AC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicle

YUGENDHRAN RABENDRAN
Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Elektronik
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
yugendhran@studentmail.edu.my

Abstract—As initiative of saving the world and fossil fuels, circuit.

the world is moving toward the era of Electric vehicles (EV).
Many automakers are concentrating on the development of EV
and implementing new technologies in improvising. This paper
suggest a converter that that can be used as the on-board
charger of modern EV. This converter circuit has been
simulated in psim.

Keywords—Electric Vehicle (EV), Alternating current (AC),

Direct current (DC), Volts (V) Fig. 1: Example of AC/DC conventional converter

I. INTRODUCTION III. METHODOLOGY

The world believes that electric cars are the future and as
a proof, many automakers are adapting to the development of
electric vehicles (EV) to their lineup. Saving the fuel used in
conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, EV just
need fuel in the form of electrical energy. This is where the
EV charger comes into play. An EV charger, like any other
appliance or item that you charge by plugging into the wall,
pulls an electrical current from either a 240V outlet or the
grid it's hardwired to and delivers it to the car [1]. As being
said, the EV does not only need a DC to DC converter to
supply energy to the components and accessories within the
vehicle but also needs a AC to DC converter. This AC to DC
converter obviously will convert the electrical power from
commercial power system (National Grid) to the battery
fixed in the EV [2]. The problems or challenges within the
concept of AC to DC converters ion an EV is the design of
large sized parts and heavy coils. What will also cause power
loss is the high frequency switching by the converter.
A. Half Wave rectifier circuit
The most basic type of rectifier is a half-wave rectifier.
We'll look at a complete half-wave rectifier circuit later, but
first, let's review what this type of rectifier performs. After
going through a half-wave rectifier, just half of a typical AC
waveform remains. Half-wave rectifiers allow only one half-
cycle of AC power (positive or negative half-cycle) to flow
through while blocking the other half-cycle on the DC side,
as shown below. Because DC devices are designed to have
current flowing in a single direction (and constant voltage –
which we'll address later), passing an AC waveform with
positive and negative cycles through one can have
detrimental (and dangerous) consequences. Half-wave
rectifiers are used to convert AC input power to DC output
power.

II. BACKGROUD STUDY

A. Conventional AC-DC converter

Input AC voltage is converted to DC voltage by a power
factor correction (PFC) circuit, DC voltage is converted to
high-frequency AC voltage by an H-bridge circuit,
transformation and insulation are regulated by a high- Figure 2: Half-wave rectifier
frequency transformer, and high-frequency AC voltage is
rectified and smoothed by a circuit [3]. There are two flaws
in this circuit diagram. One is that the coil parts, such as the
transformer and the choke coil, increase the volume and
weight of the AC/DC converter. Because an AC/DC
converter's output power for driving auxiliary devices is
higher than that of a DC/DC converter, the coil sections of an
AC/DC converter take up more space [4]. The coil sections
alone can account for up to 20-30% of the total weight of the
AC/DC converter because it also comprises a PFC reactor. Figure 3: The simulation of waveform produced from
Figure 1 depicts an example of the half wave rectifier

B. Capacitive filter added to Half Wave rectifier circuit

The pulsating DC waveform we derived from the theory
above is the output waveform. When a half wave rectifier is

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used without a filter, this is the result. Filters are components Rectifier efficiency (η) is the ratio between the output DC
that transform pulsing DC waveforms to continuous DC power and the input AC power. The formula for the
waveforms (smoothing). They accomplish this by efficiency is equal to:
suppressing the waveform's DC ripples. Although half-wave
rectifiers without filters are theoretically possible, they are
unsuitable for practical usage. Because DC equipment
demands a steady waveform, this pulsating waveform must
be 'smoothed down' before it can be used in the real world.
This is why, in practise, half-wave rectifiers with a filter
are used. A filter can be made out of a capacitor or an The efficiency of a half wave rectifier is equal to 40.6% (i.e.
inductor, but the most common configuration is a half-wave ηmax = 40.6%)
rectifier with a capacitor filter. A capacitive filter can be used
to smooth down a pulsing DC waveform into a constant DC Calculate the current across the load to get the RMS value
waveform, as shown in the circuit schematic in Figure 4. of a half wave rectifier. If iL = Imsint is the instantaneous
load current, then the average load current (IDC) is equal to:

The peak instantaneous current across the load is equal to

Im (Imax). As a result, the output DC current (IDC) across
the load is:
Figure 4: Half-wave rectifier with capacitive filter

For a half-wave rectifier, the RMS load current (Irms) is

equal to the average current (IDC) multiple by π/2. Hence the
RMS value of the load current (Irms) for a half wave rectifier
is:

Figure 5: The simulation of waveform produced from

capacitive half wave rectifier
Im=Imax, where Imax is the maximum instantaneous
When converting an AC voltage waveform to a DC current throughout the load. As stated in the formula below,
waveform, 'ripple' is the undesirable AC component that the form factor (F.F) is the ratio of the RMS value to the
remains. Even though we do our best to eliminate all AC
components, a small portion remains on the output side, average value:
causing the DC waveform to pulsate. 'Ripple' is the name for
this unfavourable AC component. The ripple factor
(expressed by or r) is used to quantify how successfully the
half-wave rectifier can convert AC voltage into DC voltage.
The ripple factor is the ratio of the AC voltage's RMS value
(on the input side) to the rectifier's DC voltage (on the output
side).
The formula for ripple factor is: The form factor of a half wave rectifier is equal to 1.57 (i.e.
F.F= 1.57). The output voltage (VDC) across the load resistor
is denoted by:

In a three-phase half-wave rectifier, the supply voltages VA,

Which can also be rearranged to equal:
VB, and VC are balanced, but with a 120o phase difference,
resulting in:

As a result, the average DC value of a 3-phase half-wave
rectifier's output voltage waveform is:
Because VP is equal to VRMS*1.414 when the voltage
supplies peak voltage, VRMS is equal to VP/1.414, or
0.707*VP when 1/1.414 = 0.707. The rectifier's average DC
output voltage can then be expressed as follows in terms of
its root mean squared (RMS) phase voltage:
The average DC load voltage:
The DC load current:
The average current per diode:
CONCLUSION
We have proposed the half wave rectifier to be used as
AC-DC converter for the EV charger. Half wave rectifiers
can benefit the automakers as it is simple with low number of
components) and the cost is low with less equipment. The
results of the analysis and design were provided. The
findings of simulations as well as experimental results were
proposed to verify the theory.
REFERENCES
[1] C. Stations et al., "What Is EV Charging & How Does it Work? |
EvoCharge", EvoCharge, 2021. [Online]. Available:
https://evocharge.com/resources/how-does-ev-charging-work/.
[Accessed: 24- Nov- 2021].
[2] "Charging Your Electric Vehicle | EnergySage", Energysage.com,
2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.energysage.com/electric-
vehicles/charging-your-ev/. [Accessed: 25- Nov- 2021].
[3] M. Khalid, F. Ahmad and B. Panigrahi, "Design, simulation and
analysis of a fast charging station for electric vehicles", Energy
Storage, 2021. Available: 10.1002/est2.263 [Accessed 24 November
2021]
[4] S. Piasecki, J. Zaleski, M. Jasinski, S. Bachman and M. Turzyński,
"Analysis of AC/DC/DC Converter Modules for Direct Current Fast-
Charging Applications", Energies, vol. 14, no. 19, p. 6369, 2021.
Available: 10.3390/en14196369 [Accessed 24 November 2021]
[5] M. Bharathidasan and V. Indragandhi, "Review of Power Factor
Correction (PFC) AC/DC-DC Power Electronic Converters for
Electric Vehicle Applications", IOP Conference Series: Materials
Science and Engineering, vol. 906, no. 1, p. 012006, 2020. Available:
10.1088/1757-899x/906/1/012006 [Accessed 24 November 2021
[6] "International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Research
Technology (IJEART)", International Journal of Engineering and
Advanced Research Technology (IJEART), vol. 0, no. 0, 2018.
Available: 10.31873/ijeart
 AC-DC converter for EV
by Yugendhran Rabendran

Submission date: 30-Nov-2021 11:48AM (UTC+0800)

Submission ID: 1715730707
File name: Assignment_ESJ10403.pdf (433.34K)
Word count: 1445
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AC-DC converter for EV
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