Power Electronics CEP

Power Electronics (EL-313)

Complex Engineering Problem (CEP)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Problem Statement:

Design a circuit to convert a 3 phase delta supply having RMS Phase/ Line
voltage=400V to a constant 25V DC voltage with a load current of 5A.

Batch: 2020-2024
Section: D
Course Code: EL-313
Submitted to Miss Feeha Areej

Group members:
Jazeba Naveed (EE-20160)
Rida Fatima (EE-20162)
Laiba Inam Khan (EE-20164)
Aneeqa Nasir Ishaqui (EE-20167)
Maryam Intekhab (EE-20170)

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LIST OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3
IMPORTANCE--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS----------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
COMPONENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
ANALYSIS OF CIRCUIT----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
BLOCK DIAGRAM ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
WORKING ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
OBSERVATION & CALCULATION --------------------------------------------------------------- 8
SIMULATION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
CONCLUSION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
REFERENCES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
RUBRICS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Circuit Diagram ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- 4

Figure 2. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5-6

2.1 Transformer-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

2.2 Rectifier------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

2.3 Buck Converter---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

2.4 Switches------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

Figure 3. Block Diagram -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

Figure 4. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9-11

4.1 Circuit---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

4.2 Waveforms ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10-11

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Power Electronics CEP

SUMMARY:

3-phase rectification is the process of converting a balanced three-phase power supply into a fixed DC
supply using solid-state diodes or thyristors.
Firstly, transformer is connected using the delta to wye method. When we talk about 3-phase
transformers, we're talking about three alternating voltages and currents with a phase difference of 120
degrees. When compared to single phase rectifiers, three phase rectifiers provide a higher average
output voltage.
Thyristors are primarily used to control high currents and voltages, and are frequently used to control
alternating currents, where a change in polarity of the current causes the device to shut down
automatically. The generated DC power in controlled rectification is both controllable and variable. To
get a constant regulated DC voltage at the output of a rectifier circuit we use a DC-DC converter.
DC-DC converters are used to efficiently produce a regulated voltage from a source that may or may
not be well controlled to a load that may or may not be constant. DC-DC converters are high frequency
power conversion circuits that use high frequency switching and inductors, transformers, and
capacitors to smooth out switching noise into regulated DC voltages. Closed feedback loops are used
to maintain constant voltage at output even with changing input voltages and currents.

INTRODUCTION:

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IMPORTANCE:
This circuit is important in industrial areas where our requirement is to provide electrical power with a
constant DC output.

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS:

1.DIRECT CURRENT:
Direct current is a uni-directional current. DC means that the polarity of the voltage is not varying
between positive and negative but it remains in a constant state either +ve or –ve.

2. RECTIFICATION:
Rectification is the process of converting an AC input into a DC output using uncontrolled (diodes) or
controlled (thyristors) components.

3. THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER:

3φ transformer provides three alternating voltages and currents differing in phase by 120 degrees. It
provides a higher average output voltage and delivers more power than a single phase transformer.

4. THREE PHASE RECTIFICATION:

3φ rectification is the process of converting a 3-phase AC supply into a pulsating DC voltage.

5. FILTERING:
Capacitor is used as a filtering element. It reduces the ripples in the output and increases DC voltage.

6. BUCK CONVERTER:
A buck converter also known as step-down converter, is a DC-DC converter which step-down the
voltage and step-up the current and provides a constant DC voltage.

COMPONENTS:
The following components were used to make up the complete circuit.

● 220-12V Transformers - 3pcs

● Thyristors
● Diodes
● Capacitors
● Resistors
● Inductors
● Switch

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 1.

ANALYSIS OF CIRCUIT:
The preceding components were selected to create the necessary subcircuits that form our circuit,
namely:

● Buck Converter
● 3-Phase Half Controlled Rectifier

1. TRANSFORMER:
We’ve used three 220-12V center-tapped transformers on Y-connection. The RMS voltage supply is
approximately 400V input from a connected three-phase delta source connected to the primary
terminals of delta connected to a center-tapped transformer 12-12V configuration for step down
voltage. The output transformer connectors are in Y configuration and bring about 22 volts to each
output terminal. The configuration is then connected to the rectifier.

Figure 2.1

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Power Electronics CEP

2. RECTIFIER:

For rectification, we have used a 3-phase full-wave fully-controlled bridge rectifier to acquire the output
DC of the supplied AC voltages. The output voltage range ranges from 38 to 52 volts. The selected
rectifier provides stable 52 volts with a firing angle of 0° degrees.

Figure 2.2

3.BUCK CONVERTER:
The input supply voltage comes from the output of the rectifier circuit which is 52 volts, 5Ω load
resistance and the required current power is 5A at 50 kHz ± 1% frequency. At 48.5% duty cycle, the
required inductance is 32.5μH and capacitance is 160μF, and the voltage output of the buck converter
is 25 volts.

Figure 2.3

3. DIODES:
A diode is a semiconductor device that acts as a one-way transfer for current. It lets in current move
without any problems in a single route but significantly restricts the current from flowing in the
opposite direction. Diodes are also called rectifiers due to the fact they change alternating current into
pulsating direct current. Diodes are rated consistent with their type, voltage, and current capability.
Diodes are polarized determined by using an anode (positive) and cathode (negative). Most diodes
permit the current to drift when the positive voltage is applied to the anode. When a diode permits the
current to go with the flow, it's forward biased, but when a diode is reverse-biased, it acts as an
insulator and does not permit the current flow.

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Power Electronics CEP

Figure 2.4
5. SWITCHES:
An electrical switch serves the reason of controlling the flow of current within a circuit. It could be
used to stop the flow of the current or to initiate it.
A switch performs the mission of manually cutting or reconnecting current from an electrical supply
through creating or ultimate an air insulation gap among conduction factors. They’re called binary
devices, which means it has two conditions i.e. open (1) and closed (0).

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fully
3 phase Controlled Buck
supply Bridge Converter
Rectifier

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT:

The step-by-step working of the circuit is demonstrated below:
1. We have taken three 220-12V center-tapped transformers.
2. The primary of the transformer connected in delta configuration is given the RMS phase/line voltage of
approximately 400V.
3. Whereas the secondary output is in wye configuration which receives a stepdown voltage of about 22V
at each terminal.
4. Next, the 3-phase AC source is connected to controlled three phase bridge rectifier and gives a pulsating
DC output of about 52V and a current of about 51.48 A.
5. A capacitor acting as a filter is connected in parallel with the rectifier circuit to decrease the ripples in the
DC output.
6. Then a Buck converter is connected to the rectified circuit to further step it down and obtain a constant
DC output of 25V and a current of 5A.

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

400 Vrms is stepped down into 22 Vrms by stepped-down transformer.

22 Vrms = 22 * V peak is given to ac voltage source.

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Power Electronics CEP

3 phase fully controlled is used to give mean dc value 51.48 V peak (dc value > 36 V).

As, we know that average/dc value of 3 phase fully controlled bridge rectifier is:

Vdc
𝜋

Em = 22 *
θ = 00
𝟑√𝟑 (𝟐𝟐∗√𝟐) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
V = 𝝅
= 51.46
dc

Hence, Vdc is greater than 36 V.

Buck converter is used to step down the voltage to obtain 25 V constant dc.

Vo = 25 V

Io = 5 V

Vs=51.48

F = 50 KHz

ΔVo = 0.5 % Vo

For duty cycle: Vo = KVs

K = Vo / Vs= 25/51.48 = 0.4856

K = 48.56 %

For the resistor:

R = Vo / Io = 25/5 = 5 Ω

For the inductor:

First find Lmin which relates with L:

L = 125 % Lmin

L 2𝑓 2 ∗ 50 ∗ 103

Lmin = 25.72 µH

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Power Electronics CEP

L = 12.5 % Lmin

L = 32.15 µH

For the capacitor:

1−𝐾

𝐶=
8𝑓2𝐿(ΔV/Δ𝑉𝑜)

Here R1 is used to drop same voltage across it in order to provide voltage near to 36 V dc.

Also, C1 (capacitor is used to remove the ripple and form a constant 25 V dc)

SIMULATION:

WAVEFORMS:
• Input Voltage

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Power Electronics CEP

 Output Voltage after Rectification

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Power Electronics CEP

 Output Current

• Output Voltage

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Power Electronics CEP

CONCLUSION:
In our project, we converted a three-phase supply with an rms phase/line voltage of 400V to a constant
dc voltage of 25V and a load current of 5A. We used three transformers connected in y and a three
phase fully controlled bridge rectifier to achieve a mean dc value of 51.48V, so the firing angles of the
thyristors must be less than 90 degrees in order to work in rectification mode. As a result, we chose a
0° degree firing angle to achieve a stable voltage of 40V, which is higher than 36V. Finally, a buck
converter is used to reduce the voltage to 25V constant dc with a resistor of 5Ω. The output voltage has
ripples so we used capacitor of 1F to get the constant dc voltage of 25V as an output.

References/Bibliography:
[1] E. C., "electrical-engineering-portal," 14 July 2017. [Online]. Available: https://electrical-
engineering-portal.com/3-phase-transformer-connections.
[2] W. Storr, "electronics-Tutorial," 1 January 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/power/three-phase-rectification.html. [Accessed 26 Febraury 2021].
[3] https://www.myelectrical2015.com/2017/04/working-of-three-phaseuncontrolled.html?m=0

Evaluation Rubrics:
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Power Electronics CEP

PLO 10 - Communicate effectively using report writing and design documentation - C6

Exemplary (100%) Competent (90%) Adequate (70%) Substandard (<50%)

Effectively Effectively Effectively Effectively understanding
understanding power understanding power understanding power power circuit design
circuit design circuit design circuit design
Students understood and
Students understood Students understood Students understood and communicated all the
and communicated all and communicated all communicated all the major design aspects, and
design aspects, with the major design major design aspects, was unable to provide
all evidences for the aspects, and evidences with some errors or significant evidences for
result. for the result. adequate evidences of the result
the results.
Effective design Effective design Effective design
documentation documentation Effective design documentation
documentation
Students followed a Students followed a Students did not followed
methodical way for methodical way for Students followed a a methodical way for
design design methodical way for design documentation
documentation. documentation with design documentation with too many errors.
few exceptions. with some errors.

PLO 9- Individual and teamwork -A3

Exemplary (100%) Competent (90%) Adequate (70%) Substandard (<50%)

Acknowledge Acknowledge Acknowledge Acknowledge

Prominently Significantly Often acknowledged the Never acknowledged the

acknowledged the acknowledged the importance of importance of teamwork,
importance of teamwork, leadership, leadership, diversity, and
importance of
teamwork, leadership, diversity, and inclusion. inclusion.
teamwork, leadership,
diversity, and inclusion.
diversity, and inclusion.
Value Value Value Value

Prominently valued the Significantly valued the Often valued the Never valued the
importance of importance of importance of importance of teamwork,
teamwork, leadership, teamwork, leadership, teamwork, leadership, leadership, diversity, and
diversity, and inclusion. diversity, and inclusion. diversity, and inclusion. inclusion.

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