Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 1602–1609

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Engineering Science and Technology,

an International Journal
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jestch

Review

Steady flow and heat transfer analysis of third grade fluid with porous
medium and heat generation
Akinbowale T. Akinshilo
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this study, flow and heat transfer of a non Newtonian third grade fluid with porous medium and inter-
Received 16 October 2017 nal heat source conveyed through parallel plates held horizontally against each other are investigated.
Revised 16 November 2017 The nonlinear ordinary equations arising due to visco-elastic effects from the mechanics of the fluid
Accepted 28 November 2017
are analysed using the adomian decomposition method (ADM) adopting Vogel’s temperature dependent
Available online 7 December 2017
model based viscosity. Thermal fluidic parameters effects such as pressure gradient, heat generation
parameter and porosity term are examined on the flow and heat transfer. Increasing porosity term shows
Keywords:
slight decreasing effect on velocity distribution, as increasing heat generation term demonstrates signif-
Third grade fluid
Porous medium
icant increase on temperature distribution towards the upper plate. Obtained solutions in this paper may
Adomian decomposition method be used to advance studies in thin film flow, energy conservation, coal-water mixture, polymer solution
Parallel plate and oil recovery application. Also Results from analyses compared against the fourth order Runge kutta
Vogel’s model numerical solution proves to be in satisfactory agreement.
Ó 2017 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1602
2. Model development and analytical solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1603
2.1. Principles of adomian decomposition method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1604
2.2. Application of the adomian decomposition method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1604
3. Results and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1606
4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1608
Conflict of interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1608
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1608

1. Introduction sification the third grade fluid, a sub category of non-Newtonian

In many industrial and technological applications the flow and
heat transfer of non-Newtonian fluid of the third grade has
received much attention owing to its vast importance in the field
of engineering, science and technology. It is also of relevance in
reservoir engineering, porous industrial materials, fluid beds, cera-
mic processing, polymer solution and oil recovery amongst others.
The physical behavior of non-Newtonian fluids depends on forces
acting on it per time, unlike Newtonian fluids which can be com-
pletely described by temperature and pressure effects. In such clas-
Peer review under responsibility of Karabuk University.
fluid which capture’s the non-Newtonian effects such as shear
thinning, shear thickening as well as normal stresses, even in cases
of rigid boundary. It also exhibits viscous elastic fluid
characteristics.
Several researchers have studied the third grade fluid owing to
its practical relevance in modern science. In the light of these
efforts, Fosdick and Rajagopal [11] studied the stability of the third
grade fluid while [22] presented numerical solutions utilizing the
finite difference scheme to study the effect of variable viscosity
on third grade fluid in a pipe. Hayat et al. [19] investigated the
effect of third grade fluid over stretching sheets. Effects of slip
boundary condition were showed by Ellahi et al. [7] on nonlinear

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2017.11.012
2215-0986/Ó 2017 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 A.T. Akinshilo / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 1602–1609 1603

Nomenclature

K1 non-Newtonian material parameter kth thermal conductivity

K2 porosity parameter u dimensionless velocity (x component)
K3 pressure gradient v dimensionless velocity (y component)
b activation energy To initial temperature term
u porosity of porous space d heat generation parameter
k permeability h dimensionless temperature
C0 initial concentration term Q heat source term
C viscous dissipation E fluid energy term
?? dimensionless viscosity A0 area of flow
A dimensionless Vogel’s constant
B dimensionless Vogel’s constant

flows. Abbasbandy [1] used Numerical solutions to investigate non-slip condition connoting fluid particles close to the plate walls
flows between two porous walls of the third grade fluid. Similarity sticks to walls surface and no temperature jump connoting fluid
solutions were analyzed for the third grade fluid for special chan- particles close to the plate walls have equal temperature with
nel coordinate systems by Muhammet [23] while Ogunsola and inner plate surface. The formulation of the model development of
Peter [27] studied effect of radiation with Arrhenius reaction on the flow with porous medium and internal heat source is devel-
third grade flow. Akinshilo and Sobamowo [3] studied third grade oped assuming fluid is incompressible since it is liquid, body forces
fluid as blood utilizing gold nanoparticles. Aksoy and Pakdemirli acting on fluid as well as radiation effect is negligible because of
[4] adopted the perturbation solution in the study of third grade flow geometry. Fluid is in thermal equilibrium i.e. fluid is thermo-
fluid through various flow channels. dynamically stable.
Many models have been used in recent past to describe viscous Following the model proposed by Aksoy and Pakdermirli [4]
fluid flow for non Newtonian fluids through various flow channels. introducing an internal heat source term. The momentum and
These models illustrates the effect of nonlinear relationship energy equations can be reduced to ordinary pairs of nonlinear sec-
between stress-strain. Hence higher order nonlinear differential ond order differential equations. This is introduced as:
type fluid have been given considerable research attention
2 2 "
2 #
2
[8,24,26,20,15,17,30,29,25,32]. dl du d u du d u du
þ l 2 þ 6 K1  K 2 u l þ 2 K1 ¼ K3 ð1Þ
Approximate analytical methods of solutions applied by dy dy dy dy dy2 dy
researchers in study of the heat transfer includes the pertubation
method (PM), homotopy analysis method (HAM), homotopy pertu- 2
2
4
d h du du
bation method (HPM), variational iteration method (VIM), differ- 2
þ lC þ 2 CK 1 þ dh ¼ 0 ð2Þ
ential transformation method (DTM), and methods of weighted dy dy dy
residuals [10,21,6,9,18,31,28,13,14,16,15,17,12,2,30,29,5]. Meth- The appropriate boundary condition can be introduced as:
ods such as PM are limited owing to the problems of weak nonlin-
earities and artificial pertubation parameter which are non u ¼ 0; h ¼ 0 at y ¼ 0
ð3Þ
existence in real life. The need to find an initial condition to satisfy u ¼ 0; h ¼ 1
the boundary condition makes methods such as HPM, VIM, DTM,
HAM requires computational tools in handling a solution of large where non-dimensional parameters stated as:
parameters resulting to large computational cost and time.
Whereas the methods of weighted residuals which includes the bU 2 u h2 C0h
2
l0 U 2
K1 ¼ ; K2 ¼ ; K3 ¼ ; C¼ ;
collocation method (CM), Garlerkin method (GM) and least square l0 h 2 k l0 l0 U kth ðT 2  T 1 Þ
method (LSM) involves the need to determine weighing residuals l 2
QEA0 h C 0
to satisfy weighing functions which may be arbitrary. The solution l¼ ; d¼ ð4Þ
l0 kh20
method of decomposing nonlinear coupled equations into linear
and nonlinear terms makes the adomian decomposition method
where K1 is the dimensionless parameter which measures the non-
(ADM) a powerful yet relatively simplistic method which is not
Newtonian effect on the fluid viscosity, K2 shows the influence of
limited by any artificial parameter or initial guess term. This makes
porosity on fluid flow, K3 is the dimensionless parameter illustrat-
ADM an interesting scheme in providing analytical solutions to
ing the effect of pressure drop on flow and heat transfer, C is the
nonlinear problems in science and engineering as often employed
by researchers.
In the light of the above research, this paper aim to investigate
the flow and heat transfer of the third grade fluid with porous
medium and internal heat source, utilizing the adomian decompo-
sition method (ADM).

2. Model development and analytical solution

The fluid under consideration is a non-Newtonian fluid of grade

three with porous medium which flows steadily between two
plates placed horizontally against each other as described in
the physical model of the problem Fig. 1. The fluid flows under Fig. 1. Physical model of problem.
1604 A.T. Akinshilo / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 1602–1609

 2
2 2
dimensionless viscous dissipation parameter predicting the influ- A du dh Ah d u du d u
ence of mechanical energy converted to thermal energy as due to a 2 dy dy
þ aa 2 2
þ 6 K1
B B dy dy dy2
fluid flow and d is the heat generating parameter measuring the "

2 #
effect of internal heat source on heat transfer. Ah du
 K2 u a  a 2 þ 2 K1 ¼ K3 ð14Þ
In this paper, the Vogel’s viscosity model is considered. A vis- B dy
cosity model describing exponential viscosity variation with tem-
perature, which is stated as [3]: 2

2
4
d h Ah du du

 þ aC  aC 2
2
þ 2 C K1 þ dh ¼ 0 ð15Þ
Ah dy B dy dy
l¼a 1 2 ð5Þ
B Taking the boundary condition as


A u ¼ 0; h ¼ 0 at y ¼ 0
where a ¼ l exp  h ð6Þ ð16Þ
B u ¼ 0; h ¼ 1 at y ¼ 1
Important characteristics of heat and mass transfer for practical The adomian decomposition method (ADM) which is an analyt-
relevance can be reduced to Nusselt number which is expressed as ical scheme for providing approximate solutions to the ordinary
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi differential equations, is adopted in generating solutions to the
Nur ¼ h0 ð1Þ where Nur ¼ 1  atNu ð7Þ
coupled ordinary nonlinear second order differential equation
which may be expressed as
2.1. Principles of adomian decomposition method 2
2 2
A du dh Ah d u 6K1 du d u
Lyy ðuÞ ¼ þ 
The adomian decomposition method is used for providing B2 dy dy B2 dy2 a dy dy2
"

2 #
approximate or semi approximate analytical solutions to a wide Ah 2K1 du K3
range of problems involving integral, differential and algebraic þ K2 u 1  2 þ þ ð17Þ
B a dy a
equations. Here the non-linear equation is described as
Lu þ Ru þ Nu ¼ g ð8Þ
2

4
du aCAh du 2 du
Lyy ðhÞ ¼ aC þ 2  2CK1  dh ð18Þ
where L is the highest order, R is the linear term, N is the nonlinear dy B dy dy
term and g is the source term. Applying an inverse operator L1
In order to escape difficult integrations the highest order differ-
yields 2
ential operator was taken as Lyy ¼ dy
d
2 for the coupled equation.
1 1
u ¼ f ðxÞ  L ðRuÞ  L ðNuÞ ð9Þ
Thus inverting Lyy gives L1 1
yy . On applying Lyy to Eqs. (17) and
where f ðxÞ is the term obtained from integrating the source term. (18) gives
The non linear operator is expressed as an infinite series referred " 2
2 2 "

2 # #
to as the Adomian polynomials, Nu ¼ FðuÞ A du dh Ah d u 6K1 du d u Ah 2K1 du
u ¼ L1
yy þ  þ K2 u 1  þ
B2 dy dy B2 dy2 a dy dy2 B2 a dy
X
1
FðuÞ ¼ An ð10Þ þ L1
K3
þ C1 y þ C2 ð19Þ
yy
n¼0 a
By performing the series expansion of An . Higher order Polynomials
"
2

4 #
du aCAh du 2 du
are generated. The adomian method defines the solution u(x) by the h ¼ L1
yy aC þ 2  2CK1  dh
dy B dy dy
series
X
1 þ C1y þ C2 ð20Þ
u¼ un ð11Þ
n¼0
With respect to ADM, velocity and temperature may be
expressed in the form
The series expansion of FðuÞ is an infinite series, which is
expressed using the Taylor series as X
1
u¼ un ð21Þ
2 3
dF d F ðu  u0 Þ2 d F n¼0
FðuÞ ¼ Fðu0 Þ þ ðu0 Þðu  u0 Þ þ 2 ðu0 Þ þ 3
dX dX 2! dX h ¼ sum1 ð22Þ
n¼0 hn
3
ðu  u0 Þ
 ðu0 Þ þ  ð12Þ The nonlinear terms will be explored in the form of gn and cn in
3!
the Adomian polynomials which yields
The above is rewritten as u  u0 ¼ u1 þ u2 þ u3 þ   , substitut-
X
1
A d X 1
d X 1
Ah d X
2 1
ing Eqs. (10) in (12) defines the formulae for the Adomian polyno- g¼ u hþ 2 2 u
2 dy dy n¼0
mial as [5]: n¼0 B n¼0 B dy n¼0
! 2
dF 6K1 d X 1
d X 1
FðuÞ ¼ A1 þ A2 þ    ¼ Fðu0 Þ þ ðu0 Þðu1 þ u2 þ   Þ  u2
u
dX a dy n¼0 2
dy n¼0
2
d F ðu1 þ u2 þ   Þ 2 "
 !#
þ 2 ðu0 Þ þ  ð13Þ Ah 2 K1 d X 1

dX 2! þ K2 u 1  2 þ v 2
ð23Þ
B a dy n¼0
! ! !
2.2. Application of the adomian decomposition method X
1
dX 1
aCAh d2 X1
d X
2 1 X
1
c ¼ aC u2 þ 2 2
u 2
 2C K 1 2
u 4
þd h
n¼0
dy n¼0 B dy n¼0 dy n¼0 n
The Vogel’s model of viscosity which is the adopted viscosity
ð24Þ
model is substituted into the velocity and temperature profile.
Eqs. (1) and (2) which is expressed as:
 A.T. Akinshilo / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 1602–1609 1605

2
Utilising Eqs. (23), (24) the Eqs. (19), (20) may be expressed as du0 du1 aCAh1 du0 aCAh0 du0 du1
! c1 ¼ 2aC þ 2
þ
K3 X
1 dy dy B dy B2 dy dy
u ¼ L1 þ Lyy g þ C1y þ C2 ð25Þ "
2
2 #
yy du0 du0 du1 du0 du1 du0
a n¼0  4 C K1 þ2  dh1 ð37Þ
dy dy dy dy dy dy
!
X
1
h ¼ Lyy c þ C1y þ C2 ð26Þ Zeroth order solution can be obtained by simplifying the recur-
n¼0 sive relation Eqs. (28), (29) using the leading order boundary con-
dition Eq. (30) which yields.
Where boundary conditions takes the form
X
1 X
1 K3 y2 K3 y
u0 ¼  ð38Þ
un ¼ 0; hn ¼ 0 at y ¼ 0 ð27Þ 2a 2a
n¼0 n¼0
h0 ¼ y ð39Þ
X
1 X
1
v n ¼ 0; hn ¼ 1 at y ¼ 1 First order solution can be obtained from Eqs. (34) and (36)
n¼0 n¼0 which is expressed as
The zeroth order can be obtained from the recursive relations u1 ¼ L1
yy ðg0 Þ ð40Þ
Eqs. (25) and (26)
K3 h1 ¼ L1
yy ðc0 Þ ð41Þ
u0 ¼ C 1 y þ C 2 þ L1
yy ð28Þ
a
With the first order boundary condition as follows
h0 ¼ C 1 y þ C 2 þ 0 ð29Þ u1 ¼ 0; h1 ¼ 0 at y ¼ 0
ð42Þ
With leading order boundary condition expressed as u1 ¼ 0; h1 ¼ 1 at y ¼ 1
u0 ¼ 0; h0 ¼ 0 at y ¼ 0 ð30Þ Upon simplifying Eqs. (40) and (41) with the aid of first order
boundary condition Eq. (42) can be easily shown as
u0 ¼ 0; h0 ¼ 1 at y ¼ 1
AK3 AK3 K1 K33 4
The remaining order of the solutions is given as u1 ¼ ð2y3  3y þ 1Þ þ ðy3  1Þ  ðy  1Þ
12B a2
6B a 2 2a4
ujþ1 ¼ L1
yy ðgj Þ; jP0 ð31Þ K1 K 3 3
3 K1 K3 2 K2 K3 4
þ 4 3 ðy3  1Þ  ðy  1Þ þ ðy  2y3 þ 1Þ
a 4a4 24a4
hjþ1 ¼ L1
yy ðcj Þ; jP0 ð32Þ AK2 K3 K1 K2 K33 6
 ð6y5  10y4 þ 4Þ þ ðy  1Þ
240B 2 30a4
With boundary condition expressed as
K1 K2 K33 5 K1 K2 K33 4 K1 K2 K33 4
X
1 X
1  ðy  1Þ þ ðy  1Þ þ ðy  1Þ
un ¼ 0; hn ¼ 0 at y ¼ 0 10a 4 12a 4 12a4
3
n¼0 n¼0 K1 K2 K3 3
 ðy  1Þ ð43Þ
24a4
X
1 X
1
un ¼ 0; hn ¼ 1 at x ¼ 1 ð33Þ
aCK23 4 aCAK23 5 2CK1 K43 6
n¼0 n¼0 h1 ¼  ðy  yÞ þ ðy  yÞ  ðy  yÞ
12a2 2
20B a 2 30a4
From Eq. (31) the Adomian polynomians, gn can be obtained as
d
2
2 2 þ y  ðy3  yÞ ð44Þ
A du dh Ah d u 6K du0 d u0 6
g0 ¼ 2 0 0 þ 20 20  1 þ K2 u0
B dy dy B dy a dy dy2 Second order solution can be obtained from Eqs. (35) and (37)

2 which is expressed as
K2 u0 Ah0 2K1 K2 u0 du0
 þ ð34Þ
B2 a dy u2 ¼ L1
yy ðg1 Þ ð45Þ
2 2
g1 ¼
A du0 dh1 A du1 dh0 Ah0 d u1 Ah1 d u0
þ þ 2 þ 2 h2 ¼ L1
yy ðc1 Þ ð46Þ
B2 dy dy B2 dy dy B dy2 B dy2

2 2 ! With the second order boundary condition as follows
2
6K1 du0 d u1 du0 du1 d u0 K2 u0 Ah1

a 2
þ2
dy dy dy2
 v 2 ¼ 0; h2 ¼ 0 at y ¼ 0
dy dy B2 ð47Þ
v 2 ¼ 0; h2 ¼ 1 at y ¼ 1
4K1 K2 u0 du0 du1 Ah0
þ þ K1 u1  K2 u1 2 The second order solutions for uðyÞ and hðyÞ in Eqs. (45) and (46) are
a dy dy B

2 voluminous to be mentioned here but it is expressed graphically in
2K1 K2 u1 du0
þ ð35Þ the results and results validation, Table 1. Therefore final expres-
a dy sions for velocity and temperature profile can be expressed as
From Eq. (32) the Adomian polynomians, Kn can be obtained as uðyÞ ¼ u0 ðyÞ þ u1 ðyÞ þ u2 ðyÞ ð48Þ

2

4
du0 aCAh0 du0 2 du0
c0 ¼ aC þ  2 C K 1  dh0 ð36Þ hðyÞ ¼ h0 ðyÞ þ h1 ðyÞ þ h2 ðyÞ ð49Þ
dy B2 dy dy
1606 A.T. Akinshilo / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 1602–1609

Table 1
Comparison of values of y for velocity and temperature profile. When A = 0.1, B = 2, TO = 1, C = 1, K1 = K2 = 0.01, K3 = 0.1, d = 0.

y v(y) h(y)
NS Present Work Error NS Present Work Error
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.05 0.0062 0.0062 0.0000 0.0500 0.0500 0.0000
0.10 0.0117 0.0117 0.0000 0.1000 0.1000 0.0000
0.15 0.0165 0.0166 0.0001 0.1500 0.1500 0.0000
0.20 0.0208 0.0208 0.0000 0.2000 0.2000 0.0000
0.25 0.0243 0.0244 0.0001 0.2500 0.2501 0.0001
0.30 0.0273 0.0274 0.0001 0.3000 0.3001 0.0001
0.35 0.0296 0.0297 0.0001 0.3500 0.3501 0.0001
0.40 0.0312 0.0313 0.0001 0.4000 0.4001 0.0001
0.45 0.0322 0.0323 0.0001 0.4500 0.4501 0.0001
0.50 0.0325 0.0327 0.0002 0.5000 0.5001 0.0001
0.55 0.0322 0.0324 0.0002 0.5500 0.5501 0.0001
0.60 0.0313 0.0314 0.0001 0.6000 0.6001 0.0001
0.65 0.0296 0.0298 0.0002 0.6500 0.6501 0.0001
0.70 0.0273 0.0275‘ 0.0002 0.7000 0.7001 0.0001
0.75 0.0244 0.0246 0.0002 0.7500 0.7501 0.0001
0.80 0.0208 0.0210 0.0002 0.8000 0.8000 0.0000
0.85 0.0165 0.0168 0.0003 0.8500 0.8500 0.0000
0.90 0.0116 0.0118 0.0002 0.9000 0.9000 0.0000
0.95 0.0060 0.0063 0.0003 0.9500 0.9500 0.0000
1.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000

3. Results and discussion

The Table 1 shows the comparison of results of solutions for

flow of third grade fluid through parallel plates with porous med-
ium using fourth order Runge kutta-Fehlberg numerical solution
(NS) which improves the Euler’s method by adding a mid-point
in accuracy steps to the adomian decomposition method (ADM).
Obtained solutions prove the validity of the ADM in providing
accurate analytic solution to complex problem through yet simple
scheme. The Figs. 2–12 shows the result obtained through the ana-
lytic solution, the effect of thermal fluidic parameters at various
values on velocity, temperature profile and Nusselt number is pre-
sented. The Fig. 2 shows the effect of increasing Vogel’s parameter
A on velocity distribution. It is observed that as A increases the
velocity distribution decreases due to exponential variation of vis-
cosity with temperature, while it is shown in Fig. 3 that velocity
profile increases with increasing values of Vogel’s parameter B Fig. 3. Effect of Vogel’s parameter (B) on velocity profile when K1 = 0.01, K2 = 0.01,
which is as a result of the weakly dependency of viscosity against K3 = 0.01, A = 0.1, T0 = C = d = 1.
temperature.
The effect of the non-Newtonian parameter (K1) is illustrated in
Fig. 4. It can be observed that increasing values of K1 shows a slight
increase in velocity distribution due to increase in fluid activation
energy, however when K1 = 0 it depicts the behavior of the third

Fig. 4. Effect of Non-Newtonian parameter (K1) on velocity profile when A = 0.1,

K2 = 0.01, K3 = 0.01, B = 2, T0 = C = d = 1.

grade fluid as a Newtonian fluid. Effect of Increasing porosity

parameter (K2) is illustrated in Fig. 5. It is shown that increasing
values of K2 causes a corresponding decrease in velocity distribu-
Fig. 2. Effect of Vogel’s parameter (A) on velocity profile when K1 = 0.01, K2 = 0.01,
K3 = 0.01, B = 2, T0 = C = d = 1.
tion which can be physically explained due to increasing fluid
 A.T. Akinshilo / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 1602–1609
Fig. 5. Effect of porosity parameter (K2) on velocity profile when K1 = 0.01, A = 0.1,
K3 = 0.01, B = 2, T0 = C = d = 1.
Fig. 6. Effect of pressure gradient (K3) on velocity profile when K1 = 0.01, K2 = 0.01,
A = 0.1, B = 2, T0 = C = d = 1.
Fig. 7. Effect of Vogel’s parameter (A) on temperature profile when K1 = 0.01, K2 =
0.01, K3 = 0.5, B = 2, T0 = C = d = 1.
hydraulic resistance against the parallel surface. The pressure gra-
dient term (K3) effect is demonstrated in Fig. 6. It is observed that
increasing values of K3 leads to a significant increase in velocity
distribution, caused by decrease in concentration of reacting fluid
species.
Exponential variation of viscosity against temperature leads to
decrease in temperature distribution as observed in Fig. 7 when
Vogel’s parameter (A) increases numerically while Vogel’s param-
eter (B) causes a slight increase in temperature distribution when
B increases numerically as depicted in Fig. 8. This occurs as a result
of the weak dependency of viscosity against temperature. Temper-
ature profile decreases slightly when non-Newtonian parameter
1607
Fig. 8. Effect of Vogel’s parameter (B) on temperature profile when K1 = 0.01, K2 =
0.01, K3 = 0.5, A = 0.1, T0 = C = d = 1.
Fig. 9. Effect of Non-Newtonian parameter (K1) on temperature profile when A =
0.1, K2 = 0.01, K3 = 0.01, B = 2, T0 = C = d = 1.
Fig. 10. Effect of porosity parameter (K2) on temperature profile when K1 = 0.01, A
= 0.1, K3 = 0.1, B = 2, T0 = C = d = 1.
(K1) values increase which occurs due to increase in thermal
boundary layer thickness as demonstrated in Fig. 9. The effect of
porosity (K2) on temperature distribution is shown in Fig. 10. It
is demonstrated that increasing values of K2 causes decrease in
temperature profile due to increasing Darcy resistance owing to
fluid resistance near the solid plate walls. It is obvious from the
Fig. 11 that pressure gradient term effect (K3) causes a significant
increase in fluid temperature distribution due to increasing fluid
energy as K3 increases numerically. Heat generation parameter
(d) influence on temperature distribution is illustrated in Fig. 12,
as observed increasing values of d cause increase in temperature
distribution due to rapid molecular collision initiating high fluid
1608 A.T. Akinshilo / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 1602–1609

described by nonlinear ordinary differential equations arising from

the viscous-elastic behavior of the fluid which is analyzed by the
adomian decomposition method (ADM). The various thermal-
fluidic parameters such as porosity parameter, pressure gradient
heat generation parameter are investigated. Results reveals poros-
ity effect is maximum at the center of the plate for velocity distri-
bution while for temperature distribution, porosity term is
maximum towards the upper plate. Also heat generation parame-
ter causes significant increase in temperature distribution. This
study provides useful insight to the advancement of transport
and heat transfer processes in micro mixing, fuel cells, energy con-
servation, and medical processes amongst other applications.

Conflict of interest

Fig. 11. Effect of pressure gradient (K3) on temperature profile when K1 = 0.01, K2 The author declares no competing interest as regard the publi-
= 0.01, A = 0.1, B = 2, T0 = C = d = 1. cation of this paper.

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