚၾကတယး၈
ဘာလို ံလဲဆိုေတာံ အဲဒီ အေတာငးပဵ (Wing) ကို လညးေစ်ပီ့ေလယာဥးကို
ေလေပၚဆျမ
ဲ တဲံ အာ့ ( Lift) ကိုထုတးလုပးေပ့တာမို ံလို႔ပါ၈ ေတာငးပဵေတျရဲံ
ေတာငးပဵေတျကို ေဘ့တိုကး်မငးရတဲံပဵု (Airfoil)
ေဘ့တိုကး်ဖတးပိုငး့ပဵု ်ဖစးတဲံ Airfoil သေဘာတရာ့ ကေတာံ အတူတူပါပဲ၈
Fixed wing ေလယာဥး ေတျနဲ ံ ႏြုိငး့ယြဥးရငး ရဟတးယာဥးေတျ
ဟာ ပါွါပို်ပီ့လိုအပးတယး၇ stress ေတျပို်ပီ့ခဵရ တယး၇ နာ့လညးဖို ံလဲပို်ပီ့
ခကးတယး၇ လြဳပးရြာ့ေနတဲ ံ အစိတးအပိုငး့ေတျ(moving parts) နဲ ံရဟတး
ယာဥးကိုထိနး့ခ္ဳပးတဲံ Control အစိတး အပိုငး့ေတျ ပို်ပီ့မ္ာ့ပါတယး၈
အေစာပိုငး့ကာလေတျတုနး့က ရဟတးယာဥး ေတျဟာ ပ္ဵသနး့
ဖို ံအတျကး ပါွါ လဵုလဵုေလာကး ေလာကးမရခဲံၾကပါဘူ့၈ ေ်မေပၚကေနၾကျ
တကးပ္ဵသနး့ဖို ံ လိုအပးတဲံ ပါွါ အလဵုအေလာကးရတဲံအခါက္ ေတာံရဟတး
ယာဥးကို လိုသလို ထိနး့ခ္ဳပးဖို ံ controlပိုငး့မြာ ်ပႆနာေပၚလာ်ပနးတယး၈
Control ပိုငး့ကို ႏိုငးႏိုငးနငး့နငး့ ရြိလာ်ပီ့တဲံေနာကး ထပး်ပီ့ေတျ႔လာ
တဲံ ်ပႆနာကေတာံ Vibration(တုနးခါမြဳ) နဲ ံ maintenance ပဲ်ဖစးပါတယး၈
အခကးအခဲ ေတျနဲ ံ ်ပႆနာ ေပါငး့မ္ာ့စျာကို ေက္ား်ဖတးခဲံ်ပီ့မြ ဒီေန႔ေတျ႔
်မငးေနၾကတဲံ ရဟတးယာဥးမ္ာ့အ်ဖစးကို ေရာကးခဲံတာ်ဖစးပါတယး၈
ရဟတးယာဥးေတျရဲံ သမိုငး့ေၾကာငး့ေနာကးခဵေလ့ကိုေ်ပာရရငး …
ပနး့ခ္ီဆရာလဲ်ဖစးဟုိစပးစပးဒီစပးစပး တီထျငးသူ တစးဦ့လဲ်ဖစးတဲံ " လီယိုနာဒို
ဒါဗငးခ္ီ" က ရဟတးယာဥးလိုမ္ိဳ့ ေဒါငးလိုကးပ္ဵတကးလို ံရတဲံယာဥးဒီဇိုငး့
(ေလွကးအူရစး (Aerial Screw) လို ံေခၚဆိုႏိုငးတဲံယာဥးေပါံဗ္ာ)
အေစာဆဵု့စိတးကူ့မိခဲံတဲံသူပါပဲ၈ ှ၁၅ွ ခုႏြစးမ္ာ့မတိုငးမီက ေပါံဗ္ာ၈ ( ်မနးမာ
်ပညးမြာဆို ဟဵသာွတီက ဓမၼေစတီ မငး့ အုပးစို့စဥးကာလေလာကး)
သူ႔ရဲံမြတးစု ထဲမြာေဖား်ပထာ့တာကေတာံ သူဟာ အဲဒီ ေလွကးအူ ယာဥး
ဒီဇိုငး့ (Aerial screw ) ကို ေမားဒယးလးအေသ့စာ့ေလ့ တညးေဆာကးခဲံ
တယးဆိုပဲ၈ ဒါေပမယးံ သူ ံရဲံ ေလွကးအူယာဥးက ကိုယးထညးတစးခုလဵု့ပါ
လိုကး်ပီ့ လညးေနတာကို ဘယးသို ံဘယးပဵု ရပးတနး ံမယးဆိုတာ ကိုေတာံ
ေဖား်ပ ထာ့တာ မရြိပါ ဘူ့၈ စီ့တဲံလူပါခ္ာခ္ာလညးေနမယးံသေဘာ ရြိတယး၈
ှ၄၂၁ ခုႏြစး ဇူလိုငး မြာ မီေခ့လး လိုမိုႏိုေဆာံဗး (Mikhail Lo-
monosov) ဟာ ရုရြာ့သိပၸဵအကယးဒမီ မြာ ဒလကးႏြစးထပးဒီဇိုငး့တစးခုကို
Page - 75
အေသ့စာ့်ပဳလုပး်ပီ့ သရုပး်ပသခဲံပါတယး၈ ဒလကးေတျကို စပရငးအာ့နဲ ံ
လညးပတးေစမြာ်ဖစး်ပီ့ မို့ေလွသတိုငး့ထျာ ေရ့ပစၥညး့ေတျကို သယးေဆာငး
ပ္ဵသနး့ဖို ံရညးမြနး့ထာ့ေၾကာငး့ေ်ပာခဲံတယး၈ ှ၄၅၀ မြာ ခရစးတီယဵ
ဒီေလာငးႏျိဳငး(Christian de Launoy) နဲ ံသူ ံရဲံ စကး်ပငးသမာ့ ဘီယနးဗဲႏ္ဴ့
(Bienvenu) တို ံဟာ တစးခုနဲ ံတစးခု ေ်ပာငး့်ပနးလညးပတးတဲံ ဒလကး တစးစဵု
ပါွငးတဲံ ေမားဒယးလးတစးခု ်ပဳလုပး်ပီ့ ်ပငးသစး သိပၸဵအကယးဒမီမြာ ်ပသခဲံ
တယး၈ သူ ံရဲံ ေမားဒယးလးမြာဒလကးေတျကို ၾကကးဆငးရဲံအေမႊ့ေတျနဲံ်ပဳလုပး
ထာ့တယးလို ံဆိုပါတယး၈ ဆာေဂ္ာံခ္း ကကးဗးလိဗး (Sir George Cavlev)
ဟာ ကေလ့ဘွတုနး့က ကစာ့ခဲံတဲံ တရုတးမို့ပ္ဵဂ္ငး (flying top) ကိုေတား
ေတားေလ့စျလ
ဲ မး့ခဲံတယး၈ ေနာကးေတာံ ေလာငးႏျိဳငး တို ံလုပးခဲံတဲံ ေမားဒယးလး
ေလ့နဲံပဵုစဵတူတဲံ ေမားဒယးတစးခုလုပးခဲံတယး၈ သာ့ေရ ကျငး့အသဵု့်ပဳ်ပီ့
လညးပတးေစတာပဲကျာ်ခာ့တယး၈ အဲဒီ ရာစုႏြစးအကုနးပိုငး့ေလာကးမြာ သူဟာပို
်ပီ့တို့တကးလာတယး၈ ဒလကး (Blade) ေတျကို သဵ်ဖဴ်ပာ့နဲ ံလုပး်ပီ့ လညးဖို ံ
ကိုေတာံ စပရငးေတျနဲ ံ ေမာငး့ႏြငးပါတယး၈ သူ ံရဲံ စမး့သပးမြဳေတျကို ေရ့သာ့
မြတးတမး့တငးထာ့ခ္ကးေတျဟာ ေနာကးပုိငး့ ေလေၾကာငး့တီထျငးမြဳဦ့ေဆာငး
သူေတျအေပၚလႊမး့မို့ခဲံတယး၈ အယးဖျနး့စး ပီ့နာတး (Alphonse Pe`naud)
ဟာ ှ၅၄ွ မြာ သာ့ေရကျငး့နဲ ံေမာငး့တဲ ံ ဒလကးႏြစးထပး (Coaxial rotor)
ရဟတးယာဥးေမားဒယးလး ကစာ့ စရာ ေတျ်ပဳလုပးခဲံပါတယး၈ ရိုကးညီေနာငး
ပဵု (ှ) ဒါဗငးခ္ီရဲံ Aerial Screw ပဵုၾကမး့
(W r i g h t
Brothers) ဟာ အဲဒီ ကစာ့စရာရဟတးယာဥး တစးခုကိုရခဲံတယး၈ သူ
တို ံအေဖက လကးေဆာငးအ်ဖစးွယးေပ့တာပါ၈ အဲဒီ ကစာ့စရာ ရဟတးယာဥး
ေလ့ဟာ သူတို ံညီအစးကို ရဲံ ေလယာဥးပ္ဵတီထျငးဖို ံစိတးကူ့အိပးမကးေတျကို
ႏြို့ဆျေပ့ခဲံပါတယး၈
ှ၅၃ှ ခုႏြစးမြာ ်ပငးသစးလူမ္ိဳ့ ဂတးစတဗး ဒီ ပျနးတျနး ဒယး ေအမီ
ေကာံ (Gustave de Ponton d'Amécourt) က "Helicopter" ဆိုတဲံ
နာမညးကို စတငးအသဵု့်ပဳခဲံပါတယး၈ ေရေႏျ့ေငျ႔အငးဂ္ငးသဵု့၇ ေမားဒယး
တစးခုကို်ပဳလုပးခဲံပါတယး၈ အလူမီနီယမး သတၱဳကို အသစးအဆနး့ အေနနဲ ံ
ကို အသဵု့်ပဳခဲံေပမယးံ လို ံ သူ ံရဲံရဟတးယာဥးေမားဒယးေလ့ဟာ ေ်မ်ပငးကေန ၾကျ
တကးမလာခဲံပါဘူ့၈ ေရေႏျ့ေငျ႔အငးဂ္ငးေတျဟာ အဲဒီေခတးအခါက ေခတးစာ့
ေနတဲံအခါေပါံ၈
အနးရီကို ေဖားလနးနီနီ (Enrico Forlanini) ရဲံ လူမပါတဲံ ရဟတး
ယာဥးဟာလဲ ေရေႏျ့ေငျ႔နဲ ံေမာငး့ခဲံတာပါပဲ၈ ဒီလို ရဟတးယာဥးအမ္ိဳ့အစာ့
မြာ ေလထဲပ္ဵတာ ဒါက ပထမဦ့ဆဵု့ပါပဲ၈ အ်မငးံ (ှ၀)မီတာ ( ၁၀ ေပ)
ေလာကးအထိနဲ ံ စကၠနး႔ ဿွ ေလာကးၾကာေအာငး ပ္ဵတကးခဲံပါတယး၈ မီလနး
(Milan) က ပနး့်ခဵထဲမြာ စမး့သပးခဲံတာ်ဖစး်ပီ့ေတာံ ှ၅၄၄ ခုႏြစးက်ဖစး ပါတယး၈
အနးမနးယူယယးလး ဒိုငးယိျဳဒး (Emmanuel Dieuaide) ဆနး႔က္ငးဘကးလညးတဲံ
ဒလကးေတျ (Counter- rotatingrotors)နဲ ံယာဥးကို လဲ ေရေႏျ့ေငျ႔အသဵု့်ပဳ်ပီ့
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ေမာငး့ႏြငးခဲံပါတယး၈ သူ ံရဲံ ပါွါေပ့တဲံစနစးကေတာံ ဘျိဳငးလာကို ေ်မ်ပငးမြာ ကေတာံ ်ပငးသစးလူမ္ိဳ့ အီတီယနးနီ အိုခ္းမီခ္နး (Etienne Oehmichen) ပါ၈
ပဲထာ့်ပီ့ ေရေႏျ့ေငျ႔ကို ပိုကးနဲ ံသျယး်ပီ့ ပို ံတဲ ံစနစးပါ၈ ှ၆ဿ၁ ဧ်ပီ လ ှ၁ ရကးမြာသူဟာ သူ ံရဲံရဟတးယာဥးကို ၀၃ွ မီတာ အကျာ
ှ၅၄၅ ေလာကးမြာစမး့သပးခဲံတဲံ ဒနး့ရီ့ယိဇး (Dandrieux ) အေွ့ထိ ပ္ဵသနး့ေမာငး့ႏြငး်ပခဲံ်ပီ့ေတာံပထမဦ့ဆဵု့ရဟတးယာဥး်ဖစးေၾကာငး့
ရဲံဒီဇိုငး့မြာ ကေတာံ Counter-rotating rotors ကိုပဲ သဵု့ထာ့်ပီ့ ၄.၄ ေပါငး FAI (Fédération Aéronautique Internationale) မြာ အသိ အမြတး်ပဳခဵခဲံ
ေလ့တဲံ ေရေႏျ့ေငျ႔ အငးဂ္ငး ကိုအသဵု့်ပဳထာ့ပါတယး၈ သူ ံရဲံ ယာဥးဟာ ေပ ပါတယး၈ ေနာကး(၁)ရကးမြာပဲ ပကးစးကာရာ ဟာ အ်မငးံ (၃) ေပကေန ပ္ဵ်ပီ့
၁ွ ( ှဿ မီတာ) အထိ တကး်ပီ့ စကၠနး ံဿွေလာကးၾကာ တယး၈ ၄၀၃ မီတာကို (၁)မိနစး (ှှ) စကၠနး ံနဲ ံေမာငး့ႏြငး်ပီ့သူ ံ်ပိဳငးဘကးရဲံစဵခ္ိနးကို
ှ၆ွ၃ခုႏြစးမြာ ်ပငးသစးလူမ္ိဳ့ညီအစးကိုႏြစးေယာကး်ဖစးတဲံ ဂ္ကး ေက္ား်ပခဲံတယး၈ အိုခ္းမီခ္နး ဟာလဲ အေက္ာမခဵဘူ့၈ ေမလ (၁)ရကးေန ံမြာ
ေကာံစး(Jacques) နဲ ံလူ့ွစးစး ဘရီ့ဂကး ( Louis Breguet) တို ံက Airfoil သူ ံရဲံ ရဟတးယာဥးကို ေပ (၂ွ) အ်မငးံေလာကးကေန (၂၂၂ွ)ေပ အကျာ
ေတျကို ရဟတးယာဥးမြာ စမး့သပးခဲံတယး၈ ှ၆ွ၄ ခုႏြစး ၾသဂုတးလနဲ ံ အေွ့ ကို ှ၁ မိနစးနဲ ံေမာငး့်ပသျာ့ခဲံ်ပနးတယး၈ အဲဒါအ်ပငး (ှ)ကီလိုမီတာ
စကးတငးဘာလ ေတျမြာသူတို ံ်ပဳလုပးထာ့တဲံ Gyroplane No.1 ကိုေ်မ်ပငး
ကေန ဿ ေပအ်မငးံေလာကးမြာမိနစး အနညး့ငယးအၾကာ ၾကျတကးပ္ဵသနး့
ခဲံပါတယး၈ ဒီလို ပ္ဵသနး့ႏိုငးခဲံေပမယးံလညး့ အဲဒီ ဂ္ိဳငးရိုပလိနး့ဟာ ေတားေတား
ေလ့ကို မတညးမ်ငိမး်ဖစးေနခဲံကာ ဂ္ိဳငးရိုပလိနး့ပ္ဵသနး့ေနစဥး ေဘ့တစးဖကး
တစးခ္ကးကေန လူလိုကး်ပီ့ထိနး့ကိုငးထာ့ရတဲံ အေနအထာ့်ဖစးခဲံပါတယး၈
ဂ္ိဳငးရိုပလိနး့နဵပါတး(ှ) ဟာ ပထမဆဵု့လူေမာငး့တဲံ ရဟတးယာဥးလို ံဆိုႏိုငးေပ
မယးံလို ံ၇ လျတးလျတးကၽျတးကၽျတးပ္ဵသနး့နညး့မ္ိဳ့ေတာံမဟုတးပါဘူ့၈
အဲဒီႏြစးမြာပဲ ်ပငးသစးလူမ္ိဳ့ ေပါလးေကားႏူ (Paul Cornu)
က ေကားႏူရဟတးယာဥး (Cornu Helicopter) ဆုိတာကို ဒီဇိုငး့်ပဳလုပးခဲံ
တယး၈ ပဵုထဲမြာေတျ႔တဲံအတိုငး့ပဲ၈ ဆနး ံက္ငးဘကးလညးတဲံ ေပ(ဿွ)အခ္ငး့ရြိ
တဲံ ဒလကးႏြစးစဵု ပါွငး်ပီ့ ်မငး့ေကာငးေရ ဿ၁ ေကာငး(ှ၅ ွပး) အာ့
အငးဂ္ငးနဲ ံေမာငး့ႏြငးပါတယး၈ ေပါလးေကားႏူ့ ကိုယးတိုငးတကးေမာငး့်ပီ့ ေတာံ
(ှ) ေပအ်မငးံမြာ စကၠနး ံ(ဿွ) ၾကာပ္ဵွဲခဲံပါတယး၈ ပထမဦ့ဆဵု့ ဂ္ိဳရိုပလိနး့ ပဵု (၀) Gyroplane တစးစငး့ရဲံပဵု Autogyro လို ံလဲေခၚတယး၈ ခရီ့
မဟုတးခဲံေပမယးံလဲ လျတးလျတးကၽျတး ကၽျတးပ္ဵႏိုငးတဲံ ပထမဆဵု့ရဟတးယာဥး
လို ံေဖား်ပခဲံပါတယး၈ ေနာကးပိုငး့ (၃)ေပချေ
ဲ လာကးအထိပ္ဵတကးႏိုငးခဲံေပမယးံ (circuit )ပတးလမး့ကို (၄)မိနစး (၁ွ)စကၠနး ံနဲ ံေမာငး့သျာ့ခဲံတယး၈
အဲဒီအေတာအတျငး့မြာပဲ စပိနးမြာ ဂ္ဴအနးဒီလာ စီရးဗာ (Juan de la
Cierva) ဟာလညး့ ရဟတးယာဥး်ပဳလုပးေနတာေအာငး်မငးလုနီ့ပါ့ရြိေန်ပီ်ဖစး်ပီ့
ယေန ံေခတးရဟတးယာဥးေတျရဲံ အေ်ခခဵလညး့ပဲ်ဖစးပါတယး၈ သူဟာ
အေစာပုိငး့က်ပဳလုပးတဲံ ေအားတိုဂ္ိဳငးရိုေတျ ေလထဲကို တကး်ပီ့မၾကာခငး
မြာ တိမး့ေမြာကး်ခငး့်ဖစးရတဲံ အာ့နညး့ခ္ကးေတျနဲ ံေအရိုဒိုငးနဲမစး
(Aerodynamics) သေဘာတရာ့ေတျကို သိလာခဲံတယး၈ သူ ံရဲံ C.4
လို ံအမညးေပ့ထာ့တဲံ ေအားတိုဂ္ိဳငးရိုမြာ Flapping hinges ေတျကို
ထညံးသျငး့အသဵု့်ပဳတယး၈ အဲဒီလို Flapping hinges ေတျထညံးသဵု့်ခငး့
ပဵု (ဿ) ေပါလးေကားႏူ့ ရဲံ ရဟတးယာဥး (ှ၆ွ၄)
အာ့်ဖငးံ လညးပတးေနတဲံ Rotor disc ( ဒလကး ်ပငးညီွိုငး့) ရဲံ ဘယး
Stable မ်ဖစးေသ့ဘူ့၈
ှ၆ဿွ အေစာပိုငး့ကာလမြာ ဥေရာပမြာ အလုပးလုပးေနတဲံ
အာဂ္ငးတီ့နာ့လူမ္ိဳ့ ေရာလး ပကးတာ့ရကးစး ပကးစးကာရာ (Raúl Pateras
Pescara) ဟာ Cyclic pitch သေဘာတရာ့ကို ပထမဦ့ဆဵု့ သရုပး်ပခဲံပါ
တယး၈ ( Cyclic pitch ဆိုတာကေတာံ လညးေနတဲံ ဒလကးွိုငး့
ကို ေရြ႔ေနာကးဘယးညာ ငဲံေစာငး့တာကိုေ်ပာတာ..) ဆနး ံက္ငး ဘကးလညး
ပတးေနတဲံ ႏြစးထပး ဘလိတးေတျရဲံ လညးပတးေနတဲံ်ပငးညီ စကးွိုငး့ကို
တိမး့ေစာငး့ေပ့်ခငး့အာ့်ဖငးံ ပငံးမအာ့ (Lift)နဲ႔ တျနး့ကနးအာ့ (Thrust)
ကို ေ်ပာငး့လဲေစေၾကာငး့ကိုေတျ႔ခဲံ တယး၈ ဘလိတးအဵု (Hub)ကို အေရြ႔
ဘကး တိမး့ေစာငး့ေပ့လိုကးရငး ေလယာဥးဟာလဲအေရြ႔ကို ေရျ႔လ္ာ့သျာ့
ပဵု (၁) အိုခ္းမီခ္နး ရဲံရဟတးယာဥး (ှ၆ဿ၁)
တယး၈ ဒီေတာံ ဂ္ိဳငးရိုပလိနး့ေတျမြာလိုမ္ိဳ့ ေလယာဥးေရြ႔ကိုေရျ႔ေအာငး
တျနး့ေပ့တဲံ Propeller ေတျဘာေတျမလိုေတာံဘူ့ေပါံ၈ ပကးစးကာရာ ဟာ ဘကး်ခမး့နဲ ံညာဘကး်ခမး့ ကုိ Lift အညီအမြ္ရရြိေစတယး၈ ဒီေတာံ
Autorotation သေဘာတရာ့ကိုလဲ သရုပး်ပသခဲံတယး၈ (Autorotation ခါတိုငး့လို ေလယာဥးအရြိနး်မနးလာရငး ေစာငး့်ပီ့ေမြာကးသျာ့တာမ်ဖစးေတာံဘူ့၈
ဆုိတာက စကးအာ့၇အငးဂ္ငးအာ့ကို မသဵု့ဘဲနဲ ံ ဒလကးေတျကို ေလအာ့နဲ ံသူ ံ ှ၆ဿ၄ တုနး့ကရဟတးယာဥးတစးစီ့ ပ္ကးက္်ပီ့တဲံေနာကး Rotor မြာ်ဖစးေပၚတဲံ
ဖာသာသူ ဆကး်ပီ့လညးပတးေနတာကိုေ်ပာတာ၈ ငယးငယးတုနး့က ကစာ့တဲံ ဖိညြစးအာ့ (Stress) ေတျကို ေလ္ာံက္ေစတဲံ Drag Hinge ေတျကို
ေလွဲသီ့လိုပါပဲ၈ ေအာကးပစးခ္လိုကးရငး လညး်ပီ့ဆငး့သျာ့တာ၈ အဲဒီသေဘာ တပးရေကာငး့မြနး့ သိရြိလာခဲံ်ပနးတယး၈ အဲဒီတို့တကးလာတဲံ အခ္ကးႏြစး
တရာ့နဲ ံအတူတူပါပဲ၈ ) ှ၆ဿ၁ ဇနးနွါရီမြာ ပကးစးကာရာ ရဲံ ရဟတးယာဥးေလ့ ခ္ကးေၾကာငးံ Rotor ေတျဟာ hover မြာေရာ forward flight ေတျမြာပါ ပို်ပီ့
ဟာ (ှွ)မိနစးၾကာပ္ဵသနး့ႏိုငးခဲံပါတယး၈ stable ်ဖစးလာတယး၈
ပကးစးကာရာ နဲ ံေခတး်ပိဳငး ရဟတးယာဥးတီထျငးေနခဲံတဲံပုဂၢိဳလး
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ရကးမြာစမ့းသပးပ္ဵသနး့ခဲံတယး၈ သူ ံရဲံ Cyclic နဲ ံ Collective control ေတျကို

်ဗိတိနးေလေၾကာငး့ွနးၾကီ့ဌာနမြာ ှ၆ဿ၄ ဇနးနွါရီလမြာ မြတးပဵုတငးခဲံတယး၈
ဒါကေတာံ ရဟတးယာဥး သမိုငး့ေၾကာငး့မြာ ဒတးခ္းေတျလဲ ပါွငးခဲံတယးဆိုတာ
ေပါံ၈
ှ၆၀ွ မြာ အီတလီအငးဂ္ငးနီယာ ေကားရကးဒီႏို ဒီအကးစးကနးနီယို
(Corradino D'Ascanio)ဟာ D'AT3 ဆိုတဲံ
ရဟယာဥးကိုတညးေဆာကးခဲံတယး၈ ဘလိပးႏြစးထပး (Coaxial ) ဒီဇိုငး့ပါ၈ H
ဘလိတးေတျမြာ Servo - tabs ေတျကို i
အသဵု့်ပဳခဲံတယး၈ ပနးကာဒလကးကေလ့ (၀)ခုကိုလညး့ ေလယာဥးကိုယးထညး
s
t
မြာ တပးတယး၈ ဘာအတျကးလဲဆိုေတာံ Pitch ( ေခါငး့ေမာံ/
o
ငိုကးတဲံလြဳပးရြာ့မြဳ) ၇Roll (ဘယး/ညာ လြိမးံတဲံလြဳပးရြာ့မြဳ)၇ Yaw
r
(ဘယးညာ ေခါငး့လြညံးတဲံလြဳပးရြာ့
ပဵု(၂) ရဟတးယာဥးေခတးဦ့ကာလ စမး့သပးေနၾကစဥး y
မြဳ) စတာေတျကို ထိနး့ခ္ဳပးရတာပိုေကာငး့ေစဖို ံအတျကးပါ၈
ဆိုဗီယကးယူနီယဵက ေဘာရစး အနး ယူရိဗး (Boris N. Yuriev)
နဲ ံအယးလကးစးဇီ အမး ခ္ာရမးမ္ဳခငး (Alexei M. Cheremukhin ) ဟာ TsAGI of
-1EA ဆိုတဲံ
ရဟတးယာဥးကိုတညးေဆာကးပ္ဵသနး့ခဲံတယး၈သူတို ံႏြစးေယာကးဟာ
ေလေၾကာငး့နဲ႔ပတးသကးတဲံေက္ာငး့တစးေက္ာငး့မြာ အလုပးလုပးေနတဲံသူေတျ C
်ဖစးပါတယး၈ အဲဒီရဟတးယာဥးမြာ Main Rotor Blade (၁) ခုပါတယး၈ အခ္ငး့ h
(၃) ေပရြိတဲံ Anti-torque rotor ႏြစးစဵု ပါတယး၈ တစးစဵုက ေခါငး့ (nose ) o
မြာေနာကး တစးစဵုက အ်မီ့(tail) မြာတပးတယး၈ Rotary radial
p
p
အငးဂ္ငးနဲ ံပါွါေပ့ပါတယး၈ အနိမး ံပိုငး့ စမး့သပးပ္ဵသနး့မြဳေတျမြာ ေတားေတား
e
ေလ့ေအာငး်မငးခဲံတယးလို ံဆိုပါတယး၈ ခ္ာရမးမ္ဴခငး ဟာ ရဟတးယာဥး 1-EA
r
ကို အ်မငးံ ၃ွ၂ s
ပဵု(၃) အခုလိုအူယာ့ဖာ့ယာ့စမး့သပးခဲံၾကတာ မီတာအထိ ေရာကးရြိပ္ဵသနး့ႏိုငးခဲံတယး၈ ေရြ႔ကတီထျငးခဲံသူေတျ
ထကးစာရငး ပိုတို့တကးလာတယးေပါံ၈ သို ံေသားလညး့ ဆိုဗီယကးယူနီယဵ ဟာ
အဲဒီအခ္ိနးက FAI (Fédération Aéronautique Internationale) မြာ
မနးဘာမွငးရေသ့ေတာံ တရာ့ွငး အသိအမြတး်ပဳမခဵရပါဘူ့၈
ရုရြာ့လူမ္ိဳ့ အငးဂ္ငးနီယာ နီကိုလပးစး ဖလိုရီ့နး (Nicolas Florine)
ဟာ Tandem rotor နဲ ံရဟတးယာဥးကို ပထမဦ့ဆဵု့ တညးေဆာကးခဲံပါတယး၈
ယခု ဗျနး ခါမနး အငးစတီက္ဳ (Von Karman Institude) ေနရာမြာ

ပဵု ( ၄) Cierva Air Horse - rotor (၀) ခုပါတယး၈

ပဵု ( ၆) Nicolas Florine ရဲံ Tandem rotor ရဟတးယာဥး၇ ေနာကးပိုငး့ တျငး

ပဵု (၅) ဂ္ဴအနးဒီလာ စီရးဗာ (Juan de la Cierva)ရဲံ ေအားတိုဂ္ိဳငးရို ေငျေၾက့ အခကးအခဲအရ ဆကးမလုပးႏုိငးခဲံဘူ့၈
(Autogyro) ၈ Fixed wing ေလယာဥးေတာငးပဵေတျနဲ ံ၇ ေလယာဥးကို ပဲံကိုငး
ထိနး့ခ္ဳပး တဲံမ္ကးႏြာ်ပငး (Control Surface) ေတျပါတယး၈ စမး့သပးပ္ဵသနး့ခဲံတာအ်မငးံ (၃) မီတာနဲ ံ(၅)မိနစး ၾကာပ္ဵသနး့ခဲံပါတယး၈
သူ႔ရဲံဒီဇိုငး့မြာ Rotor ေတျကို တ်ပိဳငးတညး့အတူတူ လညးတဲံ
ဒတးခ္းလူမ္ိဳ့အငးဂ္ငးနီယာ အယးလးဘတးေဂ့လစးဗျနးေဘားွမးဟျာ စနစးကိုသဵု့တယး၈
(Albert Gillis von Baumhauer)ဟာ ရဟတးယာဥးဒီဇိုငး့ပိုငး့ကို ှ၆ဿ၀ ဂ္ာမနး က်ပဳလုပးလိုကးတဲံ ေဖာံကယး ွုလးဖး (Focke - Wulf)
ေလာကးမြာ ေလံလာ်ပီ့ေတာံ ပထမဆဵု့ ပဵုစဵငယးကို ှ၆ဿ၂ စကးတငးဘာဿ၁ FW- 61 ရဟတးယာဥးဟာလကးေတျ႔ အသဵု့်ပဳႏိုငးတဲံ ပထမ ဦ့ဆဵု့ ရဟတး
 Page - 78

ယာဥး်ဖစးလာတယး၈ ှ၆၀၄ ခုႏြစးေလာကးမြာေပါံ၈ ဟနးနာရိစးခ္း (Hanna

Reitsch) ဆိုတဲံ အမ္ိဳ့သမီ့ဟာ Fw-61 ရဟတးယာဥးကို

ပဵု (ှွ) Focke-Wulf Fw-61 ရဟတးယာဥး ပဵု (ှှ) Sikorsky VS-300 ရဟတးယာဥး

လူပရိသတးေတျရဲံ ေရြ႔ မြာ ေမာငး့်ပခဲံတယး၈ သူမ ဟာ ပထမဦ့ဆဵု့ေသာ

အမ္ိဳ့သမီ့ ရဟတးယာဥး ပိုငး့ေလာံ ပါ၈
ဒုတိယကမၻာစစးအတျငး့မြာ နာဇီ ဂ္ာမဏီဟာ ရြာေဖျေရ့၇ သယးယူ
ပို႔ေဆာငးေရ့၇ ဒဏးရရသူေတျ ကယးဆယးေရ့ေတျမြာရဟတးယာဥး
နညး့နညး့ပါ့ပါ့အသဵု့်ပဳခဲံတယး၈ မဟာမိတးတပးေတျက ဗဵု့ေတျဆကးတိုကး
ၾကဲ်ပီ့ တိုကးခိုကးမြဳဟာ ဂ္ာမနးေတျရဟတးယာဥး ေပါေပါေလာေလာထုတးလို ံ
မရေအာငး ်ဖစးေစခဲံတယး၈ ဂ္ာမဏီ စစးမရြဵဳ့ခဲံရငး ဒီေန ံေလေၾကာငး့ေလာက
တမ္ိဳ့တဖဵု်ဖစးေနမြာပါ၈
အေမရိကနးမြာ အိုငးဂါ ဆီေကာစကီ့ (Igor Sikorsky )
နဲ ံဒဗလ္ဴ ေလာရနး ံစးလီေပံခ္း (W.Lawrence LePage)တို ံဟာ အေမရိကနး
စစးတပးအတျကး ပထမဦ့ဆဵု့ ရဟတးယာဥးေတျ ထုတးလုပးေပ့ဖို႔ကို အ်ပိဳငး
အဆိုငး ေစ့္ကျကးလုေနၾကပါတယး၈ ဒုတိယကမၻာစစး အစပိုငး့ေလာကးမြာ
ေတာံ လီေပံခ္းဟာ U.S စစးတပးအတျကး ရဟတးယာဥးထုတးလုပးချငးံပါမစး
ရသျာ့ခဲံတယး၈ Fw 61 လိုမ္ိဳ့ ဒလကးႏြစးခုနဲ ံXR-1 ကိုတညးေဆာကးတယး၈ ပဵု (ှဿ ) Arthur Young ရဲံ Bell 47 ရဟတးယာဥး၈ အဲဒီရဟတးယာဥးမြာသဵု့တဲံ
အဲဒီအေတာအတျငး့မြာပဲ ဆီေကာစကီ့ ဟာ Rotor တစးခု တညး့ပါတဲံ Main rotor Stabilizer bar နညး့ပညာကိုေနာကးပိုငး့ ထုတးတဲံ Bell Series
ဒီဇိုငး့ကိုဆျဲ်ပီ့ VS-300 ကိုတညးေဆာကးတယး၈ မိနး့ရိုတာ ( Main Rotor) ေတျမြာလညး့ ဆကး်ပီ့သဵု့စျၾဲ ကပါတယး၈

ေၾကာငံး ေလယာဥးေဘားဒီ ေပၚသကးေရာကးတဲံ လညးခ္ငးေနတဲံ အာ့

( Torque) ကို ်ပနးေခ္ဖ္ကးဖို ံရဟတးယာဥး ေနာကး်မီ့မြာ Rotor အေသ့စာ့ ဟာ ႏြစးေပါငး့ (၀ွ) ေလာကးၾကာတဲံအထိ နာမညးၾကီ့တဲံ ရဟတးယာဥး်ဖစးလာ
ေလ့တစးခုတပးေပ့လိုကးတယး၈ VS -300 ကိုအေ်ခခဵ်ပီ့ေတာံ R- 4 ခဲံပါတယး၈
ကိုဆကးလကး်ပီ့တညးေဆာကးတယး၈ R-4 ရဟတးယာဥး ဟာ ပထမဦ့ဆဵု့ ှ၆၂ှ မြာ ခ္ာ့လးစး ကာမနး (Charles Kaman) ဟာ သူ ံရဲံ K -225
စီ့ပျာ့်ဖစး အေ်မာကးအမ္ာ့စတငးထုတးလုပးတဲံ ဟယးလီေကာံပတာပဲ်ဖစးပါ ရဟတးယာဥးကို တာဘိုရြပး အငးဂ္ငး (Turboshaft) တစးလဵု့နဲ ံေ်ပာငး့တပးၾကညံး
တယး၈ အစငး့(ှွွ)ထုတးေပ့ဖို ံအေမရိကနးစစးတပးက မြာယူခဲံတယး၈ R-4 ပါတယး၈ ဒါကလညး့ ေရတပးဌာန ကေန်ပီ့ သူ႔ကိုအေရ့တၾကီ့နဲ ံလုပးခိုငး့လို ံ
ဟာ အဂၤလိပးနဲ ံ မဟာမိတးေတျအတျကးပဲ အသဵု့်ပဳခဲံတဲံ ရဟတးယာဥး်ဖစး်ပီ့
်ဖစးပါတယး၈ ပစးစတငးအငးဂ္ငးနဲ ံစာရငး တာဘိုငးအငးဂ္ငးက ပိုလဲေပါံပါ့်ပီ့
ေတာံ ဒုတိယကမၻာစစးအတျငး့ ်မနးမာ်ပညး၇ အလကးစကာ့ နဲ ံအ်ခာ့ေသာ
ပါွါလညး့ အမ္ာ့ၾကီ့ ပိုေကာငး့တာေတျ႔ခဲံရပါတယး၈ ပစးစတငးအငးဂ္ငးမြာဆို
စစးေ်မ်ပငးေတျမြာ ကယးဆယးေရ့အတျကး သဵု့ခဲံပါတယး၈ ေနာကးပိုငး့ R-5
ရငး အငးဂ္ငးဘေလာံနဲ ံ တ်ခာ့ဆကးစပးပစၥညး့ေတျရဲံ စုစုေပါငး့အေလ့ခ္ိနးက
နဲ R
ံ -6 ရဟတးယာဥးေတျကို တုိ့တကးထုတးလုပးခဲံ်ပီ့ေတာံ စစးၾကီ့မ်ပီ့ခငးမြာ
မနညး့ပါဘူ့၈
တငး ရဟတးယာဥး အစငး့ေရ (၁ွွ) ေက္ားကို ဆီေကာံစကီ့က
ထုတးလုပးေပ့ခဲံပါတယး၈ ဒီလို လီေပံခ္း နဲ ံဆီေကာံစကီ့တို ံရဟတးယာဥးေတျ ှ၆၂ှ ခုႏြစး ဒီဇငးဘာ ှှ ရကးမြာ K 225 ဟယးလီေကာံပတာဟာ
ထုတးလုပးေနစဥးမြာ ဘဲလးေလယာဥး ကုမၸဏီက ရဟတးယာဥး ထုတးလုပးဖို ံ တာဘိုငး့အငးဂ္ငးတပး ပထမဆဵု့ေသာ ဟယးလီေကာံပတာ်ဖစးလာခဲံပါတယး၈
အတျကး အာသာရး ယနး့ (Arthur Young) ကို ငြာ့ရမး့လိုကးတယး၈ Sud Aviation က ထုတးလုပးတဲံ အဲလူ့ွစး -ဿ (Alouette II) ဟာတာဘိုငး
ဘာေၾကာငံးငြာ့ရလဲဆိုေတာံ ယနး့ ရဲံ Semi-rigid ၇ Teetering - blade rotor အငးဂ္ငးနဲ႔ဒီဇိုငး့ထုတး တညးေဆာကးတဲံ ပထမဆဵု့ ရဟတးယာဥး်ဖစးပါတယး၈
ဒီဇိုငး့ နဲ ံStabilizer Bar ဒီဇိုငး့ေတျကို အသဵု့်ပဳခ္ငးလို ံပါပဲ၈ ယနး့ ဟာ Model Hover ပ္ဵသနး့စဥးမြာ stable ်ပီ့စိတးခ္ႏိုငးေလာကးတဲံရဟတးယာဥး
30 ရဟတးယာဥးကိုဒီဇိုငး့ထုတးတညးေဆာကးတယး၈ ရို့ရို့ရြငး့ရြငး့ဒီဇိုငး့ေလ့ပါပဲ၈ ေတျေပၚေပါကးတာဟာ ရို့ရို့ Fixed wing ေလယာဥးေပၚ်ပီ့ ဆယးစုႏြစးေတျၾကာ
အဲဒီ Model 30 ကိုအေ်ခခဵ်ပီ့ Bell 47 ကို တညးေဆာကးခဲံတယး၈ အဲဒီ ်ပီ့မြေပၚေပါကးခဲံတာ်ဖစးပါတယး၈ အငးဂ္ငးနဲ ံေလာငးစာဆီစနစးပိုငး့ေတျ တို့တကး
ရဟတးယာဥးဟာ အေမရိကနးအရပးဖကးေလေၾကာငး့မြာ ပထမဆဵု့မြတးပဵုတငး လာမြဳဟာ ရဟတးယာဥးေတျတို့တကးလာတဲံ အဓိကက္တဲံအခ္ကးတစးခ္ကး်ဖစး
ဲ ဲံအတျကး Bell 47 တယး၈ အေပါံစာ့ ေစ့္ေပါေပါ ရဟတးယာဥးေတျမြာေတာံ ပစးစတငးအငးဂ္ငး ေတျ
ခဲံတဲံ ရဟတးယာဥးပဲ်ဖစးပါတယး၈ ႏိုငးငဵတကာမြာလဲ သဵု့စျတ
ကိုဆကး်ပီ့သဵု့ေနဆဲပဲ်ဖစးပါတယး၈
 Page - 79

ပဵု - (ှ၁) Helicopter နဲ ံAutogyro တို႔ forward flight ပ္ဵသနး့စဥး Resultant

H
i
ပဵု (ှ၀) Bell helicopter ရဲံတီထျငးသူ Arthur Young ရဲံပဵု - Rotor craft ဆိုတာကို ဘယးလိုမ္ိဳ့ ေယဘုယ္အာ့်ဖငးံ အဓိပၸါယး s
သူေ်ပာခဲံတဲံစကာ့တစးခုက "ရဟတးယာဥးဒီဇိုငး့်ပဳလုပးရတာ ကၽျနးေတားံကိုစဥး့စာ့ ပဵု ( c ) Gyrodyne -Gyrodyne t
ေတျ့ေခၚမြဳ နညး့လမး့ကိုသငးၾကာ့ေပ့တယးဗ္ " တဲံ၈ ဆိုတာကေတာံhelicopter နဲ႔
o
r
autogyro တို ံရဲံၾကာ့ထဲမြာ
y
ရြိတဲံစေကာစက ေလယာဥးပါ၈
main rotor ရဲံ tip path plane
က direction of flight နဲ ံေရ of
Rotor Craft အမ္ိဳ့အစာ့မ္ာ့
်ပငးညီပဲ်ဖစးပါတယး၈
အေရြ႔ကိုသျာ့ဖို႔ Propeller နဲ ံ
တျနး့/ဆျဲ ပါတယး၈ C
ပဵု (a) Helicopter - Helicop- h
ter ေတျမြာ Forward flight သျာ့ ဖျငးံလဲဆိုေတာံ - ေ်မ်ပငးနဲ ံHorizontal က္လုနီ့ ပါ့ လညးပတးေနတဲံ Rotor o
မယးဆိုရငး Rotor discကို ေရြ႔ဘကး ပဵု(d) Tandem - Tandem p
ေစာငး့ေပ့ရတယး၈ rotor helicopter ေတျမြာ Rotor p
အေရြ႔ဘကးကို သကးေရာကးတဲံ
ႏြစးခုကတစးခုနဲ ံတစးခု ေ်ပာငး့
e
အာ့ချဲ r
်ပနးလညးတယး၈ rotor ႏြစးခု
တစးခုေပၚလာ်ပီ့ရဟတးယာဥး s
ကိုတ်ပိဳငးတညး့ညြိ်ပီ့လညးေစတဲံ
ေရြ႔ကိုသျာ့မယး၈
Synchronization system
ဂီယာနဲ႔ခ္ိတးဆကးထာ့တယး၈
rotor ဒလကးေတျ တစးခုနဲ ံ
ပဵု (b) Gyroplane (or) Autogyro - တစးခုမရိုကးမိ \ေအာငးပါ၈
Gyroplane ေတျဟာ helicopter
လိုတစးေနရာတညး့မြာ ်ငိမး်ပီ့ရပးပ္ဵ
ပဵု(e) Side-by-side - Side-by -side twin
ေနတာမ္ိဳ့ (Hover) လုပးလို ံမရဘူ့၈
rotors ရဟတးယာဥးဟာ Tandem ရဲံမူကျဲ
Forward flight မြာဆိုရငးလဲ Main
တစးခုပါပဲ၈ Forward flight မြာ
rotor disc က backward ေစာငး့
ပိုေကာငး့တယး၈
ထာ့ ရတယး၈

helicopterနဲံေ်ပာငး့်ပနးေပါံ၈ အေရြ႔ကိုသျာ့ဖို႔အတျကးက Propeller(Airscrew)

နဲ ံလုပးတယး၈ Push type ဆိုရငး propeller ကအေနာကးဘကးမြာ ရြိမယး၈ Pull
 Page - 80

ပဵု(f) Synchrocopter - Synchro- ပဵု (ှ၄) ဘလိတးေတျတပးတဲံ Hub

copter က side-by -sideနဲ႔ သေဘာ တစးခုမြာ ပါတဲံ အစိတးအပိုငး့ေတျ ၈

တရာ့ခ္ငး့သိပးမကျာဘူ့၈ Rotor ရဟတးယာဥးတစးစငး့နဲ ံတစးစငး့ Hub

ႏြစးခုကို ပို်ပီ့နီ့သျာ့ေအာငး ကပးလိုကး Design ကမတူၾကပါဘူ့၈ ပဵုမြာ်ပထာ့

တာပါပဲ၈ rotor ႏြစးခုက ေရြံတညးံ တဲံအစိတးအပိုးငး့ေတျအာ့လဵု့ ပါခ္ငးမြ

တညးံကေနၾကညံးရငးခပးေစာငး့ေစာငး့ လညး့ ပါမယး၈ ပိုတဲံဟာလဲပိုတယး၈

်ဖစးေနတယး၈ ဘလိပးတစးခုနဲ ံတစးခု

မရိုကးမိေအာငး rotor လညးတာကို
အခ္ိနးကိုကးလုပးထာ့တယး၈
ပဵု (ှ၅) - ရဟတးယာဥးတစးစငး့ Hover
လုပးေနတဲံပဵု၈ Hover
ပဵု(g) - Coaxial - Coaxial helicopter
ဆိုတာကေတာံ
မြာ Rotor ကႏြစးထပး်ပဳလုပးထာ့်ပီ့
ေလထဲမြာတစးေနရာတညး့မြာ်ငိမး်ပီ့
roto တစးခုနဲ ံတစးခု ေ်ပာငး့်ပနးလညး
ပ္ဵသနး့ တာကိုေ်ပာတာပါ၈
တယး၈
အဲဒီလို ်ငိမး်ငိမးကေလ့ Stable က္က္
Synchrocopter ေရာ Coaxial ေရာ
ရပးေနဖို က
ံ လညး့ သိပး မလျယပ
း ါဘူ့၈
အာ့သာခ္ကးက Tail rotor မပါတာ
ဟိုဘကးဒီဘကး ရမး့ခါတာ
ပဲ်ဖစးတယး၈ ဒီဒီဇိုငး့ကိုေရြ႔ကလူေတျ
တို ံ၇တဖကးဖကးကို ေရျ႔သျာ့တာတို ံ်ဖစး
စဥး့စာ့်ပီ့သာ့်ဖစးေပမယးံတကယးတမး့
တတးပါတယး၈
ထုတးလုပး်ဖစးခဲံတာကေတာံ Nikolai Kamov ပဲ်ဖစးပါတယး၈

အေခၚအေွၚမ္ာ့
ေလယာဥးေလာကနဲ႔နာ့စိမး့ေနတဲံသူေတျအဖို ံတခ္ိဳ ံအေခၚအေွၚ
ေလ့ေတျကို အၾကမး့ဖ္ဥး့ေလ့သိရေအာငးပါ၈သိ်ပီ့သာ့ပုဂၢိဳလးေတျအတျကးမ
ရညးရျယးပါဘူ့၈

ပဵု (ှ၆) ရဟတးယာဥး Flight Control ေတျ်ပတဲံပဵု

ပဵု( ှ၂) ရဟတးယာဥးတစးစငး့ရဲံ အစိတးအပိုငး့ေတျ (အၾကမး့ဖ္ဥး့)

ပဵု (ဿွ) Cyclic - cyclic ဆိုတာက လညးပတးေနတဲံ Main Rotor

စကးွိုငး့ခ္ပးၾကီ့ကို ေရြ႔ေနာကး ဘယးညာ တိမး့ေစာငး့ေပ့
တာကိုေ်ပာတာပါ၈ အေရြ႔ကိုသျာ့ခ္ငးရငး အေရြ႔ဘကးကိုေစာငး့၇
ဘယးဘကးသျာ့ခ္ငးရငး ဘယးကို
ပဵု (ှ၃) Blade တစးေခ္ာငး့က drag hinge နဲ ံFlapping hinge ေတျကို
အၾကမး့ဖ္ဥး့်ပထာ့တာ၈
 Page - 81

ပဵု(ဿ၁) ှ၆၀၅ ေလာကးက Weir W-5 ရဟတးယာဥး ၇ ဆီေကာံစကီ့ ထကး

(ဿ) ႏြစးေလာကးေစာတယး၈
ပဵု (ဿှ) Cyclic pitch control stick
ပဵု ( ဿ၂) Focke - Achgelis Fa -
223 -
အဂၤလိပးေရလကးၾကာ့ကို်ဖတး
ေမာငး့ခဲံတဲံ ပထမဆဵု့ရဟတးယာဥး ၇
2000 kg အထိ သယးႏိုငးတယး
(ှ၆၁၂)
H
i
s
t
o
r
y
ပဵု (ဿ၃) Charles
ပဵု ( ဿဿ) Collective Pitch - CP လို ံလဲ အတိုေကာကး ေခၚတယး၈ Main Kaman ရဲံ H-43 Huskie of
rotor blade ေတျရဲံ ေလကိုရိုကးခတးတဲံေထာငးံ(Angle of Attack ) synchrocopter -
ကိုအနညး့ အမ္ာ့ေ်ပာငး့ေပ့တာကိုေ်ပာတာ၈ ရဟတးယာဥး ( ်မနးမာ်ပညးမြာလဲ ဒါမ္ိဳ့
အေပၚကိုမ္ာ့မ္ာ့ ၾကျတကးေစ ခ္ငးရငး Blade ရဲံ ေလရိုကးခတးတဲံ ေထာငးံကို ရဟတးယာဥး ရြိခံတ
ဲ ယး) C
မ္ာ့ေပ့ရတယး၈ ပဵုမြာၾကညံးရငး ပထမပဵုက Collective pitch control lever h
ကိုေအာကးဆဵု့မြာ ခ္ထာ့တဲံ အေန အထာ့နဲ႔ Blade ရဲံအေနအထာ့ angle o
သိပးမေစာငး့ တာေတျ႔ရမယး၈ ဒုတိယ ပဵုမြာ CPcontrol lever ကို p
အေပၚကိုဆျဲ တငးထာ့တဲံ အေနအထာ့နဲ ံblade ရဲံ angle p
e
ပဵု(ဿဿ) ထူ့ထူ့ဆနး့ဆနး့ရဟတးယာဥး- r
Stanley Hiller တညးေဆာကးခဲံတဲံ s
တစးေယာကးစီ့ ရဟတးယာဥး ၇ Ring-Wing
Coleopter လို ံေခၚ တယး၈ (ှ၆၂၄ )

ပဵု (ဿ၀) Blade ေတျကို ေဘ့တိုကးၾကညံးရငးေတျ႔ရတဲံ အေနအထာ့ပါ၈ နိဂဵု့

ပထမဆဵု့ပဵုက CP control lever ေအာကးဆဵု့ကိုခ္ထာ့တဲံ အေနအထာ့ အခုတငး်ပခဲံတာေတျဟာ

ပါ၈ ေနာကးက္နးတဲံ ပဵုေတျကေတာံ CP တ်ဖညး့်ဖညး့မတငး လာတဲံအေန Helicopter aerodynamic ရဲံ ေ်ခဆငး့

အထာ့ပါ၈ blade ကိုေလ ရိုကးခတးတဲံ ေထာငးံ (Angle of attack) ပိုမ္ာ့လာ အစပ္ိဳ့ မူၾကိဳအဆငးံေလာကးပါပဲ၈
တာေတျ႔မြာ်ဖစးပါတယး၈ အပ္ငး့ေ်ပဖတးသာသာေလာကးကိုဥာဏးမီ
သေလာကး၇အခ္ိနးမီသေလာကး ေရ့လိုကး
ဆကး်ပီ့ေတျ႔ရမယးံပဵုေတျကေတာံ အရငးေခတးကရဟတးယာဥးအမ္ိဳ့မ္ိဳ့
တာပဲ်ဖစးပါတယး၈ ေလယာဥးကိုစိတးွငးစာ့တဲံညီငယး၇ညီမငယးေတျအတျကး
ရဲံပဵုေတျပါပဲ ၈( ပဵုေတျက ခပးေသ့ေသ့ပဲထညးံလိုကးရတယး၈ စာမ္ကးႏြာတကးမြာ
လဲ ရညးရျယးရငး့်ဖစးပါတယး၈ ကၽျနးေတားကိုယးတိုငးလဲ
စို့လို ံပါ၈)
နာ့မလညးေသ့တဲံအပိုငး့
ေတျတပဵုတ ေခါငး့က္နးေသ့တာကို
ွနးခဵပါရေစ၈ဆကးလကးေလံလာေနဆဲသာ
်ဖစးပါေၾကာငး့၈ ၈
ထငးလငး့
(်မနးမာအငးဂ္ငးနီယာဖိုရမး)
ကို့ကာ့
www.wikipedia.org
 Page - 82

P
Prime number
MP = 2 P -1

Prime number

P
1 257

MP

P=67 MP Prime number

M67= (2^67) -1= 147,573,952,589,676,412,927
MP Prime
 Page - 83

P 251 MP= (2^251) - 1

2 43,112,639 - 1
2 42,643,801 - 1
2 37,156,667 - 1
 Marin Mersenne, (Born September 8,
Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search (GIMPS) 1588, Died September 1, 1648 ) .
- Nationality French.

MEF Prime number (P) MP

Program

Perfect number =========================

The factors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28.
Perfect number 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28
" " =====================================
" " " " ==
The factors of 496 are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 31, 62, 124, 248
and 496.
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 31 + 62 + 124 + 248 = 496
=================================

Factors So, our first five perfect numbers are

Factors 2*3=6
4 * 7 = 28
16 * 31 = 496
Factors 64 * 127 = 8,128
4096 * 8191 = 33,550,336
Can we turn this pattern of
(Power of Two) * (Double that Power - 1)
===================================
http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.perfect. html#
odd Protagoras

The factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6.

1+2+3=6
 Page - 84

(Number Theory )

(2^n) - 1 Prime number

Perfect Number = 2^(n-1) * (2^n - 1)

(2^n) - 1 Prime number Mersenne

Mersenne
Prime number (2^n) - 1
Prime number
Leonhard Euler
MEF Leonhard Euler

Mersenne Prime Perfect number

2^(n-1) * (2^n - 1)
MEF

" "

အငးဂ္ငးနီယာ(၁)ေယာကး
တစးေန ံမြာ စကးမြဳအငးဂ္ငးနီယာ၇ လြ္ပးစစးအငးဂ္ငးနီယာ၇ ဓာတုအငးဂ္ငးနီယာ နဲ ံ ကျနးပ္ဴတာ အငးဂ္ငးနီယာ အငးဂ္ငးနီယာ ေလ့ေယာကးဟာ
ကာ့တစးစငး့ထဲအတူတူစီ့လာၾကတယး၈ လမး့တစးေနရာမြာ ကာ့ပ္ကးပါေလေရာ၈
စကးမြဳအငးဂ္ငးနီယာက ေ်ပာတယး … “ Rod တစးေခ္ာငး့ေခ္ာငး့ က္ိဳ့တာ်ဖစးလိမးံမယး...”
ဓာတုအငးဂ္ငးနီယာက ေ်ပာတယး.. “ တေဖာကးေဖာကး်မညးေနသဵေတာံၾကာ့သာ့…. တစးေနရာရာမြာ gas ေတျမ္ာ့ထျကးေနမလာ့ပဲ..”
လြ္ပးစစးအငးဂ္ငးနီယာက ေ်ပာတယး.. “ spark တစးခုခုရြိေနတယးထငးတယး.. လြ္ပးစစးပိုငး့စနစးမြာတစးခုခု ေတာံ်ဖစးေန်ပီ..”
သူတို ံသဵု့ေယာကး အသီ့သီ့ ထငး်မငးခ္ကးေတျေပ့်ပီ့တဲံအခါ ကျနးပ္ဴတာအငးဂ္ငးနီယာ ဆီေခါငး့လြညးံလာတယး … “ ေဟ့…မငး့ေရာဘယးလိုထငးလဲကျ…
လုပးပါအဵု့..”
ကျနးပ္ဴတာသမာ့ေ်ပာလိုကးတယး.. “ ငါတို ံအာ့လဵု့ကာ့ထဲကေနဆငး့ၾကလိမးံမယး… ်ပီ့ရငးကာ့ထဲ်ပနးွငးၾကလိမးံမယး…”

http://www.basicjokes.com/dtitles.php?cid=63
 Page - 85

input-output model
Input
output
 Page - 86

(Hours) (Calendar)
PM (Preventive Maintenance)

(Aviation Maintenance)

(Reliability)

(Preventive Maintenance) (Preventive Maintenance)

(Corrective Maintenance) (Frequency
(Improvement of PM)
Maintenance) PM
PM

(Battlefield Repairing)
 Page - 87

“P”
“Potential Failure”
“Potential Failure”
“Functional Failure”
“P”
“F”
“P-F Interval”
“P-F Interval”

“A” “P-F Inter-

val” P
PM “Potential Failure” r
“Functional Failure” e
v
PM e
“Functional Failure” n
t
“P-F Interval” “Potential i
PM v
Failure”
e

M
“A” a
i
Preventive Maintenance n
(PM) t
PM e
“Potential Failure” n
a
n
PM c
“P o t e n t i a l F a i l u r e ” e

(Reliability) “Functional Failure”

Curve
 Page - 88

Little3278

Protective mainte-
nance
(Time Interval)
“Potential Failure”
(Probability)

“B” “P-F Interval”

Probability “B”

“B”
“A” “B”
“A”

“P-F Interval”

Protective Main-
tenance

(Criticality)
(Frequency of Failure)
“P-F Interval”
 Page - 89

Glonass frequency discriminator Time discriminator

simulation result Glonass Global
Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)
GPS Frequency Time discrimina-
tor user distance velocity
system
 Page - 90

~k ~  2f
k d
႓

D  c , V  f d 
Where, D= distance, c= speed of light,
 =delay time , V= velocity , f d = Doppler
measurement system
frequency and  = wavelength
 distance user distance ဲ႓
velocity method least square approximation method
Newton method
system state-space method[2] (Kalman Filter) digital system

Differential equation
dx1 dx 2
 x2 ,  w.
dt dt
Where,
x1 x
=distance , 2 =velocity, w= Gaussian white noise
State-space equation
xk 1  Фxk  Gk k
Where,
Ф =system dynamics matrix,
xk 1
=column vector with the states of the system
Gk
= Matrix of noise
k
= White Noise
Measurement equation
rk  H k xk   k
Where,
Hk
=measurement matrix
k
=white noise
Kalman filter equation

xk  K k rk  H k ~
xk  ~ xk ;
 Page - 91

~ 
xk  Ф xk 1
;
Kk
=matrix of gain
system matrix
1 T K11 K12 0 1 0
Ф ; K ; G , H ;
0 1 K 21 K 22 1 0 1
system digital form

Second order digital Kalman filter

FD TD Frequency Time discriminator simulation statical

characteristics Glonass parameter value
FD TD
Discriminator in-phase and quadrature components
simulation comple_ amplitude method
Matlab
results realization 1000

A M
I P ,k   у(t )Gдк (t k 1,l  ~k 1,l ) cos(i t k 1,l  ~k 1,l );
 2
n l 1
k 1,l

A M
QP ,k   у(t )Gдк (t k 1,l  ~k 1,l ) sin(i t k 1,l  ~k 1,l );
 2
n l 1
k 1,l

A M
I E ( L ), k   у(t )Gдк (t k 1,l  ~k 1,l   / 2) cos(i t k 1,l  ~k 1,l );
 2
n l 1
k 1,l

A M
QE ( L ), k   у(t )Gдк (t k 1,l  ~k 1,l   / 2) sin(i t k 1,l  ~k 1,l );
 2
n l 1
k 1,l
 Page - 92

Where, D
e
y(tk 1,l )  AGдк (tk 1,l   k 1,l ) cos(П tk 1,l   нсk 1  k 1,l )  nk 1,l
-input signal l
T (T  1 f d ) a
A=amplitude, d =digitization step d , y
nk 1,l  n2  N 0 / 2Td
=zero mean Gaussian white noise with variance ,
a
M  T / Td n
( )=number of steps,
Т= accumulation time (Т=1 мс), d

i  k 1,1 ,
=intermediate frequency, =delay time and phase,
k 1 , 1
D
Time Discriminator o
p
ud  I E2  QE2  I L2  QL2
p
l
e
r

T
r
a
c
k
i
n
g

S
y
s
t
e
m

f
o
r

G
Characteristics of time discriminator l
o
Variance(Discriminator Output) and Equivalent Variance
n
a
s
s
 Page - 93

I E2  QE2  I L2  QL2
ud 
I E2  QE2  I L2  QL2

Characteristics of time discriminator

Variance(Discriminator Output) and Equivalent Variance

(S Д )
SNR (signal to noise ratio) slope
discriminator slope Noise
Equivalent Variance
theory
 Page - 94
D
e
Frequency Discriminator l
ud  Arctg ( I k Qk 1  Qk I k 1 / I k I k 1  Qk Qk 1 )
a
y

a
n
d

D
o
p
p
l
e
r

T
r
a
c
k
i
n
g

S
y
s
t
e
Characteristics of frequency discriminator m

Variance(Discriminator Output) and Equivalent Variance

f
o
r

G
l
o
n
a
s
s
 Page - 95

ud  ( I k Qk 1  Qk I k 1 )sign( I k I k 1  Qk Qk 1 )

Characteristics of frequency discriminator

Variance(Discriminator Output) and Equivalent Variance
frequency discriminator discriminator linear
interval y axis Glonass
frequency channel L1 carrier frequency f=1602 MHz

Matlab Program file mrpyimoemyint@gmail.com

ГЛОНАСС(принципы построения и фунционирования)ç <<радиотехника>>ç2005

Kalman Filtering : Theory and Practice (second editionç2001)ç Mohinder S. GrewalçAngus P. An-
 Page - 96

MEF
MEF

MEF

MEF Civil Engineering

Civil Engineering Field
MEF

Civil Engineering eBooks & Softwares

 Page - 97

MEF
specializa-
tion

ACI Code and Today Myanmar

Chit tee :
ACI Code

Seismic Design BS Code seismic design BS code

lateral force wind load notional load ACI code , UBC 97
zone 2A
zone 4
design

Konge :

structure design

structure design

Chit tee :

Detailing

CQHP
 Page - 98

Myanmar Code) ACI code

BS code

Power point presentation

code reference calculation software draw-
ing soft copy & hard copy
pass

Strengthening

Pargyi :

slab * Rc Building foundation

to plinth column mm R.c Building steel
combine footing 1:2:4 concrete
 Page - 99

Chit tee :

( from engineer point of view)

design Code follow

Factor of Safety Code Loading
factor Construction site
Materials strength factor
round up

structural drawing
Code follow design round up
over design designer under design
economical design
over design

Role

effect

R.C

4koung :
Soil load
unit ft meter
Chit tee :
soil (Allowable bearing Pressure)
(1 m2 (or) 1 ft2) (load)
 Page - 100

loading foundation pressure ton^ft2

(foundation pressure loading (above) foundation size pile
foundation ton^ft2
loading

johnmoeeain :
Characteristic of soil & rock settlement
Wet Clay - 1 Ton
Wet Sand - 2 Ton
Firm Clay - 2 Ton
Sand Clay mixed in layer - 2 Ton
Fine and dry sand - 3 Ton
Hard dry clay - 4 Ton
Coarse Sand - 4 Ton
Gravel - 6 Ton
Soft rock - 8 Ton
Hardpan - - 10 Ton
Medium rock -- 15 Ton
Hard rock -- 45 Ton
soil 1 ton ton
ton

Chit tee :
Ms. johnmoeeain

structural
(professional)
Soil Report foundation design site

foundation design ton^ft

ton^ft2
construction
foundation level
foundation
structure

ton^ft2 foundation
 Page - 101

RC pile

ton^ft2
(information
Recommendation
RC ၇Steel structures
foundation design soil data
Soil Test (Soil test
information structure
unequal settlement Ground Beam

MEF
Civil Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering
Geotechnical

chitsuelay AndrewSway neo-nlm

 Page - 102

1 Civil Engineering 381 6558

2 Etabs 101 1870

3 100 1625

4 Structure Analysis & RC members Design 44 1109

5 Civil Engineer 36 1095

6 Pile Foundation 52 910

7 Geotechnical Software (PLAXIS) 31 874

Geotechnical Design Paramters (Soil & Rock r, cu,

8 20 530
cメ, phi, E
Excavation (OPEN CUT & Temporary
9 15 519
Earth Retaining System)
10 Shallow Foundation 38 310

chit tee
9chittee8@gmail.com
chittee98@gmail.com
25^4^2010 11:45:30 PM
 Page - 103

Window Partition
Partition Hard Disk Hard
Disk Data Data

Data Window Partition

Window Partition Acronis Disk Director
Suite Version 10 Window 7, Window Vista
supporting Partition Magic Manager
Paragon Partition Manager
Partition Primary and Logical Partition Primary Partition
window Window Boot File Primary Partition
Logical Partition Window Boot File
Window Primary Partition Assign
Hard Disk Primary Partition Hard Disk Window

Primary Partition Partition Table Bytes

Primary Partition Bytes Hard Disk
Partition
Logical Partition Partition

Acronis Disk Director Suite

Version (10)

Download Link

http://www.mediafire.com/?2dcj2zzjjwn

(or)

http://www.multiupload.com/PUEZDTM2JX
(or)
http://up4vn.com/f=mepb00ibs
(or
http://ifile.it/6r7tfh3/
 Page - 104

Create Partition Partition

Partition Create Partition

Partition
Partition 44.23 Gb
Create Partition Next
 Page - 105

30 Gb Partition 41 Gb
Partition Size

Logical Auto Window

Logical Partition Next

NTFS Fat 32 Window Vista

Window 7 NTFS Next
 Page - 106

Partition Drive Letter Next

Partition Label Next

 Page - 107

Finish

Finish Operation
Comment

Restart Window Dos Partition

Partition Window Partition

Partition Operation Undo All

Setting Commit
 Page - 108

ETABS modeling နဲ႔ပတးသကးေသာ အပိုငး့အစမ္ာ့ (ှ) ပါတယး၈ Gardens By the Bay Project ေလ့ကို်ခဵဳၿပီ့ၾကညးံခ္ငးတယး
ဆိုရငးေတာံ ဒီ youtube လငးံေလ့ http://www.youtube.com/watc
Etabs နဲ႔ပတးသကးၿပီ့ေတာံကိုယးံရဲ႔လုပးငနး့ချငးထမ
ဲ ြာ profes- h?v=SQFDvNBZNW4 မြာၾကညးံလို႔ရပါတယး၈ Supertree နဲ႔
sional က္က္လုပးေနၾကတဲံသူေတျအတျကးရညးရျယးပါတယး၈ Etabs ပတးသကးလို႔တ်ခာ့ေဆျ့ေႏျ့ခ္ကးေတျကိုလဲ ်မနးမာအငးဂ္ငးနီယာဖိုရမး
modeling လုပးတာနဲ႔ပတးသကးၿပီ့ေတာံ ခကးခကးခဲခဲလုပးယူခဲံရဖူ့တဲံ ထဲက Etabs အေၾကာငး့ေဆျ့ေႏျ့ၾကရေအာငး… ဆိုတဲံ ဒီလငးံေလ့
structure တခ္ဳိ႔အေၾကာငး့ ဟိုေရာကး ဒီေရာကးေဆျ့ေႏျ့ခ္ငးပါတယး ၈ htt p: //www. m ya nm a ren gi neer.o r g/fo rum /i ndex. ph p/
လုပးခဲံဖူ့တဲံ procedure ေလ့တခ္ဳိ႔ကို ေ်ပာ်ပခ္ငးတာပါ ၈ ကျ္နးေတား topic,1413.msg34158.html#msg34158 မြာ သျာ့ေရာကးဖတးၾကညးံ
လုပး သလိုလုပးမြမြနးမယးဆိုတဲံသေဘာမ္ဳိ့မဟုတးဘဲ idea ေလ့ေတျ လို႔ရပါတယး၈ ဒီ Project ႀကီ့ထဲမြာထူ့်ခာ့တဲံFeature ေတျအမ္ဳိ့မ္ဳိ့
ရေစခ္ငး တဲံ သေဘာမ္ဳိ့ပါ ၈ တ်ခာ့သူေတျလဲ ကိုယးနညး့ကိုယးံဟနးနဲ႔ ရြိတံအ
ဲ ထဲမြာမြ Supertree ဆိုတာကလဲ တစးခုအပါအွငး်ဖစးပါတယး၈
simplified လုပးၿပီ့ modeling လုပးႏိုငးၾကပါတယး၈ အခုေဆျ့ေႏျ့ခ္ငးတံဲ အဲံဒS
ီ uperture ေတျအမ္ာ့ႀကီ့ရြိတံအ
ဲ ထဲကမြ လူေတျတကးေရာကးႏိုငးတဲံ
ETABS Model ကေတာံလုပးခဲံဖူ့တဲံstructure ေတျထမ
ဲ ြာအခကးခဲဆဵု့ 50m အ်မငးံရြိတံဲ Supertree ကို modeling လုပးတံဲ
လုပးခဲံရဖူ့တဲံ Supertree Structure ေလ့ပါ (AC work) ၈ Gardens အေၾကာငး့ေလ့ ေဆျ့ေႏျ့ပါရေစ ၈က္နးတံဲ
by the Marina Bay Project ရဲ႔ feature ေတျထက
ဲ တစးခုအပါ Supertree ေတျကေတာံလူတကးလို႔မရဘဲ သူတို႔ကို hanged down
အွငး်ဖစးတံS
ဲ upertree လို႔အမညးေပ့ထာ့တဲံStructure ေလ့ေတျ်ဖစး bridge ေတျနဲ႔ဆကးသျယးထာ့မြာ်ဖစးပါတယး၈

Fig.1 Overall Supertree တညးေနရာပဵု Fig.2 Supertree အစုအေွ့

Fig.3 Supertree မ္ာ့ည်မငးကင

ျ း့ Fig.4 Supertree မ္ာ့ေန႔်မငးကင
ျ း့
 Page - 109

50m supertree ဟာဖျ႔ဲ စညး့ပဵုကေတာံ အတျငး့ဆဵု့အပိုငး့ဟာ RC lift core ရြိေနၿပီ့ ၇ သူ႔ရဲ႔အ်ပငးဘကးမြာေတာံcircular RC staircaswall ေတျရြိေန
ပါတယး၈ အဲံဒီRC structure ေတျကိုအ်ပငးဘကးမြာ ်ခဵရဵထာ့တဲံ circular hollow steel section (vertical) & tied tension steel cable (horizontal)
ေတျအသဵု့်ပဳၿပီ့ သစးပငးရဲ႔ ပဵုစဵမ္ဳိ့ရရြိေစရနး ဆနး့သစးထာ့တဲံ ႏိုငးငဵ်ခာ့သာ့ေတျကိုဆေ
ျဲ ဆာငးမယးံ Singapore ရဲ႔ icon တခု်ဖစးလာမယးံstructure
တခုပါ၈

Modeling ်ပဳလုပးပဵုအဆငးံဆငးံ
အဆငးံ (ှ)
Architect plan & section ေတျနဲ႔ Sturcture plan & section ေတျကိုအထပးထပးေလံလာၿပီ့ ၇ အတျငး့ပိုငး့ RC structure ေတျကို
အရငး တညးေဆာကးပါတယး၈ Grid system ကိcု ylindrical အေနနဲ႔ Origin ကိLု ift Core ရဲ႔ center မြာထာ့ခဲံပါတယး၈ Section မြာရြိေနတဲံ vertical
height ေတျအလိုကး Storey by Storey, RC wall & stair ေတျကိုတညးေဆာကးပါတယး၈ stair ေတျကိုေတာံ inclined အေနနဲ႔ မထညးံေတာံဘဲ Sim-
plified လုပးၿပီ့ thickness ကိုပိုထူကာ horizontally အ်ဖစးဘထ
ဲ ညးံထာ့ပါတယး၈ Slab ေတျနဲ႔Wall ေတျအာ့လဵု့ကို Shell element
အေနနဲ႔ဘဲအသဵု့်ပဳခဲံၿပီ့ အမ္ာ့စုကို Auto Mesh လုပးထာ့ၿပီ့၇ တခ္ဳိ႔ေနရာေလ့ေတျကိုေတာံManual Mesh နဲ႔ထပးအုပးၿပီ့ လုပးထာ့ ပါတယး၈
ထို႔ေနာကးloading တငးၿပီ့ Dynamic Analysis run လို႔ RC structure ေတျကိုခ္ညး့ stability အရငးစစးပါတယး၈ structure frequency & storey

Fig.5 Supertree ရဲ႔ အတျငး့ပိုငး့မြာရြိေနမယးံRC core မ္ာ့

အဆငးံ (ဿ)
Archtiect 3D dwg ပဵုေန dxf အ်ဖစးေ်ပာငး့ၿပီ့ အ်ပငးဘကးမြာရြိေနတဲံsteel section ေတျထက
ဲ အဓိက main ်ဖစးေနတဲံvertical steel
member တေခ္ာငး့ကိုသာ ဖိုငးအသစးတခုထဲကို import လုပးၿပီ့ယူလိုကးပါတယး၈ ၿပီ့ေနာကးအဲံဒီဖိုငးထက
ဲ vertical steel member ေတျအာ့လဵု့ကို
select လုပးၿပီ့ေတာံ edit>copy (or) ကီ့ဘုတးကေန Ctrl+c နဲ႔ ေကားပီကူ့ထာ့ၿပီ့ ၇ internal RC core ေတျတညးေဆာကးထာ့ ဖိုငးထက
ဲ ို
edit>paste (or) Ctrl+V နဲ႔ကူ့ထညးံလိုကးပါမယး၈ ၿပီ့ေတာံမြအဲံဒီvertical steel member ေတျကို radial အတိုငး့ array ပျာ့ယူလိုကးပါတယး
(Fig.6) ၈ အဲံဒီလိုပျာ့ယူစဥးမြာ horizontal အတိုငး့သတးမြတးထာ့တဲံ level ေတျမြာရြိေနမယးံ horizontal tie steel ေတျရရြိေစရနး သူတို႔ရြိရမယးံ
level ေတျက point ေတျကို ဆကးၿပီ့ member ေတျ်ဖစးေစဖို႔ commandေပ့ခဲံပါတယး(Fig.7) ၈
 Page - 110

S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
Fig.6 AutoCAD မြimport လုပးထာ့ၿပီ့ array ပျာ့ထာ့ပဵု Fig.7 Array ပျာ့ရာတျငးHorizontal steel tie မ္ာ့ကိုပါ

အဆငးံ (၀)
RC structure နဲ႔ သူ႔ကုိွိုငး့ရဵထာ့တဲံ Vertical steel members & Horizontal tie members ေတျ
A
တညးေဆာကးၿပီ့ၿပီဆိုပါကပိုမိုရႈပးေထျ့လြတဲံအငးမတနးမ္ကးစိလညးဖို႔ေကာငး့တဲံModeling အပိုငး့ေတျကိုဆကးလုပးရပါတယး၈ Archi- p
tect & Structure drawings ေတျကို အထပးထပးအ်ပနး်ပနး အလြနးလြနးၾကညးံရႈၿပီ့ ၇ ပနး့ပျငးံတပျငးံလို႔ ပျငးံအဵထက
ျ းလာတဲံ Vertical p
Member ေတျရဲ႔အေပၚပိုငး့ Member ေတျကR
ို C structure ရဲ႔အေပၚပိုငး့ကေန tension cable / circular hollow section (strut) l
ေတျနဲ႔ တျဲေလာငး့လြမး့ဆျဲထာ့တာေလ့ေတျကို လုပးရာမြာ အငးမတနးလကးွငးလြပါတယး၈ Etabs Model ကိP
ု lan / eleva- i
tion ေတျကေန modeling လုပးလို႔မရေတာံဘဲ Etabs model ကိ3
ု D view မြာထာ့ၿပီ့ လိုအပးသလိုဘယး၇ညာ၇ အထကး၇ေအာကးလြညးံ c
ပတးေရႊ႔ေ်ပာငး့ရငး့နဲ႔ Modelingဆကးလုပးရပါတယး၈ တခ္ဳိ႔ level ေတျမြာရြိတံဲRC wall ေတျဟာ hanged wall ေတျ်ဖစးပါတယး၈ a
တခ္ဳိ႔ level ေတျမြာ walk way (ဥပမာစာ့ေသာကးဆိုငးရြိတံအ
ဲ ထပးေတျမြာ) ေတျက T-section ေတျကိုsteel cable ေတျနဲ႔တျေ
ဲ လာငး့ t
ခ္ဆျဲတာမ္ဳိ့ေတျလုပးထာ့ပါေသ့တယး၈ ေအာကးကပဵု(Fig.8) မြာ အနီေရာငးနဲ႔်မငးေနရတဲံsteel member ဆိုရငး်ဖငးံRectangular
i
Hollow section ဿ ခုကိုေဘ့ခ္ငး့ယြဥးလ္ကးတထ
ျဲ ာ့ၿပီ့ Supertree ရဲ႔ feature တစးခုအေနနဲ႔ ထညးံထာ့တာပါ ၈ ဒီ section
o
အတျဲလိုကးကိုေတာံsection design ထဲမြာွငးေရာကး်ပဳလုပးထာ့ပါတယး ၈ tension cable ေတျအာ့လဵု့ကိုေတာံ tension force
ခ္ညး့ေပၚေစရနး tension & compression limit ဆိုတာေလ့နဲ႔ assign လုပးပါတယး၈ ေ်ပာရမယးဆိုရငးေတာံ ဒီအေပၚပိုငး့ Modeling
n
လုပးရာတာ အငးမတနးလကးွငးပါတယး ၇ေနာကးတစးခါ ထပးလုပးပါဆိုရငးေတာငးမြ ဒီလိုE t a b s M o d e lမ္ဳိ့
ထပး မလုပးခ္ငးေလာကးေအာငးကို ရႈပးေထျ့ပါတယး၈
 Page - 111

Fig.8 ပနး့တစးပျငးံလိုပျငးံအဵက္လာတဲံVertical steel section ေတျကိုRC core ကေန cable/strut ေတျနဲ႔်ပနးဆဲထ

ျ ာ့ပဵု

Fig.9 အဆငးံဆငးံModeling တို့တကးလာပဵု

 Page - 112

Fig.10 အဆငးံဆငးံModeling တို့တကးလာပဵုႏြငးံေနာကးဆဵု့ final Supertree Etabs Model

အဆငးံ (၁)
ေနာကးဆဵု့အဆငးံအေနနဲ႔ေတာံအရငးတငးထာ့တဲံloading ေတျ ်ပနးလညးစစးေဆ့ရငး့နဲ႔ finalized လုပးပါတယး၈ Overall
analysis run ရာမြာေတာံ Dynamic နဲ႔ mode shape 5 ခု run ပါတယး၈ ေနာကးဆဵု့မြာေတာံ tension cable ေတျကို tension force
ေတျခ္ညး့ေပၚေစရနးအတျကးstatic nonlinear analysis ကိုထပးrun ေပ့ရပါတယး၈အဲံဒီေနာကးမြာေတာံ Modeling & analysis
အပိုငး့ေတျ ၿပီ့ဆဵု့ပါၿပီ၈ Design checking အပိုငး့ကိုဆကးသျာ့ဖို႔ရနးပဲ ရြိပါေတာံသညး၈

(ွနးခဵခ္ကး-modeling လုပးခဲံစဥး ေတျ႔ႀကဵဳခဲံရေတာံ အခကးအခဲ အစအဆဵု့အလဵု့စဵုကို ေဖား်ပဖို႔ရနး မလျယးကူတံအ

ဲ တျကး အက္ဥး့ခ္ဳပး
သေဘာမ္ဳိ့ summary အေနေလာကးသာ ေဖား်ပခဲံပါသညး)

အာ့လဵု့ကိုခငးမငးေလ့စာ့စျာ်ဖငးံ
chit tee
chittee98@gmail.com
25/4/2010 11:15:20 PM
 Page - 113

" "

" " Project Manager

" "
" "
"
"

"

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" "
"
 Page - 114

Project "
" Disney Land Project
MEF Project "
" "
" … M.D
M.D MEF

"
"
"
"

"
"
MEF CPU
MEF M.D MEF "
" Engineer "
" "
" "
"
Bullet Train
"
" "

" "
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" Uncle…"
" Uncle "
" .Hello ..Uncle ... "
" Hello Uncle...It’s time to work …"

OK
 Page - 115

" "
"

"
"
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“ ”

(Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle (384–322 B.C.))

 Page - 116

(Italian scientist Galileo (1564–1642))

(air resis-
tance)
(constant acceleration)

(English scientist Isaac

Newton (1642–1727)) law of gravitation equation

equation equation

equation

F1=F2=G × M × m / r2 = m×g= weight

G=universal gravitational constant,
M=mass of earth,
m= mass of object
r =distance between center of earth and the object
g= acceleration due to gravity (for near the earth’s surface g=9.81 m/s 2)

(mass)
 Page - 117

(r)
(altitude) (weight)

(weight) (weight)
equation

(r)
(microgravity)

" " ' ' (moon)

' ' "

' ' (mass) equation

(parameter) (mass)
(distance) equation (mass)
' '

(weightless)
 Page - 118

(orbital speed)
circular orbit orbital speed equation

V = orbital speed
G = universal gravitational constant,
M = mass of earth,
r = distance between center of earth and the object

km (orbital speed) km/s

GEO km
(orbital speed) km/s

Ref: 1. http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/gravitation_worldbook.html
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation
3. http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/qa_sp_gr.html#micrograv
4. http://www.freemars.org/jeff/speed/index.htm
Page - 119
 Page - 120

ကၽျနးေတားတို ံႏြငံး အမြိဳကးမ္ာ့

(စာပုိဒးၾကီ့ရြညးရြညးလ္ာ့လ္ာ့ နဲ ံစာရငး ကာတျနး့က ပို်ပီ့ဖတးခ္ငးစဖျယးရြိတာမို ံ …ေပါံေပါံပါ့ပါ့ ကာတျနး့ေလ့နဲ ံေရ့လိုကးပါ တယး၈

ကာတျနး့ ေအားပီက္ယးကို အာ့က္တာကလညး့ တစးေၾကာငး့ ေပါံေလ……၈)

ှ၈ က္ေနားတို႔လူမ္ိဳ့မ္ာ့သညး အမိြဳကးမ္ာ့ကို ေတျ႔ကရာေနရာတျငး ပကးခနဲ ပကးခနဲ စျနး႔ပစးေလံရြိၾကသညး၈

ဿ၈ ကာ့လမး့ေဘ့မ္ာ့၇ရထာ့လမး့ေဘ့မ္ာ့တစးေလြ္ာကး အမိြဳကးမ္ာ့ ဟိုတစးစ သညးတစးစ ်ပနး ံက္ဲေနသညးကို ေတျ႔ရပါ

လိမးံမညး၈ အမိြဳကးမ္ာ့ကာ့ တစတစ နယးခ္ဲ ံလာေလ်ပီ၈ အမြိဳကးမ္ာ့သညး သဘာွပတးွနး့က္ငး ကို အလျနးအရုပးဆို့ ေစသညး၈
 Page - 121

၀၈ အထူ့သ်ဖငးံ ပလတးစတစးအမြိဳကးသညး ေတားေတား ဆို့ွါ့သညး၈

၁၈ အေမ့၈ က္ေနားတို ံတေတျ ဘာလုပးရမညးနညး့….?
အေ်ဖ၈ ဒါေတျ လုပးရမယး….

မီဒီယာေပါငး့စဵုမြတဆငးံ အသိပညာေပ့ရမညး၈ သဘာွပတးွနး့က္ငးကို ခ္စး်မတးႏို့ေသာစိတး လူတိုငး့တျငး စိမးံွငးေနေစရနး

လုပးရမညး၈

အမြိဳကးကို စနစးတက္ အလျယးတကူ စျနး႔ပစးႏိုငးေစရနး ေနရာအႏြဵ႔ တျငး အမြိဳကးပဵု့မ္ာ့ကိုထာ့ေပ့ရမညး ၈ ၁ငး့အမြိဳကးမ္ာ့ကို

စုစညး့ကာ ပဵုမြနးသိမး့ဆညး့ေပ့ေသာ စနစး်ပဳလုပးရမညး၈ စျနး ံထုတးႏြဳနး့ႏြငးံ သိမး့ဆညး့မြဳႏြဳနး့ အလ္ငးမီေစသငးံသညး၈

စညး့ကမး့တက္ အမြိဳကးစျနး ံပစး်ခငး့ကို အမ္ိဳ့သာ့ေရ့ယဥးေက့္မြဳအသျငးသ႑ာနးတစးခုအထိ ်ဖစးလာေအာငး ၾကိဳ့စာ့ၾကရမညး

်ဖစးပါသတညး့၈
ေဖဂ္ီ့
 Page - 122

ဂီတကို ကိုယးတိုငးကိုယးက္ ကိုယးံအခနး့ေလ့ထဲမြာတငး ဖနးတီ့ခ္ငးတံဲ ွါသနာရြငးေတျအဖို ံေတာံ FL Studio ေဆာံဖးွဲေလ့ကို

တရငး့တႏြီ့ရြိ်ပီ့သာ့်ဖစးပါလိမးံမယး၈ က္ေနားက သိလန
ျ း့တတးလန
ျ း့လို ံမဟုတးေပမယးံမသိ ေသ့တဲံသူေတျ အခ္ိနးကုနးခဵ်ပီ့
စမး့တွါ့ွါ့မ်ဖစးရေအာငး ၇ အလျယးတကူနဲ ံသဵု့ႏိုငး ေအာငး သိထာ့တာေလ့ ေတျကို ေွငြ ေ်ပာ်ပေဆျ့ေႏျ့တဲံသေဘာပါပဲ၈

FL Studio 9 မြာဘာေတျပိုထူ့လာလဲ

အေ်ခခဵ Function ေတျကေတာံ အေ်ပာငး့လဲပါဘူ့၈ ဒါေပမယးံ အသျငးအ်ပငးေလ့နဲနဲပါ့ပါ့ေတာံေ်ပာငး့လဲလာ တယး၈ Plugin

အသစးေတျပါလာတယး၈ ဒီပဵုကေတာံ ဘာမြေထျေထျထူ့ထူ့ေတာံမဟုတးပါဘူ့အေခၚအေွၚေလ့
ေတျ ်ပနးသတိရေအာငးၾကိဳ်ပီ့ေတာံ ်ပထာ့တာပါ၈ Channel Window ဆိုတာကဘာ… Browser ဆိုတာကဘာ စသညး်ဖငံးေပံါ၈

Drum beat မ္ာ့အတျကး

(1) Browser ထဲမြာ ဒီအတိုငး့သျာ့ပါ Plugin Presets > Generators > FLP > အထဲမြာ Default , Empty , Gretch full ,Tama
စတဲံ Drum Set ေတျေတျ႔မယး၈ ပဵုမြနးသဵု့ေနက္ Drum set ေတျပါပဲ၈ Gretch full နဲ ံ Tama တို ံမြာ Drum သဵေတျနဲနဲ ကျာ်ခာ့တယး၈
ယြဥး်ပီ့နာ့ေထာငးၾကညံးပါ ၈ ၾကိဳကးတာသဵု့ေပံါ၈
(2) Plugin Database > Generators > Drum > အဲဒီမြာ လဲရြိပါတယး ၈
Packs ထဲမြာၾကညံးလိုကးပါ၈ Drum kit 01 က Drum kit 08 အထိ ပါ ပါတယး၈ Drum kit 01 ~ 07 ကေတာံ FPC drum kit
လိုမ္ိဳ့ပဵုစဵေတျပဲ်ဖစး်ပီ့ Drum အသဵေတျကေတာံ ကျဲ်ပာ့ပါတယး၈ ကိုယးလုပးမယးံ Music ေပၚမူ တညး်ပီ့ အဆငးေ်ပတဲံ Drum kit ကိုေရျ့ခ္ယး
အသဵု့်ပဳရမြာ်ဖစးပါတယး၈ Drum kit 08 ကေတာံ Percussion instruments မ္ိဳ့စဵုရဲံ အသဵေတျပါပါတယး၈ အို့စညးဒို့ပတး လိုမ္ိဳ့အသဵေတျပါတယး၈

Music Software Application

 Page - 123

ပဵု- Drum kit 01 ဆိုတာ ေလ့ကို Channel window ထဲကို ေမာကးစး

နဲ ံDrag ဆျဲ်ပီ့ထညးံ၈ Crach 01a , Crash 01b , Snare 01a ,….စသညး်ဖငးံ
တစးခုခ္ငး့အေနနဲ ံလဲ ဆျဲ်ပီ့သဵု့လို ံရတယး၈

(3) Plugin presets > Generators > Sytrus > Drum

ဆီကိုသာျ ့ၾကညံးလိုကးရငး .. Clap, Kick , Crash Cymbal, … စတဲံ Drum
သဵနဲ ံဆကးႏျယးေနတဲံ အသဵေလ့ေတျကို ေတျ႔ရပါမယး၈
(4) Plugin presets > Generators > Wave Traveller > ထဲမြာ လညး့
Classic Kick ဆိုတာကိုေတျ႔မယး၈ အဲဒါကေတာံ DJ ပျတးတံအ
ဲ သဵမ္ိဳ့ Kick Drum သဵပါ၈ “
ဒျိဂ္ိ… ဒျိဂ္ိ …” အသဵမ္ိဳ့ေပါံဗ္ာ …အနီ့စပးဆဵု့ေပါံ၈
ပဵု - Drum kit 08 ရဲံပဵု
(5) Packs > Legacy > အဲံဒီထဲမြာ … Dance , FPC , Real Drum
Kits ေတျကိုဖျငးံၾကညံးပါ၈ Drum set ထဲက instrument တစးခုခ္ငး့စီကို Channel window ထဲကို ကိုယးႏြစးသကးရာ ေရျ့ထုတး်ပီ့ထညံး
အသဵု့်ပဳလို ံရပါတယး၈

Drum နဲ ံတသ
ျဲ ဵု့သငံးတဲံ Effect မ္ာ့

Fruity Stereo Shaper - အသဵကို ၾကျတကးလာေအာငးလုပးေပ့တယး၈ Delay နဲ ံ Phase တို႔ကို နဲနဲစီအတို့

အေလ္ာံလုပး်ပီ့ ်ပနးနာ့ေထာငးၾကညံးပါ၈ Drum သဵဟာ Efect မထညံးခငးကထကးပို်ပီ့ေကာငး့လာတာေတျ႔
ရမယး၈

Fruity Reeverb 2 – Drum သဵကုိ ဟိနး့လာေအာငး လုပးေပ့တယး၈ ခနး့မထဲမြာ

တီ့ေနတဲံ ပဵုစဵ မ္ိဳ့လုပးေပ့တယး၈ Size ,Diff ,..စတာေတျကို ခ္ိနးေပ့ပါ၈

Fruity Reeverb – Fruity Reeverb 2 နဲ ံသေဘာတရာ့သိပးမကျာပါဘူ့၈

Room size,Decay,… စတာေတျကို ခ္ိနးေပ့ပါ၈ ေတားရဵုသငးံရဵုသာ Effect
ထညံးပါ၈
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Soundgoodizer - အသဵကို ၾကျထက

ျ းလာ်ပီ့ ပိုေကာငး့လာေအာငး လုပးေပ့တဲံ Effect ပါ၈ Drum သဵ
တစးခုတငးမကပါဘူ့ က္နးတံဲ တူရိယာသဵေတျကို ပို်ပီ့ က္ယးလာ၇ ေကာငး့လာေအာငး လုပးေပ့ တယး၈

Plugin presets > Generators > FL Keys >

အထဲမြာသျာ့ၾကညံးလိုကးပါ၈စႏၵယာ့သဵကတာံ သိပးမဆို့လြပါဘူ့၈ Sen-
sitivity ဆိုတာကို အတို့အေလြ္ာံလုပး်ပီ့ စႏၵယာ့သဵ ရဲံအဖိ
၇အေဖာံ ေလ့ေတျပို်ပီ့ သိသာ ေပၚလျငးေအာငး ခ္ိနးလိ ု ံရတယး၈ Hard-
ness , Velocity စတာေတျကို စမး့ၾကညံးလိုကးပါ၈

Plugin presets > Generators > Sytrus > Piano > ထဲမြာလညး့ စႏၵယာ့သဵေတျပါ ပါတယး၈ Realistic 2, Realistic 3 , E-grand ,…
စသညး်ဖငးံေပါံ၈ ဒါေပမယးံ အဲဒီအသဵေတျက တကယးံ စႏၵယာ့သဵနဲ ံ မတူဘူ့၈ ဒါေၾကာငးံ သိပးမသဵု့်ဖစးဘူ့၈

Packs > Piano > Piano 1 , Piano 2 … အဲဒီ Piano kit ႏြစးခုက တကယးံ စႏၵယာ့အသဵနီ့ပါ့ ကိုရပါတယး၈

Piano နဲ ံတဖ
ျဲ ကးအသဵု့်ပဳသငးံတဲံ Effect မ္ာ့

Piano အသဵ နဲ ံအလာ့တူ အသဵမ္ိဳ့ ဥပမာ - Guitar Plucking အသဵ မ္ိဳ့ေတျမြာ အသဵကိုပို်ပီ့ ၾကျတကးေစတဲံ Effect ေတျက Fruity De-
lay 2 , Fruity Delay Bank , …. တို ံလိုမ္ိဳ့ ပဲံတငးသဵေလ့ ေတျ ၇လြိဳဏး သဵေလ့ေတျ ်ဖစးေစတဲံ effect ေတျပါ၈

Fruity Reeverb 2 နဲ ံ Fruity Reeverb တို ံနဲ ံလဲသငးံေတားပါတယး၈ Effect ေတျကို ဘယးလိုသဵု့ဖို ံ ဆိုတာ အတိအက္ေ်ပာဖို ံတခါတေလ
ခကး တယး၈ ဘာလို ံလဲဆိုေတာံ music ပဵုစဵ ေပၚမူတညးေန တာကို့…၈

Guitar
FL Studio မြာGuitar သဵေတျက အနီ့စပးဆဵု့တူသေယာငးေယာငးေတျပဲပါပါတယး၈ တကယးံဂစးတာတစး လဵု့ရဲံ Feeling ကို
ဘယးလိုမြ မမီႏိုငးပါဘူ့၈

Plugin presets > Generators > Fl Slayer > အထဲကိုသျာ့ၾကညံးရငး

ဂစးတာသဵအမ္ိဳ့မ္ိဳ့ေတျ႔ မြာ်ဖစးပါတယး၈
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Plugin presets > Generators > Sytrus > Guitar ထဲမြာလညး့ ၾကညံးလိုကးပါ၈

Plugin presets > Generators > Sym Synth >

ထဲမြာ ေဘံစး ဂစးတာသဵ နဲ ံရစးသမး ဂစးတာသဵနဲနဲ
(သဵု့ေလ့မ္ိဳ့ေလာကး)ပါပါ တယး၈ ရစးသမး ဂစးတာသဵက
ေတာံ မတူပါဘူ့၈ ေနာကးခဵအသဵခပး ပါ့ ပါ့ အေနနဲ႔
ေလာကးပဲ ေကာငး့ပါတယး၈

Packs > Guitar > ထဲမြာ Bass Guitar နဲ ံGuitar ဆို်ပီ့

ရြိပါတယး၈ အဲဒီ guitar kit ေတျကေတာံ သိပးမဆို့လြပါ၈
Plucking လိုမ္ိဳ့ တီ့လဵု့ေတျအတျကး ေတာံ
အဆငးေ်ပေလာကးပါတယး၈

Mixer ကိုဖျငးံ်ပီ့ အသဵTrack ေတျထညံးတံဲ

Insert 1, Insert 2,..တစးခုခုက Track

Recording Switch ကို ႏြိပးပါ၈

Record လုပးတံဲ အသဵဖိုငးကို
ဘယးေနရာမြာ Save
လုပးမလဲဆိုတာေမ့လိမးံမယး၈
အဆငးေ်ပတဲံ ေနရာ ေရျ့ေပ့လိုကးပါ၈
မေရျ့ရငး Program file ထဲမြာ
သိမး့ေပ့ပါလိမးံမယး၈ Master ထဲမြာ
သျာ့်ပီ့ Recording မလုပးပါနဲ႔၈
အသဵေတျ အာ့လဵု့
ထပး်ပီ့ ေရာသမေမႊ်ဖစးသာျ ့လိမးံမယး၈

ေနာကးသတိ်ပဳရမယးံ တစးခ္ကးက အသဵသျငး့တဲံအခါ ကိုယးတီ့တဲံ လကးခတးႏြဳနး့ (Tempo) က အေႏြ့အ်မနး မညီတတးတာပါ၈

စိတးပါရငးပါလာသလို ်မနးသာျ ့တတး ပါ တယး၈ ဒါေၾကာငးံ Metronome ကိုဖျငးံထာ့ရငး ေကာငး့ပါတယး၈ Timing သဵကို
နာ့ေထာငး်ပီ့တီ့ေတာံ Tempo မြနးတာေပါံ၈
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Option > Audio setting မြာ ASIO 4ALLv2 ဆိုတာကိုေ်ပာငး့ေပ့ပါ၈

Mixer > Audio In put ထဲမြာ Input

Device ေ်ပာငး့ေပ့ပါ ၈ Head phone
mic နဲ ံလာ့ ဘာနဲ ံလာ့ တစးခုခုေပါံ၈

Recording ခလုပးကိုႏြိပးပါ၈ ဘယးလိုမ္ိဳ့ Record

လုပးမြာလဲဆိုတာေမ့ပါလိမးံမယး၈ Edison ထဲမြာ Recording
လုပးမြာလာ့၇ Play List ထဲမြာ လုပးမြာလာ့၇ Automation
Score ထဲမြာ လုပးမြာလာ့ ေမ့ပါမယး၈ က္ေနားလုပးေနက္
ကေတာံ Play List ထဲမြာ လုပးတာမ္ာ့ပါ တယး၈ ်ပီ့မြ
မၾကိဳကးတဲံအပိုငး့ကို Edison ထဲမြာ ်ပနး်ပငး Edit
လုပးပါတယး၈်ပီ့ရငး Play
ကို ႏြိပးလိုကးပါ၈ Re-
cording စပါ်ပီ၈
ရပးခ္ငးရငး Stop

Channel Setting Window ထဲက wave form ပဵုေပၚ Right Click လုပး်ပီ့
Edit ကို ွငးလိုကးရငး… Edison ဆိုတာပျငးံလာပါမယး၈ အဲဒီမြာ Edit
လုပးလို ံရပါတယး၈
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Recording လုပး်ပီ့သာ့ကို ဒီထဲမြာ ်ပငး

လို ံရတယး ....၈ Fade In , Fade out, Noise
Reduce ,နဲ ံတ်ခာ့မ္ိဳ့စဵု်ပငးလို႔ရတယး၈

အာ့လဵု့စိတးတိုငး့က္်ပီ့ Project file ကို Export လုပးမယးဆိုရငး တစးခုသတိ်ပဳရမြာက အသဵေတျကို မြ္မြ္တတ ်ဖစးေအာငးခ္ိနးထာ့သငးံ
တယးဆိုတာပဲ၈ ဒရမးသဵက အရမး့က္ယးေနလာ့...အဲဒီလို်ပနးစစးသငးံတယး၈ Export လုပးတံအ
ဲ ခါ Volume သိပးမက္ယးထာ့ပါနဲ ံ၈

Peak meter မြာအနီေရာငး ်ပတဲံအထိဆိုရငး မေကာငး့ဘူ့၈ အသဵေတျဗလဵု့ဗေထျ့နဲ ံက္ယးေလာငး

ေနလိမးံမယး၈

ေနာကးထပး သဵု့လို ံရတဲံနညး့က -- Audio Setting ထဲမြာ Input/out put မြာ ASIO4ALL ေ်ပာငး့ ၈ mixer ထဲမြာ Effect တစးခုခု.. Delay
ပဲ်ဖစး်ဖစး၇ Flanger , ပဲ်ဖစး်ဖစး ထညးံ၈ mic ကေန ကိုယး႔ရဲံ ရို့ရို့ ေဟားလို ဂစးတာနဲ ံတီ့လိုကးရငး .... out put ်ဖစးတံဲ Speaker ကေန
ကိုယးံဂစးတာသဵက Effect ေပါငး့ထညးံထာ့်ပီ့ထျကးလာလိမးံမယး၈

သဵု့လို ံေကာငး့တဲံ Effect တစးခုက Hardcore ပါပဲ၈

အီလကးထရစး ဂစးတာသဵလိုမ္ိဳ့ စူ့စူ့ရြရြ Dynaamic
အသဵေတျ်ဖစးေအာငး သူက လုပးေပ့တယး၈
စမး့သဵု့ၾကညံးပါ၈ ရို့ရို့ ေဟားလိုဂစးတာနဲ ံတီ့်ပီ့ ဒီ
Effect မြာထညးံလိုကးရငး electric guitar
သဵေတျလို်ဖစးသာျ ့ပါတယး၈ PRESET
ဆိုတဲံေနရာကိုႏြိပး်ပီ့ ေ်ပာငး့လို ံရတယး၈

ေလာေလာဆယးေတာံ ဒီေလာကးပါပဲဗ္ာ၈ ဖိုရမးမြာ ဆကးေဆျ့ေႏျ့ၾကတာေပါံ....၈

Htin Lin
 Page - 128

Activities of MEF

FORUM
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Activities of MEF

HIV
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Activities of MEF
 Page - 131

Activities of MEF
 Page - 132

Activities of MEF

KPZ
Page - 133

Let’s Test About Your General Knowledge
All about capital cities
Clues
Horizontal
1. Capital city of Jordan
3. Capital city of Qatar
5. Capital city of Boliva
7. Capital city of Iran
9. Capital city of Maldives
10. Capital city of Bulgaria
11. Capital city of India
12. Capital city of Fiji
14. Capital city of Canada
16. Capital city of Bhutan
19. Capital city of Afghanistan
20. Capital city of Brazil
21. Capital city of Cuba
23. Capital city of Vanuatu
25. Capital city of Cape Verde
27. Capital city of Belarus
30. Capital city of Thailand
32. Capital city of Samoa
33. Capital city of Rwanda
34. Capital city of Angola
35. Capital city of Mali
Page - 134
Vertical
2. Capital city of Comoros
4. Capital city of Vietnam
5. Capital city of Peru
6. Capital city of Nigeria
8. Capital city of Turkmenistan
12. Capital city of Yemen
13. Capital city of Liechtenstein
15. Capital city of Tunisia
16. Capital city of Uzbekistan
17. Capital city of Equatorial Guinea
18. Capital city of Indonesia
19. Capital city of Ukraine
22. Capital city of Italy
24. Capital city of Algeria
26. Capital city of Turkey
28. Capital city of Macedonia
29. Capital city of Egypt
30. Capital city of Azerbaijan
31. Capital city of Latvia
 Page - 135

I t was already ten past ten. I took a book from the book shelf and sat in the arm chair. I can‟t help
reading even a day. I have been in the habit of reading book since I had attended GTC. I am the one who
gives priority to learning English.
“ Year after years
Was blaming myself
For what I „d done
Just thought of myself
I know you‟ll understand
It‟s all that my own fault
Don‟t go away….” ,
putting aside the book, I switched off my sense of seeing.
“ Do you know the meaning of OASIS, Maung ? “ , said Shin Minn, pointing at the label on the purified water
bottle.
“ Certainly,” said I, giving her a meaningful look, “ The place at which the presence of water in the desert
and the animals lived in there are called dessert rat .” She wore a smile on her face.
“ Right you are,” said Shin Minn, “ And what did you study yesterday ? “
“ Listen, I am going to show my ability.”
“ Come on, I am all ears. “
“ 30 days in September, April , June and November
All the rest have 31
Except the second one
Which has 28 and leap years gives 29 .."
“ How smart you are,”

said Shin Minn, smiling pleased.
She is my close friend as well as my someone spe-
cial. We attended GTC for four years together. She
is really in good shape. She always passed exam at
the top of the list. She used to test my ability by
questioning the words she had in mind nearly every-
day. That‟s why I have to study every night.
“ Well, Your turn comes.." said I, standing before
her with folded arms.
“ OK, repeat after me " said Shin Minn, making the
way like a teacher do.
“ Susie sells sea shells by the sea shore.” said Shin
Minn.
“ Sushi shell sea shells by the sea shore,” said I , “
sorry, I can‟t catch up your twisted line.”
She giggled. We stuck together after finish-
ing our lunch and have a chat about multiple factors.
Her lips and eyes are like a work of art. I drew a line
on the piece of paper.
“ What will do you for a living?” said Shin Minn.
“ Artist ? “ or “ Engineer? “ said Shin Minn, showing
me with love and attention.
“ Both, “ said I, rolling up my sleeves.
“ What about you?”
She paused wearing lip stick and gave me a glance.
She uttered no word.
“ Shin Minn,” said I, “ Come on, I insist.”
“ Mum wanted me to fly to Big Apple,” said Shin
Minn, laying her heads on my arm.
“ Big Apple!..... It is beyond me."
“ New York, Maung. “ explained herself.
“ What for?"
Page - 136
“ For further study, my dear.”
“ My future every inch English Teacher! "
I addressed her flatting. “ Will you do for a living
as a teacher or Engineer? “ said I.
“ You would know it best “,said Shin Minn, caring
my eloquent brush.
“ What do you have in mind?,” said I, looking into
her eyes seriously.
I stayed silent for a while thinking in a rambling
way. “ It‟s just not possible right now, my dear,”
whispered I, doing her hair hanging in disorderly
strings over her forehead. She can‟t do even a
day without me. She looks poor by the time I ab-
sent the class. “ There is no equivalent one to
replace at the place of you,” said she once. I was
like a rat in a trap.
Time flew away. We had finished our de-
gree. We kept on studying together in language
school.
“ I have something to tell you. I will have to go
there. You will join for next a couple of years, won‟t
you?,” said she, hoping with great expectation.
“ I‟m not sure, my dear,”
was my answer. I did hate to tell her so. But I was
afraid she might wait hoping against hope.
“ Do you have some plan to win my hands?”
said Shin Minn, giving me a deep thought. I uttered
no words. I put my hands around her shoulder.
“ As a guest staying for a while in life, we are des-
tined to meet. You are dear to me. Still, I dare not
to win your hands. I have many grounds to think it
over. We have to take great consideration on that
matter, my dear. I don‟t like to burden on you.”
She sighed heavily and there was a brilliant spot of
red in her cheeks and down what slow tears were
running.
 Page - 137

“ You took me for granted only,” said Shin Minn, staring at me with bitterness. The words failed to console her. I
lost my head. “ So long, my dear .” She headed to her car gracefully and drove away which I am not able to find
her.
“ With that we end our evening music program ….” I got out of losing in my train of thought. I turned off the
radio and took a book to study. Time has changed my mind. I come to realize how I feel lonely without her and I
have been longing for living with family. I am in my right side of thirty. I am absorbed in my work and not able to
come to her, I know for sure. So, I am not able to do nothing but waiting for the day she could come back. The
sooner , the better.

When things in your lives seem almost too much to han-

dle, when 24 hours in a day are not enough, remember the mayon-
naise jar and the 2 cups of coffee.
A professor stood before his philosophy class and had some items
in front of him. When the class began, he wordlessly picked up a
very large and empty mayonnaise jar and proceeded to fill it with
golf balls. He then asked the students if the jar was full. They
agreed that it was.
The professor then picked up a box of pebbles and poured them into
the jar. He shook the jar lightly. The pebbles rolled into the open
areas between the golf balls. He then asked the students again if the
jar was full. They agreed it was.
The professor next picked up a box of sand
and poured it into the jar. Of course, the sand
filled up everything else. He asked once more
if the jar was full. The students responded
with an unanimous
"yes."
The professor then produced two cups of coffee from under the table and poured
the entire contents into the jar effectively filling the empty space between the
sand. The students laughed.

"Now," said the professor as the laughter subsided, "I want you to recog-
nize that this jar represents your life. The golf balls are the important things--your
family, your children, your health, your friends and your favorite passions--and if
everything else was lost and only they remained, your life would still be full.
The pebbles are the other things that matter like your job, your house and your
car.
The sand is everything else--the small stuff.
"If you put the sand into the jar first," he continued, "there is no room for
the pebbles or the golf balls. The same goes for life. If you spend all your time and
energy on the small stuff you will never have room for the things that are important to you.
 Page - 138

"Pay attention to the things that are critical to your happiness. Play with your children. Take time
to get medical checkups. Take your spouse out to dinner. Play another 18. There will always be
time to clean the house and fix the disposal. Take care of the golf balls first--
the things that really matter. Set your priorities. The rest is just sand."

One of the students raised her hand and inquired what the coffee
represented. The professor smiled. "I'm glad you asked.
It just goes to show you that no matter how full your life may seem, there's
always room for a couple of cups of coffee with a friend."

You are the one who had been beside me for four years!
You are the one who doesn‟t like comparing with others!
You are the one who asks so many questions to touch my love cord!
You are the one who forgives my careless fault!
You are the one who administers when I am not feeling well!
You are the one who seals my heart I dare to swear!
You are the one who whispers so many words again and again!
You are the one who can relieve my life of pain!
You are the one who has engaging smile!
You are the one I can't get you out of my mind!
You are the one who is childlike!
You are the one I dream of you every night!
You are the one who is OASIS of my life!

Nay Mhu
 Page - 139

The Ten Study Habits of Successful Students

Successful students have good study habits. They apply these habits to all of their classes. Read
about each study habit. Work to develop any study habit you do not have.
Successful students:

1. Try not to do too much studying at one time. If you try to do too much studying at one time, you
will tire and your studying will not be very effective. Space the work you have to do over shorter periods
of time. Taking short breaks will restore your mental energy.

2. Plan specific times for studying. Study time is any time you are doing something related to
schoolwork. It can be completing assigned reading, working on a paper or project, or studying for a test.
Schedule specific times throughout the week for your study time.

3. Try to study at the same times each day. Studying at the same times each day establishes a rou-
tine that becomes a regular part of your life, just like sleeping and eating. When a scheduled study time
comes up during the day, you will be mentally prepared to begin studying.

4. Set specific goals for their study times. Goals will help you stay focused and monitor your pro-
gress. Simply sitting down to study has little value. You must be very clear about what you want to ac-
complish during your study times.

5. Start studying when planned. You may delay starting your studying because you don't like an
assignment or think it is too hard. A delay in studying is called "procrastination." If you procrastinate for
any reason, you will find it difficult to get everything done when you need to. You may rush to make up
the time you wasted getting started, resulting in careless work and errors.

6. Work on the assignment they find most difficult first. Your most difficult assignment will re-
quire the most effort. Start with your most difficult assignment since this is when you have the most
mental energy.

7. Review their notes before beginning an assignment. Reviewing your notes can help you make
sure you are doing an assignment correctly. Also, your notes may include information that will help you
complete an assignment.

8. Tell their friends not to call them during their study times. Two study problems can occur if
your friends call you during your study times. First, your work is interrupted. It is not that easy to get
back to what you were doing. Second, your friends may talk about things that will distract you from what
you need to do. Here's a simple idea - turn off your cell phone during your study times.
 Page - 140

easy to get back to what you were doing. Second, your friends may talk about things that will distract
you from what you need to do. Here's a simple idea - turn off your cell phone during your study times.

9. Call another student when they have difficulty with an assignment. This is a case where
"two heads may be better than one."

10. Review their schoolwork over the weekend. Yes, weekends should be fun time. But there is
also time to do some review. This will help you be ready to go on Monday morning when another
school week begins.

These ten study habits can help you throughout your education. Make sure they are your
study habits.

Stability

Source: http://www.how-to-study.com/study-skills/en/studying/39/the-ten-study-habits-of-successful-students/

Answer

Writer U Aung Thinn’s opinion upon the future of Myanmar young people going abroad
U Aung Thin, a famous journalist, has been
constantly writing the articles about the development
of the youth. He gave some advice to the youth go-
ing abroad to think about the investments that they
make.
He said that you should get reasonable profit
when you venture. It‟s meaningless that you don‟t
have any profit from your investment. Therefore, you
should figure out which investments you‟ve made.
And he gives the appraisal of some investments of
the youth so that the young people can consider the
pros and cons.
1. Money investment
It‟s a noticeable investment. But there are vari-
ous ways to have money invested. Some go abroad at
their own expense. But some need to take out a loan.
So they need to think about the interest rate and they
should calculate their income which can cover the loan.
2. Age Investment
It is a valuable investment because the passed
time can‟t come back again. It may be difficult to get a
new job or start a new profession if you ditch the pre-
sent one which took your time in life. The invested age
means so much in life so you need to be careful when
you choose your career life.
3. Brain investment
The educated ones who go abroad for the
higher career life have a chance to learn more in their
ways but the manual workers don‟t have. When some-
one does not learn something, his brain becomes weak
and he will be only the follower but not a leader. There-
fore continuous learning is important for your brain in-
vestment.
4. Work like a master, not a slave
You should work like a master and not as a
slave; work incessantly, but do not do slave's work. Be-
ing idle is kind of being slave and it does not help you
getting knowledge. Only hard working will get you the
good opportunities.
Page - 141
5. Investment of family and surroundings
You will encounter many changes when you
leave your family and surrounding many years. For
example, your parents will become old and be defec-
tive in health. Likewise, your siblings may get mar-
ried. At that time, if you are the one who have to
serve the duty of your family, you have to serve that
duty. It is impossible to neglect your parent‟s health
and you have to send money.
And then, there will be encountered signifi-
cantly changes of your surroundings. When you went
abroad the transportation is only by ships across the
river. But when you come back, a bridge is already
built there. Moreover, highways are added by railway
lines. So, the routes for transportation are changed
very much. Sometimes, when you left the country it
was a village and it may become a great village when
you come back.
The next fact to be noticed is who will save
your money which you have got by working abroad.
Is it your wife, your parents or your trusted friend?
That person is very important. If that person has no
ability to save your money, you will have no saved
money when you come back. That‟s why, you have to
try to leave your country again. You will always be
circling in that situation. So, you should take account
of financial management in advance.
 Page - 142

6. Changes of Society
Economical progress may occur there where
it was absent when you left. At that time, your hard-
working friends may become more prosperous than
you. As for you, you have lost contact with your
country for a long time and everything is not familiar
with you even though you come back your native
land. Your native country is alike foreign country. At
that situation, you should be in awkward situation
and you cannot know how to start a new business.
To avoid this situation, it is needed to make
contact with your native country, to listen changes
and progress all about your country while working
abroad.
7. Marriage
The last one is about your marriage. While
living abroad, you may become getting married. If
so, is your husband or wife Myanmar or foreigner or
which religion does he have? And where you will
settle the rest of your life? You need to take account
into situation whether you can adapt yourself to re-
ligion and culture of that country when getting old.
The ones who will settle in the foreign country
should think in advance about the time when their
children become adults. At that time, they can never
get the expected life of Myanmar parents and they
will become like the parents of a foreigner.
Thus, all youths should not ruin their life
while staying away from their surroundings and soci-
ety. And it is needed to spend the time effectively
and to spend at leisure in correct ways. By idling
about, you haven‟t got any profits even though you
are in the foreign country.
So, Sayargyi U Aung Thinn summarize his
speech that the future of that person will haven‟t got
any profit and will lose all his investments.
 Page - 143

T he Story starts when the Oil Mist Detector alarm for No. 10 unit on a 12 Cylinders 2 Stroke Engine went
off when Chief Engineer was in Engine Control Room together with 2 of his staff. Chief Engineer thought that
alarm was due to a dirty detector head of the Oil Mist Detector and immediately sends the Electrical Engineer to
check the Detector Heads. Chief Engineer noticed that the Oil Mist Level was increasing in Crank Throw Space
10 and 11, so he called the Bridge and asked the Duty Officer to reduce the Main Engine revolutions. 5 minutes
later, he noticed that the Oil Mist Level has increased further. It was at this point that he cancelled the Load
Reduction Programme and reduced the Main Engine revolutions to 75 rpm. At the same time a heavy explosion
occurred in Engine Room. The Electrical Engineer who sent to clean the Detector Heads was standing close to a
relief valve and was severely burnt. A fire started in the Engine Room and Purifier Room caused by the short-
wave from the explosion bursting an oil pipe.

The cause of explosion was an over heated main bearing No. 13. Pieces of white metal were found in
the crank case and subsequence investigations established that some of the white metal and detached due to
fatigue and poor bonding. As the metal detached, the load on the existing white metal increased, due to the
now reduced area to support the crank shaft journal leading to brake down in the Lubricating Oil film and wip-
ing of the bearing. The crank shaft journal was now running on the bare steel backing.
 Page - 144

When the explosion occurred, 4 doors on the “safe side “(the side without the explosion door) blew off,
starting fire. The crankshaft journal was badly scored with extensive heat cracks. It was reduced in diameter
and undersize bearing fitted. It came to light in subsequent investigation that fragments of white metal had been
found in the LO filters 2 weeks before explosion. It was assumed that this was white metal from the guide shoes
and no further action was taken. It is easy to be wise after the event.

However the Oil Mist Detector is designed to protect, an a sophisticated set up like the QIM, which works
on the light scatter principle, should be believed when it indicates a high oil mist. The first mistake was sending
Electrical Engineer down to “Clean the Lenses”. A crankcase explosion is a very serious occurrence. The Engine
Room should be evacuated of all personnel not dealing with the situation from the Control Room.

A seemingly sample solution is “as soon as the alarm sounds, the Engine should be stopped”, but if this is
the case why isn‟t the Oil Mist Detector linked to the Engine Shunt Downs. On some ships it has been, but con-
sider this: The Ship may be manoeuvring in a risky saturation, or there may be a Shaft Alternator in use.

The general procedures should be this. On a Bridge control set up with the Engine Room in UMS mode,
if alarm conditions are reached, the auxiliary generators should run up, load transferred, and the Shaft Alterna-
tor isolated. After a 10 seconds delay the engine should immediately power down to 50% full load, bypassing
the Load Control Programme. This reduction in Load will reduce the likelihood of a Crank Case Explosion. The
delay is to give the Navigation Duty Officer time to override the slow down in case safely of the Ship of the risk.
Once the Engine has slowed down it should be stopped as soon as it is safe to do so.

If the Engine Room is manned, and on Bridge Control, the watch keeping Duty Engineer may chooses
to take control of the Engine, reduce the Load and stop as soon as it is safe to do so. Once the Engine has
stopped the cooling and LO must be kept running, the turning gear should be engaged and the Engine turned
continuously. The Engine Room should be evacuated and times given 30 minutes for the Engine cool down be-
fore opening up the Crankcase for Inspection.

Purifiers are fitted in separated rooms for a reason: Fire risk. The door should be closed and dogged
shut when not passing through them.

What about the white metal found in the Filters? If instated of making assumption, the crankcase had
been opened up they may have found the white metal in the vicinity of the damage bearing.

The fact Oil Mist Detector alarmed for a unit not adjacent to the overheated bearing should be noted.
The Oil Mist can circulate within the crankcase. It should be borne in mind when investigating the cause of an
Oil Mist Alarm.

Crankcase explosions are the result of high operating temperatures of the engine. The main cause of
crankcase explosions are the development of hot spots at various places in the crankcase. Due to the recipro-
cating motion of the piston the lubricating oil in the crankcase is splashed in the air. Now it is necessary that
the flash point of the lubricating oil is maintained at around 200 degree Celsius. If this is not done then there
 Page - 145

are high chances for the lubricating oil to catch fire. Hot spots are created in the crankcase as a result of :

1. high temperature due to the reciprocating movement of the piston,

2. increase in bearing temperatures,
3. sparks entering the crankcase due to leaky piston rings or piston blow past,
4. Fires in the adjacent scavenge trunks.

Now, when these hot spots come in contact with the oil in the crankcase, the oil gets vaporized. When
these vaporized particles travel to the cooler part of the crankcase they get condensed into a white mist which
has oil particles properly dispensed in it. The process that takes place is some what similar to atomization. This
white mist when again travels to the hot spot area, can easily catch fire, which might also lead to an explosion.
The fire or the explosion creates immense pressure inside the crankcase and if this pressure crosses the permis-
sible limit, crankcase explosion takes place. The explosion will rupture the crankcase doors and even cause
heavy damage to the inside of the engine.

Indication of Crankcase Explosion

It is a bit difficult to read the early signs of crankcase explosions, because the indications are similar to
many other emergency situations. But there are few pre-explosion signs that can be read. Crankcase explosion
will lead:

• Sudden increase in the exhaust temperature

• Sudden increase in the load on the engine
• Irregular running of the engine
• incongruous noise of the engine
• Smell of the white mist.

In case of these indications, engine speed should be brought down immediately and the supply of fuel
and air should be stopped. The system should then be allowed to cool down by opening the indicator cocks and
turning on the internal cooling system.

Prevention

Prevention of crankcase explosion can be done by preventing the generation of hot spots. It can also be
prevented by the following ways:

• By providing proper lubrication to the reciprocating parts, thus avoiding high temperatures.
• Avoiding overloading of the engine
• Using bearings with white metal material which prevents rise in temperature.
• Using oil mist detector in the crankcase with proper visual and audible alarm. Oil mist detectors raise
an alarm if the concentration of oil mist rises above the permissible limit.
• Pressure relief valves should be fixed on the crankcase for the instant release of pressure. They
should be periodically pressure tested.
• Crankcase doors should be made of strong and durable material. Vent pipes shouldn't be too
 Page - 146

 

large and should be checked for any choke up

• Pressure relief valves should be provided with wire mesh to prevent the release of flames inside
the engine room.
• Safe distance should be kept from the crankcase and the relief valves in case the indications are
sighted.
• In case of indication, the crankcase doors should never be opened till the time the system has totally
cooled down. Once the system has cooled down, proper inspection and maintenance should be carried out.
• Fire extinguishing medium should be kept standby. In many systems, inert gas flooding system is
directly connected to the crankcase.

The two-stroke diesel engine is the most economical and reliable for Sea going vessels. Care is to be exer-
cised when designing the engine and its safety systems. However, as there are people involved in all activities re-
lating to the engine, the most important action could be to impart adequate information on the subject to all par-
ties involved in producing, installing and maintaining the engine.

As there is always a certain risk involved if a crankcase explosion occurs, great efforts must be made to
maintain the diesel engine and its safety systems in such a way that if there is a risk that an engine failure could
occur, this will be discovered and rectified before it develops into a situation where an explosion could take place.

In the event that some components in a diesel engine are running hot, e.g. a bearing, then some of the
lubricating oil will evaporate. The evaporated oil will then, when moved to colder areas, condensate into very small
droplets, to form a so-called oil mist. As oil mist is highly explosive, there will be a risk that the hot spot which cre-
ated the oil mist will become the ignition point for an oil mist explosion.

In marine engines, this happens in a few cases each year, always with dramatic and even sometimes fatal conse-
quences.

Cause of Explosion

As the sources of explosion vary to a large extent, this must be taken into consideration when taking pre-
cautions and selecting monitoring systems. Below is a table of a number of accidents where the cause of explosion
is known,

Year Cause of Explosion Cause of Failure

1995 Bearing in PTO gearbox

1996 Inlet pipe for piston cooling oil falling off Incorrect tightening
1997 Incorrect spring mounted in piston rod Unauthorized Spare parts
Stuffing box
1997 Piston rod interference with cylinder frame
 Page - 147

1999 Weight on chain tightened falling off Incorrect tightening

1999 Fire outside the engine
2000 Main bearing
2000 Camshaft bearing
2000 Incorrect shaft in camshaft drive unauthorized spare parts
2001 Crankshaft failure
2001 Piston crown failure
2001 Main bearing
2001 Crankpin bearing
2002 Inlet pipe for piston cooling oil falling off Incorrect tightening

Consequences for Personnel

In a number of cases, the consequences have been fatal to members of the crew. In at least two of the
cases listed above – both with fatal consequences – the explosions were caused by the installation of an unau-
thorised spare part during a repair. Also, cases with serious injuries have been reported. The hazard is particu-
larly present if the oil mist is ignited outside the crankcase. In the event of a crankcase explosion, the pressure
wave will send a large amount of oil mist out of the crankcase and into the engine room, where the ventilation
system will move it around. However, a major part will be sucked up towards the air inlet of the turbocharger.

Oil mist
If the oil mist meets a hot spot, there is a risk that it will be ignited. Therefore, it is important to carefully
maintain the insulating material around the exhaust pipes.

Oil Mist Blasts

The largest risk of igniting the oil mist would be if the flame
arrester on the relief valve did not function properly. In that event, the
flame front from the explosion in the crankcase can ignite the cloud of oil
mist in the engine room.
Consequences for the Plant
In most cases, the damage has been limited to the engine proper.
However, in cases where the oil mist is ignited outside the crankcase, the
blast can cause severe damage in the engine room, especially to the elec-
trical equipment. In some cases, in narrow engine rooms, the pressure
wave has caused damage to mechanical items. Doors and lifts have been
damaged and, in rare cases, also floor plates have been torn loose and
thrown around. Oil Mist

PRECAUTIONS AGAINST CRANKCASE EXPLOSIONS

Maintenance
In general, keep the engine in good condition, and follow the engine builder‟s instructions regarding
check of components, especially bearings. When overhauling, follow the engine builder‟s instructions. Incorrect
tightening of bolts has caused a number of accidents. Another item that should be given attention is thick shell
 Page - 148

bearings. The top clearance must be adjusted by means of shims. We have seen cases of damage as the
result of bearings having been assembled with insufficient top clearance, thereby restricting the flow of
lube oil and leading to overheating of the bearing.

Approved Spare Parts

Original spare parts should always be used. A number of ex-
plosions, some with fatal consequences, have been caused by the use
of unauthorized spare parts. In one accident, the piston rod stuffing
box was mounted with springs supplied by an unauthorized supplier.
Since they were of a wrong dimension, they jammed and caused heat-
ing of the piston rod and, finally, a crankcase explosion occurred. In
that case, two people lost their lives because of a spare part which
might have been believed to be of secondary importance to the func-
tioning of the engine.

Inspections
Visual inspection of the engine is important for early discovery
of any risk of failure, especially so in the case of inspection for white
metal fragments inside the crankcase. This inspection can reveal the
start of a bearing failure before it develops into a risk of a crankcase Oil Mist Blast

explosion, in the instruction book that any time the crew enter the crankcase they should make such visual
inspection. If any white metal is found, to be carried out that the edges on all bearings in this part of the
engine are checked for damage.

Furthermore, it is important to regularly check the safety systems and other components related to safety.
On one plant, a crankcase explosion caused an engine room fire because the flame arrester in the crank-
case relief valve had suffered mechanical damage.
Monitoring
As a crankcase explosion can result from various components, and not only from the bearings, as
standard, the installation of an approved Oil Mist Detector, which is to be installed and connected to the
safety system. If required, a bearing monitoring system can be specified as an additional precaution.
The rules of the classification societies, as they only require temperature monitoring of the bearing
or, as an alternative, an oil mist detector. As an alarm for high oil mist level triggers actions in the safety
system and, as explained below, also in the future system for suppression of oil mist explosions, it is impor-
tant that OMD makers improve their product to lower the risk of false alarms.

Suppression of the Risk of Crankcase Explosions

The engines are equipped with crankcase relief valves sufficient for protecting the engine against
the impact of an oil mist explosion by relieving the pressure inside the crankcase. In the event of an oil
mist explosion in the crankcase, the very fast propagating pressure wave will send large amounts of yet
unburned oil mist out into the engine room. The relief valve is equipped with a flame arrester to quench
the much slower propagating flame front, thereby preventing any outside ignition and fire.
Even when the problems with outside ignition of the oil mist are solved, the mechanical impact
 Page - 149

from the pressure wave can give big problems by throwing floor plates around, and blowing doors out of
their panels. In some cases, also the lift car has been blown up to the top of the shaft. Such events jeop-
ardize the crew and have, in rare cases, had fatal consequences.
In rare cases, on engines where there is a large enough space/length, an oil mist explosion could
cause increased pressure ahead of the moving reaction zone and, thereby, increase the risk of a stronger
explosion development there, i.e. the well-known self-perpetuating phenomenon called "pressure piling".
This creates extreme pressures that cannot be relieved through the valves and which, in some
cases, have thrown off doors on the engine and caused an engine room fire.
The purpose of the system for suppression of an oil mist explosion is to reduce the damaging and
hazardous effects of a crankcase explosion and remove the jeopardy for the crew. The system will start
acting when the oil mist monitoring system recognizes a too high oil mist level in the crankcase.
In such a case, recommend that reducing the engine load in order to minimize any further creation
of “OIL MIST”. On a ship, this will not have any significant immediate effect, since the propeller will rotate
the crankshaft for some time after that. Thus, the risk of a crankcase explosion will still be present during
the load reduction process.
In other areas, inert gas is used to ensure that the oxygen content is reduced to a level where a
flame front propagating is not possible. On large diesel engines, the use of inert gas creates a new risk to
the personnel, as venting of the crankcase compartments is rather difficult.
An oil mist explosion without the use of inert gas, the initial development of the explosion suppres-
sion system, based on the use of water mist, was started in the beginning of 2001. The use of water mist
is harmless to the personnel and, in addition, the water can be removed in the course of the normal lubri-
cating oil cleaning process. By the inflow of a preheated liquid medium under pressure, a well-dimensioned
sharp edged nozzle design, with an appropriate length of the outlet pipe designed for the actual medium
and its inlet thermo-dynamical conditions, is able to force a localized evaporation of the medium inside the
nozzle, utilizing the natural proper-ties of the liquid medium and, thereby, to produce a flow at the nozzle
outlet of the medium in vapour state. This out flowing vapours condensates into very small droplets, partly
because of the increasing pressure, and partly because of the mix with the surrounding relatively cooler
gases, and thereby forms a mist of the liquid medium. The pressurized hot water (15 bar and 180 degree
C), which is controlled by the oil mist monitoring system, is injected into the crankcase, through special
sharp-edged nozzles, where it is transformed into small droplets of a size below 10 microns. The water mist
system replaces the use of inert gas and, thereby, completely removes the risk of choking due to the lack
of oxygen. The use of water mist is harmless to the personnel, and the water can be removed in the nor-
mal lubricating oil cleaning process. The water mist cannot prevent an explosion. However, practical tests
with explosions in an air/methane mixture have shown that the pressure rise, as can be seen below, is con-
siderably reduced, thereby eliminating the risk of mechanical damage caused by the pressure wave.

Explosion test in tank with and without injected water mist, new development

The system for injecting water mist requires constant attention, as it is constantly needed to main-
tain the pressure and temperature of the water in the system. Furthermore, the amount of water mist to
be injected must be large enough to ensure that the whole crankcase is covered. Lately, we have started
development work based on the idea of creating the water mist the same way as the oil mist. This can be
achieved by adding the water to the lubricating oil before it is delivered to the engine. In order to be capa-
ble of immediately reducing the temperature on the spot affected by hot running when an excessive “OIL
 Page - 150

MIST” level has been measured, freshwater is injected into the lube oil at a volume of 1-5% of the amount
of oil being delivered to the engine. Since the boiling point of water is lower than that of oil, the water will
evaporate before the oil starts boiling. Because water has a very high specific heat of evaporation, the hot
spot will be cooled in the course of this process. This will reduce or eliminate the evaporation of oil.
Alternatively, on plant with temperature monitoring of the bearings, water injection can be trig-
gered by excessive temperatures in individual bearings, and water injection can be effected in the specific
oil supply to the bearing in question, also in this case at a volume of 1-5% of the supplied lube oil amount.
However, this requires a more complex installation.
By mixing the water into the oil, ensure that whenever the oil meets a hot spot, where an oil mist
can be created, water will also be present and, as described above, boil off using the heat and, thereby,
restrict or even hinder the evaporation of the oil.

Method
During operation of the diesel engine, the oil mist level in the crankcase is constantly monitored by
detectors in the individual spaces. A signal is sent from here to a monitor in the engine control room (ECR).
In the event of an increasing level exceeding a predetermined limit, the monitor will activate the engine
alarm system, which will then activate other systems that will reduce the engine load. However, there is a
time delay in this system, because various conditions relating to the safe operation of the ship have an in-
fluence on this process. In order to quickly achieve a safe situation against a crankcase explosion, the
monitor will send a signal to the above-described system at the same time as it sends a signal to the alarm
system.
Injection of water into the lube oil
A freshwater tank is kept under constant pressure with compressed air at min. 2 bar abs. and max.
10 bar abs. alternatively; the tank is not pressurized until a signal is received from control box. When con-
trol box receives a signal from the engine‟s monitoring system, warning of an excessive oil mist level, alter-
natively of an excessive bearing temperature, the following will occur:
If tank is not pressurized, a signal is sent to valve, which then opens for access to A the ship‟s
compressed air system and, thereby, tank is pressurized. Signal is then sent to solenoid valve, which
opens for the access of water to oil pipeline.
The water is pressed through a number of nozzle holes in the injector plate, thereby vaporizing the
water and thrusting it into the oil as small droplets. Further mixing occurs when the oil/water mix passes
the lube oil cooler. The predetermined mixture ratio between oil and water is controlled by the size and
number of holes in the injector plate, and by the pressure level in the tank. On plant where tank is pressur-
ized, a signal is sent directly from control box to valve. Valve is kept open until the freshwater level in tank
reaches the level where level control sends a signal to control box, which then sends a signal to valve,
which is closed, thereby cutting off the connection between tank and oil pipe.
The size of tank has been adjusted to ensure the supply of freshwater at a volume which is suffi-
cient to cool the hot spot areas. This will eliminate the risk of a crankcase explosion. After such an event,
the water is removed from the oil in the course of the normal cleaning process, using the lube oil centri-
fuges.

Ko Tun
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