Analyzing different parameters for Full wave bridge

rectifier with LC filter

HAZMAN ALIF BIN HANAFI
Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Elektronik
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Arau, Perlis
hazmanalif@studentmail.unimap.edu.my

Abstract: - This paper discusses about AC-DC or controlled diode such as SCR or thyristor that connected to
converter by analyzing different parameters which are turn AC power supply. The diode is working as forward biased and
ratio of the transformer and resistance values. The reversed biased for positive and negative half cycle. The diode
schematic was designed as single phase uncontrolled full allows only one direction of current through short circuit during
wave bridge rectifier with LC filter by using simulation forward biased. The diode also prevents the current from return
software LTspiceXVII. The waveform shown the AC during reversed biased through open circuit. Full wave rectifier
voltage after step-up and rectified able to mimic DC voltage is a circuit with two or more diode either normal diode or
which are a constant at positive cycle through combination controlled diode.
of LC filter. The ripple starts to decrease and almost to There are two circuit used for full wave rectifier which
become constant when the capacitance and resistance set to are center tapped and full bridge. Mainly used full wave
10uF and 150KΩ. In conclusion, the as single phase rectifier is full bridge rectifier due to smaller size and cost. Full
uncontrolled full bridge rectifier with step-up transformer wave bridge rectifier requires half peak inverse voltage ratings
able to convert the voltage from AC source to DC voltage. diode compared to the center tapped full wave rectifier. Bridge
rectifier also has higher transformer utilization factor is what
Keywords – AC-DC converter, bridge rectifier, makes it a lot better compared to center tapped full wave
LC filter rectifier[3]. The full wave bridge rectifier is a single-phase AC-
DC power converter which consists of four diodes connected in
I. Introduction closed loop configuration. This paper discusses about AC-DC
converter for electric car charger by varying capacitance and
AC-DC converter has been majorly used nowadays. resistance value to obtained smooth DC output.
Usually, AC-DC converter consists of two power converter
which are AC-DC at the front-end (supply) and DC-DC at back-
end (load). The main usage of AC-DC converter is to be
II. Circuit diagram, procedure and
converting the AC voltage to DC voltage through shaping the working operation
sinusoidal waveform from both negative and positive cycle into
only positive cycle. Meanwhile, the DC-DC converter is a
forward converter use for maintaining constant DC output. DC-
DC converter also used for gaining desired or isolated DC
output voltage[1][2].
AC-DC converter also known as rectifiers. Rectifiers
can be divided into two phases which are single and three phase.
Each phase consists of half-wave and full wave. Each wave
consists of uncontrolled and controlled diode. Single phase only
using one power supply and the supply power is dispense
through two wires known as phase and neutral. AC source
produces sinusoidal waveform which the positive cycle at peak
of 90° and negative cycle at peak of 270°. The phase wire Figure 1. Full wave bridge rectifier with LC filter
provides a path for the current to the load and neutral wire
Figure 1 shows a circuit that used as AC-DC
carries back the current from the load. Single phase rectifier
converter. The circuit diagram was designed using simulation
typically provides voltage at 230V at 50Hz of frequency which
software LTspiceXVII. The AC-DC converter consists of
is mainly used in Malaysia. Single phase is quite popular due to
bridge rectifier made up with four uncontrolled diodes
its simple design and very common for domestic appliances
connected with step-up transformer and LC filter. The AC
which require low power consumptions. Three phases used
voltage and frequency was set to 240V and 50Hz which are
three power supply which connected to three power wires.
standard voltage and frequency in Malaysia for domestic
Three phases provide three AC supply but each signal out of
appliances. The windings for step up transformer were varied
phase with each other by 120°. Three phases power supply
from ratio 1:1 until 1:4 to obtained standard charging
produces double the voltage peak throughout full cycle of 360°.
requirement for common nominal electric car around 450V to
Due to stable flow of power, three phases are perfect choice for
800V[4]. The resistance R1, capacitance C1 and inductance L3
high power distributions such as industrial operations. Half
was fixed to 10Ω, 10uF and 100uH. The varying parameter
wave rectifier is a circuit with single diode either normal diode
were transformer turn ratio and resistance R2.
 The working operation for full wave bridge rectifier
was quite simple.
III. Results and discussions

Figure 4. Waveform of AC voltage supply

Figure 2. Positive half cycle
Based on figure 4, the waveform shows sinusoidal
When AC voltage is supply to the circuit, the current wave of AC voltage supply which is 240V peak-to-peak value
will flow into bridge rectifier. During positive half cycle, the at 10ms timing for half cycle.
diode D1 and D4 will switch on becoming forward biased
whereas diode D2 and D3 will become reversed biased. Diode
D1 and D3 do not conduct same goes with diode D2 and D4. A. Varied transformers turn ratio
This configuration to allow only one direction of current flow
to obtained DC characteristics[5].

Figure 5. Waveform of DC voltage at 240V

Figure 5 shows sinusoidal waveform which occur only
at positive cycle at peak voltage 240V. The waveform obtained
when the turns ratio is 1:1.
Figure 3. Negative half cycle
During negative half cycle, diode D2 and D3 will
switch on becoming forward biased whereas diode D1 and D4
will become reversed biased.

The transformer windings were varied from 1:1 until

1:4 by using transformer formula ratio: Figure 6. Waveform of DC voltage 480V
𝑁𝑝 𝑉𝑝
= = n = turns ratio Figure 6 shows sinusoidal waveform which occur only
𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑠
at positive cycle at peak voltage 338.15V. The waveform
Based on formula above, N represent number of turns winding obtained when the turns ratio is 1:2.
and V represent voltage. Primary winding represents by p and
secondary by s. The turns ratio was varied to match the common
nominal electric car charging requirement which around 450V
to 800V.

The ripple voltage is form during rectification. The

ripple voltage is undesirable effect in a circuit and wasting
Figure 7. Waveform of DC voltage 720V
power which lead to inefficient results. The ripple voltage can
be reduced by using electronic filter such as low pass filter Figure 7 shows sinusoidal waveform which occur only
which are used in this circuit. The ripple voltage was calculated at positive cycle at peak voltage 338.15V. The waveform
by using formula: obtained when the turns ratio is 1:3.
𝑉𝑚
∆V˳ =
2𝑓𝑅𝐶

Vm is voltage supply which can be calculated by Vrms times

square root of two. Frequency is represented by f and, both of
R and C represents by resistance and capacitance.
Figure 8. Waveform of DC voltage 960V
Figure 8 shows sinusoidal waveform which occur only
at positive cycle at peak voltage 338.15V. The waveform
obtained when the turns ratio is 1:4.
 Table 1. varied secondary winding of the transformer

Primary Secondary Output voltage, V

winding, V winding, V Figure 12. output waveform of ripple voltage at 100kΩ
240 240 240
240 480 338.15 Figure 12 shows output waveform of ripple voltage at
240 720 413.80 100kΩ. by fixed the capacitance at 10uF and varied the
240 960 477.25 resistance with 100kΩ, the ripple voltage obtained through was
3.394V which starting to reduce to half of the 50kΩ.

Table 1 shows a summary of varied voltage on

secondary winding of the transformer. Since the transformer is
step-up which means only secondary winding has increments
from double to quadruple voltage. This is to increase the
voltage to meet the requirement of the common nominal
electric car charging voltage which around 450V to 800V. From
the table above, it shows that at secondary winding 960V which Figure 13. output waveform of ripple voltage at 150kΩ
is turns ratio 1:4 is minimum requirement for the circuit to be
Figure 13 shows output waveform of ripple voltage at
function as charger for electric car.
150kΩ. by fixed the capacitance at 10uF and varied the
resistance with 150kΩ, the ripple voltage obtained through was
2.263V which lower than 100kΩ.
B. Varied output resistance

Figure 9. output waveform of ripple voltage at 1kΩ Figure 14. output waveform of ripple voltage at 300kΩ

Figure 9 shows output waveform of ripple voltage at
1kΩ. by fixed the capacitance at 10uF and varied the resistance
starting with 1kΩ, the ripple voltage was obtained through
formula mentioned above and the results was 339.411V which
is very high.
Figure 14 shows output waveform of ripple voltage at
300kΩ. by fixed the capacitance at 10uF and varied the
resistance with 300kΩ, the ripple voltage obtained through was
1.131V which half of the 150kΩ.

Figure 15. output waveform of ripple voltage at 1000kΩ

Figure 10. output waveform of ripple voltage at 10kΩ
Figure 15 shows output waveform of ripple voltage at
Figure 10 shows output waveform of ripple voltage at
1000kΩ. by fixed the capacitance at 10uF and varied the
10kΩ. by fixed the capacitance at 10uF and varied the resistance
resistance with 1000kΩ, the ripple voltage obtained through
with 10kΩ, the ripple voltage obtained through was 33.941V
was 0.340V which is the smallest ripple voltage obtained.
which is still high but lower than 1kΩ.

Table 2. varied output resistance with constant capacitance

Capacitance, uF Resistance, kΩ Ripple voltage,
∆V˳
10 1 339.411
Figure 11. output waveform of ripple voltage at 50kΩ
10 10 33.941
Figure 11 shows output waveform of ripple voltage at 10 50 6.788
50kΩ. by fixed the capacitance at 10uF and varied the resistance 10 100 3.394
with 50kΩ, the ripple voltage obtained through was 6.788V 10 150 2.263
which starting to reduce. 10 300 1.131
10 1000 0.340

From the table above, the output resistance was varied

from 1kΩ and increase to 1000kΩ to show the results of the
ripple voltage. The table above provide a summary which
indicate that ripple voltage decreases when output resistance
increase. To produce efficient DC voltage, the ripple voltage
must be reduced to get smooth DC waveform. Ripple voltage is
undesirable effect such as noise and heat also waste of power
that need to be reduced to produced efficient DC voltage. From
figure 15, it shows that the circuit has produced the smoothest
DC voltage with smallest ripple voltage at 0.340V when
applying 1000kΩ output resistance.

IV. Conclusion
In conclusion, this paper discusses about varying two
parameter which are transformer turn ratio and output
resistance. From the results obtained, the minimum requirement
to act as electric car charger was applying step up transformer
with turns ratio of 1:4 to meet the requirement of the common
nominal electric car charging voltage which around 450V to
800V. The standard voltage usage in Malaysia is 240V need to
be increased by applying turns ratio of 1:4 so the voltage value
of the charger will match the minimum requirement to charge
the electric car. Varied output resistance results shows that the
smallest ripple voltage obtained by applying 1000kΩ as output
resistance to produce the smoothest DC voltage waveform to
satisfied DC characteristics. Finally, by applying those
parameters value to circuit, the AC-DC converter with smooth
DC voltage will be obtained.

V. References
[1] A. A. Abosnina, J. Khodabakhsh, and G.
Moschopoulos, “A Single-Stage ZVS AC-DC Boost
Converter with Interleaving,” 2018 IEEE Energy
Convers. Congr. Expo. ECCE 2018, pp. 6790–6795,
2018, doi: 10.1109/ECCE.2018.8558336.
[2] A. Ali, J. Chuanwen, Z. Yan, S. Habib, and M. M.
Khan, “An efficient soft-switched vienna rectifier
topology for EV battery chargers,” Energy Reports,
vol. 7, pp. 5059–5073, 2021, doi:
10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.105.
[3] A. Elkamel, “Energy production systems,” Energies,
vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 325–347, 2018, doi:
10.3390/en11102494.
[4] S. S. Indalkar and A. Sabnis, “Comparison of AC-DC
Converter Topologies Used for Battery Charging in
Electric Vehicle,” 2019 2nd Int. Conf. Intell. Comput.
Instrum. Control Technol. ICICICT 2019, pp. 1624–
1627, 2019, doi:
10.1109/ICICICT46008.2019.8993306.
[5] P. Das, A. Mousavi, and G. Moschopoulos, “An Ac-Dc
single-stage full-bridge PWM converter with
bridgeless input,” 2009 IEEE Energy Convers. Congr.
Expo. ECCE 2009, pp. 1347–1352, 2009, doi:
10.1109/ECCE.2009.5316502.
 assignment1
by HAZMAN ALIF HANAFI

Submission date: 30-Nov-2021 05:46AM (UTC+0800)

Submission ID: 1715634155
File name: assignment_1.pdf (433.56K)
Word count: 2102
Character count: 10693
 2

2
 5

1
assignment1
ORIGINALITY REPORT

7 %
SIMILARITY INDEX
5%
INTERNET SOURCES
6%
PUBLICATIONS
%
STUDENT PAPERS

PRIMARY SOURCES

1
Burhan Hukumen, Erdal Sehirli. "Speed
Control of PMSM Fed By Bridgeless PFC
2%
Isolated Cuk Converter Using LCL filter", IEEE
EUROCON 2021 - 19th International
Conference on Smart Technologies, 2021
Publication

2
byt-baj.fun
Internet Source 1%
3
eudl.eu
Internet Source 1%
4
Sagar Sandeepan Indalkar, Anupa Sabnis. "An
OFF Board Electric Vehicle Charger Based On
1%
ZVS Interleaved AC-DC Boost PFC Converter",
2019 8th International Conference on Power
Systems (ICPS), 2019
Publication

5
www.eng.uwo.ca
Internet Source 1%
6
Abdar Ali, Jiang Chuanwen, Zhou Yan, Salman
Habib, Muhammad Mansoor Khan. "An
1%
 efficient soft-switched vienna rectifier
topology for EV battery chargers", Energy
Reports, 2021
Publication

7
Adel Ali Abosnina, Javad Khodabakhsh, Gerry
Moschopoulos. "A Single-Stage ZVS AC-DC
1%
Boost Converter with Interleaving", 2018 IEEE
Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition
(ECCE), 2018
Publication

8
Tomas Sadilek, Yungtaek Jang, Peter Barbosa,
Iqbal Husain. "Design and Evaluation of SiC
1%
Active Soft-Switching Cell for 1-ph/3-ph
Universal Voltage Input PFC for On-Board
Charger Applications", 2021 IEEE
Transportation Electrification Conference &
Expo (ITEC), 2021
Publication

9
Samir M Shariff, Mohammad Saad Alam,
Yasser Rafat, Furkan Ahmad, Mohammad
<1 %
Imran Khan. "Utilization of Human to
Nanogrid to Support the Energy Storage
System", Energy Storage, 2021
Publication

Exclude quotes Off Exclude matches < 10 words

Exclude bibliography Off