ae CHAPTER 4 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS 4.1 Basic Properties of 3-Phase Transformer Banks “Thé transformers may be inherently 3-phase, having three primary windings and three secondary windings mounted on a 3-legged core. However, the same result can be achieved by using three single-phase transformers connected together to forma 3-phase transformer bank. ._ When three single- phase transformers are used to transform ah phase voltage, the windings can be connected in several ways. Thus, the primarigs may be connected sn delta and the secondaries in wye, or vice versa, As a result, the ratio of the 3-phase input voltage to the 3-phase output voltage depends notdaly upon the turns ratio of the transformers, but also upgn how they are connected. - A 3ephase transformer tank cap, also produce & phase shift between the 3- phase input tokage and the S-phase” output voltage. In making, the various sonnections. it is important to observe trapsformer polarities. An error in polarity may produce a short-circuit or unbalance the line voltages and currents ‘The basic behavior of balanced 3-phase transformer banks can be understood, by inaking the following simplifying assumptions: 1, The exciting currents are negligible. ° The transformer impedances, due tothe resistance and leakage reactance of the windings, are negligible. The total apparent input power to the transformer bank is equal to the total apparent output power. ‘ 4.2 Delta-Delta Connection The three single-phase transformers P, Q, arid R of Fig 4.1 tronsform the Voltage of the ineoming transmission line A. B, C to a-level appropriate for the outgoing transmission line 1, 2,3. The incoming line is connected to the source, and the outgoing line is connected to the load. The transformers are connected in delta- delta. The corresponding schematic diagram is given in Fig.bawann . Figure 4.1 Delta-delta connection of thuee single-phase transformers. The incoming lines (source) are A,B,C are the ovtgoing fines (load) are 1,2.3. WY Figure 4.2 Schematic diagram of a delta-delta connection and associated phasor tn such a delta-deltx connection. the voltages Between the respective incoming and outgoing transmi:sion lives are in phase. “Tf. balanced load is connected to Hines 1-2-3, the resulting line currents are equal in magnitude. This produces balanced line currents in the incoming lines 4-B- C. As in any delta connection, the lime currents are ¥3 times greater than the respective currents f, and £, flowing in ube primary and secondary windings (Fig The power rating of ghe trausformer bank is timee times the rating of a single +P ‘transformer. Example 4-1 ‘Three single-phase transformers are comected in delta-delta to step down a Tine voltage of E38K¥ t0 4160V to supply power to a manufacturing plant. The plant draws 21MW at a lagging power factor of 86 percent. : Caleuiate © a. The apparent power drawn by the plant‘E. The apparent power furiished by the HV line ‘The current in the HV fines BoP ‘The current in the IV lines e. The currents in the primary and secondary windings of each transformer £ The load carried by each transformer Solution’ a ‘The apparent power drawn by the plant is S= Pleas @° = 2086 =24.4 MVA b. The transformer bank itself absorbs a negligible amount of active and reactive power because the FR loses and the reactive power associated with the mutual flux and the leakoue fluxes are small. It follows that the apparent. power furnished by the HV line is also 24.4 MVA_ oe ce) The current in each HV Tine is =Si%3 E) 4x 10°V(V3 x 138000) = 102 A The current in the LV lines is =S4y3 E) = (244 x LO°Y(VE-x 4160) = 33864 ce. Refening to Fig 42, the current in each primary winding is 1p = 10283 = 58.94, + “The current in each secondary winding is T.= 33863 = 1955 A £. Because the plant load is balanced, cach transformer carries one-third of the load. or 24.43 = 8.13 MVA. : “The individual transformer load can also be‘ obtained by multiplying the primary volzage times the primary current: : $= Egy = 138000 x 58.9" =8.13 MVA43 Delta-Wye Connection When the transformers dre connected in delta-wye, the secondary windings are connetted so that all the X, terminals are joined rogether, cresting a common neural N (Fig 4.3). In’such a delta-wye connection, the voltage acrnss each primary winding ‘is equal to the incoming line voltage. However, the outgoing line voltage is 43 times the secondary voltage across cach transformer. . Figure 4.4 Schematic diagram of a delta-wye connection and associated phasor diagram. ‘The relative values of the curents in the transformer wendings. and transmission lines are given in Fig 44. Thus, the line currents in phases A.B, and C are ~{3 times the currents in the primary windings. The Tine currents in phases J, 2. 3 are the same 4s the currents in the secondary windings. Adelia-wye connection produces a 30° phase shift between the line voltages of the incoming and outgoing transmission lines. One of the important advantages of the wye connection is that it reduces the amount of insulation needed inside the 6transformer. The HV winding has to be insulated for only U3, or 58 percent of the line voltage. : Example 4-2 Three single-plizse step-up transtommers rated at 4OMVA, 13.2kV/80KV are connected in delta-w 90MVA joad, calculate a. The secondary fine voltage b. Thecurrenis in the transformer windings cc. The incoming and outgeing transmission fine currents ig ng, on a 13.2 KV wansmission line (Fig 4.3}. If they feed a + following: oan Solution The easies ‘The HV terminals of a 3-phase transformer are marked Hi, Ha, Hs and Ke LV terminals are marked X,, Xo, X3. The following rules have been standardized: 1, If the primary windings and secon¢ ary windirigs are connected wye-wye or delta~ delta, the voltages between similarly-marked terminals are in phase. Thus, Ejunzis in phase with Exis2 ” Ejnur is in phase with Exax1 Exuus if in phase with Exixs and so on, 2: 1f the primary and secondary windings are-connected in. wye-delta or delta-wye. there results a 30° phase shift between the primary and secondary line voltages. Fhe internal connection aré made so at the voltages on the HV side always lead the voltages of similarly-niarked terminals on the LV’ side, Thus. 7 Emus leads Extn by 30° Ena teads £xay) by 34” Enynrleads Ean by 30° and so une” Mt a ” Fyure 4.11 Polarity marking of 3-phase translormers. 7Fig 4.11 shows two ways of representing the delta-wye terminal markings. 3: These rules are not affected by the phase sequence of the line voltage applied to the primary side, .