CP 7

Faculty of Civil Engineering & Built Environment
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
BFC 32403
CHAPTER 7
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW) AND SCHEDULE WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Chapter 7:
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW) AND SCHEDULE
WASTE MANAGEMENT (6 Hours)
7.1 MSW Categories and Characterization
7.2 MSW Generation and Collection
7.3 Integrated Solid Waste Management
7.4 Sanitary Landfill
7.5 Scheduled Waste
7.6 Scheduled Waste Categories
7.7 Schedule Waste Treatment: Incineration
7.8 Schedule Waste Treatment: Solidification
7.9 Secured Landfill
Objectives
• To recover materials we could recycle such as glass,

plastic and metal.
• To minimize the space essentials for landfills
• To protect surroundings or environment and
community from unwanted effects caused by
excessive solid waste
7.1 MSW CATEGORIES AND CHARACTERIZATION
INTRODUCTION OF SOLID WASTE
Solid Waste in Malaysia

60% of waste generated arises from
urban sector consisting mainly of
sewage, domestic and agricultural solid
waste
Malaysia
20 % from agro-industrial
20% from the industrial sector and

construction
PROPERTIES OF SOLID WASTE
Physical Chemical
Properties Properties
a) Proximate analysis
a) Bulk density
b) Ultimate analysis
b) Moisture content
c) Energy content
Focus in this course

Physical Properties – Bulk density
Densities of solid wastes vary markedly with geographic location,
season of the year and length of time in storage.
Density (kg/m 3) Density (kg/m 3)
Component Range Typical

Food wastes 120-480 290
Paper 30-130 85
Cardboard 30-80 50
Plastics 30-130 65
Textiles 30-100 65
Rubber 90-200 130
Leather 90-260 160
Garden trimmings 60-225 105
Wood 120-320 240
Misc. Organics 90-360 240
Glass 160-480 195
Tin cans 45-160 90
4.2.1 Physical Properties – MOISTURE CONTENT

Typical data on moisture content of solid waste components
Moisture (%) Moisture (%)
Component
Range Typical
Food wastes 50-80 70
Paper 4-10 6
Cardboard 4-8 5
Plastics 1-4 2
Textiles 6-15 10
Rubber 1-4 2
Leather 8-12 10
Garden trimmings 30-80 60
Wood 15-40 20
Misc. Organics 10-60 25
Glass 1-4 2
Tin cans 2-4 3
Nonferrous metals 2-6 2
Ferrous metals 2-6 3
Dirt, ashes, brick 6-12 8
Municipal solid waste 15-40 20
Example Component Percent by mass

Food waste 15
Estimate the moisture content of
100kg solid waste sample with Cardboard 10
the following composition: Plastics 10
Garden trimmings 10
Wood 5
Tin cans 5
Paper 45

Solution:
Component Percent by mass Moisture content (%) Dry mass, kg (based on 100kg)
Food waste 15 70 4.5 [0.15 x (100-70)]
Paper 45 6 42.3 [0.55 x (100-6)]
Cardboard 10 5 9.5
Plastics 10 2 9.8
Garden trimmings 10 60 4.0
Wood 5 20 4.0
Tin cans 5 3 4.9

TOTAL
Refer Table in 79.0
slide 7 Moisture content = (100-79.0)100 = 21.0%
100
CHARACTERIZATION OF EACH MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

CATEGORIES
FOOD RESIDUE RUBBER

Vegetables, fruit peel, bones, Mainly derived from waste
starch food, and nut shells tires
1 6 PLASTICS
High density polyethene, low
WOOD WASTE density polyethene,
Wood, bamboo, leaves and
weeds
2 5 polypropylene, PS,PVC and
polyethylene terephthalate
PAPER 3 4 TEXTILES
Cotton, chemical fibers
Newspaper, books, magazines,
and wool
cardboard and toilet paper
7.2 MSW GENERATION AND COLLECTION
MSW GENERATED BY STATES IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA (IN THOUSAND OF TONS)
State 1998 1999 2000 2010 2015 2020

Kuala Lumpur 1058 1070 1082 1202 1262 1322
Selangor 1169 1204 1240 1595 1773 1950
Pahang 202 206 210 250 270 290
Kelantan 123 126 120 87 72 42
Terengganu 119 122 125 155 170 185
Negeri Sembilan 267 278 291 411 471 531
Melaka 208 216 225 310 353 395
Johor 927 956 1005 1395 1590 1785
Perlis 28 28 29 34 36 39
Kedah 569 569 631 941 1096 1251
Penang 611 611 648 833 925 1018
Perak 719 719 763 983 1093 1021
Total 6000 6105 6369 8196 9111 9820
*Forecasting based on (1998-2010) average increase rate of 2.14%

Source: Pollution Journal of Environmental Study
SOLID WASTE GENERATION RATES
❖ Generation rates for MSW are usually estimated by the amount of waste
generated per person per day.
❖ The generation rate depends on the standard of living and culture of the
people living in a particular city or country. As example;
o Denmark : 1kg/cap/day
o Malaysia : 0.45 - 1.44 kg/cap/day).
o Kuala Lumpur : 1.5kg/cap/day
❖ In higher income countries the current generation rate is about 1 tonne / per
household per year.
How to measure solid waste generation rate?

View https://youtu.be/LIc2J3G6x1I?t=544
4.3.1 Factors that affect waste generation and collection

rates
❖ Source reduction and recycling activities

❖ Public attitudes and legislation
❖ Geographic, cultural and physical factors
4.3.1 Factors that affect waste generation and collection
rates
Example
A town of 2,000 homes in Johor Bahru generates 0.95 kg/person.d of municipal

solid waste. Another town of the same size in Kuala Lumpur generates
1.9kg/person.day? Assume: 1 home have 10 residents
i) How much MSW is generated in each ii) How much MSW is generated in each
town per day? town per week?
Johor Bahru Johor Bahru

= 2,000 x 10 person x 0.95 kg/person.d = 2,000 x 10 person x 0.95 kg/person.d
= 19,000 kg/day = 19,000 kg/day x 7d/week
= 133,000 kg/week
Kuala Lumpur
= 2,000 x 10 person x 1.9 kg/person.d Kuala Lumpur
= 38,000 kg/day = 2,000 x 10 person x 1.9 kg/person.d
= 38,000 kg/day x 7d/week
= 266,000 kg/week
4.3.2 Separation of solid waste

❖ Separation can be done in the household / industry or at the transfer station or final
destination where mechanical separation / sorting are possible.
❖ Source separation able to
o eliminates the need for expensive and difficult manual and / or mechanical
sorting.
o provides the cleanest; most well defined fractions of waste suitable for
subsequent recycling or reuse.
❖ Source separation is best for;
o Food waste
o Paper and cardboard
o Plastics
o Ferrous metals and non ferrous metals
o Glass
❖ The following infrastructure is needed to function source separation;
o Community drop-off centers for glass and nonferrous metals
o Public drop-off centers where bulky, yard and household hazardous waste
may be dropped off.
o Environmental advertising program to educate the public on source
separation.
COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE
Hauled Container System (HCS)

Advantages: Hoist Truck
❖ Suited for removal of waste from
sources where the rate of generation is
high.
❖ Use large container - reduces handling
time.
❖ Flexibility - containers of many different
sizes and shapes are available for the
collection of all types of waste.
❖ Require only one truck and driver to Tilt-frame container
accomplish the collection cycle
Hauled container system (HCS) – conventional

Stationary Container Systems (SCS)
∙ Systems in which mechanically/ manually loaded collection vehicles are used.
4.4.1 Collection routes

❖ Routes must be laid so
that
o both the collectors
and equipment are
used effectively.
o last container to be
collected on the
route is located
nearest to the
disposal site.
❖ The layout of collection
routes involves a series
trial

❖ No universal set of rules that can be applied to all situations. However, the basic idea are
as follow:
o In hilly areas, routes should start at the top of the grade and proceed downhill as the
vehicle becomes loaded.
o Wastes generated at traffic-congested locations should be collected as early in the day
as possible
❖ 4 general steps involved in establishing collection routes include:-

i. Preparation of location maps showing pertinent data and information concerning the
waste generation sources.
ii. Data analysis and, as required, preparation of information summary tables.
iii. Preliminary layout of routes.
iv. Evaluation of the preliminary routes and the development of balanced routes by
successive trials.
Example
Assume the following data is applicable.
Occupants per house= 5
Solid waste generation rate = 1.5 kg/person.d
Compacted density of solid waste in collection vehicle= 325kg/m3
Collection vehicle capacity = 20m3/trip
1. Determination of solid waste generation in a week.
2. Determination of the compacted volume of solid waste to be collected per week.
3. Determination of the number of trips per week.
4. Determination of the average number of residences from which wastes are to be
collected each day.
Solution
1. Determination of solid waste generation in a week
= 664 residences x 5 persons/residence x 1.5kg/person.d x 7d/week

=34,860 kg/week
2. Determination of the compacted volume of solid waste to be collected per week.
= 664 residences x 5 persons/residence x 1.5kg/person.d x 7d/week

325 kg/m3
= 108 m3/week
3. Determination of the number of trips per week
Trip/week = 108 m3/week = 5.4 ≅ 6

20 m3/trip
4. Determination of the average number of residence from which wastes are to be collected each day.
Residences/trip = 664/6 = 110.67 ~ 111

7.3 INTERGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION OF INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Refers to strategic approach to sustainable management

of solid waste covering all aspects including waste
prevention, recycling, transfer, sorting, treatment,
recovery, composting and disposal program.
An effective ISWM system considers how to prevent,

recycle and manage solid waste that effectively protect
human health and the environment.
reducing the amount and toxicity of the waste that are

now generated
is the process of converting waste materials into
reusable objects to prevent waste of potentially
useful materials
Prepare the material for subsequent
uses
INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Waste
Source reduction
• Waste prevention- reducing transportation
unnecessary waste generation 1 2 • Collection of waste from
• Used recycling product curbside and businesses,
• Use reusable pacakaging transfer stations where waste
product may be concentrated and
reloaded onto vehicles for
delivery to landfill
Recycling and
Composting 4 3 Waste disposal
• Include accumulation, sorting • Disposal of waste
and recovering of recyclable and through landfills and
reuseable materials combustion for waste
• Diverting material from waste materials which cannot
stream to generate cost- be recycled.
effective materials for further
use
7.4 SANITARY LANDFILL
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL: LANDFILL
In broad term, operations and processes in an engineered landfill are;
❖ Landfill design;- foundation design, liner design, leachate and gas

collection,
❖ Drainage design, filling design, runoff collection, closure design
❖ Landfill operation;- waste inventory, load, type, cell layout, cell for
hazardous waste,
❖ Biochemical reaction in landfill;- biological decay rates, slowly
biodegradable, rapidly biodegradable, non biodegradable
❖ Leachate management;- collection, treatment, monitoring, reuse
❖ Landfill gas management;- Monitoring, collection, flaring or using,
quantity and quality
❖ Environmental monitoring;- air quality, odour, CH4, H2S, VOCs,
groundwater quality monitoring, pets and litter, traffic
BUKIT TAGAR SANITARY LANDFILL (BTSL)
BTSL has a complete

environment protection
system based on
implementation of the
following system
components:
✔ Surface water
management plan
✔ Leachate
management plan
✔ Environmental
monitoring
✔ Early warning and
emergency
containment system
✔ 4 sequential batch
reactor (SBR)
lagoons,
✔ 24 aerators,
✔ chemical storage
and dosing system,
✔ balancing tanks,
✔ sludge thickener
✔ dissolved air Treated leachate is conveyed to the reed beds for final
flotation plant polishing. The reed beds consist of Phragmites plant- Water
quality monitoring
✔ 4 leachate
holding-ponds
Bukit Tagar Renewable Energy Centre

LANDFILL GAS TO ELECTRICITY
LANDFILL GAS TO ELECTRICITY
Convert to electricity by using combustion

generator. Gas must be
processed to remove detrimental impurities
Solar Farm in BTSL
The 125 kilowatt solar project at BTSL

❖ All landfill should be

containment type DUMP SITE
❖ Attenuate and disperse site
or dump site are no longer
acceptable due to the
environmental pollution
LANDFILLING METHODS (CONTAINMENT TYPE)
Depositing of solid waste
❖ Solid waste brought to landfill sites in truckloads

❖ Trucks unload the solid waste onto the landfill
operating cell
❖ Dump and spread out by spreader and dozer and
compacted
❖ At the end of the day the compacted solid waste is
covered by cover material up to 20-30 cm thick to
prevent rats and other scavenging animals
❖ Rainfall will seep through the compacted solid waste
and form leachate
Depositing of solid waste

Spreading, Compacting and Covering

LANDFILLING METHODS (CONTAINMENT

TYPE)
i. Excavated trench / cell

ii. Area method
iii. Canyon / depression method
4.7.1 Excavated trench / cell
❖ Ideal for area with

adequate depth of cover.
❖ Water table is low.
❖ Trench is excavated in
the ground.
❖ Liner put before waste
are deposited.
❖ Excavated earth use
back as cover at the end
of each operation
4.7.1 Excavated trench / cell

4.7.2 Area method

❖ Terrain not suitable for excavation.
❖ High groundwater level.
❖ Liners are place on original ground.
❖ Cover material hauled from location nearby.
❖ Compost can be used as alternative.
4.7.2 Area method

4.7.3 Canyon/depression method

❖ Techniques vary with canyon geometry.
❖ Control of surface water drainage is critical.

Example of operating canyon type landfill
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNDWP8NhhRM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9vgAMdTFoc
Supposedly
0.25
Cross Section of Landfill

4.7.4 Liner
❖ Primary purpose is to minimize leakage of landfill leachate and
gas into subsurface
❖ Allow collection of leachate for treatment and disposal
❖ Most commonly used materials for liner include one or all of
the
❖ following:
✔ Geomembrane (Hydraulic barrier)
✔ Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL) (Hydraulic Barrier)
✔ Compacted Clay (Hydraulic Barrier)
✔ Geotextile (for cushion or separation)
❖ Typical slope of base liner is 2% to 10%
❖ Typical slope of side wall liner ranges from 20% to 40%
4.7.4 Liner
Development and completion of a solid waste landfill
Excavation and installation

of landfill liner
4.7.5 Leachate
❖ Leachate is contaminated water in landfill which is drawn

out via pumping system from inside the landfill to be treated
at an adjacent water treatment plant.
❖ Typical leachate chemical composition are [all in mg/l

(ppm)]
❑ TSS: 500-2,500,
❑ VSS: 3,000-8,000,
❑ COD: 5,000 - 30,000,
❑ BOD: 4,000-20,000.
4.7.5 Leachate
Construction of Leachate Collection and Gas Escape Pipes

4.7.5 Leachate
❖ During early stages Leachate recycling
leachate contain high
concentration of TDS,
BOD5, COD, nutrients
and heavy metals
❖ When leachate
re-circulated the
constituent are
attenuated by
biological, chemical
and physical activities
reactions occurring
within the landfill
4.7.5 Leachate
Leachate evaporation
The most simple treatment is evaporation in lined leachate storage
facility
Leachate treatment
The treatment process selected will depend on the contaminants to
be removed
Selection of treatment facilities will depend primarily on
characteristics of contaminants which include TDS, COD, SO42-,
heavy metals and other non-specific toxic constituents
Treatment Facilities
✔ Integrated leachate management system
✔ Discharge to wastewater treatment plant
4.7.5 Leachate
EXAMPLE OF INTEGRATED LEACHATE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

4.7.5 Leachate
LEACHATE TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
Possible when
✔ landfill is located near a waste water collection system
✔ where a pressure sewer can be used to connect the landfill
leachate collection to a waste water collection system
In many cases, the organic content of leachate required to be

reduced before discharged to the sewer.
4.7.6 Landfill Gases
❖ To determine the size of the gas collection & processing facilities

needed, the quantity of landfill gas must first be estimated
❖ The decision to use horizontal or vertical gas recovery wells depends

on the design & capacity of the landfill
❖ The decision to flare or to recover energy from the landfill gas is

determined by the capacity of the landfill site & the opportunity to sell
power produced from the conversion of landfill gas to energy
4.7.6 Landfill Gases : Flaring

▪ Common method of gas management
▪ Also called thermal destruction
▪ Methane will be burned together with other gas
4.7.7 Landfill Cover Configuration

❖ The use of a geo-membrane liner as a barrier layer is favoured by
most landfill designers to limit the entry of surface water & to control
the release of landfill gases
❖ The specific cover configuration selected will depend on the location

of the landfill & the climatological conditions
❖ To ensure the rapid removal of rainfall from the completed landfill &
to avoid the formation of puddles, the final cover should have a slope
of about 3% to 5%
4.7.7 Landfill Cover Configuration
Surface Water Drainage Facilities
An important step in the

design of a landfill is
to develop an overall
drainage plan for the
area that shows the
location of;
✔ Storm drains
✔ Culverts
✔ Ditches
✔ Subsurface drain
4.7.8 Public Health and Safety

Health and safety of workers
❖ The federal government through OSHA regulations & states through
OSHA-type programs have established requirements for a comprehensive
health & safety
❖ program for the workers at landfill site
❖ Attention must be given to the types of protective clothing & boots,

air-filtering head gear & punctureproof gloves supplied to the workers
Safety of the public

❖ The use of a convenience transfer station at the landfill site, to minimize the
public contact with the working operations of the landfill is gaining in
popularity
Completed Landfill
CLOSED LANDFILL
Canton Landfill
CLOSED LANDFILL
Riverview Landfill
The Riverview Highlands Golf

Practice Facility
CLOSED LANDFILL
Fresno Sanitary Landfill ( oldest “ true” SL in US)
The Fresno Sanitary Landfill is a National Historic Landmark as well as in the

National Register of Historic Places.
CLOSED LANDFILL
Truax Landfill
Golf Course
CLOSED LANDFILL
Madison Landfills
Landfill Site Location Current Use

Mineral Point Landfill 128 Yellowstone Drive Mineral Point public park
Greentree Landfill 6600-6700 Hammersley Rd Greentree – Chapel Hills public park
Olin Landfill 123 E. Olin Avenue Quann public park and off-leash dog park
Demetral public park, off-leash dog park,
Demetral Landfill 200-500 Packers Avenue
and East High School fields
Sycamore public park and off-leash dog
Sycamore Landfill 4601 Sycamore Road
park
CLOSED LANDFILL
Pajam Landfill, Negeri Sembilan
8MW solar farm

CLOSED LANDFILL
Air Hitam Sanitary Landfill
Worldwide landfills
Park
✔ 5km jogging track
(comprising both tarred
road and interlocking
bricks),
✔ bicycle track,
✔ playground
✔ exercise area.
CLOSED LANDFILL
Jelutong Landfill
a site for
construction and
demolition
(C&D) waste.
7.5 SCHEDULED WASTE
Scheduled waste characteristics

7.5 SCHEDULED WASTE
• are wastes that can readily catch fire and

sustain combustion or have a flash point
less than 60 °C (140 °F)
• It is an oxidizer
• It is flammable compressed gas
• Many paints, cleaners, and other industrial

wastes pose such a fire hazard.
• Most ignitable wastes are liquid form

7.5 SCHEDULED WASTE
• wastes are acidic or alkaline (basic)

wastes which can readily corrode or
dissolve flesh, metal, or other materials.
• among the most common
hazardous wastestreams.
• A corrosive is anything liquid with a pH
of less than or equal to 2 or greater than or
equal to 12.5, or has the ability
to corrode steel
• Waste sulfuric acid from
automotive batteries is an example of a
corrosive waste.
7.5 SCHEDULED WASTE
• Toxicity is something poisonous.

• This wastes are harmful or fatal
when ingested or absorbed
• This materials pose a threat
to groundwater, which can have long
term effects to human health and
the environment.
7.5 SCHEDULED WASTE
• it can explode or violently react

when exposed to water, when heated, or
under normal handling conditions
• it can create toxic fumes or gases
when exposed to water or under normal
handling conditions
• it meets the criteria for classification as
an explosive under Department
of Transportation rules
• it generates toxic levels of sulfide or
cyanide gas when exposed to a pH range
of 2 through 12.5.
7.7 SCHEDULE WASTE TREATMENT: INCINERATION
Schedule waste treatment: incineration

Incineration is the combustion of waste in a controlled manner in order to
destroy it or transform it into:
- less hazardous
- less bulky
- more controllable constituents.
• Converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat.
• Able to achieve 99.99% destruction & removal efficiency of hazardous
components in waste
• Primary products are CO2, vapour & ash and sulphur bearing wastes gives off
SO2, CO2, H2O when incinerated.
The specific benefits of incineration:

❖ A reduction in the volume and weight of waste especially of bulky solids with a
high combustible content. Reduction achieved can be up to 90% of volume and
75% of weight of materials going to final landfill.
❖ Destruction of some wastes and detoxification of others to render them more
suitable for final disposal, e.g. combustible carcinogens, pathologically
contaminated materials, toxic organic compounds or biologically active materials
that could affect sewage treatment work.
❖ Destruction of organic components of biodegradable wastes which when
landfilled directly generates landfill gas (LFG).
❖ The recovery of energy from organic wastes with sufficient calorific value.
❖ Replacement of fossil fuels for energy generation with consequent beneficial
impact in terms of the „greenhouse“ effect.

The convential mass burning
incinerator based on a moving
grate consists of layered burning Type of incinerator : A) Moving GRATE
of the waste on the grate that
transport the waste through the
furnace. On the grate the waste is
dried and then burn at the high
temperature while air is supplied.
The ash (including
noncombustibile waste fractions)
leave the grate via the ash chute
as slag (bottom ash). The main
advantages of the moving grate
are that it is well proven
technology, can accomodate large
variations in waste composition
and in heat values and can be built
in the very large units (up to 50
t/h). The main disadvantage is the
investment and maintenance cost
which are relatively high.

Type of incinerator : B) ROTARY KLIN
Rotary-kiln
✔ used by municipalities and by
large industrial plants.
✔ This design of incinerator has 2
chambers:
Primary chamber (consists of
an inclined refractory lined
cylindrical tube. The inner
refractory lining serves as
sacrificial layer to protect the
kiln structure. This refractory
layer needs to be replaced
from time to time )
Secondary chamber
(necessary to complete gas
phase combustion reactions.)

Type of incinerator : C) Fluidized Bed
• Fluidized Bed
✔ A strong airflow is forced through a
sand bed.
✔ The air seeps through the sand until a
point is reached where the sand
particles separate to let the air through
and mixing and churning occurs.
✔ The bed is thereby violently mixed and
agitated keeping small inert particles
and air in a fluid-like state. This allows
all of the mass of waste, fuel and sand
to be fully circulated through the
furnace.
7.8 SCHEDULE WASTE TREATMENT: SOLIDIFICATION
Schedule waste treatment: solidification
❖ The principle of solidification /stabilisation is based on mixing wastes with the

appropriate bonding and filling agents in order to modify their physical
properties in a desirable way.
❖ The objective of this process is to change waste properties. Such waste fulfils the
requirements for the disposal in a landfill site.
❖ Solidification/ stabilisation process is applicable in the following cases:
o waste does not meet the leachability classification requirements for the
disposal in a landfill site,
o waste is liquid or releases liquid phase by sedimentation,
o chemical composition of the waste (e.g. TK, NEL...) has possible negative
effects on the quality of leachate,
o waste is dusty or reeking and may exceed defined emission limits,
o disposal of unmodified waste may result in an adverse reaction with the
waste disposed in the active layer of a landfill body.
4.9.3 Scheduled waste disposal: secure landfill
Including:
1) Sanitary Landfill
2) Secured Landfill
3) Leachate Treatment
4) Schedule waste incineration
Owned and Managed by Trieneken facilityng
(Sarawak) Sdn Bhd
Location :, 27 km from Kuching
Landfills for disposal of

scheduled wastes are required to
meet very stringent Federal and
state standards to protect public
health and the environment.
4.9.3 Schedule waste disposal: secured landfill

Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre. The Centre hold the license to handle 76
categories of 77 scheduled wastes listed under Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes)
Regulations 2005.
We provide
one-stop solution
services under the
concept of ‘cradle
to cradle’ to our
customers
4.9.3 Schedule waste disposal: secured landfill
Capacity :
Minimum 1.5
Million tonne
over an area
of
approximately
45 acres

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Faculty of Civil Engineering & Built Environment

• To recover materials we could recycle such as glass,

Solid Waste in Malaysia

20% from the industrial sector and

Focus in this course

Component Range Typical

4.2.1 Physical Properties – MOISTURE CONTENT

4.2.1 Physical Properties – MOISTURE CONTENT

Example Component Percent by mass

4.2.1 Physical Properties – MOISTURE CONTENT

Tin cans 5 3 4.9

CHARACTERIZATION OF EACH MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

FOOD RESIDUE RUBBER

State 1998 1999 2000 2010 2015 2020

*Forecasting based on (1998-2010) average increase rate of 2.14%

How to measure solid waste generation rate?

4.3.1 Factors that affect waste generation and collection

❖ Source reduction and recycling activities

A town of 2,000 homes in Johor Bahru generates 0.95 kg/person.d of municipal

Johor Bahru Johor Bahru

4.3.2 Separation of solid waste

Hauled Container System (HCS)

Hauled container system (HCS) – conventional

4.4.1 Collection routes

4.4.1 Collection routes

❖ 4 general steps involved in establishing collection routes include:-

4.4.1 Collection routes

1. Determination of solid waste generation in a week

= 664 residences x 5 persons/residence x 1.5kg/person.d x 7d/week

2. Determination of the compacted volume of solid waste to be collected per week.

= 664 residences x 5 persons/residence x 1.5kg/person.d x 7d/week

3. Determination of the number of trips per week

Trip/week = 108 m3/week = 5.4 ≅ 6

Residences/trip = 664/6 = 110.67 ~ 111

DEFINITION OF INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Refers to strategic approach to sustainable management

An effective ISWM system considers how to prevent,

reducing the amount and toxicity of the waste that are

INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

In broad term, operations and processes in an engineered landfill are;

❖ Landfill design;- foundation design, liner design, leachate and gas

BTSL has a complete

Bukit Tagar Renewable Energy Centre

Convert to electricity by using combustion

Solar Farm in BTSL

The 125 kilowatt solar project at BTSL

SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL: LANDFILL

❖ All landfill should be

❖ Solid waste brought to landfill sites in truckloads

Depositing of solid waste

Spreading, Compacting and Covering

LANDFILLING METHODS (CONTAINMENT

i. Excavated trench / cell

4.7.1 Excavated trench / cell

❖ Ideal for area with

4.7.1 Excavated trench / cell

4.7.2 Area method

4.7.2 Area method

4.7.3 Canyon/depression method

4.7.3 Canyon/depression method

4.7.3 Canyon/depression method

Example of operating canyon type landfill

Cross Section of Landfill

Development and completion of a solid waste landfill