Proc.

of the 4rth International Conference on Power Generation Systems and Renewable Energy Technologies (PGSRET)
10-12 September 2018, Islamabad, Pakistan

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion(OTEC) - a

Techno-economic Analysis for Coastal Area of
Pakistan
Muhammad Farhan Shafiq R. Qureshi Syed Muhammad Tayyab
Elect. & Power Engineering Dept Engineering Science Dept Engineering Science Dept
PNEC, NUST) PNEC, NUST) PNEC, NUST)
Karachi, Pakistan Karachi, Pakistan Karachi, Pakistan
mfarhan@pnec.nust.edu.pk shafique@pnec.nust.edu.pk tayyab@pnec.nust.edu.pk
Mustafa Shahid
University of Management &
Technolgy Lahore, Pakistan
mustafa.shahid@umt.edu.pk

Abstract—Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a
process that utilizes temperature difference between deep
cooler water and warm surface water of ocean to produce
electricity. Thermodynamic efficiency of OTEC plant is
typically between 2 to 4%. Technological challenges,
exorbitant up-front costs and lack of expertise in the area are
some of the hindrances in commercializing the concept on mass
scale. In this study a feasibility with respect to temperature
profile of Pakistani coastal areas is laid out along with cost
analysis for future application of OTEC technology in
Pakistan. Preferable locations are close to western coast near
Pasni, Gawadar and Ormara where required temperature
difference of 20 degree Celsius is achievable at depths of
approximately 1800 meters. Same temperature difference can
be achieved at depths of approximately 1500 meters if OTEC
plant is installed 50 kilometers away from shore-line in
extended continental shelf (ECS) waters. Estimated cost of
energy for Open Cycle OTEC is USD 0.25 - 0.33/kWh and for
Close Cycle system USD 0.28/kWh.
Keywords— Renewable energy; ocean thermal energy
conversion; Rankine cycle; western coastline Pakistan;
continental shelf
I. INTRODUCTION
Increasing demand of electricity, declining resources of
fossil fuel and concerns of climate change are the factors
driving policy makers and scientists to explore, develop and
commercialize new avenues of renewable energy to replace
our current infrastructure of power generation. Although
world’s oceans have tremendous potential to fulfill our
energy requirement, the technology to harness this potential
is till elusive. Ocean Energy is still in its early stages of
development and its contribution to global energy production
is not highly significant yet. Nevertheless, the resource is
abundant and well distributed around the world. Energy
availability in coastal areas is a key to exploration and
development of all maritime and coastal resources.
Developing ocean energy conversion technologies provides
us with opportunities to exploit coastal resources and thus
create jobs, raise industrial sector and amortize available
export facilities. According to [1] ocean energy installed
capacity could reach 337 GW by 2050. Similarly, EU power
supply installation could reach 14 – 26 GW of tidal and wave
energy by 2050.
Ocean energy has different forms; wave, tidal, currents
and ocean thermal energy etc. Oceans are world’s largest
solar collector as more than 70% earth surface is covered by
it. Naturally ocean surface water is warmer than deep cooler
water due to sun heat and this temperature difference creates
thermal energy. Methodology for harnessing this thermal
energy is commonly referred as Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion (OTEC) technology. In comparison to all ocean
energy technologies, OTEC has highest potential as more
than 98 territories and nations have viable resources in their
EEZ to materialize this technology [2]. A recent analysis by
Rajagopalan & Nihous [3] estimates that OTEC large scale
potential is 12-14 Terra Watts, which is highest in
comparison to other ocean technologies. It is suggested that
OTEC can supply worldwide total power generation capacity
and world’s ocean temperature profile would still remain
unperturbed. OTEC appears to be more economically viable
in remote tropical islands where additional benefits like air
conditioning and fresh water production can be combined
with power generation. OTEC is unique in a sense that it
requires no energy storage system and still provides
uninterrupted stable power throughout the year. In 2015 a
new OTEC plant of 100kW capacity was connected to
Hawaii electric grid by Makai Ocean Engineering. This plant
utilizes temperature difference between deep ocean water at
670 meters and warm surface water to generate electricity.
The plant uses closed cycle ammonia working fluid that
drives the turbine[4].
Pakistan maritime sector is very promising for country’s
future development. Recent progress in the context of
Gwadar port and more profoundly enhancement of
continental shelf has further increased the importance of
maritime sector related activities. After attaining the
exclusive rights over seabed and subsoil resources in
extended continental shelf, country has to move towards
exploration of these resources. However, all such initiatives
and ventures are very closely coupled with energy security
and availability where OTEC technology can be one of the
potential candidates.
In rest of this paper we discuss different types of OTEC
plants, technical challenges, performance, site selection

978-1-5386-7027-9/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

criteria, topology of Pakistani costal area, cost analysis and
finally conclusion with recommendations.
II. TYPES OF OTEC PLANTS
The working principle of OTEC power generation is
based on Rankine cycle, similar to nuclear power plant or
natural gas/ coal boiler where working fluid is boiled to
vapors using heat source. Vapors undergo expansion
through turbine and then pass through condenser to re-start
the cycle. The conventional plants use working fluid at very
high temperature like super-heated steam at hundreds of
degrees Celsius. OTEC plants, however, make use of
temperature difference between warm ocean surface water
and cooler water at depths of 800 to 1000 meter and
temperature difference is only around 20 to 25 degree
Celsius. Heat exchanger and turbines are then used to
convert this small temperature difference into electricity to
make use of this unique thermal system. There are four
types of OTEC plants.
A. Open Cycle
Surface water with higher temperature is passed through
flash evaporator maintained at low pressure or vacuum. This
converts water into vapors that drive the turbine to generate
electricity. After turbine, vapors are cooled down in
condenser back into water by using cool water from deep
ocean. The condensed water is essentially fresh water that
can be used as by-product. Cold sea water pumped up from
down below can be used for air conditioning as well.
B. Closed Cycle
Close cycle systems use working fluid like ammonia,
refrigerants or polypropylene. Higher vapor pressure is
obtained by boiling these low boiling temperature fluids
using warm surface water. The vapors drive the turbine to
generate electricity. Vapor is converted back into fluid using
deep ocean cold water. The advantage of closed cycle system
is smaller size of turbine, duct and heat exchanger that result
in higher thermal efficiency.
C. Kalina Cycle
It is a variation of closed cycle system. It uses mixture of
water and ammonia as working fluid. It makes better use of
provided heat and has better thermal efficiency.
D. Hybrid Systems
Hybrid system is a combination of closed cycle and open
cycle system. Like open cycle system flash evaporator is
used to generate steam that further drives a closed cycle
system. It has better efficiency in terms of generating
electricity through closed cycle system and then takes
advantage of open cycle system to produce fresh water and
air conditioning from cold sea water. However they need
additional construction and means to increase the
temperature of warm sea water.
All four types of plants can be sea based; or land based
each having their own merits. As described above, in
addition to producing electricity, OTEC plants can provide
fresh water and can be used for air conditioning. Power
produced can also drive reverse osmosis plant to produce
desalinated water.
III. CHALLANGES
A. Technical Complexity
OTEC plants work at small temperature difference that
requires handling large volume of water under small pressure
difference. To handle large water volume, the system needs
huge sea water pumps and large diameter very long pipes to
bring sea water from down below. For example, 100 MW
OTEC plant will need water pump that can guide 750 tonnes
per second of seawater through the system.
B. Corrosive Operating Environment
This issue is common with all marine structures;
however, it is more prominent for OTEC plants due to size of
piping required. The 100 kW OTEC plant at Hawaii has
piping that has 40 inch diameter and brings water from 600
meter below the ocean surface[4].
C. Environmental Concerns
As OTEC plants have huge infrastructure in terms of
piping and pumps, they may pose risk for marine life that
may collide with the structure. Furthermore, noise generated
by the pumps, electromagnetic fields generated from power
cables also poses risk for marine life. Due to lack of data, it
is difficult to quantify the amount of risk with these issues.
D. Cost
Other barriers and challenges to be mentioned include
lack of experience building large scale OTEC plants and
high up-front capital costs. This can be mitigated once such
plants enter into commercialization phase like wind and PV
systems. However till the time high costs and lack of domain
expertise will be major challenges for the OTEC sector
IV. PERFORMANCE
Most promising sites for OTEC are in tropical areas, even
in these sites the temperature difference between surface and
deep water is only 20 – 25 degree Celsius, as shown in figure
1. Typically Carnot efficiency of the OTEC systems are
very low (Maximum between 7 to 9%).It is to mention that
Carnot efficiency is a direct function (Equation 1) of
temperature difference between source (High temperature
( Source) and Sink (Low Temperature Source). Since
the operating temperature differences are so low (compared
with traditional thermal plants), its efficiency is low.
Thermodynamic efficiency is in the order of 2 to 4%. The
extremely low thermodynamic efficiency is a design
constraint, but it is not as critical because no fuel cost is
involved The capacity factor of OTEC plants is around 90%-
95%, which is one of the highest for all power generation
technologies especially in all renewable energy technologies.
Therefore OTEC provides electricity on a continuous basis.
(1)
Since thermodynamic efficiency is low, a large water
flow rate (approximately 3 tonnes per second) is needed for
condensation and vaporization of working fluid through the
OTEC plant. Hot and cold seawater pumps move this water
through the system and consume around 20 to 30% of the
gross power output [5,6].
 V. SITE SELECTION FOR OTEC PLANT
OTEC power plants need temperature difference of
approximately 20 to 25 degree Celsius. Globally, regions and
territories lying from equator to 20 degree North up and 20
degree South down are most suitable for this purpose as
shown in figure 1. In these tropical areas of ocean, surface
water gets enough heat from sun to raise the temperature
around 25 degree Celsius. The deep cooler water are
obtained due to water flow from Polar regions. Atlantic and
North Pacific Ocean get their share of cooler waters from
Arctic and rest of the oceans gets it from Antarctica. There
are some exceptions to this; tropical coastal waters along
West Coast of South America have temperatures below 20
degree due to strong cold currents. West coast of South
Africa has similar situation but to a lesser extent. Moreover,
due to seasonal variations, the temperature difference varies
throughout the year.
Different analysis on the basis of data collected by
NOAA has shown that following are the best sites where
OTEC can be installed[7]:
• “Equatorial waters, defined as lying between 10°N
and 10°S are adequate except for the West Coasts
of South America and Southern Africa;
• Tropical waters, defined as extending from the
equatorial region boundary to, respectively, 20°N
and 20°S, are adequate, except for the West Coasts
of South America and of Southern Africa;
moreover, seasonal upwelling phenomena would
require significant temperature enhancement for the
West Coast of Northern Africa, the Horn of Africa,
and off the Arabian Peninsula”.
Nevertheless careful OTEC site selection demands a
comprehensive knowledge of ocean topology and local
climate features. Secondary considerations can be close
proximity to shore and additional ways & means to increase
the water temperature e.g. waste heat from a close by
industry.
Fig.1: Average ocean temperature differences between
depths of 20 m and 1000 m. The color palette is from 15 to
25°C [3]
VI. TOPOLOGY OF PAKISTANI COASTAL AREAS
Pakistan has a coastal line of 1046 km, starting from
eastern border of Sir creek till western border defined
by Ras-e-Fasteh in Iran and Ras-Jiwani in Pakistan. EEZ of
the country is surrounded by following geographical
coordinates:
Min. Lat 21° 3' 32.9" N (21.0591°)
Min. Long 61° 25' 0" E (61.4167°)
Max. Lat 25° 36' 49" N (25.6136°)
Max. Long 68° 11' 52.1" E (68.1978°)
Fig. 2: Map showing EEZ and extended continental shelf of
Pakistan
Additionally Pakistan has increased its continental shelf
from 200 nautical miles to the maximum 350 nautical miles
on 10 March 2015 as shown in figure 2. The total maritime
area gained by Pakistan is more than 50,000 sq km. The
outer limit of extend shelf lies at 19° 10' N 36.1, 62° 13'
25.6''E on Pak-Oman Boundary Line and 19° 15' 22.8'' N &
63° 35' 21.6'' E on Pak-India boundary line.
Generalized analysis shows that Tropical waters; defined
as extending from the equatorial region boundary to,
respectively, 20°N and 20°S, are adequate for OTEC
installation. Coastal areas of Pakistan lie above 20°N of
equator, however a region of extended continental shelf lies
within limit of 20°N. The basic constraint of the OTEC is
that a minimum temperature difference of 20°C is required
for adequate operation of plant. If temperature difference is
below 20 degree Celsius, plant will hardly produce enough
energy to sustain the pumping requirement of the plant,
hence producing zero net power. In tropical regions between
20°N and 20°S, it is expected to achieve a temperature
difference of more than 20 degrees within 1000 meter of the
depth. However above 20°N, such a temperature difference
will be achieved at more depth. This will essentially increase
the capital cost in terms of pumping power and increased
length of the pipes.
For this paper, Ocean climatological mean field data was
obtained from World Ocean Atlas 2013 (WOA13) [8].
Available data is analyzed using open source software Ocean
Data View (ODV) [9] to obtain desired information for
depth-temperature relationship.
Analysis of coastal topology shows that eastern coastline has
very little depth which renders it unsuitable for installation of
any OTEC system. In these depths temperature difference is
hardly 10-15 degree Celsius. However western coast has
comparatively better topology for possibilities of OTEC
installations. Figure 3 shows the depth contours of the
Pakistani Coastline. In the most of areas on western coastline
a depth of more than 1000 meters is available at a distance of
approximately 40 NM from the coastline.
 Figure 5.Temperature Contours at surface

Fig. 3: Depth contours in Pakistani Coastal Area

Fig. 6:Temperature Contours at 1250 meters

TABLE I. COORDINATES OF SELECTED POINTS

Area Point 1 Point 2 Point3 Point4 Point 5
Ormara 24.875N 24.625N 24.375 N 24.125 N 23.875N
64.625 S 64.625 S 64.625 S 64.625 S 64.625 S
Pasni 24.875N 24.625N 24.375 N 24.125 N 23.875N
63.375 S 63.375 S 63.375 S 63.375 S 63.375 S
Gawadar 24.875N 24.625N 24.375 N 24.125 N 23.875N
62.375 S 62.375 S 62.375 S 62.375 S 62.375 S
EEZ 21.5N 22.5N
63.5 S 64.5 S
ECS 19.125N
62.875 S
Fig. 4: Variation of depth near Gawadar, Pasni and Ormara
between Lat 25-23.8
Depth –Temperature relationships on the basis of ocean
data provided by NOAA, are shown in Fig. 7 - 24. In all
cases a similar conclusion is drawn. Locations near Pasni,
Figure 4 shows the variation of depth near Gawadar,
Ormara and Gawadar have shown that a maximum depth of
Pasni and Ormara from latitude of 23.8 - 25°. An appropriate
at least 1800 meters is required to achieve temperature
depth is available below 24.7° latitude. However still there is
difference of above 20 degrees Celsius. Farther down in
a need to analyze the temperature gradients at different
EEZ location this temperature difference is achievable at
depths to ascertain an appropriate depth for temperature
1700-1750 meters. In extended continental shelf, situation is
difference above 20 degree Celsius. Surface temperature
slightly better where temperature difference of 20 degree
slightly varies in summer and winter. Comparison of
Celsius is available at a depth of 1500-1600 meters.
temperature contours in Pakistani water shows that a
temperature difference is available at a depth of more than The data provided by NOAA is essentially not measured
1250 meters (Figure 5&6). Considering that the most physically at all locations, therefore available data is
suitable locations for installation of OTEC system are near extrapolated and averaged from nearby measured values.
developed areas of the western coast, coastal Areas of Uncertainty in extrapolated data is possible, but this data
Ormara, Pasni and Gawadar are further selected for more may be considered appropriate for initial feasibility of the
detailed analysis of depth temperature relationship. Table1 plant. In case of actual plant installation a more accurate
shows the chosen coordinates of the selected areas. Effect of data measurement will be required.
longitudinal variation is generally considered less significant
therefore more focus is given to latitudinal variation during VII. COST ANALYSIS
analysis
Competitiveness among various electric power
generating technologies can be measured by using levelized
cost of electricity (LCOE). It indicates per-kilowatt-hour cost
of erecting and operating a power plant for an assumed which is a surplus for water scarce coastal areas. OTEC
financial life cycle. LCOE takes into account upfront technology is technically challenging and requires large
construction cost, operation and maintenance cost (O&M), upfront costs. OTEC plants need temperature difference of
fuel cost and assumed utilization rate of the plant. Obviously, approximately 20 to 25 degree Celsius between warm
not all factors carry equal weight for different types of surface water and deep ocean waters. In general, tropical
technologies: for example; wind and solar plants don’t have waters from equator to 20°N are considered suitable for
any fuel cost. For coal/ gas plants, fuel and O&M costs are OTEC installation where temperature difference of 20 degree
high and hydro power plants have high up-front costs. Before Celsius is achievable within 1000 meters depth. Pakistan’s
undertaking any power producing plant costs are projected western coastal areas lie outside this range. However a
for financial viability, however, there is always uncertainty region of extended continental shelf lies within this range.
in assigning values to variables and thus estimates may For that, the plant has to be installed 50 kilometers away
overshoot or undershoot. Policies and tariffs may also play from shoreline and still the desired temperature difference is
an important role. achievable at depths of approximately1500 meters. This
makes the OTEC technology probable option for Extended
As OTEC is a nascent technology with exorbitant upfront Continental shelf of Pakistan. The proposed plant can
cost due to large infrastructure, it is a challenge to secure
produce electricity at an estimated cost of US $0.25/kWh.
financing for these projects. Several studies have been
conducted in recent past to ascertain cost effectiveness of the
OTEC system; however, there is little actual project cost REFERENCES
data. Available data on the basis of feasibility studies and [1] Ocean energy project spotlight investing in tidal and wave energy,
few actual plants is inferred to deduce the cost estimates for Ocean Energy Europe (2017).
Pakistani coastal areas. In most of the studies the water depth [2] R. Kempener, F. Neumann, “Ocean thermal energy conversion
technology brief”, IRENA 2014.
has been taken between 600-1000 meters [2] and for these [3] K. Rajagopalan, G.C. Nihous, “An assessment of global ocean thermal
depths there is a strong correlation between plant size and energy conversion resources under broad geographical constraints”. J.
capital cost; as the plant size increases, cost decreases Renew. Sustain. Energy 5, 063124(2013).
(economy of scale). Smaller plants with size less than 10 [4] Makai Ocean Engineering, “Makai connects world’s largest ocean
MW are most expensive as they have high installation cost thermal plant to US grid,” press release (Oahu, HI: 29 August 2015).
http://www.makai.com/makai-news/2015 08 29 makai connects otec
and overheads to the tune of USD 16400 – 35400/kWh. The [5] W. H. Avery, C. Wu, “Renewable Energy From the Ocean - A Guide to
estimated costs for larger scale plants range between USD OTEC”, Oxford University Press, 1994.
5000-15000/kWh. For large scale floating plants these costs [6] Vega. L, “Ocean thermal energy conversion primer” Marine
can be as low as USD 2500/kWh. These translate into LCOE Technology Society Journal, 36:25-35, 2002.
of around USD 0.07-0.19/kWh for floating plant. Situation [7] World Ocean Database 2013, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 72, S. Levitus, Ed,
in Pakistani waters is different due to increased depth. A. Mishonov, Technical Ed.; Silver Spring, MD, 209.
[8] http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/woa13/pubwoa13.html
Required temperature difference of 20 degree Celsius is [9] ODV-4 user’s guide:1990 -2016. Reiner Schlitzer, Alfred Wegener
achievable at depth of more than 1500 meters. Increased Institute, Columbusstrasse, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.
depth will require very long and large diameter pipes, which
will result in high capital cost. Consequently pumping cost
will also increase resulting in low efficiency. Because there
is no fuel/energy cost, therefore all such factors directly
increase the capital cost.
Data analysis also shows that shore based OTEC plant
will not be cost effective due to very large piping
requirement to meet required temperature difference.
Required temperature is available at an approximate distance
of 50 km away from shoreline in Extended Continental Shelf
waters. Cost analysis has been shown for both close cycle
and open cycle floating OTEC plant of 50 MW capacity.
Cost of electricity (COE) for closed cycle plant is
approximately USD 0.28/kWh and 0.33USD/kWh for open
cycle system. However added advantage of open cycle is
production of large amount of fresh water; 50MW plant will
produce approximately 30 MGD fresh water. Production of
this water will essentially offset the cost of electricity to
approximately USD 0.25/kWh. These generalized figures are
on no-profit basis with payback over its expected life of 15
years. Detailed analysis is given in TABLE II and TABLE
III.

VIII. CONCLUSION
OTEC is a promising renewable energy candidate as it
can provide uninterrupted electricity throughout the year.
OTEC’s large scale potential is 12 to 14 Terra Watt which is
the highest among ocean energy technologies. Besides
producing electricity, OTEC plants can produce fresh water
TABLE II. LEVELISED COST ANALYSIS OF CLOSED CYCLE FLOATING TABLE III. LEVILISED COST ANALYSIS OF OPEN CYCLE FLOATING
OTEC OTEC
Important Parameters Important Parameters
1. Rated Capacity 50 MW 1. Rated Capacity 50 MW
2. System Availability 92.3% 4 weeks 2. System Availability 92.3% 4 weeks
downtime for downtime for
repair repair
maintenance maintenance
3. Site Annual Average 100% Although this is 3. Site Annual Average 100% Although this is
Capacity Factor high but ocean Capacity Factor high but ocean
conditions for conditions for
OTEC system OTEC system
remains almost remains almost
constant, unlike constant, unlike
other ocean other ocean
energy system energy system
4. Annual Electricity 432573.18MWh 4. Annual Electricity 432573.18MWh
generation generation
5. Desalinated Water 0 5. Desalinated Water 30 MGD
6. Capital Cost $510.0M 650 10200 US$/KW 113562 m3/day
(CAPEX) 6. Capital Cost (CAPEX) $ 850.0M 13000 US$/KW
7. First year OM&R cost 27.0M 7. First year OM&R cost 35.0M
8. Interest Rate 8.00% 8. Interest Rate 8.00%
9. Annual 3.00% 9. Annual 3.00%
escalation/inflation escalation/inflation rate
rate (ER) (ER)
10. N, System Life 15 years 10. N, System Life 15 years

Capital Payment Capital Payment

1. Investment Levelising 11.68% 1. Investment Levelising 11.68%

factor or Capital factor or Capital
Recovery factor Recovery factor (CRF)
(CRF) 2. Levelised investment $ 99.28M Annual
2. Levelised investment $ 81.76M Annual cost ( CAPEX*CRF) Amortization
cost ( CAPEX*CRF) Amortization 3. Capital Cost of 0.23$/kWh
3. Capital Cost of 0.19$/kWh Electricity (COE)capital
Electricity (COE)capital Ops, Maintenance Repair & Replacement (OMR&R)
Ops, Maintenance Repair & Replacement (OMR&R)
1. Annual OMR&R $ 35.0M
1. First year OMR&R $ 30.0M 2. Expenses Levelised 1.22
2. Expenses Levelised 1.22 Factor (ELF)= PWF x
Factor (ELF)= PWF CRF
x CRF 3. CRF 11.68%
CRF 11.68% 4. Present Worth 10.5
Present Worth 10.5 Factor(PWF)
Factor(PWF) accounting for inflation
accounting for 5. Levelised Expense cost $ 42.7M Annual Levelised
inflation (OMR&R*ELF) OMR&R
Levelised Expense $ 36.6M Annual Levelised 6. Capital Cost of $ 0.1/kWh
cost (OMR&R*ELF) OMR&R Electricity for
Capital Cost of $ 0.09/kWh OMR&R( COEOMR&R)
Electricity for Total Annuallevelised Cost $ 141.98 M
OMR&R( COEOMR&R) (COE)capital + COEOMR&R )
Total Annuallevelised Cost $ 92.5 M $ 0.33/kWh
(COE)capital + COEOMR&R ) Total Levelised cost of
$ 0.28/kWh electricity (LCOE)
Total Levelised cost of Adjusted cost with $0.25/kwh
electricity (LCOE) freshwater
 Fig. 7: Temperature depth relationship at 24.875 N Fig.12: Temperature depth relationship at 24.875 N
&62.375 S ( Near Gwadar, max depth is 500m) &63.375 S ( Near Pasni)

Fig.8: Temperature depth relationship at 24.625 N Fig.13: Temperature depth relationship at 24.625 N
&62.375 S ( Near Gawadar) &63.375 S ( Near Pasni)

Fig.14: Temperature depth relationship at 24.375 N

Fig.9: Temperature depth relationship at 24.375 N
&63.375 S ( Near Pasni)
&62.375 S ( Near Gawadar)

Fig.10: Temperature depth relationship at 24.125 N Fig.15: Temperature depth relationship at 24.125 N
&62.375 S ( Near Gawadar) &63.375 S ( Near Pasni)

Fig.11: Temperature depth relationship at 23.875 N Fig.16: Temperature depth relationship at 23.875 N
&62.375 S ( Near Gawadar) &63.375 S ( Near Pasni)
 Fig.21: Temperature depth relationship at 23.875 N
Fig.17: Temperature depth relationship at 24.875 N &64.625 S ( Near Ormara)
&64.625 S ( Near Ormara)

Fig.22: Temperature depth relationship at 19.125 N

Fig.18: Temperature depth relationship at 24.625 N &62.875 S (Extended Continental Shelf)
&64.625 S ( Near Ormara)

Fig.23: Temperature depth relationship at 21.5 N

&63.5 S (EEZ)
Fig.19: Temperature depth relationship at 24.375 N
&64.625 S ( Near Ormara)

Fig.24: Temperature depth relationship at 22.5 N

Fig.20: Temperature depth relationship at 24.125 N &64.5 S (EEZ)
&64.625 S ( Near Ormara)