Traefoerbindare 1

Förband
Förband är ofta
dimensionerande i
träkonstruktioner
Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Fuktegenskaper
Träets fuktkvot strävar efter att stå i jämvikt med omgivningens relativa ånghalt
och temperatur.
Fuktkvotens förändringar sker i allmänhet långsamt och kan ytterligare bromsas
genom lämplig ytbehandling.
Exempel:
-Inomhustemperatur T=20o
-Inomhus rel. ånghalt: RH=50%
~8%
Jämviktsfuktkvot: u = ~ 8%

Fuktegenskaper
Förändring i fuktkvoten kan vara:
- 2-4% för trä inomhus
- 8-10% för trä utomhus.
Krympning/svällning
− βt ≈ 0,2% (dvs. 0,002) i tvärriktning
− βL ≈ 0,01% (dvs. 0,0001) i längdriktning

Fuktegenskaper
Exempel 1:
- balk 140 x 1000 x 10000
-Fuktkvot vid leverans: ui = 12%
∆ω = (uf-ui)·100 = 5
-Fuktkvot efter , t.ex. 10 mån: uf = 17%
Rörelser i
1000+∆h
tvärriktning
∆b = β ·∆ω·b= 0,002 x 5 x 140 = 1,4 mm
1000
∆h = βt·∆ω·h= 0,002 x 5 x 1000 = 10 mm
140 140+∆b
Rörelser i längdriktning
∆L = βL·∆ω·L= 0,0001 x 5 x 10000 = 5 mm

Gör inte så här:
Tjock stålplåt och relativt stort avstånd mellan skruvarna. När träet krymper,
rörelsen förhindras av beslaget. Balken spricker!!
Lösning: Använd ovala (i vertikalled!) hål

Type of joints
• Traditional or carpentry joints
• Modern connections

Traditional or carpentry joints
Half-lap
Framed
Tenon
After
Leijten

CNC machines

”Dove tail joint”

Advanced jointing technique

Common problems with
carpentry joints

Let us take a look to some
modern joints

Hinged (pinned) connection between beams

After H. J. Blaß



Hinged connection at the base of a column

Gerber hinge

Moment resistant connection, beam-to-beam

Idrottshall i Livorno
D max= 109 m
H max= 33,3 m
R60
Jordbävning

Momentstyva skarvar
Momentstyv skarv
i ståltryckringen
vid nocken
Momentstyv skarv
Moment resistant connection, at the base of a
column

Moment resistant connection, beam-to-column

Connections in a three-hinge portal frame

Node in a truss

”Real hinges” (adequate for large structures)
Crown
abutment

”Real hinges” (suitable for large structures)
Abutment
Crown

Undvik förband som kan ge upphov till
krafter vinkelrätt fiberriktningen

Hög risk för fläkning

Rainier Beach Library, Seattle,
Washington
• fackverk
• limträ, genomgående över-
och underram, diagonaler och
vertikaler dimensionerades
som ledad infästa
• förband med bultar (1 in) och
utanpåliggande stålplåtar
(tvärsnitt 3 in x ¼ in)
• spricka längs
bultarna
orsak?

Rainier Beach Library, Seattle,
Washington
• styva långa stålplåtar med
många bultar ger inte ledad
infästning utan delvis inspänd
infästning
rotationen hindrades när
fackverket deformerades
under last
kraft vinkelrätt fiberriktningen

brott
diagonal byts ut, nytt förband

som förstärks med skruvar
vinkelrätt fiberriktningen

Different types of joints and
connectors
• Glued connections
• Ring, toothed-plate and shear connections
• Punched metal plate connections
• Dowel-type connections
• Screwed connections
• Glued-in rods

Behaviour of fastners: typical
load-slip curves
F/ Fmax Glue Nail plate Bolt with pressed metal plate
Nail 3 nails in a line
0.5
Bolt with inlaid metal plate
Wooden screw, dowel
Bolt
Slip [mm]
0 2 4 6 8

Glued Joints
• Scarf joints
• Finger Joints
• Glued-in rods

• Advantages:
- High stiffness and high strength
- Very automated process
- Very economic for applications such as: finger joints, glulam,
etc
• Disadvantages:
- Very sensitive to unskilled manufacture
- Requires manufacture control
- Should not be performed on-site
- Brittle failure
- Very sensitive to shrinkage and swelling of the wood

Bond between members
What is the
adhesive for?
-Fills the voids
between wooden
members
-Produces
adhesive bonds to
each members
Wood
cells
After S. Aicher

Stiffness
The stiffness of the joint depends upon

the thickness of the bond line. For
common adhesives
Thickness (mm) Shear modulus (MPa)
0,1 1300-1800
0,4 700-850
0,8 600

Types of adhesives
According to EN 301
• Type I: outdoors exposure, T>50 oC

• Type II: indoor or outdoor but protected from the weather

Common adhesives: Phenol-resorcinol-
formaldehyde (PRF)
- Adhesive type: I, according to EN 301;
- Curing: room temperature or at elevated

temperature (high-frequency curing, for faster
curing);
- Properties: dark, thickness up to 2 mm

(“gapfilling”)
- Use: glulam, finger joints, overlap joints, nail

and screw-gluing, etc
Common adhesives: Melamine-Urea-
formaldehyde (MUF)
- Curing: room temperature or at elevated

temperature (high-frequency curing, for faster
curing);
- Properties: light, thickness about 0,1mm
- Use: glulam, finger joints,

Common adhesives: Polyuretheans (PUR)
- Adhesive type: II, according to EN 301;
- Curing: room temperature
- Properties: Ductile behaviour, lower shear

strength than PRF and MUF
- Use: finger joints, glued-in rods, etc

Common adhesives: Epoxy resins (EP)
- Curing: room temperature
- Properties: Ductile or brittle behaviour,

depending on the type
- Use: glued-in rods, metal-to-wood connections,

repairing of wood with decay (casting)

Some applications of glued
joints– overlap joints
Normally plywood or Kerto-Q plates are nail-glued to the

truss members
An example
After S. Aicher

Scarf joints
• From the purely technical point of view, it is the jointing

method delivering the highest strength
• (It is the forerunner of the finger joint)
• Still today, it can be used for some specific application, for
example for jointing two large glulam elements
• Uneconomic due to high loss of timber

• Expensive cramping arrangement (but could be probably
performed by means of screw-gluing – in combination with
gapfilling adhesives)

Equilibrium
y
ξ
η
σ
t
α x
σ xt
L t α
ση ⋅ t
sin α τ⋅
sin α
  t   t 
 Σ ( F ) = 0 ⇒  σ ⋅  sin α +  τ ⋅  cos α = σ ⋅ t cos α
Σ(F ) y = 0 ⇒ τ = σ η ⋅
η
x
 sin α   sin α 

 Σ(F ) y = 0 ⇒  σ η ⋅ t  cos α + τ ⋅ t  ⋅ sin α = 0 sin α
  sin α   sin α 
 cos 2 α   cos 2 α   1 
Σ(F ) x = 0 ⇒ σ η + σ η ⋅   = σ ⇒ σ = σ η ⋅ 1 + 
 = σ ⋅
η   ⇒ σ η = σ ⋅ sin α
2
 sin α   sin α   sin α 

2 2 2
cos α
(
Σ(F ) y = 0 ⇒ τ = σ ⋅ sin 2 α ⋅ ) sin α
⇒ τ = σ ⋅ sin α ⋅ cos α

Peel stress and shear stress
t
L/t After S. Aicher
-The peel stress ση drops rapidly with decreasing slope. It is

negligible for l/t>10
-FE analyses show that shear stress is almost uniformly distributed
along the bond line (no stress peaks at the overlap ends)

Optimum slope
• To obtain a “good joint” the shear strength of the joint
should be larger than the tensile strength of the timber.
Disregarding the peel stresses ση :
σ 1
τ = σ ⋅ sin α ⋅ cos α ⇒ =
τ sin α ⋅ cos α
• With τ = fv and σ =ft,0 (for small slopes fv0 ~ fv,a ) and

keeping in mind that for softwood ft,0 / fv ~ 6
1 l
≈ 6 ⇒ α ≈ 10 ⇒ ≈ 6
0
sin α ⋅ cos α t

• However, for such a slope the peeling
stresses may still be too large. Therefore,
it is recommended to use the following
slope:
t α
L
α ≈ 5 −6 ⇒ 0
≈ 10
0

Finger joints
l
τ
γ σ p
τ
The joint should be stronger than the base
material. Therefore (disregarding the peel
stresses):
 l  σ 2⋅l
σ ⋅ p ≤  2 ⋅τ ⋅  ⋅ cos γ = 0 ⇒ ≤
 cos γ  τ p
The ratio of tensile strength to shear strength is approx. ft / fv≈6
2⋅l l
≥ 6 ⇒ ≥ 3,0
p p

l
p
3,9
3,2
4
5,2
After S. Aicher

Spannbandbrücke över „Main-Donau“ kanal vid Essing

Finger visible on the flat or on the
narrow side
f m , flatwise
Define: kf =
f m ,edgewise
Kf ~ 1 Kf ~ 1,1-1,3
The reason for fm,flat > fm,edge are related to

defects/deficiencies:
- Outer fingers less glued and cramped than inner finger

Dowel type Connections

Dowel type fasteners
- Bolt
After H. J. Blaß

- Dowel
After H. J. Blaß

-Threaded rod
After H. J. Blaß

Nails
Brad (dyckert), round nail, grooved wire nail (räfflad trådspik),

annular ring shanked nail (kamspik) or anchor nail (ankarspik)

Nails are often inserted
by means of a
pneumatic nailer
After H. J. Blaß

- Screw Self-tapping screws
Coach screws
After H. J. Blaß

-Special dowels
(d=5-7mm, can perforate

up to 3 plates, t=5mm)

Some applications of self-drilling dowels

Some preliminary observations
Plastic
deformation
Crashed timber
Nail pulled out
Relative After H. J.
displacement Blaß

Parameters influencing the load-carrying
behaviour
• The bending capacity of the dowel (mainly depends on “d”
and “fy”)
• Embedding capacity of the timber (primarily depends upon

“ρ”)
• The withdrawal capacity of the fastener (threaded

connectors or connectors with washer and screw head/nut
provide higher capacity than smooth fasteners)

Johansen’s yield theory
• Rigid-plastic behaviour of the fastener in bending

• Rigid-plastic behaviour of the timber in embedding

Behaviour of the fastener (Johansen)
After H. J. Blaß

Bending capacity
Dowel Elastic Plastic
fy fy For a half circle:
2⋅d
pg e=
3⋅π
d e pg π ⋅d2
M A=
8
fy fy
Two limit cases for the yield

moment 3
π ⋅d
1. M el = f y ⋅W = f y ⋅
32
 π ⋅d2 2⋅d  d3
2. M pl = f y ⋅ Z = f y ⋅ ( A ⋅ 2 ⋅ e) = f y ⋅  ⋅ 2⋅  = f y ⋅
 8 3⋅π  6

⌠sin2α= ⌠1/2[1-cos(2α)]=a/2 - sin(2α)/4

Plastic bending capacity
• A full yielding of the cross section requires:
- Large strains large bending angle (up to 450)
• However, in general, when the connection fails, the bending

angle is considerably less than 450. Therefore, Blaß proposes
the following formula:
M pl = 0,3 ⋅ f u ⋅ d 2, 6 (Nmm)

Plastic bending capacity
1,600
Plastic bending capacity (kNm)

1,400
1,200
1,000
theory
0,800
EC5
0,600
0,400
0,200
0,000
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Diameter (mm)
Assumption: fy=355 MPa fu= 510 MPa

Yield moment for smooth nails
(with fu,min= 600 MPa)
0,3 f u d 2, 6 Round
M pl =
0,45 f u d 2, 6
Square

Brittle failure is not allowed!
After H. J. Blaß
High strength steels (e.g. 8.8 or 10.9) have a more brittle

behaviour than mild steels (e.g. S235, S275 or S355)

Behaviour of the timber
“real” stress
distribution
“assumed”
stress
distribution
Embedding strength
The embedding strength is
Fu influenced by:
f hk =
d ⋅t d: diameter of the fastener
ρ: density of the wood
α: direction of the grain

Influence of the diameter of the
fastener

Vinkel mellan last och fiberriktning
f 0 ⋅ f 90
fα =
f0 f 0 sin 2 α + f 90 cos 2 α
f90
α
0° 90°
F
Behaviour of the Timber (Johansen)
// grain
⊥ grain

Possible failure modes
a b c d e f
1
1 shear plane
2
2 shear planes
g h i j

Let us take a closer look to some possible
failure modes:
we start with connections with one shear
plane

Failure modes a & b
Fy
Failure in timber, either

in the first or the second
piece
F = f h1 ⋅ t1 ⋅ d
Fy F = f h2 ⋅ t2 ⋅ d
t1 t2 Definition
fh1 (fh2) - Embedment strength

1
in timber 1 (timber 2)
2
d
β = fh2/fh1

Failure mode c
The dowel is stiff

and change the
t1 t2
angle in relation to
fh,1 fh,2 timber. Embedding
fh,1 fh,2
a1 a1 b1 b2 a2 a2
failure in one or
both pieces of
F timber

Failure
modes
d&e
Mf
One plastic hinge
occurs
t1 t2
fh,1
fh,1 fh,2
a1 a1 b1 b2
Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/ F

Failure mode
e
F
Mf Mf
Mf Mf
t1 t2 fh,1
fh,2
fh,1 b1 b2
fh,2
b1 b2 Two plastic hinges occur in

both timber pieces
F
What is behind EC5 formulas?

Fy
Johansen’s equations for one shear

plane
Fy
a) b) c) d) e) f)

Johansen’s equations for two shear
planes
g h j k

From brittle to plastic failure
t1 t2 t3
d
d d d I
R1 R2 R3
II
Mode III
Mode Mode
I II III
λ = t/d

Steel-to timber connections
Steel plates acts as a simple Steel plates provide a

support clamped support
 t ≤ d ⇒ thin plate

t > d ⇒ thick plate

- one shear plane
a b c d e
0,4 f h ,k t1 d (a)
 Thin plates
Fv , Rk = min  Fax , Rk
1,15 ⋅ 2 M y , Rk f h ,k d + (b)
 4

 f h ,´k t1 d (c)

  4 M y , Rk  Fax , Rk Thick plates
Fv , Rk = min  f h ,k t1 d  2 + − 1 + (d)
 
2
 f h ,k dt1 4

2,3 ⋅ M Fax , Rk
 f
y , Rk h , k d + (e)
4

- slotted-in plate
f g h

 f h ,´k t1 d (f)

  4M y , Rk  Fax , Rk Thin and thick
Fv , Rk = min  f h ,1,k t1 d  2 + − 1 + (g)
 
2
 f h ,1,k dt1 4 plates

2,3 ⋅ M Fax , Rk
 f
y , Rk h ,1, k d + (h)
4

- two shear plane
j/l k m
0,5 f h , 2,k t 2 d (j) Thick plates


1,15 ⋅ 2 M f d + (k) Thin plates

y , Rk h , 2 , k
4
0,5 f h , 2,k t 2 d (l)

Thick plates

2,3 ⋅ 2 M y , Rk f h , 2,k d + (m) Thin plates
 4

The mysterious factors (1,05
and 1,15)??

Factor 1,15

What is this term??

Rope effect
R
Ftens α
∆R
Fcomp
-R is the resistance calculated according to “classic Johansen´s theory”
-In the inclined part of the fastener, tensile forces Ftens develop due to the
angle of rotation α . This give rise to a component // the joint line (∆R)
-Moreover, the compression force Ftens also increases the strength of the
connection, due to the friction between the timber parts
(∆R )Tot = ∆R + µ ⋅ Fcomp

is the characteristic axial
withdrawal capacity of the
fastener divided by 4
It is the contribution from

the rope effect should be
limited to the following %
of the Johansen part:

My suggestion is to be very careful with the increase in
strength due to the “rope effect”, especially for nails. The
reason is that there are not many test results showing the
long term behaviour of such connections

Group effects in joints with dowel type
fasteners
• When several dowels in a row - along the
direction of the load - are present,
sometimes brittle failure may occur, even
though the distance prescribed by the
building code are adopted.

Group effects in joints with dowel type
fasteners
When there are several fasteners in a row, especially in
the case of rows parallel to the grain, the loads taken by
each fastener are generally different. The reason are:
-Variation in yield moment among the fasteners
-Variation in timber density or moisture content
-etc

Connection with only one dowel
The failure occurs when the

P
embedding strength of the
timber is reached. If there is
only one dowel in line, the final
failure occurs after rather large
plastic deformations
δ splitting

But, what happens if we have several
connectors in a row, in the load direction?

Several connectors in a row (// grain):
effect of the spacing
“Wedge effect”

Connection with more than one dowel in line
If there are more than one

P dowel in line, the failure
occurs by splitting of the
2R1k timber or by shear plug.
Fk
R1k
Fk < 2 R1k
δ

Influence of several fasteners in a row
Nominell bärförmåga, förband
25
20
15 Spikavstånd 14d
Spikavstånd 7d
10 Spikavstånd 4d
5
Nail
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Antal spik i rad (förborrning) 25
Nominell bärförmåga, förband

20
15 14d
7d
10 4d
Dowels 5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Antal dymlingar i rad

…Sometimes failure due to Plug-
shear

…Sometimes failure due to Splitting

How can we reduce the group
effect?
• Use larger distances between connector and

larger end distance
• Use more slender connectors
• Reinforce the connection

Reinforcement of the connection
(H.J. Blaß)
Reinforced: failure due to

embedding. No group
effect
Non-reinforced: failure due

to splitting. Group effect

The following failure modes are not contempled in the Johansen´s
theory!! In particular:
Failure type a) and b): is avoided by using adequate distances
Failure type c) and d) need to be checked separately

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Förband

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

∆h = βt·∆ω·h= 0,002 x 5 x 1000 = 10 mm

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lösning: Använd ovala (i vertikalled!) hål

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

• Traditional or carpentry joints

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

kraft vinkelrätt fiberriktningen

diagonal byts ut, nytt förband

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Nail 3 nails in a line

Wooden screw, dowel

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

The stiffness of the joint depends upon

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

• Type I: outdoors exposure, T>50 oC

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

- Adhesive type: I, according to EN 301;

- Curing: room temperature or at elevated

- Properties: dark, thickness up to 2 mm

- Use: glulam, finger joints, overlap joints, nail

- Adhesive type: I, according to EN 301;

- Curing: room temperature or at elevated

- Properties: light, thickness about 0,1mm

- Use: glulam, finger joints,

Lund University / Roberto Crocetti/

- Adhesive type: II, according to EN 301;

- Curing: room temperature

- Properties: Ductile behaviour, lower shear

- Use: finger joints, glued-in rods, etc

- Adhesive type: I, according to EN 301;

- Curing: room temperature

- Properties: Ductile or brittle behaviour,