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No OUTLINE TOPICS
1 Book (English For Undergraduate)
(How to Study Page No. 76-77)
(Tripod Page No. 96-97)
2 GRAMMAR
Parts Of Speech.
1. Preposition & Types.
2. Noun Preposition,
3. Verb Preposition,
4. Adjective Preposition,
5. Adverb Preposition,
Verb & Types.
1. Hepling (Axillary) & Modal Verbs
2. Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
3 Active & Passive Voice
4 TENSES
Present, Past, Future
5 Simple Preposition , Double Preposition,
Compound Preposition, Phrase Preposition

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Table of Contents

Units 2................................................................................... 5
How to Study .................................................................................................... 6
Tripods .............................................................................................................. 7
Grammar / Parts Of Speech ...................................................... 10
Types of Preposition ........................................................................................ 11
Modal Verbs .................................................................................................... 14
Auxiliary (Helping) Verbs ................................................................................ 15
Transitive & Intransitive Verbs ......................................................................... 16
Tenses ............................................................................................................ 17
Active & Passive Voice ................................................................................... 19
Simple Preposition ........................................................................................... 20
Double Preposition .......................................................................................... 21
Compound Preposition .................................................................................... 23
Phrase / Adverb Preposition ............................................................................ 25

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Notebook
If u Work Hard - Innsha_Allah- u will be Success.

Assalam o Alaikum, my Dear Students,

I hope You are All getting Good

knowledge, good Improvement in your

own work hard, but I give you this

notebook, which will help you in

Exams`s, so Please, if I make any

mistake, please help me, then I will

Improve them, and also get more

knowledge from all of you,

Thanks.
Obediently:
MemonMemon

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BOOK REFF: ENGLISH FOR UNDERGRADUATE

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Exercise (B) Page No. 97

1 Hundred 2 Dominating 3 Adult 4 Attended
5 Celebrated 6 Misgiving 7 8 Querried
9 Capping 10 Wander 11 Pitied 12 Disliked
13 Looked 14 Defying 15 Really 16 Travel
17 Enemies 18 Think 19 Servived 20 Sad
21 Cousin 22 French 23 Won 24 Arrived
Exercise (C) Page No. 97

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PREPOSITION & TYPES

PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or
phrases to other words within a sentence. They act to connect
the people, objects, time and locations of a
sentence. Prepositions are usually short words, and they are
normally placed directly in front of nouns.
EXAMPLES:
above, across, against, along, among, around, at, before,
behind, below, beneath, beside, between, by, down, from, in,
into, near, of, off, on, to, toward, under, upon, with and within.

NOUN PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word that expresses relations. Paired with a noun, a
preposition

EXAMPLES:
above, across, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind,
below, beneath, beside, between, by, down, from, in, into, near, of,
off, on, to, toward, under, upon, with and within.

EXAMPLES:
 I paid the bill by check
 Let's go for a walk.
 He took a photograph of the mountains.
 We were invited to their wedding.

PRACTICE EXERICES FOR STUDENTS

Noun with preposition (use suitable preposition)

1. I really need a BREAK ___ drinking alcohol! ...

2. Her skin has a really bad REACTION __ the sun. ...
3. There has been a huge RISE ___ food prices recently. ...
4. I think I have an ADDICTION ___ chocolate. ...

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5. I have huge RESPECT ___ my teachers at school, now I know how

hard it can be!

VERB PREPOSITION
A preposition verb is a combination of a verb and a preposition. It is
simply a verb followed by a preposition.

Verb + to Verb + for Verb + From Verb + on

Adapt to Apply for Prohibit from Agree on
Add to Ask for Protect from Base on
Agree to Care for Recover from Comment on
Apologize to Excuse for Rescue from Congratulate on
Belong to Pray for Resign from Work on

Verb + about Verb + at Verb + with Verb + in

Ask about Arrive at Acquaint with Participate in
Care about Look at Agree with Result in
Decide about Point at Associate with Specialize in
Forget about Smile at Compare with Succeed in
Protest about Stare at Confuse with Trust in

EXAMPLES:

 He sat on the chair.

 There is some milk in the fridge.
 She was hiding under the table.
 The cat jumped off the counter.
 He drove over the bridge.
 She lost her ring at the beach.
 The book belongs to Anthony.
 They were sitting by the tree.

ADJECTIVE PREPOSITION
We often follow adjectives by prepositions
about, at, by, for, from, in, of, to, with

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Some adjectives go with certain prepositions.There are

no grammatical rules for which preposition is used with
which adjectives.
EXAMPLES:

He's really good at English.

I'm angry about the decision.
You should be proud of your progress.
Exercise is good for you.
They were really friendly to me.
She's interested in the Arts.

Adjective + to Adjective + for Adjective + From

married to eligible for absent from
opposed to famous for different from
related to grateful for free from
similar to prepared for made from
superior to ready for protected from
responsible for safe from
respected for
sorry for
thankful for

Adjcective + Adjective + at Adjective + with Adjective + in

about
angry about angry at angry with disappointed in
excited about annoyed at associated with experienced in
happy about brilliant at bored with interested in
nervous about disappointed at blessed with involved in
serious about excellent at disappointed with slow in
upset about excited at familiar with successful in
good at pleased with talented in
present at popular with
successful at satisfied with

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PREPOSITION ADVERBS
A prepositional adverb is a word – mainly a particle – which is very similar in
its form to a preposition but functions as an adverb
Sometimes, an adverb is also a preposition or a preposition is also an adverb.
Words that can function as prepositional adverbs include
Adverb
I could not come before
Let s move on
I came the day before
yesterday

MODAL VERBS
A modal verbs is a type of verb that is used to indicate, Ability,
permisiion, request, suggestions , orders and advice , modal verbs
always base from another verb having semantics (correct meaning).
Can Could Be Able to May Might Should
Allowed to Must Have to Need to Shall/Will Would
 I can't speak English.
 Aslam may arrive late.
 Would you like a cup of coffee?
 You should see a doctor.
 I really must go now.

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Helping Verbs
An auxiallary Verbs is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning in a
sentences.
Is Am Are Do Does Did Shall Will

Was Were Have Has Had Shall Will be Shall

be have
Will Have Has Had Shall Will Being
have been been been have have
been been

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Transitive & Intransitive Verbs

Transitive verbs are used with direct object.
Subject + Transitive verbs + object
He wrote a letter.

Intransitive verbs are used without direct object.

Subject + intransitive verb + no object
Ali is sleeping.

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PRESENT TENSE
1. Simple Present Tense
Formula:
(+) S + V1 + O I eat an Apple.
(-) S + do/does + not + V1 + O I do not eat an Apple.
(?) Do/does + S + V1 + O Do I eat an Apple.?
2. Present Continuous Tense
Formula:
(+) S + is,am,are + V1 + ing + O I am eating an Apple.
(-) S + is,am,are + not + V1 + ing + O I am not eating an Apple.
(?) is,am,are + S + V1 + ing + O Am I eating an Apple.?
3. Present Perfect Tense
Formula
(+) S + Have/Has + V3 + O I have eaten an Apple.
(-) S + Have/Has + not + V3 + O I have not eaten an Apple.
(?)Have/has + S + V3 + O Have I eaten an Apple?
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Formula:
(+) S + have/has + been + V1+ing +O I have been eating an Apple.
(-) S + have/has + not + been + V1+ing +O I have not been eating an Apple.
(?) Have/has + S + been + V1+ing +O Have I been eating an Apple.?

PAST TENSE
5.Simple Past Tense
Formula:
(+)S + V2 + O He wrote a letter.
(-)S + did not + V1 + O He did not wrote a letter.
(?) Did + S + V1 + O Did he wrote a letter?
6. Past Continuous Tense
Formula:
(+) S + was/were + V1+ing + O He was writing a letter.
(-) S + was/were + not + V1+ing + O He was not writing a letter.
(?) Was/were + S + V1+ing + O Was he writing a letter?
7. Past Perfect Tense
Formula:
(+) S + had + V3 + O He had written a letter.
(-) S + had + not + V3 + O He had not written a letter.
(?) Had + S + V3 + O Had he written a letter.?

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8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Formula:
(+) S + had + been + V1+ing + O He had been writing a letter.
(-) S + had + not + been + V1+ing + O He had not been writing a letter.
(?) Had + S + been + V1+ing + O Had he been writing a letter.?

FUTURE TENSE
9. Simple Future Tense
Formula:
(+) S + will/shall + V1 + O I Shall drive a car.
(-) S + will/shall + not + V1 + O I Shall not drive a car.
(?) Will/shall + S + V1 + O Shall I drive a car?
10. Future Continuous Tense
Formula:
(+) S + will/shall + be + V1+ing + O I Shall be driving a car.
(-) S + will/shall + not + be + V1+ing + O I Shall not be driving a car.
(?) Will/shall + S + be + V1+ing + O Shall I be driving a car.?

11. Future Perfect Tense

Formula:
(+)S + shall/will + have + V3 + O I Shall have driven a car.
(-) S + shall/will + not + have + V3 + O I Shall not have driven a car.
(?) Shall/will + S + have + V3 + O Shall I have driven a car.?
12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Formula:
(+) S + shall/will + have + been + V1+ing + O I Shall have been driving a car.
(-) S + shall/will + not + have + been + V1+ing + O I Shall not have been driving a car.
(?) Shall/will + S + have + been + V1+ing + O Shall I have been driving a car.?

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ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE

1. Simple Present Tense
Passive:O + is,am,are+V3 + By + S
He lights the candle. / The candle is lighted by him.
2. Present Continuous Tense
Passive: O + is,am,are+being+V3 + By + S
I am driving a car. / A car is being driven by me.
3. Present Perfect Tense
Passive:O + has,have+been+V3+ By + S
She has stolen my book. / My book has been stolen by her.
4. Simple Past Tense
Passive: O + was,were+V3+ By + S
She finished work. / Work was finished by her.
5. Past Continuous Tense
Passive: O + was,were+being+V3 + By + S
He was revising his books. / His books were being revised by him.
6. Past Perfect Tense
Passive:O + had+been+V3 + By + S
I had completed the assignment. / The assignment had been
completed by me.
7. Simple Future Tense
Passive: O + will,shall+be+V3 + By + S
My uncle will pay my tuition fee. / My tuition fee will be paid by my
uncle.
8. Future Perfect Tense
Passive: O + will, shall+ have been+V3 + By + S
We shall have done our home-work. / Our home -work shall have been done by
us.

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Simple Preposition:
Simple prepositions are the short words used to determine a
relation between nouns, pronouns or even to join parts of a clause or
sentence. Some examples of simple preposition are,
in, on, over, at, under, by etc.

We will form simple sentences using these prepositions to better

understand their use.
Examples:
 He was sleeping on the floor.
 She over stayed in the hotel.
 The Golden temple is at Amritsar.
 He took rest under a tree.
 His house is just by the next street.

Examples/List/Words
At, with, off, upon, till, up, over, as, into, for, from, down, out, of, to,
under, by, on, in, but, than, etc.

Exercises/Worksheets/Activities with Answers:

Complete the following sentences by using appropriate simple
prepositions.
Exercise No. 01:
1. The Sun rises ___ the East.
2. Keep looking _____ you find him.
3. The teacher sat _______ on the chair.
4. The train quickly sped away ______ the station.
5. There is always darkness _______ the lamp.
6. The situation quickly went _______ of control.
7. The responsibility of student’s conduct lays ______ the teacher.
8. The parents were ______ happy as the children.
9. I am coming from a long way, just _____ meet you.
10. The best seats were reserved ______ the chief guest.
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11. He was staying ______ the hotel.

12. Put the vegetables ________ the fridge.
13. There is an old temple ______ the mountain. Over
14. I am staying _________ my parents.
15. He stayed _____ all night. Up
16. Raju has become wiser ______ before. Than
17. He was curious, _____ was afraid too. But
18. He stayed a small distance ____ his school. By
19. Violence is an act _____ the weak.
20. The Sea liner went _____ to east.

Answers-
1)in, 2)till, 3)down, 4)from, 5)under, 6)out, 7)upon, 8)as, 9)to, 10)for,
11)at, 12)into, 13)over, 14)with, 15)up, 16)than, 17)but, 18)by, 19)of,
20)off
DOUBLE PREPOSITION:
Double prepositions are a combination of two prepositions.
Speaking about concept, a double preposition is similar to a compound
preposition with one basic difference a double preposition is a
combination of two simple prepositions made into one word. Some
examples of double prepositions are ,
into, onto, throughout, upon, without, inside, out of, from within etc

like this (Into = in+to, Upon = up+on, without = with+out)

Consider the following sentences -
1. He was too deeply engrossed into the activity.
2. The prestige of a nation lay upon its citizens.
3. He climbed onto the chair.
4. She was laughing throughout the movie.
5. He would not be able to make it without you.
6. The book is inside my bag.
7. We ran out of fuel.

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Worksheet/Exercises/Activities with MCQs and Answers:

Find out the appropriate double preposition for the sentences from the
choices given below them.
EXERCISE:
1. It rained ________ the day.
Into upon throughout from above
2. Having a pet is ________ having a child.
as about like as against off on
3. The tiger strategically attacks _________.
from above from behind at around as against
4. There will be no life ________ water.
For within outside of without
5. The principal was standing _________ the chief guest.
Against after next to for
6. Weather inside is as pleasant _________.
as outside of outside into off of
7. There was silence after the commotion __________ a storm.
as before as after as against as within
8. Everyone was gathered ________ the auditorium.
at around inside an inside into
9. He readily agreed even __________ its consequences.
at about at around before considering
within
10. __________ the weather report, it will rain for three to four
days.
Into according to because of out of

Answers
1)c, 2)a, 3)b, 4)d, 5)c, 6)a, 7)b, 8)a, 9)c, 10)b,

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COMPOUND PREPOSITION
Unlike Simple prepositions which are simple and short word, a
Compound Preposition is a combination of words.
According to, aside from, because of, instead of

 According to his teacher he is a good student.

 The room was clean aside from few strewn pieces of paper.
 He worked because of the money that he gets.
 You should have gone west instead of going east.

List/Examples/Words
Because of, according to, instead of, apart from, despite of, in
addition to, due to, result of, causes of, effect of, effect on, in spite of,
aside from, in front of, on condition of, consequence of, on top of, in
respect to, with regard to, in accordance with, in agreement with, for
lack of, for want of, in case of

Exercises/Activities/Worksheet with MCQs and Answers:

From the options given, choose the compound preposition that
best fits into the sentence.
EERCISE:
1. Everything falls to the ground _______ earth’s gravitational pull.
For because of cause of
2. The trial was done ___________ the procedure of law.
in accordance with due to despite of
3. India Gate is located right ________ the President’s house.
in back of beside in front of
4. As a ________ of his hard work, he achieved the target.
instead of result of apart from
5. ________ following the rules, he chose to break them.
instead of despite of due to
6. Failure is often__________ negligence.
an effect of consequence of reason of
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7. Much had been sacrificed __________ achieving independence.

for want of due to causes of
8. He is doing well _________ the adversities.
aside from despite of instead of
9. The companies are _________ each other.
Agreement in accordance to in agreement with
10. The National Flag should be furled ________ every building.
Top above on top of
11. The students were given toys _________ the sweets on
Children’s day.
according to aside from in addition to
12. ________ the fundamental rights, every citizen are entitled
to equality of opportunity.
instead of in respect to on top of

Answers
1)b, 2)a, 3)c, 4)b, 5)a, 6)b, 7)a, 8)b, 9)c, 10)c, 11)c, 12)b,
EXERCISE:
1. The animals ___________ are must to preserve their species.
on the zoo in the zoo along with zoo
2. The vehicle _________ will reach early.
Obviously which moves fast on the road
3. He wrote all his poems with a _________.
Pen pencil black fountain pen.
4. Please take the books lying _____________.
on the table in the table on table.
5. Please do the dishes _________.
in the sink over the sink under
6. The car ____________ is mine.
on the road park honking
7. The man __________ is my best friend.
on the curtain behind the curtain on the car
8. It was a tiger __________.

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Big ferocious with a white skin

9. His was an _____.
act of courage long performance different act
10. My uncle was __________.
Rich a man of wisdom poor
Answers
1)b, 2)b, 3)c, 4)a, 5)a, 6)a, 7)b, 8)c, 9)a, 10)b
PHRASE PREPOSITION / AVERB PREPOSITION:
You must be wondering as to why we have revised the
terminology that we have already studied in the preceding chapters.
That is because; a phrase preposition or a prepositional phrase (don’t
confuse, both are same) is formed from the different combinations of
the above mentioned parts of speeches
The adverb Prepositional Phrase in the above example is therefore- ‘
EXERCISE:
1. He landed on hill top with the help of ________.
an expert climber a rope a torch
2. I don’t go to school _________.
Everyday often during the rains
3. I came here _______.
so long to meet you fast
4. He started working __________.
in the bank. early enough too much
5. I was lost ___________.
Forever unnecessarily in the middle of nowhere
6. The coin was lying there __________.
Motionless as no one noticed for ever
7. ___________ lay many secrets.
in the shadow of darkness inside outside
Answers
1)a, 2)c, 3)b, 4)a, 5)c, 6)b, 7)a, 8)b, 9)a, 10)c

Good- Luck
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