Waste Analysis and

Characterization Study
Purposes of WACS

OVER-ALL: Promote the sound management of solid

waste

1. Basis for development of 10-year solid waste

management plans
2. Inventory of greenhouse gases from MSW
3. Feasibility studies of alternative technologies for MSW
 Purpose of WACS
(Determine)
Size, capacity and design of facilities
to manage the waste
Potential for recycling or composting
portions of the waste stream
Effectiveness of waste reduction
programs, recycling programs
Amount of other methods of material
disposal,
Potential sources of environmental
pollution in the waste
 Legal Basis:
RA 9003

Chapter III – Comprehensive

Solid Waste Management
Article 1 – General Provisions
Section 16. Local Government Solid Waste Management Plan – The
province, city or municipality, through its local solid waste management
boards, shall prepare its respective 10-year solid waste management
plans consistent with the National Solid Waste Management Framework.
DAO 34, Series of 2001 – IRR
of RA 9003, Appendix A
 Stages of WACS
• Preparation of sampling plan
• Identification of waste sources/ generators and sampling area
• Formation and training of WACS team
Preparation • Preparation of tools, site and dry run
and Training
• Preparation and orientation of cooperators

• Collection of wastes from sources

• Segregation, weighing and recording at WACS area
Actual Waste
• Collection of samples for laboratory analysis if needed
Characterization • Disposal of collected samples and cleaning of working area/tools

• Data encoding
• Data processing
Data Processing • Analysis
and Analysis • Report preparation
 Steps in sampling plan

1. Identify parameters to be measured,

range of possible values, and
required resolution
2. Design a sampling scheme that
details how and when samples will be
taken
3. Select sample sizes
4. Design data storage formats
5. Assign roles and responsibilities
https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/ppc/section3/ppc
33.htm
 Stages of WACS

• Preparation of sampling plan

• Identification of waste sources/ generators and sampling area
• Formation and training of WACS team
Preparation
and Training
• Preparation of tools, site and dry run (including safety)
• Preparation and orientation of cooperators

• Collection of wastes from sources

• Segregation, weighing and recording at WACS area
Actual Waste • Collection of samples for laboratory analysis if needed
Characterizatio
n • Disposal of collected samples and cleaning of working area/tools

• Data encoding
• Data processing
Data • Analysis
Processing
and Analysis • Report preparation
 Representative Sampling

GENERAL CONCEPTS
More samples yield more accurate data representation
 However, consider resource requirements such as time, labor, associated costs
in conducting WACS
 Consider waste variations and peak times
 Monthly variations (holidays, fiestas, summer vacation) and weekly variations
(weekdays, weekends, market days)
 Random and stratified sampling
 Random sampling to minimize biases in data gathering and stratified sampling
to get data from urban/rural barangays

As compiled by Engr. Voltaire Acosta, GIZ Cons

Methodology
Methodology

Direct Field Study

Physical Sorting
Photogrammetry
Material Flow
Typology
 Methods (Direct Field Study)
 Physical sorting

Special Residual
Special
Residual

Recyclable Biodegradable Recyclable

Based on ASTM D-5231-92

Biodegradable

1 2 1 2

3 4
3 4
 Methods (Direct Field Study)
Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry

1. Take a photograph of the representative sample at

a 90-degree angle with a wide-angle lens
2. Project it onto a screen with 10x10 gridlines
3. List waste components per cell
4. Calculate corresponding weight fraction and
weights calculated using bulk densities listed in next
slides
 Bulk densities of some refuse
components
Components Condition Bulk Density,
kg/m3
Aluminum cans Loose 30-44
Flattened 150
Corrugated Loose 210
cardboard
Fines (dirt, etc.) Loose 325-960
Food waste Loose 130-490
Baled 600-720
Glass bottles Whole bottles 300-420
Crushed 1080-1620
Source: Worrel, William A. and P. Aarne Vesiling. Solid Waste Engineering, 2nd ed.
Magazines Loose 480
 Bulk densities of some refuse
components
Components Condition Bulk Density,
kg/m3
Newsprint Loose 12-33
Baled 430-600
Office paper Loose 240
Baled 420-450
Plastic Mixed 42-130
PETE, whole 18-24
Baled 240-300
HDPE, loose 14
Flattened 40
Source: Worrel, William A. and P. Aarne Vesiling. Solid Waste Engineering, 2nd ed.
 Bulk densities of some refuse
components
Components Condition Bulk Density,
kg/m3
Plastic films and Baled
300-480
bags
Granulated 420-450
Steel cans Unflattened 90
Baled 510
Textiles Loose 42-100
Yard waste Mixed, loose 150-300
Leaves, loose 30-150
Grass, loose 210-300
Source: Worrel, William A. and P. Aarne Vesiling. Solid Waste Engineering, 2nd ed.
Methods (Materials Flow)

 Collect and analyze data on the manufacture and

sale of products that become solid waste after use
 Agricultural wastes may be determined by using
residue to product ratio (available from DA or
literature)
 Materials Flow
(Agricultural residues)
CROP TYPICAL WASTES
Cocoa Pruning = 21 kg dry organic matter/tree/year or 25
tons/hectare/year; replacement = 48 kg dry organic
matter/tree or 5,780 kg/hectare (assuming 1,200
trees/hectare); cocoa pods = 15o kg/hectare
Coconut Husks (33-35%). Shell (12-15%), Copra (28-30%)
2,220 kg dry husks/hectare/year; 1,040 kg dry
shells/hectare/year
Rice RPR = 0.416 to 3.96 rice straw
RPR = 0.2 to 0.33 rice husk
Corn RPR = 2.0 (15% moisture) corn stalk
RPR = 0.273 (7.53% moisture) corn cob
RPR = 0.2 (11.11% moisture) corn husk
Cassava A yield of 30-45 tons of tubers/hectare would result in residue
of stalks of 4-9 tons/hectare
1 ton peels (50% moisture)/hectare
Sugarcane RPR = 0.29 (50% moisture) bagasse
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/AD576E/ad57 RPR = Residue to product rat
 Material Flow
(Slaughterhouse)
Type of Waste Hoga Chickenb Cowc
Manure 1.2 No data 3.0
Ruminal/stomach 3.0 0.170 20.0
contents
Bile 0.05 - 0.04
Horns - - 1.4
Hooves 0.1 - 0.2
Blood 0.6 0.040 3.0
Hair/feather 0.15 All units in kilograms- (kg)
0.180
a based on 60-70 kg

hog
b based on 1.4-1.5 kg

SOURCE: National Meat Inspection Service chicken

c based on 250-300 kg
 Methods (Typology)

 System of groupings (such as “landed gentry” or “rain forests”), usually

called types, the members of which are identified by postulating
specified attributes that are mutually exclusive and collectively
exhaustive—groupings set up to aid demonstration or inquiry by
establishing a limited relationship among phenomena. A type may
represent one kind of attribute or several and need include only those
features that are significant for the problem at hand

https://www.britannica.com/science/typology
 c/o Dr. Myra

Waste Generation:
Types, Sources and
Components
 Waste Generators

Category Subcategory Examples

Households Urban
Rural
Commercial General Malls/department stores
merchandise Grocery stores
Hardware stores
Food establishments Restaurants
Carinderias
Food stalls
Hotels Hotels
Hostels/inns
Market Main public market
Satellite public markets (with structure)
Talipapa (open market)
Waste Generators https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/PSIC%2020
09.pdf
Category Subcategory Examples
Industrial Manufacturing Food manufacturers
Beverage industries
Furniture & fixture
Rubber & plastic products
Petroleum & other fuel products
Textile manufacturers
Footwear, leather & leather products
Printing & publishing
Chemical & chemical products
Others
Agriculture (crop, livestock, poultry)
Fishery
Agribusiness Hunting and forestry
Transport storage & communication
Trade & repair of motor vehicles & household
goods
Service
Financial intermediation
Real estate renting & business activity
 Waste Generators
Category Subcategory Examples
Institutional Offices Government Offices
Private Offices
Banks
NGOs, NGAs
Schools Day care centers
Elementary schools
High schools
Colleges/universities
Parks Recreational centers
Parks
Cemeteries
Churches
Others Street sweepings
Dredged materials from rivers
TIPS

 Include only significant sources of MSW in WACS

 Consider other sources once significant sources are
handled or these other sources become significant
 Initially, consider only four (4) categories of
components
 Do subcategories during updating or when
subcategories are significant
 Pareto Rule or Principle

1906: Observed that 20% of the people in Italy owned

80% of the wealth
- Vilfredo Pareto

Late 1940’s: In any situation, 20% of the inputs or

activities are responsible for 80% of the outcomes or
results
- Dr. Joseph M. Juran

SOURCE: www.thebalancecareers.com
 Waste Generators (Case
Study)
Residential Population (PSA)
Commercial
Industrial Registered business (BPLO)
Hotels/restaurants (Tourism
Agro-industrial
office)
Slaughterhouse
Solid waste Institutional Schools and government
generated Hospitals and offices (DepED, CHED, MPDO,
Clinics MHO)
Street waste
Hauled wastes (MENRO,
Construction and MEO)
Demolition
Hectarage of crops
Agricultural
(MAO/MPDO)
Legal Basis: Chapter III – Comprehensive Solid
Waste Management
RA 9003 Article 2 – Segregation of Wastes

Section 22. Requirements for the Segregation and

Storage of Solid Waste. – The following shall be the
minimum standards and requirements for segregation
and storage of solid waste pending collection:
a) There shall be a separate container for each type of
waste from all sources: Provided, That in the case of
bulky waste, it will suffice that the same be collected
and placed in a separate and designated area; and
b) The solid waste container depending on its use shall
be properly marked or identified for on-site collection
as “compostable”, “ non-recyclable”, “recyclable” or
“special waste”, or any other classification as may
determined by the Commission.
 Sample Size
Determination
 Representative Sampling
GENERAL CONCEPTS
 More samples yield more accurate data representation
 However, consider resource requirements such as time, labor, associated costs
in conducting WACS
 Consider waste variations and peak times
 Monthly variations (holidays, fiestas, summer vacation) and weekly variations
(weekdays, weekends, market days)
 Random or stratified sampling
 Random sampling to minimize biases in data gathering and stratified sampling
to get data from urban/rural barangays

SOURCE: Engr. Voltaire C. Acosta, GIZ Consultant

Sampling Method

In order to minimize bias in selecting samples for waste

characterization while capturing important areas of
interest for representative data, random sampling shall
be employed
Generator-Based Sampling

 To determine the representative number of

households or non-household units to be sampled for
waste characterization:
 Standard formula

 Used consistently to sample both household and non-

household waste generators

 More samples may be added to provide allowance in

case of experimental mortality
 Sample Size Determination
Sampling Formula Nomenclature
Standard Formula n = representative number of households or non-
𝑧 2 × 𝑃(1 − 𝑃) household units
𝑛= 𝑒 2 N = total number of households, or total units of non-
𝑧 2 × 𝑃(1 − 𝑃) household generators per subcategory
1+
𝑒2𝑁 z = z-score for 95% confidence level = 1.96
P = 20% standard of deviation = 0.20
e = 10% margin of error for HUCs, 1st to 6th class
municipalities (however, HUCs and 1st to 2nd class
municipalities may use a more stringent 5%
margin of error as allowance for experimental
mortality)

DOST-ITDI has developed an

easy-to-use excel spreadsheet
tool to compute the correct
sample size
Definition of Terms

5% margin of error and 95% level of confidence

 If sampling is repeated using the same techniques, the
expected results would be within ±5% of the stated
results 95% of the time
Standard deviation (σ) or P
 A measure of how spread out Source:
numberswww.statisticshowto.co
are

(𝑋ത − 𝑋)2
σ= Source: www.mathisfun.com
𝑛
 Sample Computation
(Stratified Sampling)
One of the barangays has a total household number of 1,015. The total
household number in another barangay is 869.

𝑧 2 × 𝑃(1 − 𝑃) 𝐻𝐻𝐵
𝑒2 𝑛𝐵 = 𝑛 x
𝑛=
𝑧 2 × 𝑃(1 − 𝑃) 𝐻𝐻𝑀
1+
𝑒2𝑁
𝟏, 𝟎𝟏𝟓
𝒏𝑩𝟏 = 𝟐𝟒𝟏 𝐱 = 𝟐𝟏
𝟏𝟏, 𝟖𝟎𝟕
𝟖𝟔𝟗
𝒏𝑩𝟐 = 𝟐𝟒𝟏 𝐱 = 1? 8
𝟏𝟏, 𝟖𝟎𝟕
Strata Identification

 All identified waste generators within the LGU of study

shall be stratified according to the
categories/subcategories listed in Waste Generators
slide
If there are areas of special interest with regard to
waste, such as proximity of coastal settlements to marine
biodiversity areas, existence of economic zones, spatial
stratification should also be done to capture these
representative ‘hotspots’
Urban Barangay - Definition

A barangay is classified as urban if it meets any of the

following (Category):
1. Population size of 5,000 or more
2. Has at least one establishment with a minimum of
100 employees
3. Has 5 or more establishments with 10 to 99
employees, and 5 or more facilities within the two-
kilometre radius from the barangay hall

SOURCE: Philippine Statistics Authority

 Urban Barangay - Definition

Facilities:
1. Town/city hall or provincial capitol
2. Church, chapel or mosques with religious service at least once a
month
3. Public plaza, park or cemetery
4. Market place or building where trading activities are carried out at
least once a week
5. Public building like school (elementary, high school and college),
hospital, puericulture or health center, or library
 Urban Barangay - Definition

Facilities:
6. Landline telephone system or calling station or cellular phone signal
7. Postal service or public fire-protection service
8. Community waterworks system or public-street sweeper
9. Seaport in operation
 Rural Barangay- Definition
Any barangay which does not satisfy any of the above criteria is
classified as rural

SOURCE: Philippine Statistics Authorit

 Household Classification -
Income
Classification Average Monthly Income (Php)
Low 200,000
Medium 36,934
High 9,061

Classification Average Annual Income (Php)

AB 1,857,000
C 603,000
D 191,000
E 62,000

https://www.pinoymoneytalk.com/sec-abcde-
percentage-population/
Updated: October 2, 2017
 Household Classification -
Income
Classification Monthly Income (Php)
Under 40,000
Source: PSA Report on Number of Families 40,000 to 59,999
and Family Receipts by Income Class, and by
60,000 to 99,999
Region and Source of Receipts: 2015
100,000 to 249,999
250,000 and over
Non-Household Sampling

 For calculation of representative number of non-

household units n, the total number of units per
subcategory listed in Waste Generators slide should be
determined and used as total population, N
 Calculated sample size shall then be allocated
proportionally according to size (small, medium, and
large) of waste generator
School Size Classification

Classificatio Pupil/Student
n Population
Very small <50
Small 50 – 440
Medium 441 – 840
Large 841 – 1240
Very large >1240
Source: BRL-DEPED 2016
Industry Size Classification

Classifica Asset Size (Excluding

tion Land)
Micro Up to Php 3,000,000
Small Php 3,000,001 to
15,000,000
Medium Php 15,000,001 to
100,000,000
Large More than Php
Source: SMED Council
100,000,000
 Five Star Grading System for
Star TotalHotels,
Room SizeResorts and Apartelle
Description Source: Department of Tourism
RA 9593: Tourism Act of 2009
Gradin Score (m2)
g (points)
1 251-400 16 Appeal to budget minded travelers; limited
range of facilities and services
2 401-550 18 Appeal to tourists seeking more than basic
accommodations; expanded facilities and
higher level of comfort
3 551-700 20 Offer a very good level of accommodation;
more spacious public areas, higher quality
facilities and greater range of services
4 701-850 25 + min. Properties are upscale in all areas;
2% of accommodation is refined and stylish;
rooms are service is responsive, often including an
suites extensive array of facilities
5 851-1,000 30 + min. Properties reflect characteristics of luxury
5% of and sophistication; facilities are world class in
rooms are every manner and meticulous services
Slaughterhouse
Classification
Classification Description
A Those facilities and procedures of
minimum adequacy that livestock and
fowls slaughtered therein are suitable for
distribution and sale only within the city or
municipality where the slaughterhouse is
located
AA Those facilities and operational
procedures sufficiently adequate that
livestock and fowls slaughtered therein
are suitable for sale in any market
domestic
AAA Those facilities and operational
procedures appropriate to slaughter
livestock and fowlsSource:
for saleDA-NMIS
in any market
domestic or international
 Shopping Centre
Classification
Neighborhood Sub-Regional Regional Super- Mega-Mall
Regional
Size (ft2 NLA) 20k-200k 200k-500k 500k-800k 800k-1.5M >1.5M
Typical no. 0-2 0-3 2+ 3+ 3+
of anchor
Typical main Supermarket(s Supermarket(s Supermarket(s Supermarket(s Supermarket(s
) ) ) ) )
anchors Hypermarket Hypermarket Hypermarket Hypermarket Hypermarket
General General General General General
merchandise merchandise merchandise merchandise merchandise
store store store store store
Small Small Small Small
department department department department
store store store store
Discount Discount Discount Discount
department department department department
store store store store
Cinema Cinema Cinema
Major Major
entertainment entertainment
/ leisure / leisure
NLA – net lease area Source: Asia-Pacific Shopping Centre Classific
 Sample size determination
WASTE GENERATORS Total Sector Size Sample
CATEGORY and SUB-CATEGORY L M S Size
1. FOOD ESTABLISHMENTS
1. Restaurants/Fastfood outlets

1. Eateries/Carinderias 46 9 27 7 5
(1) (3) (1)
1. Bakeries and Bakeshops 18 8 3 7 3
(1) (1) (1)
1. GENERAL STORES
1. General Merchandize 1 1 1
1. Groceries
1. Hardwares 3 3 1
1. Sari-sari stores 156 16 60 80 16
(2) (6) (8)
 Representative Sampling

GENERAL CONCEPTS
More samples yield more accurate data representation
 However, consider resource requirements such as time, labor, associated costs
in conducting WACS
 Consider waste variations and peak times
 Monthly variations (holidays, fiestas, summer vacation) and weekly variations
(weekdays, weekends, market days)
 Random or stratified sampling
 Random sampling to minimize biases in data gathering and stratified sampling
to get data from urban/rural barangays

SOURCE: Engr. Voltaire C. Acosta, GIZ Consultant

Random (Systematic)

After strata have been identified and the number of

samples per strata determined, random sampling may
be done using the nth approach, where members of the
sample are selected at a random starting point and a
fixed periodic interval, n. This periodic interval should be
based on total population divided by sample size.

Members of the sample shall be enlisted as cooperators.

Alternate members for each sub-category should be
added to the sample to ensure completeness in light of
possible lack of sample wastes
 Sample Computation
(Systematic Sampling)
Selecting HH sample
HHB1 = 1,105
nB1 = 23
HH
Periodic Interval (INT) = HHB2 = 869
𝑛
nB2 = 18
1,105
INTB1 = = 49
23
869
INTB2 = =49
?
18

11,807
INTM = = ?49
241
(Systematic Sampling)

Start here
INT = 49
Use of Random Number
Generator
Use of Random Number Generator

List of Household

Barangay No. of Sampl

HH e Size
Barangay 1,105 21
Uno
Barangay 869 18
Dos
End-of-Pipe Based Sampling

The recommended sample size for end-of-pipe waste is one whole

truckload of waste, whether full or not, per distinct collection route
Planning and Mobilization
Planning and Mobilization:
WACS Team
 A team must be formed to delegate specific roles in
the conduct of WACS including a team leader, a
logistics officer, a collection officer, sorters, scalers,
recorders, and data processors
 LGUs conducting their own WACS may tap academic,
government and private laboratories for waste
characterization services
 Planning and Mobilization:
Training and Orientation
 All WACS team members shall undergo orientation, which must
include:
 Overview of WACS objectives
 Training on proper waste segregation
 Review of procedures before, during, and after actual waste
characterization
 Content and procedure for completing data entry forms
 Health and safety guidelines
 One day may be dedicated for dry-run through all procedures during
WACS
 WACS Advisers
Team Leader MENRO
RLE_1056 DRRMO

Logistics In-
Data Processor
charge

Data Encoder

Bgy A-E Sub Bgy F-J Sub Team Bgy K-P Sub Non HH Sub
team leader Leader Team Leader Team Leader

Waste collectors, Waste collectors, Waste collectors, Waste collectors,

sorters, weighers sorters, weighers sorters, weighers sorters, weighers
Planning and Mobilization:
Schedule of Sampling
 Sampling schedule shall be a minimum of three days,
covering one market day, one ordinary day, and one
weekend
 If LGU has two market days, sampling schedule must
be a minimum of four days
 Sampling shall be done in consecutive days
 Care should be taken to avoid sampling periods with
holidays or periods that occur immediately after major
holidays, as these impact how representative the
sample is
 Representative Sampling

GENERAL CONCEPTS
More samples yield more accurate data representation
 However, consider resource requirements such as time, labor, associated costs
in conducting WACS
 Consider waste variations and peak times
 Monthly variations (holidays, fiestas, summer vacation) and weekly variations
(weekdays, weekends, market days)
 Random or stratified sampling
 Random sampling to minimize biases in data gathering and stratified sampling
to get data from urban/rural barangays
Legal Basis: Chapter III – Comprehensive Solid
Waste Management
RA 9003 Article 2 – Segregation of Wastes

Section 21. Mandatory Segregation of Solid Wastes – The LGUs shall

evaluate alternative roles of the public and private sectors in providing
collection services, type of collection system, or combination of systems,
that best meet their needs: Provided, That segregation of wastes shall
primarily be conducted at the source, to include household, institutional,
industrial, commercial and agricultural sources. Provided, further, That
wastes shall be segregated into the categories provided in Section 22 of
this Act.
 Planning and Mobilization:
Identification of Field Work Site
 A suitable roofed site, has good ventilation (i.e.. not
enclosed by walls on all sides), and is big enough to
allow for entry, exit, and simultaneous sorting of waste
from various sources must be identified
 Prepare layout of site to assign stations for stockpiling
of incoming waste, weighing, manual sorting, and
recording
 Where possible, manual sorting should take place in
an elevated surface such as a table
 Assign designated area for first aid and water and
food station
 Working areas must be visibly delineated with cones,
stakes, or tape.
Planning and Mobilization:
Notification
 All cooperators must be informed in writing of the
WACS activities
 They must consent to participation
 Nearby houses and facilities must also be informed of
the possible disturbances such as odor and noise
Planning and Mobilization:
Training and Orientation
 Cooperators from waste generators shall also be
oriented on their roles and responsibilities
 They shall not mix in wastes from:
 Other waste sources
 Conduct general cleaning
 Divert any recyclables from the waste sample
 Planning and Mobilization
Recommended Resources

Clipboard and Tongs

Scale accurate to 0.1
kg (depending upon data sheets
waste stream)
Small bins or buckets (≥20 L)
for weighing sorted materials

Trash bags

Marker, masking
tape and duct
tape
Shovel and rake
Plastic sheeting (10 mm thick min.)
c/o IGES-Japan Waste Quality
Analysis for WACS
Significant Properties

 Composition by identifiable items

 Bulk and material density
 Ash content
 Moisture content
 Particle size
 Chemical composition
 Heating values
 Mechanical properties
 Biodegradability
Data Processing
 Data Processing
 A well-organized electronic database that can be easily stored,
interpreted, and retrieved should be established from the results
obtained from WACS
 Derived WACS Database
(Residential per Barangay)
𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐻𝐻 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑
(𝑃𝐶𝐺) =
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝐻 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑥 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝐵𝑔𝑦𝑁 = = 𝑃𝐶𝐺 𝑥 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑦
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝐿𝐺𝑈 𝐻𝐻 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
= ෍ 𝐵𝑔𝑦1 + 𝐵𝑔𝑦2 + … + 𝐵𝑔𝑦𝑛 − 1 + 𝐵𝑔𝑦𝑛
𝑑𝑎𝑦
 Derived WACS Database
(Residential per Barangay)
Component
𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐻𝐻 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑
=
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝐻 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑥 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐵𝑔𝑦𝐿𝐺𝑈
𝑁 = 𝐻𝐻 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑃𝐶𝐺 𝑥 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑦
= ෍ 𝐵𝑔𝑦 + 𝐵𝑔𝑦 + … 𝐵𝑔𝑦𝑛
1 2 −1+
𝐵𝑔𝑦
𝑛
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝐿𝐺𝑈 𝐻𝐻 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

% 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑥 100%
𝐿𝐺𝑈 𝐻𝐻 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
 Derived WACS Database
(Non-Residential)
Based on per unit or capita
𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑
(𝑃𝐶𝐺) =
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑁 = = 𝑃𝐶𝐺 𝑥 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝐿𝐺𝑈 𝐻𝐻 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
= ෍ 𝐵𝑔𝑦1 + 𝐵𝑔𝑦2 + … + 𝐵𝑔𝑦𝑛 − 1 + 𝐵𝑔𝑦𝑛
𝑑𝑎𝑦

Units may be number of students, beds, rooms, stalls

 Derived WACS Database
(Non-Residential)
Based on establishment size
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑
=
𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 x 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑 x 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

= x 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 x 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑇𝑜𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

= ෍ 𝐶𝑜𝑚1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑚2 + … 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑛 − 1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑛
𝑑𝑎𝑦

• Commercial
• Industrial
• Institutional
 Derived WACS Database
(Over all PCG)
𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐻𝐻 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑
(𝑃𝐶𝐺) =
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝐻 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑥 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝐵𝑔𝑦𝑁 = = 𝑃𝐶𝐺 𝑥 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑦
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 σ 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 + 𝑁𝑜𝑛 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 /𝑑𝑎𝑦

=
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Derived WACS Database
(Residential per Barangay)
Component
𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑
=
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑥 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

= 𝑃𝐶𝐺 𝑥 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑦
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐶𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
= ෍ 𝐵𝑔𝑦1 + 𝐵𝑔𝑦 2 + … 𝐵𝑔𝑦𝑛 − 1 + 𝐵𝑔𝑦𝑛
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝐿𝐺𝑈 𝐻𝐻 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

% 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑥 100%
𝐿𝐺𝑈 𝐻𝐻 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
 10-Year Projections

 For WACS data used for the development of 10-year solid waste
management plans by LGUs, the following must be calculated based
on population projection
 Projected waste generation in a “no intervention” scenario
 Projected waste generation in a “with intervention” scenario
 10-Year Projections

 For WACS data used for the development of 10-year solid waste
management plans by LGUs, the following must be calculated based
on population projection
 Projected waste generation in a “no intervention” scenario
 Projected waste generation in a “with intervention” scenario
 10-Year Projections

 Population at Year n:

𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 x (1 + 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒)𝑛

 Waste generation at Year n

𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑛
= 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑛 x 𝑃𝐶𝐺 x (1 + 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒)𝑛

If Economic Growth Rate = zero (0), then:

𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑛 x 𝑃𝐶𝐺

 Average annual growth rate

1
𝑃𝑡+𝑛 𝑛
𝑟= − 1 x 100
𝑃𝑡

Where
r = average annual growth rate of the urban or rural population
Pt = urban or rural population from the previous census
Pt+n = urban or rural population from the current census
n = time interval (expressed in years) between the current census
and the previous census
Validity of WACS

 Results of WACS shall be considered valid until a new

WACS is conducted to update them
 Updating of WACS shall be every ??? years at the
longest duration
 Typology-based WACS shall be valid for a year only,
by which time the LGU should replace its data by
conducting its own WACS
In summary, WACS . . .

 Essential in establishing an integrated SWM

system (10-Year SWM Plan)
 Data can be used to decide the method and
capacity of storage, the types of collection
vehicles, the frequency of collection service

 Data can be used to examine disposal

method and possibility of recycling
WACS and Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
Support to enhance RA 9003 implementation
MSW management situation (2010):
• Waste generation = 0.40 kg /capita/day
 GHG Emissions from Waste
Sector
2010
% Contributions per Waste Category Emissio
%
ns
Sub-sector Solid Waste 4,700 34%
Solid Waste
4,100 29%
Disposal
Biological
Treatment of
200 2%
Solid Waste
(Composting)
34%
Solid Waste
Open Burning 400 3%
Wastewater
Waste Water 9,100 66%
66% Handling
Domestic
8,700 63%
Wastewater
Industrial
400 3%
Wastewater
TOTAL 13,800 100.0%
 GHG Emission Reduction Baselines and Targets in the
Philippines

GHG Inventory Results for Base

Year 2010: Waste Sector (in INDC vs. NDC Mitigation Targets:
million tCO2e) Priority Options
Source: EMB-DENR, 2018 Source: Multi-Sectoral Forum on the NDC
Sectoral Targets, Philippine Senate, 18 July 2017
Solid Closure of open and controlled dumpsite

NDC MITIGATION OPTIONS

Waste Scale-up of the application of methane recovery
Sub- technology
Sector Waste-to-energy conversion of residual wastes
[LONG Improve solid waste diversion
LIST]
Diversion of organic wastes for composting

Segregation of plastics, metals, and paper for recycling

Mainstreaming of the informal sector

Improve waste collection and disposal

Optimization of SW collection routing schemes

Use of eco-efficient / methane oxidizing soil cover

 Proposed NDC Mitigation Options For The
Waste Sector
Mitigation Cost per Ton
Mitigation Potential CO2e Description
Option (2015- Mitigation
2030) (2015-2030)
[MtCO2e] *with co-
benefits
[USD]
Municipal Solid This option examines deploying anaerobic
Waste Digestion 6.95 -1.72 digester that breaks down organic matter in the
of Organic absence of oxygen to release biogas (methane)
Waste and capture it for energy generation.
A method to maximize the use of biodegradable
materials in order to support the goal of “zero-
Composting 7.37 4.99 waste” Philippines considering that bio waste
comprise about half (52.3%) of MSW. Increased
composting results in additional biodegradable
waste diversion from landfills, reducing CH4
emissions and overall disposal requirements.
Option includes deployment of eco-efficient soil
Use of Eco- 9.45 34.28 cover (methane oxidizing cover) at small disposal
Efficient Soil sites. The principle behind is that specific soil
Cover bacteria (methanotrophs) are capable to
consume methane by natural microbial processes
while passing through eco-efficient cover strata.
 Proposed NDC Mitigation Options For
The
Mitigati Waste
Cost per Sector
Mitigation on Ton CO2e Description
Option Potenti (2015-
al 2030)
(2015- *with co-
2030) benefits
[MtCO2 [USD]
e]
Methane 11.69 -3.94 This option includes deployment of methane
Recovery recovery for electricity generation at large
from Sanitary sanitary landfills. Extraction takes place through
Landfills for vertical perforated pipes or the gas is sucked
Electricity out of landfill by means of a gas pump or a
compressor.
2.79 5.78 This option includes the deployment of
Methane methane recovery for flaring at large disposal
Flaring sites. Flaring of methane will result to CO2
emissions that has a much lower global
warming potential (GWP) than methane.
ADDITIONAL MITIGATION OPTIONS
Solid Closure of open and controlled dumpsite

NDC MITIGATION OPTIONS

Waste Scale-up of the application of methane recovery
Sub- technology
Sector Waste-to-energy conversion of residual wastes
[LONG Improve solid waste diversion
LIST]
Diversion of organic wastes for composting

Segregation of plastics, metals, and paper for recycling

Mainstreaming of the informal sector

Improve waste collection and disposal

Optimization of SW collection routing schemes

Use of eco-efficient / methane oxidizing soil cover

What are Short-Lived
Climate Pollutants
(SLCPs)?

• A set of powerful climate

warming agents, BC, CH4,
O3, HFCs
• Have a relatively short
lifetime in the atmosphere
when compared to the
longer-lived climate
pollutants, such as carbon
dioxide (CO2).
• Have a significant warming
potential, which is often a
multiple of that of CO2, and
are hence powerful
warming agents
(https://unfccc.int/files/press/application/pdf/
slcp_timetoact_graphic.pdf)
Why SLCP Reduction
Matters?
Climate Benefits: Avoid Global Warming
• Can reduce global warming by
about 0.6°C by 2040–2050.
• Helps to keep average global
temperatures to no more than 1.5 to
2°C above pre-industrial levels this
century, and to meet the
temperature goals in the Paris
Agreement with adoption of global
action to reduce CO2 together
• Benefits to Health and Ecosystem
• Can avoid an estimated 2.4 million
premature deaths annually from
outdoor air pollution and greatly
reduce impacts on health from
indoor exposure.
• Can avoid annual losses from four
major crops of more than 30 million
metric tons.
Municipal Solid
Waste
Management
(MSWM) is one
of the key
sectors showing
potential for
reducing SLCPs
 Waste management and SLCPs from MSWM
❖ All the activities in waste management emit GHGs and SLCPs

Waste Collection and transportation Fossil

fuel

Operation activities
BC

Electivity
/fossil fuel

Treatment/final disposal

❖ Cities need to undertake a rapid assessment of these emissions and identify suitable
alternative solutions in order to develop climate friendly waste management
 Main Strategy
1 Implement comprehensive and strategic biodegradable
waste management programs
2 Promote gas capture, recovery and/or treatment during
operation, and closure and rehabilitation of solid waste
disposal sites (SWDS)
… including the use of eco-efficient soil cover (EESC) at
small SWDS
3 Implement comprehensive and strategic recyclables
management programs
4 Adopt alternative technologies, including waste-to-
energy, as SWM solution, considering institutional, legal, SWDS gas that are utilized for energy generation
and technical limits
5 Implement BAT/BEP to prevent and control burning at Reduce the amount of deposited waste that is
SWDS
6 Implement BAT/BEP to prevent and control open
burning at backyards or communal areas
… by (among others) increasing waste collection
coverage and frequency.
7 Promote the use of low-polluting waste collection
vehicles and optimization of MSW collection routes and
transport schemes
Target/Goal
(relative to 2010 Baseline)
Increase the diversion of biodegradable waste
Increase the amount of SWDS gas captured
and/or utilized.
Increase the amount of SWDS gas captured
through EESC.
Increase the diversion of recyclables
Increase the amount of captured biogas and
Increase the percentage of low-economic value
waste fractions used for resource and energy
recovery.
burned at SWDS.
Reduce the amount of waste burnt at backyards.
… by decreasing the amount of uncollected
waste.
Reduce fuel consumption per ton of waste
collected.