Lecture No.

28-29

Solid Waste as a Consequence of Life

and It’s Types

And

Generation Rate
Solid Waste & Impact
What are the sources of
RCRA Subtitle-D Wastes?
 Residential
 Commercial
 Institutional
 Industrial
 Agricultural
 Treatment Plants
 Open Areas (streets, parks, etc.)
What is the Nature of
Municipal Solid Wastes?
 Organic
 Inorganic
 Putrescible
 Combustible
 Recyclable
 Hazardous
 Infectious
 SOLID WASTES, It’s Types and Sources
Solid Wastes

Community Waste Agricultural Waste Industrial Waste

General Household Non-Hazardous Hazardous

Waste Hazardous Waste Waste
Waste
Same as general
Refuse Garbage waste
- Paper - Vegetable
- elastic - Fruit - Battery/Flash light
- bottle - Food - Fluorescent - Toxic Waste
- glass - Paint - Radioactive Waste
- etc. - Chemical Waste
- textile - Chemical Containers
- metal - Explosive Waste
- Lether - Corrosive Waste
- rubber
- etc.
 SOURCES AND TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Source Typical waste generators Types of solid wastes

Residential Single and multifamily dwellings Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard
wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g., bulky
items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and
household hazardous wastes.).

Industrial Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes, construction and
construction sites, power and chemical plants. demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes.

Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special
buildings, etc. wastes, hazardous wastes.

Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers. Same as commercial.

Construction and New construction sites, road repair, renovation Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
demolition sites, demolition of buildings

Municipal Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings; general wastes
services recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment from parks, beaches, and other recreational areas; sludge.
plants.

Process Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, off-specification
(manufacturing, plants, power plants, mineral extraction and products, slay, tailings.
etc.) processing.

Agriculture Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms. Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous wastes (e.g.,
pesticides).
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF SOLID WASTE
Solid waste is the mixture of different physical components as shown in following table
Components Definition Examples

Inorganic Components

Any disintegrated material and residue obtain from Dust, soil, earth particles etc.
Ash, Bricks& Dirt burning of wood or any other activities
Glass Any material or product of glass Bottles, Glass ware, bulb etc.

Metals Any material made of metals such as iron, copper, pital, Tine can, knife, bottle cover, aluminum can, foil etc.
steel, silver
Organic Components

Papers/Cardboard Any material and paper Copy, newspaper, paper bags, cardboard, tissue paper etc.

Food Waste/Garbage Wastes from food stuff Fruit wastes, vegetable wastes, Kitchen wastes etc.

Leather Any material or product made up of leather Leather bags, shoes, purse, string etc

Plastics Any material or product made up of plastics colored mix, white plastic, black plastic, plastic bottles, bags, shoes, purse,
string, balls etc.
Rubber Any material or product made up of rubber Laloon & Disco Rubber bags, shoes, purse, string, balls etc

Textiles Any material or product made up of Fiber/Yarn Cotton, Wool, Nylon, Silk etc.

Wood Any material o product obtained from tree cutting Furniture like tables, chairs, etc.

Yard Waste Any material o product obtained from tree leaves and Leaves of all types of trees such as mangoes tree, lemon tree, etc.
garden trimming
 Composition of MSW:

 The term that describes the distribution of each component of waste by its
percent weight of the total.
 The information is required for the selection of suitable treatment and disposal
methods.
 Techniques and technologies are available but the choice depends largely on the
composition of waste.
 The composition depends upon ;

The area: Residential, Commercial etc.

The season and weather( differences in the amount of
population during the year, tourist places).

Standard of living and many other factors.
 Composition of MSW of
Hyderabad City
Physical composition of MSW by weight(kg) Physical composition of MSW by percent
Ash, Bricks & Dirt Ash, Bricks & Dirt
Glass Glass

3.02 Textile 2% Textile

cardboard 14% 18% cardboard
6.03 22.8 29.86 4%
Food wastes Food wastes
1.8 10.02 1% 6%
Leather Leather
paper paper
14.41 3.41 9% 2%
Plastic Plastic
9.71 11.05 Rubber 6% 7% Rubber
50.75 30%
1.83 Metals 1% Metals
Wood Wood
Yard wastes Yard wastes
Solid Waste Management/Functional Elements of
SWM

SOLID WASTE
GENERATION

ONSITE STORAGE, STORAGE

HANDLING AND PROCESSING

COLLECTION

TRANSFER/ RECOVERY
TRANSPORTATION PROCESSING

DISPOSAL
 SOLID WASTE

Sources Disposal
- Household • Sanitary land fill
Transportation
- Commercial • Incineration
- Institutional • Decomposing
- Market
PROBLEM OF SOLID
WASTE AND
MANAGEMENT
 Problem of source and collection
 Problem of Transportation
 Problem of disposal
 PROBLEM OF SOURCE
AND COLLECTION
 Source
 Poor disposal at source
 Not separate of solid
waste and hazardous
waste
 Remaining solid waste
 Collection
 Collection service not
cover all responsible
area
 Lack of containers
 Improper containers
 Time consuming (due
to solid waste collector
spend time for
separation)
ON-SITE STORAGE
 Primary containers

 Communal containers
PRIMARY CONTAINERS
 Bags, bins, buckets, etc.
 Used to collect and store the solid
waste on household level
 In tropical urban environment, advised
to storage not more than 24 hrs due to
the serious risk of nuisance from odors
and fly breeding
PROBLEM OF
TRANSPORTATION
 Falling of solid waste during
transportation
 Insufficient of transporting vehicle
 Unsuitable collecting routing/time
PROBLEM OF DISPOSAL
 Unsuitable location/improper design
 Disposal site
 No solid waste separation
 Incorrect solid waste separation
(eg. scavenger)
 Not operated as designed (eg. Open dump and
burn instead of sanitary landfill)
 Lack of equipment and manpower
 Inadequate of disposal area
 Difficult to find disposal site areas
POOR SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL MANAGEMENT
 Technical constraint
 Budget constraint
 Collection fee is very low
 Social constraint (NIMBY SYNDROME)
THE PROBLEM OF
COMMUNITY WASTE
MANAGEMENT
 Health Effect
 Collectors do not ware safety suit
 Collectors have high risk of infection
 Communication
 Lack of understanding in solid waste management
 Ignore to do it right
 Lack of participation
 Lack of information
Public Health Aspects Of Municipal Solid
Waste Management or Solid Waste as a
Consequence of Life

Waste categories

Potential health impacts in

the waste cycle
Waste categories with
potential public health impacts
 Domestic waste
General household wastes with used batteries and
drugs containers, street sweepings with small
quantities of excreta
 Special and hazardous wastes
Health care waste (sharp and infectious
components), toxic chemical, pharmaceutical and
other industrial wastes, as well as radioactive wastes
 Other bulky wastes
Untreated wastes, construction wastes with metallic
components and sludge for treatment plants
 Potential health impacts in the
waste cycle

Generation
and storage
Treatment and
Collection and transfer disposal

Waste recovery,
recycling and reuse
Groups at risk from adverse
public health impact of MSWM
 The population of unserved areas,
especially pre-school children
 Waste operators and waste pickers
 Workers in facilities that produce infectious,
toxic, and cancer-causing material
 People living close to waste disposal
facilities
 The population supplied with water polluted
by waste dumping or by inadequately
protected landfill sites
Public health impacts if waste
picking
 Minor occupational impacts from dust and
sharps
 Significant occupational impacts from toxic
chemicals, in recycling waste with high
heavy metal content
 Significant in case of recycling of poorly
disinfected infectious waste
Occupational hazards associates
with waste handling

Chronic
Accidents
Diseases

Infections
Accidents:
 Muscular-skeletal disorders resulting from the
handling of heavy containers
 Wounds, most often infected wounds, resulting
from contact with sharp waste
 Intoxication and injuries resulting from contact
with small amounts of hazardous chemical
wastes collected with garbage
 Trauma, burns, and other injuries resulting from
occupational accidents at waste disposal sites, or
from methane gas explosion on landfill sites
Infections:
 Blood infection resulting from direct contact with
waste and from infected wounds
 Respiratory infections resulting from exposure to
infected dust, especially during land filling
operation
 Zoonosis resulting from bites by wild or stray
animals feeding on wastes
 Enteric infections transmitted by insects feeding
on wastes
Chronic diseases:
 Incineration operators are especially
exposed to chronic respiratory diseases
resulting from exposure to dust; to toxic
and carcinogenic impacts resulting from
exposure to hazardous compounds; to
cardiovascular disorders and heat stress
resulting from expose to excessive
temperature; and to loss of hearing
function due to exposure to excessive
noise.
Environmental pathways of
health hazards from waste
disposal facilities
Landfills

Composting

Incinerators
Composting
 Minor occupational impacts from dust,
sharp objects and small amounts of
infectious wastes
Incinerators
 Direct impacts: occupational accidents
and chronic diseases, air pollution by
particulates, heavy metals, and toxic
chemicals
 Indirect impacts: soil pollution by fly ash
falling down, chemical water pollution
from acid wastewater, and leachates
from ash disposal in landfills
Landfills
 Direct impacts: accidents, fires,
explosions, dust, smoke, noise, odors,
insects, rodents, stray animals
 Indirect impacts: Surface water pollution
by runoff from the landfill, and
underground water pollution by
leachates
Summary of waste-linked diseases and
conditions with their causes or pathway
of transmission

Injuries and Bacterial, virus,

chronic diseases or parasitic infections

Tropical diseases transmitted

by water borne vectors in urban areas
Injuries and chronic diseases

 Cuts and infective wounds from sharp waste

 Burns from fires generated in wastes
 Burns or wounds from hazardous chemicals
in waste
 Toxication and cancers from exposure to
hazardous waste
 Chronic respiratory diseases from exposure
to dust
Bacterial, viral, or parasitic
infections:
 Bacterial or viral, blood infections resulting from
injuries caused by infected sharp waste
 Eye and skin infections from waste generated infect
dust
 Respiratory infections from exposure to waste-
generated infected dust
 Vector borne diseases, viral or parasitic, transmitted
by vectors living or breeding in waste-generated
ponds; and worm infestation transmitted by contact
with polluted soil
 Bacterial, viral, or parasitic
infections:
 Bacterial viral or parasitic enteric diseases, transmitted
either:
- By insects and rodents feeding on wastes
- By accidental ingestion of waste food
- Through drinking water contaminated by leachate
from waste
- Trough eating food contaminated by leachate from
waste
 Zoonosis carried by stray animals and rodents feeding
on waste (rabies, plangue, leishmaniasis, hydiatasis,
tick-borne fevers)
Tropical diseases transmitted by
water-borne vectors in urban areas:

 Malaria transmitted by anopheles mosquitoes

 Dengue and yellow fever transmitted by
aedes mosquitoes
 Filariasis (Bancroftian) transmitted by culex
mosquitoes
 Schistosomiasis has bored by bulinus and
other snails