Kimia Laut Minggu 12

Program Studi Sains Lingkungan Kelautan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera
The Biogeochemical Cycle

Kimia Laut
Budhi Agung Prasetyo, S.Pi., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL2101 – Kimia Laut 1
CPMK
• Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan proses siklus biogeokimia dalam Laut
• Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan efek dari siklus biogeokimia terhadap
kehidupan di laut dan manusia.
Organic Ocean Chemistry
• The biogeochemical cycle is the continuous flow of elements and
compounds between organisms and the earth
• The ocean plays a role in the biogeochemical cycle for elements
including carbon and nitrogen
• As part of the carbon cycle, carbon dissolves into the surface ocean from
the atmosphere and is used for photosynthesis
Essential nutrients for soft tissue building
Essential nutrients for soft tissue building
Micronutrients used in very
Carbon bicarbonate (HCO3-) from carbon dioxide (CO2) small quantities:
1. Magnesium
2. Iron
Nitrogen nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), ammonia (NH4+)
3. Vanadium
4. Molybdenum
Phosphorous phosphate (PO43-) 5. Selenium
Optional skeleton building materials Micronutrients that found

in small quantities but of
Calcium Ca2+ no known value:
1. Cadmium
2. Barrium
Silicon SiOH4 (Orthosilicic acid), SiO2
Phosphorous phosphate (PO43-)
The biogeochemical cycle
The biogeochemical cycle

Atmosphere
involves the movement of
Biosphere
elements and compounds
among the land (lithosphere),
organisms, air (atmosphere)
and the oceans (hydrosphere).
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
Human activities can
affect these cycles!
How do elements move through the biogeochemical
cycle?
Elements travel
among air, land and sea
through
physical processes
Organisms use
elements as
nutrients
and put
nutrients back
into the
environment
What elements are important to marine life?
• Carbon (C)
• Nitrogen (N)
• Phosphorus (P)
• Silicon (Si)
• Iron (Fe)
• Trace metals A trace element exists at
LESS THAN 100ppm
Carbon cycling in the ocean: The “biological pump”
We’ll examine the processes that transfer carbon from the
ocean surface to the deep ocean and throughout the food
chain.
Phytoplankton
use CO2 Some
CO2 for CO2 is given back off
photosynthesis through respiration
Carbon moves up the

CO
food chain
2 as primary
consumers like
Respiration
zooplankton eat
phytoplankton
Carbon
Decomposition
moves
further up to
secondary and
As phytoplankton
tertiary
die and decompose,
consumers
carbon settles to the
deep ocean
Matter cycling in ecosystems
• Nutrient Cycles: Global Recycling
• Global Cycles called biogeochemical cycles, are cycling of nutrients from the
abiotic reservoirs to biotic reservoirs.
• Nutrients are the elements and compounds that organisms need to live, grow,
and reproduce.
• Biogeochemical cycles move all nutrients through air, water, soil, rock and
living organisms over millions of years.
• Abiotic – nonliving cycles like rock cycle, water cycle and other chemical cycles.
• Biotic – living organism involved cycles like carbon and nitrogen cycle.
• All cycles enable a specific chemical element or nutrient to be taken and reused
through various forms.
What a sustain life on earth?
Water cycle
“Air mengalir sampai jauh untuk kembali”
Water cycle
Rain clouds
Condensation
Transpiration Evaporation
Precipitation Transpiration
to land from plants
Precipitation Precipitation
Evaporation
Surface runoff from land Evaporation
Runoff from ocean Precipitation
(rapid)
to ocean
Infiltration and Surface

Percolation runoff
(rapid)
Groundwater movement (slow)
Ocean storage
Water’s unique properties
• There are strong forces of attraction between molecules of water.
• Water exists as a liquid over a wide temperature range.
• Liquid water changes temperature slowly.
• It takes a large amount of energy for water to evaporate.
• Liquid water can dissolve a variety of compounds including rock.
• Water expands when it freezes.
Effects of Human Activities on Water Cycle
• We alter the water cycle by:

• Withdrawing large amounts of freshwater from the ground
causing salt water to contaminate reservoir.
• Withdrawing large amounts from rivers and streams
changes flow of nutrients
• Clearing vegetation causes eroding soils that clogs streams.
• Polluting surface and underground water.
• All of this contributes to climate change.
Carbon cycle
“We love to exchange with all of you”
CO2 in the ocean
• What is the average pH in the ocean?
• How can increases in CO2 affect:
• Ocean pH?
• Calcium carbonate?
• What substance do marine organisms use to make exoskeletons?
Carbon cycle
• One of the most complex cycles on Earth.
• The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is
exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere,
hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Carbon is the main
component of biological compounds as well as a major component of
many minerals such as limestone. Along with the nitrogen cycle and the
water cycle, the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are
key to make Earth capable of sustaining life.
Carbon cycle
Carbon cycle
• Carbon just like all other nutrients cycles from one reservoir to another
through many years.
• Eg: Carbon enters plants as CO2 which is incorporated into organic
molecules by a process called photosynthesis
• When organisms respire, a portion of this carbon is returned to
the atmosphere as CO2.
Carbon Reservoir pools: Where Carbon is stored?
• Organic molecules – in living and dead organisms.

• Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in atmosphere.
• Organic matter in soil.
• Fossil fuels and sedimentary rock like limestone.
• CO2 in ocean/water bodies.
• Calcium carbonate in the shells of marine organisms.
Effects of Human Activities on Carbon Cycle
• We alter the carbon cycle by adding
excess CO2 to the atmosphere
through:
• Burning fossil fuels.
• Clearing vegetation faster than it is
replaced.
• Just Breathing
A pteropod shell is shown dissolving over time in seawater with a lower pH. When carbon
dioxide is absorbed by the ocean from the atmosphere, the chemistry of the seawater is
changed. (NOAA)
Ocean acidification
• The ocean absorbs about 30% of the carbon dioxide (CO2) that is
released in the atmosphere. As levels of atmospheric CO2 increase from
human activity such as burning fossil fuels (e.g., car emissions) and
changing land use (e.g., deforestation), the amount of carbon dioxide
absorbed by the ocean also increases.
• Carbon dioxide, which is naturally in the atmosphere, dissolves into
seawater. Water and carbon dioxide combine to form carbonic acid
(H2CO3), a weak acid that breaks (or “dissociates”) into hydrogen ions
(H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).
• Because of human-driven increased levels of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere, there is more CO2 dissolving into the ocean.
• If the ocean continues to absorb more CO2, the pH decreases and the
ocean becomes more acidic.
Nitrogen cycle
“Do you need me? Of course dear!”
The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen is the second

largest nutrient cycle on
the planet, second only to
carbon.
The nitrogen cycle in ocean waters.
Details of the biogeochemical processes that involve nitrogen
compounds shown:
1. Anammox. The Anammox process has recently been added to the cycling of nitrogen in surface
ocean waters with low concentrations of O2. This process was first discovered in sanitation plants.
It is the reaction of nitrite and ammonia to form nitrogen:
2. Nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonium (N2 → NH4).
Bacteria on land plants and blue-green algae, molds, and yeast can fix nitrogen.
3. Nitrification. Nitrification is the oxidation of NH3 to NO3–. This process yields NO2– as an
intermediate and is carried out by bacteria in the water column and in the sediments. Bacteria are
also capable of reducing NO3– to NO2–. This reduction was thought to occur in waters with high
organic levels, but it is now thought to occur in low-oxygen waters.
Details of the biogeochemical processes that involve nitrogen
compounds shown:
4. Denitrification. Most denitrification (NO3 – → NO2 – → N2O or N2) occurs by bacterial growth in
anoxic waters.
5. Nitrate Reduction. Nitrate reduction (NO3 – → NH4 +) occurs in low-oxygen areas of the ocean by
bacteria. The reduction stops at NH4 +.
Effects of Human Activities on the Nitrogen Cycle
• We alter the nitrogen cycle by:

• Adding gases to atmosphere that contribute to acid rain.
• Adding nitrous oxide to the atmosphere through farming practices
which can warm the atmosphere and deplete ozone.
• Contaminating ground water from nitrate ions in inorganic
fertilizers.
• Releasing nitrogen into the troposphere through deforestation.
Effects of Human Activities on the Nitrogen Cycle
Human activities such as

production and use of fertilizers
now “fix” (put into environment)
more nitrogen than all natural
sources combined.
Phosphorus cycle
“Phosphorous Cycle has been greatly affected by human activity in the last 100 years”
Phosphorus in Seawater
• Phosphorus is one of the most common substances on Earth. An
essential nutrient for every living organism—humans require
approximately 700 milligrams per day—we are rarely concerned about
consuming enough of it because it is present in most of the foods we eat.
• Phosphorus occurs in seawater in dissolved and particulate forms.
• In surface waters, dissolved and particulate organic phosphates occur
due to the decomposition of plants.
• These dissolved organic phosphorus compounds make up a significant
but variable portion of dissolved P in surface waters.
Effects of Human Activities on the Phosphorous Cycle
• We remove large amounts of phosphate from the

earth to make fertilizer.
• We reduce phosphorous in tropical soils by
clearing forests.
• We add excess phosphates to aquatic systems
from runoff of animal wastes and fertilizers.
Sulfur Cycle
Sulfur Water Acidic fog and
Sulfuric acid precipitation
trioxide
Ammonia Ammonium
Oxygen sulfate
Sulfur dioxide Hydrogen sulfide
Plants
Dimethyl Volcano
sulfide Industries
Animals
Ocean
Sulfate salts
Metallic Decaying matter Sulfur

sulfide
deposits
Hydrogen sulfide
Effects of Human Activities on the Sulfur Cycle
• We add sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere by:

• Burning coal and oil
• Refining sulfur containing petroleum.
• Convert sulfur-containing metallic ores into free
metals such as copper, lead, and zinc releasing sulfur
dioxide into the environment.
Student Activity
• Mahasiswa membentuk 5 kelompok.
• Mahasiswa diminta untuk membuat presentasi terkait fenomena pencemaran
polutan dan dinamika polutan di laut.
• Mahasiswa diminta untuk mencari studi kasus terkait investigasi
pencemaran yang terjadi di laut, dengan membuat review dari beberapa
paper ilmiah (hasil penelitian) (minimal 5 paper) yang ada di laut Indonesia.
• Buatlah review dengan kelompok berdasarkan topik berikut ini:
• Peningkatan produktivitas primer perairan yang ada disekitar pesisir yang memiliki
banyak kegiatan manusia ([1]Budidaya tambak,KJA; [2] Industri; [3] Hiburan, pantai
dengan pengunjung)
• [4] Pencemaran minyak akibat aktifitas pengeboran minyak lepas pantai
• [5] Dampak run-off dari daratan terhadap pencemaran di daerah pesisir.
• Mahasiswa akan diminta untuk mempresentasikan hasil review studi kasus
pada pertemuan 14 dan 15 (Tanggal 7 Desember 2021 dan 14 Desember 2021)
Thank You
See you next time!
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Kimia Laut Minggu 12

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Kimia Laut Minggu 12

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Program Studi Sains Lingkungan Kelautan

Institut Teknologi Sumatera

The Biogeochemical Cycle

Optional skeleton building materials Micronutrients that found

Phosphorous phosphate (PO43-)

The biogeochemical cycle

Carbon moves up the

Infiltration and Surface

• We alter the water cycle by:

• Organic molecules – in living and dead organisms.

Nitrogen is the second

• We alter the nitrogen cycle by:

Human activities such as

• We remove large amounts of phosphate from the

Metallic Decaying matter Sulfur

• We add sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere by:

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